1
|
Grant M, Ni Lee L, Chinnakannan S, Tong O, Kwok J, Cianci N, Tillman L, Saha A, Pereira Almeida V, Leung C. Unlocking cancer vaccine potential: What are the key factors? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2331486. [PMID: 38564321 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2331486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health challenge, with changing demographics and lifestyle factors producing an increasing burden worldwide. Screening advancements are enabling earlier diagnoses, but current cancer immunotherapies only induce remission in a small proportion of patients and come at a high cost. Cancer vaccines may offer a solution to these challenges, but they have been mired by poor results in past decades. Greater understanding of tumor biology, coupled with the success of vaccine technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic, has reinvigorated cancer vaccine development. With the first signs of efficacy being reported, cancer vaccines may be beginning to fulfill their potential. Solid tumors, however, present different hurdles than infectious diseases. Combining insights from previous cancer vaccine clinical development and contemporary knowledge of tumor immunology, we ask: who are the 'right' patients, what are the 'right' targets, and which are the 'right' modalities to maximize the chances of cancer vaccine success?
Collapse
|
2
|
Kempaiah P, Libertin CR, Chitale RA, Naeyma I, Pleqi V, Sheele JM, Iandiorio MJ, Hoogesteijn AL, Caulfield TR, Rivas AL. Decoding Immuno-Competence: A Novel Analysis of Complete Blood Cell Count Data in COVID-19 Outcomes. Biomedicines 2024; 12:871. [PMID: 38672225 PMCID: PMC11048687 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While 'immuno-competence' is a well-known term, it lacks an operational definition. To address this omission, this study explored whether the temporal and structured data of the complete blood cell count (CBC) can rapidly estimate immuno-competence. To this end, one or more ratios that included data on all monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Longitudinal CBC data collected from 101 COVID-19 patients (291 observations) were analyzed. Dynamics were estimated with several approaches, which included non-structured (the classic CBC format) and structured data. Structured data were assessed as complex ratios that capture multicellular interactions among leukocytes. In comparing survivors with non-survivors, the hypothesis that immuno-competence may exhibit feedback-like (oscillatory or cyclic) responses was tested. RESULTS While non-structured data did not distinguish survivors from non-survivors, structured data revealed immunological and statistical differences between outcomes: while survivors exhibited oscillatory data patterns, non-survivors did not. In survivors, many variables (including IL-6, hemoglobin and several complex indicators) showed values above or below the levels observed on day 1 of the hospitalization period, displaying L-shaped data distributions (positive kurtosis). In contrast, non-survivors did not exhibit kurtosis. Three immunologically defined data subsets included only survivors. Because information was based on visual patterns generated in real time, this method can, potentially, provide information rapidly. DISCUSSION The hypothesis that immuno-competence expresses feedback-like loops when immunological data are structured was not rejected. This function seemed to be impaired in immuno-suppressed individuals. While this method rapidly informs, it is only a guide that, to be confirmed, requires additional tests. Despite this limitation, the fact that three protective (survival-associated) immunological data subsets were observed since day 1 supports many clinical decisions, including the early and personalized prognosis and identification of targets that immunomodulatory therapies could pursue. Because it extracts more information from the same data, structured data may replace the century-old format of the CBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakasha Kempaiah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (P.K.); (V.P.)
| | | | - Rohit A. Chitale
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Islam Naeyma
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of QHS Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (I.N.); (T.R.C.)
| | - Vasili Pleqi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (P.K.); (V.P.)
| | | | - Michelle J. Iandiorio
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA;
| | | | - Thomas R. Caulfield
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of QHS Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (I.N.); (T.R.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ariel L. Rivas
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguilera J, Konvinse K, Lee A, Maecker H, Prunicki M, Mahalingaiah S, Sampath V, Utz PJ, Yang E, Nadeau KC. Air pollution and pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 2023; 47:151838. [PMID: 37858459 PMCID: PMC10843016 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2023.151838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased fossil fuel usage and extreme climate change events have led to global increases in greenhouse gases and particulate matter with 99% of the world's population now breathing polluted air that exceeds the World Health Organization's recommended limits. Pregnant women and neonates with exposure to high levels of air pollutants are at increased risk of adverse health outcomes such as maternal hypertensive disorders, postpartum depression, placental abruption, low birth weight, preterm birth, infant mortality, and adverse lung and respiratory effects. While the exact mechanism by which air pollution exerts adverse health effects is unknown, oxidative stress as well as epigenetic and immune mechanisms are thought to play roles. Comprehensive, global efforts are urgently required to tackle the health challenges posed by air pollution through policies and action for reducing air pollution as well as finding ways to protect the health of vulnerable populations in the face of increasing air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aguilera
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, El Paso, Texas
| | | | - Alexandra Lee
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Mary Prunicki
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Shruthi Mahalingaiah
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA; Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of OB/GYN, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vanitha Sampath
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Foster CC, Couey MA, Kochanny SE, Khattri A, Acharya RK, Tan YHC, Brisson RJ, Leidner RS, Seiwert TY. Immune-related adverse events are associated with improved response, progression-free survival, and overall survival for patients with head and neck cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer 2021; 127:4565-4573. [PMID: 34547103 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors hypothesized that patients developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) while receiving immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) for recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer (HNC) would have improved oncologic outcomes. METHODS Patients with recurrent/metastatic HNC received ICI at 2 centers. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier methods, and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to associate the irAE status with the overall response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in cohort 1 (n = 108). These outcomes were also analyzed in an independent cohort of patients receiving ICI (cohort 2; 47 evaluable for irAEs). RESULTS The median follow-up was 8.4 months for patients treated in cohort 1. Sixty irAEs occurred in 49 of 108 patients with 5 grade 3 or higher irAEs (10.2%). ORR was higher for irAE+ patients (30.6%) in comparison with irAE- patients (12.3%; P = .02). The median PFS was 6.9 months for irAE+ patients and 2.1 months for irAE- patients (P = .0004), and the median OS was 12.5 and 6.8 months, respectively (P = .007). Experiencing 1 or more irAEs remained associated with ORR (P = .03), PFS (P = .003), and OS (P = .004) in multivariate analyses. The association between development of irAEs and prolonged OS persisted in a 22-week landmark analysis (P = .049). The association between development of irAEs and favorable outcomes was verified in cohort 2. CONCLUSIONS The development of irAEs was strongly associated with an ICI benefit, including overall response, PFS, and OS, in 2 separate cohorts of patients with recurrent/metastatic HNC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Foster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Marcus A Couey
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sara E Kochanny
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Arun Khattri
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajesh K Acharya
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yi-Hung Carol Tan
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan J Brisson
- Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Rom S Leidner
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tanguy Y Seiwert
- Departments of Oncology and Otolaryngology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Niu H, Song F, Wei H, Li Y, Huang H, Wu C. Inhibition of BRD4 Suppresses the Growth of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2021; 39:826-841. [PMID: 34519605 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.1975736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) binds acetylated lysine residues on histones to facilitate the epigenetic regulation of many genes, and it plays a key role in many cancer types. Despite many prior reports that have explored the importance of BRD4 in oncogenesis and the regulation of epigenetic memory, its role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression is poorly understood. Here, we investigated BRD4 expression in human ESCC tissues to understand how it regulates the biology of these tumor cells. METHODS BRD4 expression in ESCC tissues was measured via immunohistochemical staining. BRD4 inhibition in the Eca-109 and KYSE-150 ESCC cell lines was conducted to explore its functional role in these tumor cells. RESULTS BRD4 overexpression was observed in ESCC tissues and cells, and inhibiting the function of the gene impaired the proliferative, invasive, and migratory activity of these cells while promoting their apoptosis. Cyclin D1 and c-Myc expression were also suppressed by BRD4 inhibition, and the expression of key epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers including E-cadherin and Vimentin was markedly altered by such inhibition. CONCLUSIONS BRD4 plays key functional roles in the biology of ESCC, proposing that it could be a viable therapeutic target for treating this cancer type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Niu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Feixue Song
- Department of Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hanwen Wei
- Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Tumor Immunotherapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Institute of Cell Therapy, Soochow University, Changzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chook CYB, Chen FM, Leung FP, Chen ZY, Wong WT. Potential of crocodile blood as a medication and dietary supplement: A systemic review. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:1043-1058. [PMID: 33987869 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crocodile blood has long been used as a traditional medicine in many Asian countries to treat diseases such as asthma, allergies, and many others. Yet, only recently has the safety and effectiveness of using crocodile blood as a medicine been examined using modern scientific methods; with both conserved and novel active components identified from crocodile blood. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations found that crocodile blood can have a wide range of beneficial effects, including antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, antitumour effects, anti-anaemia, and enhancement of wound healing. A systematic research of literature published in English-language journals up to April 2020 was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Based on the biological and chemical knowledge of crocodile immunity and crocodile blood, this article aims to: provide a critical review on the proposed properties of crocodile blood, identify the knowledge gap and offer some insights for future investigations regarding the use of crocodile blood as a medication or dietary supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yiu Bamboo Chook
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Francis M Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fung Ping Leung
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao C, Gorbet MJ, Singh A, Ranjan A, Fiering S. In situ vaccination with nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy: understanding the immunology. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 37:4-17. [PMID: 33455477 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2020.1810333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FDA approval of anti-CTLA4 in 2011 for melanoma immunotherapy was paradigm shifting and dramatically accelerated cancer immunotherapy research. The investment and effort have been exceptionally large, with a commensurate impressive pace of discovery. Historical and current research has validated the following key points: tumors are recognized by the immune system; tumors develop an immunosuppressive environment which suppresses the antitumor immune response; successful immunotherapy must overcome that tumor-mediated immunosuppression. While cancer immunotherapy research expanded, a parallel effort developing nanoparticles (NP) for cancer diagnosis and therapy also received major investment and expanded. Initially the two efforts appeared to have minimal synergy. Systemically administered nanoparticles are rapidly ingested by phagocytic leukocytes, and therefore nanotechnologists developed strategies to avoid NP ingestion by leukocytes in order to accomplish nanoparticle accumulation in tumors rather than liver and spleen. Recently, nanotechnology and cancer immunotherapy have increasingly merged since phagocytic leukocytes are the key to reversing the local tumor immunosuppression and the tendency of NP to be phagocytosed can be exploited to manipulate phagocytes for immunotherapy. This review focuses on in situ vaccination (ISV), an immunotherapy approach that can utilize direct injection of immunostimulatory reagents, including NPs, into tumors to disrupt the local immunosuppression, stimulate effective immune response against the treated tumor, and most importantly, generate a systemic antitumor immune response to eliminate metastatic tumors. While there are many specific options for using NP for ISV (reviewed further in this special issue), this review focuses on immunology concepts needed to understand and design successful NP ISV approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Michael-Joseph Gorbet
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Akansha Singh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu Y, Guan L, Xu M, Wang F. The efficacy and safety of antibodies targeting PD-1 for treatment in advanced esophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101083. [PMID: 33784583 PMCID: PMC8042180 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel therapy based on programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors has been proved to be effective in advanced esophageal cancer. This article is a meta-analysis that aims to compare the efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1 therapy with chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data were collected from eligible studies searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR) was estimated to assess the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors versus chemotherapy. The subgroup analysis was also performed to evaluate the OS benefits. The OR for the occurrence of treatment-related adverse effects was calculated to assess the safety of anti-PD-1 therapy. RESULTS A total of 4 studies were analyzed. Compared with patients with chemotherapy, patients with anti-PD-1 therapy had a significant improvement in OS (HR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.71-0.88, and P<0.001), but no significant relationship was observed in PFS (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.76-1.20, and P = 0.69) and ORR (OR = 1.92, 95% CI: 0.98-3.72, and P = 0.06). A similar result was observed in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The significant predictor for treatment benefit alone was histology (P = 0.009). The incidence of grade 3 - 5 treatment-related adverse effects in anti-PD-1 therapy was distinctly lower than that in chemotherapy, but there is no statistical difference in all treatment-related adverse effects. CONCLUSION Anti-PD-1 therapy significantly prolonged the OS, simultaneously lowered grade 3 - 5 treatment-related adverse effects versus chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P R China
| | - Lulu Guan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P R China
| | - Mengli Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P R China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P R China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gangopadhyay A. Prognostic Nutritional Index and Clinical Response in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2020; 72:1438-1442. [PMID: 32091264 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1729820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: The prognostic nutritional index (PNI), a marker of immune-nutrition balance, has predictive value in the survival and prognosis of various cancers. However, the impact of PNI on response to chemoradiation is poorly understood.Materials and Methods: A total of 583 women with locally advanced cervical cancer from two centers were clinically assessed for complete response after chemoradiation. The baseline PNI was individually recorded, and the significance of association between PNI and complete response was analyzed using logistic regression. ROC (receiver operating characteristics) curves were analyzed to determine the cutoff value of PNI that significantly predicted complete response.Results: Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the PNI was significantly associated with complete response following chemo radiation (p < 0.0001). Analysis of the ROC curve for PNI demonstrated an optimal cut off value of 44.8 (p < 0.0001, sensitivity 66.7, and specificity 88.5); the area under the ROC curve was 0.813 (Youden's index J, 0.7519).Conclusions: The PNI is significantly associated with clinical complete response to chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer. Low baseline PNI may lower the likelihood of complete response after chemoradiation. In particular, those with PNI values below 44 should be carefully monitored during treatment; nutritional interventions may offer benefit in these women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Gangopadhyay
- Medical College Hospitals Kolkata, Kolkata, India.,Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) are able to synthesize various cytokines that play key roles in the immune response and intercellular signaling. Since alterations in cytokine production and/or activity occur in many pathological processes, the study of cytokine synthetic capacity of PBL is a valuable tool for assessing the immune profile. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the variability of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) synthetic capacity of CD4+/CD8+ T-cells stimulated ex-vivo in healthy subjects, by means of a commercial intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) protocol. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 16 healthy subjects by Ficoll gradient centrifugation and activated ex-vivo with PMA/Ionomycin/Brefeldin-A for 4 hours. Activated PBL were surface-stained for CD3/CD4/CD8, fixed and permeabilized. ICS was performed using anti-human IL-2/TNF-α/IFN-γ and samples were analyzed on a BD-FACSAria-III flow cytometer. We recorded high post-isolation and post-activation mean viabilities: 82.1% and 82.4% respectively, p=0.84. Both CD4+/CD8+ subpopulations were found to partially produce each of the three cytokines, but in different proportions. On average, a significantly greater percentage of CD4+ cells was shown to produce IL-2 and TNF-α, compared with CD8+ cells (61.5%+/-5.8 vs. 25%+/-5.6 and 26.9%+/-11 vs. 7.5%+/-3.3 respectively, p---lt---0.0001 for both). Contrarily, IFN-γ was produced by a higher proportion of CD8+ cells (8.4%+/-3.9 vs. 6.8%+/-3.2, p=0.01). These results show that the employed ICS protocol elicits a satisfactory and consistent cytokine response from PBL of healthy subjects. The collected data may be used to outline a preliminary reference range for future studies on both healthy/pathological subjects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Synthetic tumor-specific antigenic peptides with a strong affinity to HLA-A2 elicit anti-breast cancer immune response through activating CD8 + T cells. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 189:112051. [PMID: 31968280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Researches on tumor-associated antigen have become a hot target in immunotherapy, but it stagnated in the pre-clinical/clinical stages. Here, we developed a series of MAGE-A1-restricted antigenic peptides, which exhibited prominent inhibiting effect on specific breast cancer. Peptides were synthesized by Fmoc solid phase method and analyzed by online servers. The stability and affinity to HLA-A2 was assessed by inverted fluorescence and flow cytometry qualitatively and quantitatively. In vitro effect on dendritic cells (DCs) maturation was observed by morphology and surface markers. The secretion of IFN-γ in the supernatant was detected by co-incubation of DCs loaded with as-synthesized peptides and CD8+ T lymphocytes. The specific immune response was evaluated against 4 cell lines, and the response in MCF-7 xenografted BALB/c nude mice were further assessed. Most of the derived peptides, especially I-6, showed great HLA-A2 binding ability. Compared with cytokines, I-6 significantly induced DCs maturation and promoted CD8+ T lymphocytes activation. Additionally, it is more specific for the lethality of MAGE & HLA-A2 double positive cells compared with others. We successfully developed I-6 with a high affinity to HLA-A2 which could induce strong specific immune response. It could be a potential candidate for breast cancer immunotherapy, which deserves further studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Saavedra D, Fuertes SA, Suárez GM, González A, Lorenzo-Luaces P, García B, Aznar E, Mazorra Z, Crombet T, Speiser DE, Lage A. Biomodulina T partially restores immunosenescent CD4 and CD8 T cell compartments in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110633. [PMID: 31207285 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The changes that occur in the immune system with aging are commonly termed immunosenescence. Immunosenescence affects almost all components and functions of the immune response. The most commonly described change is a decrease in numbers and proportions of naïve T cells combined with the increase of terminally differentiated T lymphocytes, mainly affecting CD8+ T cells. The changes in the naïve T cell compartment are principally attributed to thymic involution and lifelong chronic antigen stimulation, among other triggers. Several strategies such as hormonal products, thymic peptides, or cytokines have been proposed for the restoration of the immune system. Here we show the effects of Biomodulina T (BT) on several populations of the immune system when administered to elderly patients diagnosed with recurrent respiratory infections. BT is a polypeptide fraction of bovine thymus, a Cuban product that obtained sanitary registration in 1994 for its immunomodulatory effects. We found that CD4+ naïve T, CD8+ stem cell-like memory (SCM) T, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) T and CD4+ CD31+ naïve T cells increased with the administration of BT, whereas CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressing PD1 decreased after the treatment with BT. Additionally, the proliferative capacity of CD4+ T cells measured by Ki67 expression, and the CD4+ T cell ability to produce IFN-γ were also improved by BT. Moreover, BT did not increase CD4+ Tregs. Altogether, these findings suggest that BT administration is a promising strategy for immune restoration in elderly patients and improvement of immunotherapeutic potential in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danay Saavedra
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Silvia A Fuertes
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Gisela M Suárez
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Amnely González
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Patricia Lorenzo-Luaces
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Beatriz García
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Elisa Aznar
- Centro Nacional de Biopreparados, Bejucal, Mayabeque, Cuba
| | - Zaima Mazorra
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Crombet
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Agustin Lage
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, corner 15, PO box 16040, Atabey, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Deng H, Shi H, Chen L, Zhou Y, Jiang J. Over-expression of Nectin-4 promotes progression of esophageal cancer and correlates with poor prognosis of the patients. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:106. [PMID: 31043861 PMCID: PMC6480822 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nectin-4, also known as PVRL4 (poliovirus-receptor-like 4), is specifically expressed in the embryo and placenta. Recent studies have reported that the Nectin-4 is over-expressed in multiple human cancers, and such abnormal expression is associated with cancer progression and poor prognosis of the patients. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the expression pattern of Nectin-4 in human esophageal cancer (EC) tissues, and to investigate its clinical implications, prognostic value and regulatory effects on cellular functions of EC cells. Methods In the present study, we first examined Nectin-4 expression in human EC tissues by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay and analyzed the clinical associations. Then the cellular studies in vitro and the nude mice tumor model in vivo were used to examine the regulatory role of Nectin-4 in the progression of EC. Results Our results demonstrated that over-expression of Nectin-4 in human EC tissues was significantly associated with tumor size, depth of tumor invasion, and poor prognosis of the patients. The intervention of Nectin-4 expression in EC cell lines showed that the increased Nectin-4 expression could significantly promote the cell viability, migration, invasion and tumor formation. Conclusions Our present data unveiled that Nectin-4 played an important role in tumor biology and could serve as a useful prognostic predictor of human EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Deng
- 1Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,2Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,3Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Hongbing Shi
- 1Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,2Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,3Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Lujun Chen
- 1Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,2Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,3Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - You Zhou
- 1Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,2Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,3Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- 1Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,2Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy of Jiangsu Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China.,3Institute of Cell Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aggarwal C, Cohen RB, Morrow MP, Kraynyak KA, Sylvester AJ, Knoblock DM, Bauml JM, Weinstein GS, Lin A, Boyer J, Sakata L, Tan S, Anton A, Dickerson K, Mangrolia D, Vang R, Dallas M, Oyola S, Duff S, Esser M, Kumar R, Weiner D, Csiki I, Bagarazzi ML. Immunotherapy Targeting HPV16/18 Generates Potent Immune Responses in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:110-124. [PMID: 30242022 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clinical responses with programmed death (PD-1) receptor-directed antibodies occur in about 20% of patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCCa). Viral neoantigens, such as the E6/E7 proteins of HPV16/18, are attractive targets for therapeutic immunization and offer an immune activation strategy that may be complementary to PD-1 inhibition. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report phase Ib/II safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity results of immunotherapy with MEDI0457 (DNA immunotherapy targeting HPV16/18 E6/E7 with IL12 encoding plasmids) delivered by electroporation with CELLECTRA constant current device. Twenty-two patients with locally advanced, p16+ HNSCCa received MEDI0457. RESULTS MEDI0457 was associated with mild injection site reactions, but no treatment-related grade 3-5 adverse events (AE) were noted. Eighteen of 21 evaluable patients showed elevated antigen-specific T-cell activity by IFNγ ELISpot, and persistent cellular responses surpassing 100 spot-forming units (SFUs)/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were noted out to 1 year. Induction of HPV-specific CD8+ T cells was observed. MEDI0457 shifted the CD8+/FoxP3+ ratio in 4 of 5 post immunotherapy tumor samples and increased the number of perforin+ immune infiltrates in all 5 patients. One patient developed metastatic disease and was treated with anti-PD-1 therapy with a rapid and durable complete response. Flow-cytometric analyses revealed induction of HPV16-specific PD-1+ CD8+ T cells that were not found prior to MEDI0547 (0% vs. 1.8%). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that MEDI0457 can generate durable HPV16/18 antigen-specific peripheral and tumor immune responses. This approach may be used as a complementary strategy to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition in HPV-associated HNSCCa to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charu Aggarwal
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Roger B Cohen
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Joshua M Bauml
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory S Weinstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexander Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean Boyer
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Lindsay Sakata
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Sophie Tan
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Aubrey Anton
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Michael Dallas
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Sandra Oyola
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan Duff
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Ildiko Csiki
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hogan SA, Levesque MP, Cheng PF. Melanoma Immunotherapy: Next-Generation Biomarkers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:178. [PMID: 29896449 PMCID: PMC5986946 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of cancer immunotherapies initiated a significant shift in the clinical management of metastatic melanoma. Prior to 2011, melanoma patients only had palliative treatment solutions which offered little to no survival benefit. In 2018, with immunotherapy, melanoma patients can now contemplate durable or even complete remission. Treatment with novel immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4 and anti-programmed cell death protein 1, clearly result in superior median and long-term survivals compared to standard chemotherapy; however, more than half of the patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. Currently, clinicians do not have any effective way to stratify melanoma patients for immunotherapies. Research is now focusing on identifying biomarkers which could predict a patient’s response prior treatment initiation (or very early during treatment course), in order to maximize therapeutic efficacy, avoid unnecessary costs, and undesirable heavy side effects for the patient. Given the rapid developments in this field and the translational potential for some of the biomarkers, we will summarize the current state of biomarker research for immunotherapy in melanoma, with an emphasis on omics technologies such as next-generation sequencing and mass cytometry (CyTOF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A Hogan
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Gloriastrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Gloriastrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Gloriastrasse, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lamarca A, Nonaka D, Breitwieser W, Ashton G, Barriuso J, McNamara MG, Moghadam S, Rogan J, Mansoor W, Hubner RA, Clark C, Chakrabarty B, Valle JW. PD-L1 expression and presence of TILs in small intestinal neuroendocrine tumours. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14922-14938. [PMID: 29599916 PMCID: PMC5871087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of resistance to immune surveillance in patients with well-differentiated (Wd) (grade 1/2) small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (Si-NETs) is unknown. METHODS Patients diagnosed with Wd Si-NETs (excluding appendix, which are considered to have a different biology to other midgut NETs) were eligible. Tumoural programmed death (PD)-ligand(L) 1 (PD-L1)/PD-L2/PD-1 and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) [presence and phenotype] were analysed in archival tissue by immunohistochemistry (IHC); reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used for confirmation of IHC results. RESULTS Of 109 patients screened, 62 were eligible: 54.8% were male; median age was 63.7 years (95%-CI 59.7-67.2); disease stage II: 4.8%, III: 40.3% and IV: 54.8%; 41.9% were functional. Analysed samples (67.1% from primary tumours, 32.9% from metastases) were of grade 1 (67.1%) or 2 (32.86%) with a median Ki-67 of 2%. From the total of 62 eligible patients, 70 and 63 samples were suitable for IHC and RT-qPCR analysis, respectively. PD-L1 expression within tumour cells and TILs were identified in 12.8% and 24.3% of samples respectively; 30% of samples showed PD-L1 expression within tumour cells and/or TILs. PD-1 was present in TILs in 22.8% of samples. Majority of samples showed significant presence of CD4+ (focal 42.86%; moderate 2.86%) and CD8+ (focal 92.86%; moderate 4.29%) TILs. IHC findings were confirmed with RT-qPCR; which showed higher expression levels of PD-L1 (p-value 0.007) and PD-1 (p-value 0.001) in samples positive for IHC compared to negative-IHC. CONCLUSIONS Thirty-percent of patients express PD-L1 within tumour cells and/or TILs. Identification of presence of TILs was also significant and warrant the investigation of immunotherapy in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Lamarca
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Garry Ashton
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC) BioBank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jorge Barriuso
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mairéad G. McNamara
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sharzad Moghadam
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC) BioBank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane Rogan
- Manchester Cancer Research Centre (MCRC) BioBank, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Wasat Mansoor
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard A. Hubner
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Clark
- Molecular Biology Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Manchester, UK
| | - Bipasha Chakrabarty
- Department of Histopathology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Juan W. Valle
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luna Coronell JA, Sergelen K, Hofer P, Gyurján I, Brezina S, Hettegger P, Leeb G, Mach K, Gsur A, Weinhäusel A. The Immunome of Colon Cancer: Functional In Silico Analysis of Antigenic Proteins Deduced from IgG Microarray Profiling. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2018; 16:73-84. [PMID: 29505855 PMCID: PMC6000238 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of the colon cancer immunome and its autoantibody signature from differentially-reactive antigens (DIRAGs) could provide insights into aberrant cellular mechanisms or enriched networks associated with diseases. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antibody profile of plasma samples from 32 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 32 controls using proteins isolated from 15,417 human cDNA expression clones on microarrays. 671 unique DIRAGs were identified and 632 were more highly reactive in CRC samples. Bioinformatics analyses reveal that compared to control samples, the immunoproteomic IgG profiling of CRC samples is mainly associated with cell death, survival, and proliferation pathways, especially proteins involved in EIF2 and mTOR signaling. Ribosomal proteins (e.g., RPL7, RPL22, and RPL27A) and CRC-related genes such as APC, AXIN1, E2F4, MSH2, PMS2, and TP53 were highly enriched. In addition, differential pathways were observed between the CRC and control samples. Furthermore, 103 DIRAGs were reported in the SEREX antigen database, demonstrating our ability to identify known and new reactive antigens. We also found an overlap of 7 antigens with 48 “CRC genes.” These data indicate that immunomics profiling on protein microarrays is able to reveal the complexity of immune responses in cancerous diseases and faithfully reflects the underlying pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Khulan Sergelen
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hofer
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - István Gyurján
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Brezina
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Hettegger
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Leeb
- Hospital Oberpullendorf, A-7350, Oberpullendorf, Austria
| | - Karl Mach
- Hospital Oberpullendorf, A-7350, Oberpullendorf, Austria
| | - Andrea Gsur
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Weinhäusel
- Molecular Diagnostics, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma S, Zuñiga F, Rice GE, Perrin LC, Hooper JD, Salomon C. Tumor-derived exosomes in ovarian cancer - liquid biopsies for early detection and real-time monitoring of cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104687-104703. [PMID: 29262670 PMCID: PMC5732836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer usually has a poor prognosis because it predominantly presents as high stage disease. New approaches are required to develop more effective early detection strategies and real-time treatment response monitoring. Nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes) may provide an approach to enrich tumor biomarker detection and address this clinical need. Exosomes are membranous extracellular vesicles of approximately 100 nm in diameter that have potential to be used as biomarkers and therapeutic delivery tools for ovarian cancer. Exosomal content (proteins and miRNA) is often parent cell specific thus providing an insight or "fingerprint" of the intracellular environment. Furthermore, exosomes can aid cell-cell communication and have the ability to modify target cells by transferring their content. Additionally, via the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods in circulation, exosomes have potential as natural drug agents. This review examines the potential role of exosomes in diagnosis, drug delivery and real-time monitoring in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Felipe Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gregory E. Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lewis C. Perrin
- Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - John D. Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine + Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Baptist Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Subrahmanyam PB, Maecker HT. CyTOF Measurement of Immunocompetence Across Major Immune Cell Types. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 82:9.54.1-9.54.12. [PMID: 28967988 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The central role of the immune system is becoming appreciated in a wide variety of diseases. Cancer immunotherapy is one area that has yielded much recent success, although not all patients benefit equally. At the same time, recent studies have highlighted the heterogeneity of the human immune system. Despite this heterogeneity, we do not routinely measure immune competence in clinical practice, and there are no consensus assays of healthy immune function. Using mass cytometry (CyTOF), we can simultaneously detect ∼40 markers to identify various cell subsets and determine their function by the expression of cytokines, cytotoxicity, and activation markers. This can help assess 'immunocompetence' and facilitate better implementation of immunotherapies, both in specific disease settings and perhaps eventually as a prognostic tool in healthy subjects. Here we introduce the concepts behind this assay and provide a protocol that we have successfully implemented to identify possible predictive biomarkers of immunotherapy outcome. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka B Subrahmanyam
- Post-doctoral Research Fellow, Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
White Blood Cell Count and C-Reactive Protein Variations After Posterior Surgery With Intraoperative Radiotherapy for Spinal Metastasis. Clin Spine Surg 2017; 30:E1022-E1025. [PMID: 28937461 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility of blood test parameters [white blood cell (WBC) count and C-reactive protein (CRP)] for predicting and diagnosing postoperative infection after posterior surgery with intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) for spinal metastasis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Posterior surgery with IORT is effective for treating spinal metastasis, as we previously reported. However, the procedure requires that the patient be transferred from the operating room to the irradiation room. In addition, the patient's general status is often poor, and the risk of postoperative infection is high. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 279 patients who underwent IORT for the treatment of spinal metastasis between August 2004 and June 2013 were included in this study. The WBC count (/10 μL) and CRP level (mg/dL) were recorded in all patients preoperatively and on alternative days for up to 7 days after surgery. We assessed the development of surgical-site infection (SSI) for up to 1 month after surgery. RESULTS SSI occurred in 41 patients (14.7%). The preoperative WBC count and CRP level did not differ between the infected and noninfected patients. The WBC counts on postoperative day (POD) 1 and POD 7 and the CRP levels on POD 7 were significantly higher in the infected patients (8.8 vs. 10.0, P=0.04; 6.1 vs. 8.8, P=0.002; 3.89 vs. 9.50, P<0.001). A receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis of the WBC count and CRP level for detecting SSI showed cutoff values of 9.6 (WBC count, POD 1), 6.5 (WBC count, POD 7), and 5.0 (CRP level, POD 7). CONCLUSIONS A high WBC count and CRP level on POD 7 may be used to predict or detect SSI. In particular, a CRP level of 5.0 mg/dL on POD 7 strongly suggests the future development of SSI (sensitivity: 78%, specificity: 74%).
Collapse
|
21
|
Gulley JL, Berzofsky JA, Butler MO, Cesano A, Fox BA, Gnjatic S, Janetzki S, Kalavar S, Karanikas V, Khleif SN, Kirsch I, Lee PP, Maccalli C, Maecker H, Schlom J, Seliger B, Siebert J, Stroncek DF, Thurin M, Yuan J, Butterfield LH. Immunotherapy biomarkers 2016: overcoming the barriers. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:29. [PMID: 28653584 PMCID: PMC5359902 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report summarizes the symposium, 'Immunotherapy Biomarkers 2016: Overcoming the Barriers', which was held on April 1, 2016 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. The symposium, cosponsored by the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), focused on emerging immunotherapy biomarkers, new technologies, current hurdles to further progress, and recommendations for advancing the field of biomarker development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, 10 Center Dr., 13 N240, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, 41 Medlars Dr, Bldg 41 Rm D702D, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marcus O Butler
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center/Ontario Cancer Institute, RM 9-622, 610 University Ave, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alessandra Cesano
- NanoString, Inc., 500 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, S5-105, 1470 Madison Avenue, Box 1128, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sylvia Janetzki
- ZellNet Consulting, Inc., 555 North Avenue, Fort Lee, NJ, 07024, USA
| | - Shyam Kalavar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Vaios Karanikas
- Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Wagistrasse 18, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CN-2101A, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ilan Kirsch
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Ave. E., Seattle, WA, 98102, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Immuno-oncology, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Holden Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bldg. 10, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, Halle, Germany
| | - Janet Siebert
- CytoAnalytics, 3500 South Albion Street, Cherry Hills Village, CO, 80113, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 3C720, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- National Cancer Institute, Cancer Diagnosis Program, DCTD, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Jianda Yuan
- Early Clinical Oncology Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Saavedra D, Crombet T. CIMAvax-EGF: A New Therapeutic Vaccine for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:269. [PMID: 28348561 PMCID: PMC5346887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the common fatal illness with the highest incidence and mortality globally. Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression by tumor cells is associated with uncontrolled proliferation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic signals, metastization, and invasiveness. CIMAvax-EGF vaccine consists of a chemical conjugate of the EGF with the P64 protein derived from the Meningitis B bacteria and Montanide ISA 51, as adjuvant. The vaccine is projected to induce antibodies against EGF that results in EGF withdrawal. CIMAvax-EGF demonstrated to be safe and immunogenic in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The efficacy study was an open-label, multicentric Phase III clinical trial, which enrolled 405 advanced NSCLC patients. Patients with proven stage IIIB/IV NSCLC, who had completed four to six cycles of chemotherapy (CTP) were randomized to receive CIMAvax-EGF or best supportive care. CIMAvax-EGF resulted in a significantly larger overall survival in patients receiving at least four doses. High EGF concentration at baseline was a good predictive biomarker of the vaccine activity and a poor prognostic biomarker for the non-treated population. The proportion of CD8+CD28- cells, CD4 cells, and the CD4/CD8 ratio after first-line CTP was also associated with CIMAvax-EGF clinical benefit. After completing the Phase III, a Phase IV trial was done where the vaccine was administered in primary care units. Administering the vaccine at primary care institutions granted better access and treatment compliance. Safety was confirmed. Several clinical trials are currently ongoing to validate EGF as a predictive biomarker of CIMAvax-EGF efficacy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Saavedra D, Garcia B, Lage A. T Cell Subpopulations in Healthy Elderly and Lung Cancer Patients: Insights from Cuban Studies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 28261208 PMCID: PMC5306357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The senescence of the immune system and the risk of cancer increase with aging. Age itself entails changes in the immune system, which are related to a decrease in thymic output of naïve lymphocytes, an accumulation of chronic antigenic load, notably chronic viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), and replicative senescence of lymphocytes. These changes could eventually contribute to cancer risk and affect the response to cancer treatment. However, several confounding factors make it difficult to draw a picture of causal relationships. Studies in diverse human populations could contribute to clarify these complex relationships. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about the senescence of the T cells, the relationship with CMV infection, cancer, and cancer treatment. We also review the results of a series of studies performed in Cuba whose population is characterized by the unusual combination of long life expectancy and high antigenic load, including high seroprevalence of CMV, typical of tropical countries. Although immunosenescence affects almost all components and functions of the immune response, its most salient feature is a decrease in numbers and proportions of naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes and an accretion of terminally differentiated CD8+ T lymphocytes. These features were confirmed by the Cuban studies, but interestingly a clear gender effect also appeared. Moreover, as aging is a global phenomenon, a fast increase in elderly with malignancies is expected; therefore, the evaluation of patient’s immune status would support the decision of treating them with immunotherapy and predict the efficacy of such treatments, thereby improving benefits for the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danay Saavedra
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Beatriz Garcia
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Agustin Lage
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiao YM, Zhang Y. Immunotherapy for esophageal cancer: Current studies and future perspectives. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4739-4751. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i36.4739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system, and China has the highest morbidity and mortality rates of esophageal cancer in the world. Currently, main therapies for esophageal cancer include endoscopy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. These traditional treatments have appreciated clinical effects, but the prognosis of this malignancy is still poor. There is accumulating evidence that tumor immune microenvironment plays a key role in the development and progression of esophageal cancer. Recent clinical investigations and ongoing studies indicate that immunotherapy might have a great potential in the treatment of patients with esophageal cancer. Future studies will identify treatment strategies that can maximize therapeutic benefits by combining immunotherapies with existing and novel treatment modalities.
Collapse
|
25
|
Jackie Oh S, Han S, Lee W, Lockhart AC. Emerging immunotherapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:667-77. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1163336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
26
|
Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016. [PMID: 26788324 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century's work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yuan J, Hegde PS, Clynes R, Foukas PG, Harari A, Kleen TO, Kvistborg P, Maccalli C, Maecker HT, Page DB, Robins H, Song W, Stack EC, Wang E, Whiteside TL, Zhao Y, Zwierzina H, Butterfield LH, Fox BA. Novel technologies and emerging biomarkers for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2016; 4:3. [PMID: 26788324 PMCID: PMC4717548 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The culmination of over a century’s work to understand the role of the immune system in tumor control has led to the recent advances in cancer immunotherapies that have resulted in durable clinical responses in patients with a variety of malignancies. Cancer immunotherapies are rapidly changing traditional treatment paradigms and expanding the therapeutic landscape for cancer patients. However, despite the current success of these therapies, not all patients respond to immunotherapy and even those that do often experience toxicities. Thus, there is a growing need to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers that enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the immune system and cancer. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) reconvened an Immune Biomarkers Task Force to review state of the art technologies, identify current hurdlers, and make recommendations for the field. As a product of this task force, Working Group 2 (WG2), consisting of international experts from academia and industry, assembled to identify and discuss promising technologies for biomarker discovery and validation. Thus, this WG2 consensus paper will focus on the current status of emerging biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy and discuss novel technologies as well as high dimensional data analysis platforms that will be pivotal for future biomarker research. In addition, this paper will include a brief overview of the current challenges with recommendations for future biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 New York Ave Box 386, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Priti S Hegde
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South, San Francisco, CA 94080 USA
| | - Raphael Clynes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, NJ 08648 USA
| | - Periklis G Foukas
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ; Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, "Attikon" University Hospital, 1st Rimini St, 12462 Haidari, Greece
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics and Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University Hospital of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Postbus 90203, 1006 BE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristina Maccalli
- Italian Network for Biotherapy of Tumors (NIBIT)-Laboratory, c/o Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, University Hospital of Siena, V.le Bracci,16, Siena, 53100 Italy
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Stanford University Medical Center, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94303 USA
| | - David B Page
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| | - Harlan Robins
- Adaptive Technologies, Inc., 1551 Eastlake Avenue East Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Wenru Song
- AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA
| | | | - Ena Wang
- Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Suite 1.27, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Heinz Zwierzina
- Innsbruck Medical University, Medizinische Klinik, Anichstrasse 35, Innsbruck, A-6020 Austria
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR 97213 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Saavedra D, García B, Lorenzo-Luaces P, González A, Popa X, Fuentes KP, Mazorra Z, Crombet T, Neninger E, Lage A. Biomarkers related to immunosenescence: relationships with therapy and survival in lung cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:37-45. [PMID: 26589409 PMCID: PMC11028799 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are well-known alterations occurring within the immune system with aging. Collectively, these changes are known as immunosenescence. The incidence of malignancies also increases with age. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of immunosenescence biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and to evaluate some of them as predictive biomarkers of CIMAvax-EGF cancer vaccine efficacy. METHODS Sixty-six NSCLC patients, vaccinated or not with CIMAvax-EGF cancer vaccine, and 37 age-matched controls were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were studied for CD19+, CD4+, CD8+, CD28-, CD57+ and CD45RA+ subpopulations by flow cytometry. RESULTS Absolute count of CD19+ and the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly lower in NSCLC patients than in age-paired controls, while highly differentiated T cells increased in NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Using Cox regression, we were able to dichotomize the patient population according to biomarkers. Vaccinated patients with frequency <24 % of CD8 + CD28- T cells, >40 % of CD4 T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio higher than two at the beginning of immunotherapy achieved a 20-month increase in median survival regarding control patients. CONCLUSIONS Distribution of lymphocyte subsets was influenced by cancer and chemotherapy in NSCLC patients. CD19 + B cells decrease by cancer disease and not by chemotherapy, and CD28- subpopulations increase by chemotherapy and not by cancer. The proportion of CD8 + CD28- T cells, CD4+ T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio can be used as predictive biomarkers of CIMAvax-EGF efficacy in NSCLC patients and thereby could, be a useful tool for a personalized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danay Saavedra
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Beatriz García
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Patricia Lorenzo-Luaces
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Amnely González
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Xitlally Popa
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Karla P Fuentes
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Zaima Mazorra
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Crombet
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Agustin Lage
- Clinical Immunology Department, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St, Corner 15, PO Box 16040, Havana, Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
What Lies Ahead? VIRAL PATHOGENESIS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7149599 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathogenesis is a field in rapid evolution, reflecting the dynamic development of systems biology and the continuing introduction of new or improved methodologies. Therefore, this final chapter is dedicated to “futurism,” a look at what lies ahead for this field. We have recruited a number of scientists to write short pieces where they are free to speculate on future developments in their respective areas of expertise.
Collapse
|
30
|
Immunomonitoring in glioma immunotherapy: current status and future perspectives. J Neurooncol 2015; 127:1-13. [PMID: 26638171 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Given the continued poor clinical outcomes and refractory nature of glioblastoma multiforme to traditional interventions, immunotherapy is gaining traction due to its potential for specific tumor-targeting and long-term antitumor protective surveillance. Currently, development of glioma immunotherapy relies on overall survival as an endpoint in clinical trials. However, the identification of surrogate immunologic biomarkers can accelerate the development of successful immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunomonitoring techniques possess the potential to elucidate immunological mechanisms of antitumor responses, monitor disease progression, evaluate therapeutic effect, identify candidates for immunotherapy, and serve as prognostic markers of clinical outcome. Current immunomonitoring assays assess delayed-type hypersensitivity, T cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function, cytokine secretion profiles, antibody titers, and lymphocyte phenotypes. Yet, no single immunomonitoring technique can reliably predict outcomes, relegating immunological markers to exploratory endpoints. In response, the most recent immunomonitoring assays are incorporating emerging technologies and novel analysis techniques to approach the goal of identifying a competent immunological biomarker which predicts therapy responsiveness and clinical outcome. This review addresses the current status of immunomonitoring in glioma vaccine clinical trials with emphasis on correlations with clinical response.
Collapse
|
31
|
Japp AS, Kursunel MA, Meier S, Mälzer JN, Li X, Rahman NA, Jekabsons W, Krause H, Magheli A, Klopf C, Thiel A, Frentsch M. Dysfunction of PSA-specific CD8+ T cells in prostate cancer patients correlates with CD38 and Tim-3 expression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1487-94. [PMID: 26289091 PMCID: PMC11028650 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer patients is influenced by differences in their immune status. An evaluation of immunocompetence before therapy may help to predict therapeutic success and guide the selection of appropriate regimens. We assessed the preexisting cellular immunity against prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in untreated prostate cancer patients and healthy controls through measurement of the phenotype and function of CD8(+) T cells. Our data show that the majority of healthy men possess functional PSA-specific CD8(+) T cells in contrast to cancer patients, where <50 % showed a CD8(+) T cell response. PSA146-154-specific CD8(+) T cells of these patients had a higher expression of the activation marker CD38 and the exhaustion marker Tim-3, indicating that PSA-specific cells are exhausted. The heterogeneity of the CD8(+) T cell response against PSA in prostate cancer patients may influence their response to therapy and is a factor to be taken into account while designing and selecting treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Sada Japp
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Alper Kursunel
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Meier
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia N Mälzer
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology China, Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nafis A Rahman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Waltraut Jekabsons
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Krause
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ahmed Magheli
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Klopf
- Department of Urology, Charité University Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marco Frentsch
- Regenerative Immunology and Aging, Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, CVK Charité University Medicine, Föhrerstr. 15, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Finn OJ, Khleif SN, Herberman RB. The FDA guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines: the need for revision to include preventive cancer vaccines or for a new guidance dedicated to them. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1011-6. [PMID: 26353948 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines based on antigens derived from self molecules rather than pathogens have been under basic and clinical investigations for many years. Up until very recently, they had been tested primarily in the setting of metastatic disease with the goal to engage the immune system in slowing down disease progression. Many therapeutic vaccine trials, either investigator initiated or led by pharmaceutical companies, have been completed and many are currently ongoing, following the FDA Guidance on therapeutic cancer vaccines published in 2011. In recent years, the target of cancer vaccines is being shifted to early cancer and even premalignant disease with the goal of preventing cancer. Although some issues addressed in the FDA Guidance on therapeutic vaccines apply to preventive vaccines, many do not. Here, we discuss a set of recommendations for revising the current Guidance to also cover preventive vaccines, or to include in a new Guidance dedicated specifically to vaccines for cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Samir N Khleif
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regent University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pandha H, Pawelec G. Immune checkpoint targeting as anti-cancer immunotherapy: promises, questions, challenges and the need for predictive biomarkers at ASCO 2015. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1071-4. [PMID: 26267043 PMCID: PMC11028794 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy targeting "immune checkpoints" first made the headlines at the ASCO (American Society of Clinical Oncology) Annual Meeting in 2013, took centre stage at 2014 and consolidated its position as a potentially curative first-line therapy as reflected by the presentations at ASCO 2015. For the first time, previously refractory cancers are proving amenable to treatment, but still only a fraction, usually a minority, of patients respond. The hunt for factors predicting responses and for biomarkers to monitor treatment was a major theme of this year's meeting, as briefly discussed in this Editorial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hardev Pandha
- Section of Oncology, School of Biosciences, University of Surrey and Surrey Cancer Research Institute, Legget Building, Daphne Jackson Rd, Guildford, GU2 7WG, UK,
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) are emerging as a new type of cancer biomarker. TEX are membrane-bound, virus-size vesicles of endocytic origin present in all body fluids of cancer patients. Based on the expanding albeit incomplete knowledge of their biogenesis, secretion by tumor cells and cancer cell-specific molecular and genetic contents, TEX are viewed as promising, clinically-relevant surrogates of cancer progression and response to therapy. Preliminary proteomic, genetic and functional profiling of tumor cell-derived or cancer plasma-derived exosomes confirms their unique characteristics. Alterations in protein or nucleic acid profiles of exosomes in plasma of cancer patients responding to therapies appear to correlate with clinical endpoints. However, methods for TEX isolation and separation from the bulk of human plasma-derived exosomes are not yet established and their role as biomarkers remains to be confirmed. Further development and validation of TEX as noninvasive, liquid equivalents of tumor biopsies are necessary to move this effort forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, , Phone: 412-624-0096, FAX: 412-624-0264
| |
Collapse
|