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Erduran H. Comprehensive analysis of differences in the physiochemical composition of foremilk and hindmilk of grazing indigenous and crossbred dairy goats; implications for growth, milk production and industry. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:148. [PMID: 38691230 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This study was conducted on 90 grazing Hair, Alpine × Hair F1 (AHF1), and Saanen × Hair F1 (SHF1) crossbred goats in three farms located around the Taurus Mountains in Konya, Türkiye. The study investigated variation in milk production, physico-chemical traits of milk fractions (foremilk, hindmilk and total milk), and growth traits. Genotype, parity, offspring sex, birth type, and flock factors significantly influenced milk production and quality traits of milk fractions (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). Does with male/single offspring produced less milk, but with higher nutrient density (P < 0.05). Hindmilk was 272%, 31% and 61% richer in fat, total solids and energy content than foremilk, respectively (P < 0.001). However, the protein, lactose and solids-non-fat content of hindmilk was on average 7% lower than that of foremilk (P < 0.001). Physico-chemical quality traits of foremilk, hindmilk and total milk had a strong negative correlation with daily milk yield (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). Live weight and average daily gains (ADG) of kids were influenced by maternal parity, flock, offspring sex and birth type (P < 0.05). The overall Kleiber ratios (KR) from birth to 2 months, birth to 3 months, birth to 6 months and 3 to 6 months of age were 21.0 ± 0.22, 17.1 ± 0.11, 10.5 ± 0.06 and 8.5 ± 0.21 g/kg of metabolic weight, respectively. It was concluded that these findings are critical for milk sampling protocols, offspring growth strategies, product development and precision livestock management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Erduran
- Bahri Dağdaş International Agricultural Research Institute, Konya, 42020, Türkiye.
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2
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Barłowska J, Polak G, Janczarek I, Tkaczyk E. The Influence of Selected Factors on the Nutritional Value of the Milk of Cold-Blooded Mares: The Example of the Sokólski Breed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071152. [PMID: 37048410 PMCID: PMC10093385 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of access to pasture, lactation number, and foals’ sex on the nutritional value of milk (79 samples) from nine mares. The following were analysed: content of dry matter, protein, fat, lactose, and ash; percentages of α-lactalbumin (α-La), β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), serum albumin (SA), immunoglobulins (Ig), lactoferrin (Lf), and lysozyme (Lz) in the total protein; and the fatty acid profile. Mares without access to pastures were shown to produce milk with a higher dry matter content, including fat, lactose, and ash; higher percentages of β-Lg, α-La, Ig, and Lf; and a better fatty acid profile. The milk from mares with access to pasture contained more protein, including higher percentages of SA and Lz. Milk from mares in lactations 4–6 had the highest fat and protein concentrations and the lowest lactose concentration. The α-La level was highest in lactation 1, Lf in lactations 2–3, and Lz in lactations 4–6. Milk from mares in lactations 4–6 had the best fatty acid profile (the lowest concentration of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and the highest concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)). Milk from mothers of female offspring had higher dry matter, fat, and protein concentrations, a higher share of lysozyme, and a better fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Barłowska
- Department Quality Assessment and Processing of Animal Products, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Grażyna Polak
- Office of the Director for Scientific Affairs, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Iwona Janczarek
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Tkaczyk
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (E.T.)
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3
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Yu J, Wei Z, Wells JC, Fewtrell M. Effects of relaxation therapy on maternal psychological status and infant growth following late preterm and early-term delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:340-349. [PMID: 36811573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal stress is one modifiable variable that could influence mother-infant signaling and negatively affect breastfeeding and infant growth. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to test the hypothesis that relaxation therapy would reduce maternal stress and improve infant growth, behavior, and breastfeeding outcomes after late preterm (LP) and early-term (ET) delivery. METHODS A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted in healthy Chinese primiparous mother-infant pairs after LP or ET delivery (34+0-37+6 gestation weeks). Mothers were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG, listening to relaxation meditation at least once a day) or control group (CG, normal care). Primary outcomes-changes in maternal stress (perceived stress scale), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), and infant weight and length standard deviation score-were assessed at 1 wk and 8 wks postpartum. Secondary outcomes-breast milk energy and macronutrient composition, maternal breastfeeding attitudes, infant behaviors (3-d diary), and 24-hour milk intake-were assessed at 8 wks. RESULTS In total, 96 mother-infant pairs were recruited. There was a significantly greater reduction in maternal perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale score) (mean difference [MD] = 2.65; 95% CI: 0.8, 4.5) and significantly greater infant weight standard deviation score gain (MD = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9) from 1 wk to 8 wks in the IG than those in the CG. Exploratory analyses showed a significant interaction between intervention and sex, with greater effects on weight gain in female infants. Mothers of female infants used the intervention more frequently with significantly higher milk energy observed at 8 wks. CONCLUSIONS The relaxation meditation tape is a simple, effective practical tool that could easily be used in clinical settings to support breastfeeding mothers after LP and ET delivery. The findings need confirmation in larger groups and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Yu
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhuang Wei
- Department of Child Healthcare, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, China
| | - Jonathan Ck Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
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Pemberton JM, Kruuk LE, Clutton-Brock T. The Unusual Value of Long-Term Studies of Individuals: The Example of the Isle of Rum Red Deer Project. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012722-024041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Long-term studies of individuals enable incisive investigations of questions across ecology and evolution. Here, we illustrate this claim by reference to our long-term study of red deer on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. This project has established many of the characteristics of social organization, selection, and population ecology typical of large, polygynous, seasonally breeding mammals, with wider implications for our understanding of sexual selection and the evolution of sex differences, as well as for their population dynamics and population management. As molecular genetic techniques have developed, the project has pivoted to investigate evolutionary genetic questions, also breaking new ground in this field. With ongoing advances in genomics and statistical approaches and the development of increasingly sophisticated ways to assay new phenotypic traits, the questions that long-term studies such as the red deer study can answer become both broader and ever more sophisticated. They also offer powerful means of understanding the effects of ongoing climate change on wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Loeske E.B. Kruuk
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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5
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Pérez-Barbería FJ, García AJ, Brewer MJ, Cappelli J, Serrano MP, Gallego L, Landete-Castillejos T. Effects of maternal age and offspring sex on milk yield, composition and calf growth of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14506. [PMID: 36008507 PMCID: PMC9411626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential maternal allocation theory states that mothers will invest more heavily in the offspring sex that will secure higher reproductive output. Senescence theory is concerned with the gradual deterioration of physiological function with age. We analysed the offspring sex-dependent response of calf growth and milk traits to mother age in an Iberian population of captive red deer (Cervus elaphus) using a 22 year time series longitudinal data set. Previous studies revealed that there was little evidence for the differential allocation theory on milk traits and that most studies lacked proper control for confounding factors. Our results indicated that (i) calf growth was offspring male-biased, negatively affected by mother age and positively influenced by mother weight and parity, and (ii) there was no support for differential allocation offspring sex-dependence in milk traits (yield, energy density, fat, protein and lactose content). Our findings suggest that maternal allocation responds to offspring energy requirements, which are mainly driven by offspring body weight, and contingent on mother age and weight and previous maternal reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Pérez-Barbería
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Institute of Regional Development, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IREC, 02071, Albacete, Spain. .,Biodiversity Research Institute (Oviedo University, CSIC, Principality of Asturias), Mieres Campus, 33600, Mieres, Spain.
| | - A J García
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Institute of Regional Development, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IREC, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - M J Brewer
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS), Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK
| | - J Cappelli
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Institute of Regional Development, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IREC, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - M P Serrano
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 28054, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Gallego
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Institute of Regional Development, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IREC, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - T Landete-Castillejos
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Institute of Regional Development, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IREC, 02071, Albacete, Spain
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6
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Sex differences in preterm nutrition and growth: the evidence from human milk associated studies. J Perinatol 2022; 42:987-992. [PMID: 35210540 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-022-01354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism of the fetus manifests itself even during pregnancy. Preterm births are more common in pregnancies with male fetuses. Intrauterine and postnatal growth nomograms are sex-specific. The human milk composition in term infants appears to be sex-specific. Early nutrition has sex-specific effects and neurodevelopmental outcomes. A large same-sex twin study suggests that a mother's own milk (MOM) provides sex-specific growth advantages probably related to the calibration of a mother's milk based on her newborn's sex. Formula composition does not vary with infant sex, which may be one reason why body composition data favors the use of MOM over formula. However, given the lack of data on this subject, we need more detailed information on how the sex-specific micronutrients in MOM influence infant well-being. We also need more information to ascertain the sex differences in infants' macronutrient requirements, such as whether preterm females have higher fat requirements and preterm males have higher protein requirements for optimal growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes. This information may also influence milk banking and the use of donor human milk (DBM). Further research may help us determine if we should provide sex-specific DBM to those preterm infants who cannot get their MOM.
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7
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Reemst K, Ruigrok SR, Bleker L, Naninck EFG, Ernst T, Kotah JM, Lucassen PJ, Roseboom TJ, Pollux BJA, de Rooij SR, Korosi A. Sex-dependence and comorbidities of the early-life adversity induced mental and metabolic disease risks: Where are we at? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104627. [PMID: 35339483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversity (ELA) is a major risk factor for developing later-life mental and metabolic disorders. However, if and to what extent ELA contributes to the comorbidity and sex-dependent prevalence/presentation of these disorders remains unclear. We here comprehensively review and integrate human and rodent ELA (pre- and postnatal) studies examining mental or metabolic health in both sexes and discuss the role of the placenta and maternal milk, key in transferring maternal effects to the offspring. We conclude that ELA impacts mental and metabolic health with sex-specific presentations that depend on timing of exposure, and that human and rodent studies largely converge in their findings. ELA is more often reported to impact cognitive and externalizing domains in males, internalizing behaviors in both sexes and concerning the metabolic dimension, adiposity in females and insulin sensitivity in males. Thus, ELA seems to be involved in the origin of the comorbidity and sex-specific prevalence/presentation of some of the most common disorders in our society. Therefore, ELA-induced disease states deserve specific preventive and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty Reemst
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Bleker
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eva F G Naninck
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tiffany Ernst
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janssen M Kotah
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology &Evolutionary Biology Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, Brain Plasticity Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Shanebeck KM, Besson AA, Lagrue C, Green SJ. The energetic costs of sub-lethal helminth parasites in mammals: a meta-analysis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1886-1907. [PMID: 35678252 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasites, by definition, have a negative effect on their host. However, in wild mammal health and conservation research, sub-lethal infections are commonly assumed to have negligible health effects unless parasites are present in overwhelming numbers. Here, we propose a definition for host health in mammals that includes sub-lethal effects of parasites on the host's capacity to adapt to the environment and maintain homeostasis. We synthesized the growing number of studies on helminth parasites in mammals to assess evidence for the relative magnitude of sub-lethal effects of infection across mammal taxa based on this expanded definition. Specifically, we develop and apply a framework for organizing disparate metrics of parasite effects on host health and body condition according to their impact on an animal's energetic condition, defined as the energetic burden of pathogens on host physiological and behavioural functions that relate directly to fitness. Applying this framework within a global meta-analysis of helminth parasites in wild, laboratory and domestic mammal hosts produced 142 peer-reviewed studies documenting 599 infection-condition effects. Analysing these data within a multiple working hypotheses framework allowed us to evaluate the relative weighted contribution of methodological (study design, sampling protocol, parasite quantification methods) and biological (phylogenetic relationships and host/parasite life history) moderators to variation in the magnitude of health effects. We found consistently strong negative effects of infection on host energetic condition across taxonomic groups, with unusually low heterogeneity in effect sizes when compared with other ecological meta-analyses. Observed effect size was significantly lower within cross-sectional studies (i.e. observational studies that investigated a sub-set of a population at a single point in time), the most prevalent methodology. Furthermore, opportunistic sampling led to a weaker negative effect compared to proactive sampling. In the model of host taxonomic group, the effect of infection on energetic condition in carnivores was not significant. However, when sampling method was included, it explained substantial inter-study variance; proactive sampling showing a strongly significant negative effect while opportunistic sampling detected only a weak, non-significant effect. This may partly underlie previous assumptions that sub-lethal parasites do not have significant effects on host health. We recommend future studies adopt energetic condition as the framework for assessing parasite effects on wildlife health and provide guidelines for the selection of research protocols, health proxies, and relating infection to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Shanebeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne A Besson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Clement Lagrue
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.,Department of Conservation, 265 Princes Street, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bădescu I, Watts DP, Katzenberg MA, Sellen DW. Maternal lactational investment is higher for sons in chimpanzees. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Maternal lactational investment can affect female reproductive rates and offspring survival in mammals and can be biased towards infants of one sex. We compared estimates of lactation effort among mothers, assessed as their potential milk contribution to age-specific infant diets (mother-infant differences in fecal stable nitrogen isotopes, δ15N), to the timing of weaning (infant age at last nursing bout) and to maternal inter-birth interval lengths for male and female infant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo, Uganda. Infant males had greater proportions of milk in their age-specific diets, indicated by higher mother-infant differences in δ15N (Generalized Estimating Equation, GEE: p < 0.01). This may mean that mothers of sons showed greater lactation effort than mothers of daughters. Infant males stopped nursing at older ages than infant females (Kaplan–Meier product limit estimate, Breslow estimator: p < 0.05). Mothers of sons showed longer interbirth intervals than mothers of daughters (GEE: p < 0.01). All three measures indicated maternal lactational investment was higher for sons. Male infants may cost mothers more to ensure infant survival than female infants because males are more vulnerable and/or because maternal genetic returns on investment are greater for sons than daughters, as male philopatry means that chimpanzee mothers can have more influence on the reproductive success of sons. Chimpanzee females may trade off growth-related benefits of high lactational investment in male offspring against reduced reproductive rates.
Significance statement
Maternal investment via lactation affects the reproductive success of female mammals and their offspring and can be biased towards infants of one sex. We investigated lactational variation among wild chimpanzees in relation to infant sex using three proxies for maternal lactational investment: fecal stable nitrogen isotopes, a physiological biomarker that may provide an estimate of lactation effort; observations of nursing, which we used to establish weaning ages; and the lengths of intervals between births of surviving infants. Chimpanzee mothers biased lactational investment toward sons on all three indicators and showed reduced fecundity due to longer inter-birth intervals for mothers of sons than for mothers of daughters. These results would be expected if greater maternal investment toward sons leads to better condition and higher reproductive success for sons later in life, thus to greater inclusive fitness for mothers.
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10
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Infant feeding practices associated with adiposity peak and rebound in the EDEN mother-child cohort. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:809-816. [PMID: 34980907 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE High magnitude of adiposity peak and early adiposity rebound are early risk markers of later obesity. Infant diet represents one of the main modifiable determinants of early growth. This study aimed to investigate the association between infant feeding practices and age and magnitude of adiposity peak and rebound. SUBJECTS/METHODS Analyses were based on data from the French EDEN mother-child cohort. Data on breastfeeding and complementary feeding were collected at birth and 4, 8, and 12 months. From clinical examinations and measurements collected in the child's health booklet up to 12 years, individual growth curves were modeled, and ages and magnitudes of adiposity peak and rebound were estimated. Associations between infant feeding practices and growth were investigated by multivariable linear regression in children after testing a child-sex interaction. RESULTS In the studied population (n = 1225), adiposity peak occurred at a mean of 9.9 ± 2 months and adiposity rebound at 5.5 ± 1.4 years. Associations between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound were moderated by child sex. For girls, each additional month of breastfeeding was related to a 2-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p < 0.001), and an 18-day increase in the age at adiposity peak (p = 0.004). Whereas for boys, each additional month for the age at complementary food introduction was associated with a 29-day increase in the age at adiposity rebound (p = 0.02). For boys, long breastfeeding duration was only related to reduced body mass index at adiposity peak. CONCLUSIONS Child sex has a moderating effect on the association between infant feeding practices and adiposity peak or rebound. The well-known association between breastfeeding duration and early growth seems stronger in girls than boys. The association found for complementary feeding in boys may give new insights into preventing obesity.
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11
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Mutua EK, Haskell MJ. Factors contributing to milk yield variation among cows in a cow-calf contact system in early lactation. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:55-58. [PMID: 36340674 PMCID: PMC9623780 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The conventional dairy production system involves separation of the cow and calf at around 24 h after birth. Due to public concerns regarding this early separation, a few farmers are taking up the cow-calf contact system. However, some farmers have cited great variation in milk yield delivered to the parlor by cows in this sytem, with this being detrimental because it leads to low farm returns. The main objective of this study was to determine the source of variation in milk delivered to the parlor among cows in a cow-calf contact system. The study examined milk yield records for the first 28 d of lactation for 110 fall- and spring-calving cows from a farm running a full-time cow-calf contact system to investigate factors leading to variation among cows in milk delivered to the parlor. We observed great individual variation in milk yield delivered to the parlor among cows, with the range between the highest and lowest average being 22 L/d. The sex of the calf had an effect on the average milk yield delivered to the parlor: cows with female calves had higher average milk yield (Wald = 5.61, df = 1). Additionally, the lactation number of the dam affected average milk yield delivered to the parlor, with cows in their third lactation and above having the highest milk yield average (Wald = 20.90, df = 2). From the results of this study, we conclude that sex of the calf and lactation number of the dam affect milk yield delivered to the milking parlor in a cow-calf contact system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K. Mutua
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Marie J. Haskell
- SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
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12
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Maternal effects in mammals: Broadening our understanding of offspring programming. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100924. [PMID: 33992652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The perinatal period is a sensitive time in mammalian development that can have long-lasting consequences on offspring phenotype via maternal effects. Maternal effects have been most intensively studied with respect to two major conditions: maternal diet and maternal stress. In this review, we shift the focus by discussing five major additional maternal cues and their influence on offspring phenotype: maternal androgen levels, photoperiod (melatonin), microbiome, immune regulation, and milk composition. We present the key findings for each of these topics in mammals, their mechanisms of action, and how they interact with each other and with the maternal influences of diet and stress. We explore their impacts in the contexts of both predictive adaptive responses and the developmental origins of disease, identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities in the field, and place a particular emphasis on the application and consideration of these effects in non-model species and natural ecological systems.
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13
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Pérez-Barbería FJ, Arroyo-González I, García AJ, Serrano MP, Gallego L, Landete-Castillejos T. Water sprinkling as a tool for heat abatement in farmed Iberian red deer: Effects on calf growth and behaviour. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249540. [PMID: 33886602 PMCID: PMC8062043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic models predict scenarios in which ambient temperature will continue increasing worldwide. Under these climatic conditions, fitness and animal welfare of many populations are expected to suffer, especially those that live in captive or semi-natural conditions, where opportunities of heat abatement are limited. We undertook an experimental design to assess the effect of heat abatement that water sprinkling might have on Iberian red deer calf growth and behaviour from birth to weaning (135 days). One group of ten mother-calf pairs lived on plots with water sprinkling (treatment) available during summer’s hottest time of the day, while the control group (nine mother-calf pairs) occupied plots with no available water sprinkling. Treatment and control groups were fed ad libitum and swapped between plots every seven days to minimise any plot effect. Body weight was monitored weekly and individual behaviour was recorded once or twice a week at mid-day. We observed that calves had showers under the sprinklers and wallowed in mud puddles. The results clearly indicated that calves of the treatment group showed a significant increase in body weight at weaning in comparison with the control group, with no differences between sexes (treatment: male = 56.5 kg, female = 50.3 kg; control: male = 50.3 kg, female = 46.5 kg). Mother weight and mother age effects were negligible on calf body weight at weaning. The heavier the mother the faster was the rate of growth of its offspring, irrespective of calf sex. The model indicated that although males grew significantly slower than female calves in the control group, males grew faster than females when exposed to the treatment. Calves of the treatment group spent less time drinking, less time in the shade, similar time eating and more time in motion than calves of the control group. There were no behavioural differences between calf sexes of treatment and control groups. The results indicate the importance of providing animals with opportunities of heat abatement in hot environments to improve animal growth and welfare in farmed Iberian red deer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Pérez-Barbería
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - I. Arroyo-González
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - A. J. García
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - M. P. Serrano
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - L. Gallego
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - T. Landete-Castillejos
- Department of Agroforestry Science and Technology and Genetics, Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
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14
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Gerber N, Auclair Y, König B, Lindholm AK. Population Density and Temperature Influence the Return on Maternal Investment in Wild House Mice. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.602359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, reproduction is influenced by sexual competition, temperature and food availability and these factors might be crucial already during early life. Favorable early life environment and high maternal investment are expected to improve survival and reproduction. For example, in mammals, maternal investment via lactation predicts offspring growth. As body mass is often associated with fitness consequences, females have the potential to influence offspring fitness through their level of investment, which might interact with effects of population density and temperature. Here, we investigate the relationship between house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) pup body mass at day 13 (used as approximation for weaning mass) and individual reproductive parameters, as well as longevity, under natural variation in population density and temperature (as approximation for season). Further, we assessed the extent to which mothers influence the body mass of their offspring until weaning. To do so, we analyzed life data of 384 house mice from a free-living wild commensal population that was not food limited. The mother’s contribution accounted for 49% of the variance in pup body mass. Further, we found a complex effect of population density, temperature and maternal investment on life-history traits related to fitness: shorter longevity with increasing pup body mass at day 13, delayed first reproduction of heavier pups when raised at warmer temperatures, and increased lifetime reproductive success for heavier pups at high densities. Our study shows that the effects of maternal investment are not independent of the effects of the environment. It thus highlights the importance of considering ecological conditions in combination with maternal effects to unravel the complexity of pup body mass on fitness measures.
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15
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Schäfer S, Sundling F, Liu A, Raubenheimer D, Nanan R. Firstborn sex defines early childhood growth of subsequent siblings. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202329. [PMID: 33434459 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that maternal resource allocation can be sex-biased in order to maximize reproductive success, yet this basic concept has not been investigated in humans. In this study, we explored relationships between maternal factors, offspring sex and prenatal and postnatal weight gain. Sex-specific regression models not only indicated that maternal ethnicity impacted male (n = 2456) and female (n = 1871) childrens postnatal weight gain differently but also that parity and mode of feeding influenced weight velocity of female (β ± s.e. = -0.31 ± 0.11 kg, p = 0.005; β ± s.e. = -0.37 ± 0.11 kg, p < 0.001) but not male offspring. Collectively, our findings imply that maternal resource allocation to consecutive offspring increases after a male firstborn. The absence of this finding in formula fed children suggests that this observation could be mediated by breast milk. Our results warrant further mechanistic and epidemiological studies to elucidate the role of breastfeeding on the programming of infant growth as well as of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, with potential implications for tailoring infant formulae according to sex and birth order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Schäfer
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Felicia Sundling
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden.,Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Anthony Liu
- Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Centre-Nepean, Sydney Medical School-Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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16
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Gunst A, Sundén M, Korja R, Boddy AM, Kotler J, Paavonen EJ, Uusitupa HM, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Antfolk J. Postpartum depression and mother-offspring conflict over maternal investment. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:11-23. [PMID: 33664956 PMCID: PMC7910802 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As the mother-offspring relationship is central to human reproduction, postpartum depression symptoms are difficult to explain in evolutionary terms. We proposed that postpartum depression might arise as a result of evolutionary mother-offspring conflict over maternal investment, and investigated the association between postpartum depression symptoms, infant night waking, maternal sleep disturbance and breastfeeding frequency. METHODOLOGY We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using survey responses at 6 months postpartum from 1598 Finnish mothers. We hypothesized that infant night waking at 6 months postpartum would be associated with postpartum depression symptoms, and that this association would be mediated by maternal sleep disturbance and a higher breastfeeding frequency. RESULTS Infant night waking was moderately associated with postpartum depression symptoms, and this association was mediated by maternal sleep disturbance (R 2=0.09). Contrary to our prediction, we found that increased breastfeeding was associated with less postpartum depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We conclude that postpartum depression symptoms might partly be the result of increased maternal fatigue stemming from high offspring demands on maternal investment, but that this is not due to the metabolic strain from increased breastfeeding. Studying postpartum depression from the mother-offspring conflict perspective can potentially improve our understanding of the involved behavioral processes of both mother and offspring, and allow interventions designed to benefit the well-being of both parties. Lay Summary: We proposed that postpartum depression is due to an evolutionary conflict between mother and infant, where the infant tires the mother to delay the arrival of a sibling. We found a link between infant night waking and postpartum depression, mediated by the mother's sleep, but not by breastfeeding frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Gunst
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Tehtaankatu 2, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - My Sundén
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Tehtaankatu 2, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, Turku 20014, Finland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Amy M Boddy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 3210, USA
| | - Jennifer Kotler
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - E Juulia Paavonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Henna-Maria Uusitupa
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
- Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
- Department of Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 3, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Jan Antfolk
- Department of Psychology, Åbo Akademi University, Tehtaankatu 2, Turku 20500, Finland
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17
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Bzikowska-Jura A, Sobieraj P, Szostak-Węgierek D, Wesołowska A. Impact of Infant and Maternal Factors on Energy and Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2591. [PMID: 32858897 PMCID: PMC7551856 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigates the influence of selected infant and maternal factors on the energy and macronutrient composition of mature human milk (HM). The study enrolled 77 mothers at 4-8 weeks postpartum. Each mother provided 1 sample of HM. Each extracted HM sample was formed by mixing four subsamples of HM, each of which were obtained in one predefined 6-h periods of the day. Among maternal factors, the analysis included: anthropometric data before and after pregnancy; weight gain in pregnancy; body composition, assessed using the Maltron BioScan 920-II to analyze bioimpedance; and dietary intake, assessed with three-day dietary records. Among the neonatal factors, birth weight and length, number of daily feedings and type of delivery were included. The composition of HM, including energy content, protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations, was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between the selected maternal and infant factors and HM milk composition. It was found that total protein content of HM was correlated with pre-pregnancy BMI (Spearman rho = 0.238; p = 0.037), current lean body mass (Spearman rho = -0.293, p = 0.01) and total water content (Spearman rho = -0.315, p = 0.005). Carbohydrates were the only macronutrients whose composition was significantly affected by the infant factors. It was reported that higher carbohydrate content was associated with male sex (OR = 4.52, p = 0.049). Our results show that maternal and infant factors, especially maternal pre-pregnancy and current nutritional status and infant sex, interact and affect HM composition, suggesting that macronutrient and energy content in HM may be determined in pregnancy and may have unique compositional profile for every mother-infant dyad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bzikowska-Jura
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sobieraj
- Deparment of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Szostak-Węgierek
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, E Ciolka Str. 27, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wesołowska
- Department of Neonatology, Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury Str. 63A, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Pérez-Barbería FJ, García AJ, Cappelli J, Landete-Castillejos T, Serrano MP, Gallego L. Heat stress reduces growth rate of red deer calf: Climate warming implications. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233809. [PMID: 32480402 PMCID: PMC7263848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate models agree in predicting scenarios of global warming. In endothermic species heat stress takes place when they are upper their thermal neutral zone. Any physiological or behavioural mechanism to mitigate heat stress is at the cost of diverting energy from other physiological functions, with negative repercussions for individual fitness. Tolerance to heat stress differs between species, age classes and sexes, those with the highest metabolic rates being the most sensitive to stressing thermal environments. This is especially important during the first months of life, when most growth takes place. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is supposedly well adapted to a wide range of thermal environments, based on its worldwide distribution range, but little is known about the direct effect that heat stress may have on calf growth. We assessed the effect that heat stress, measured by heat stress indices and physical environment variables (air temperature, relative air humidity, wind speed and solar radiation), have on calf and mother body weights from calf´s birth to weaning. We used 9265 longitudinal weekly body weight records of calf and mother across 19 years in captive Iberian red deer. We hypothesised that (i) heat stress in hot environments has a negative effect on calf growth, especially in males, as they are more energetically demanding to produce than females; and that (ii) the body weight of the mother through lactation should be negatively affected by heat stress. Our results supported hypothesis (i) but not so clearly hypothesis (ii). By weaning (day 143) calves growing under low heat stress environment grew up to 1.2 kg heavier than those growing in high heat stress environment, and males were more affected by heat stress than females. The results have implications in animal welfare, geographical clines in body size and adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Pérez-Barbería
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - A. J. García
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - J. Cappelli
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - T. Landete-Castillejos
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - M. P. Serrano
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
| | - L. Gallego
- Game and Livestock Resources Unit, University of Castilla-La Mancha, IDR, IREC, Albacete, Spain
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19
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Hosseini M, Valizadeh E, Hosseini N, Khatibshahidi S, Raeisi S. The Role of Infant Sex on Human Milk Composition. Breastfeed Med 2020; 15:341-346. [PMID: 32091932 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2019.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Human milk (HM) is the most necessary and complete food for infants and their survival. It is a dynamic system influenced by different factors such as the sex of the infant. The study of the factors affecting the composition of mother's milk can provide us better insight into the nutritional needs of infants with different sex and improve the nutrition of babies who do not have access to HM. This study aimed to study the effects of infant sex on mother's milk composition. Methods: Sixty-one mother's milk samples were collected from mothers with female or male infants and divided into two (32 sons, 29 daughters) groups. The samples were analyzed by the Lacto-Scan milk analyzer and the obtained data were compared between the groups. Results: The results showed that the mean fat content in the milk samples of mothers with female infants (daughters group) (3.42 ± 1.80%) was significantly (p = 0.029) higher than that in mothers with male infants (sons group) (2.53 ± 1.18%). However, the sons group had higher (p = 0.024) levels of salts (0.76 ± 0.14%) compared with the daughters group (0.67 ± 0.18%). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in other indices between the groups. Conclusions: The sex of the infant is one of the important factors affecting the composition of mother's milk. The difference in the composition of mother's milk may reflect the differences in metabolic substrate needed for optimal growth and development in female and male infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Einollah Valizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Hosseini
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sina Raeisi
- Pediatric Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Dierenfeld ES, Han YAM, Mar KU, Aung A, Soe AT, Lummaa V, Lahdenperä M. Milk Composition of Asian Elephants ( Elephas maximus) in a Natural Environment in Myanmar during Late Lactation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040725. [PMID: 32331387 PMCID: PMC7222762 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional content of milk from free-living Asian elephants has not previously been reported, despite being vital for better management of captive populations. This study analyzed both milk composition and consumed plant species of Asian elephants managed in their natural environment in Myanmar. Longitudinal samples (n = 36) were obtained during both the wet and the dry season from six mature females in mid to late lactation in 2016 and 2017. Milk composition averaged 82.44% water, with 17.56% total solids containing 5.23% protein, 15.10% fat, 0.87% ash, and 0.18 µg/mL vitamin E. Solids and protein increased with lactation month. Total protein in milk was higher during the wet vs. the dry season. Observed factors linked with maternal (age, parity, size and origin) and calf traits (sex) had significant associations with milk nutrient levels. Primary forages consumed contained moderate protein and fiber. Higher dietary protein during the wet season (11-25%) compared to the dry season (6-19%) may be linked with increased milk protein observed. Our results call for further field studies of milk and diet composition, over entire seasons/lactation periods, and across maternal and calf traits, to improve feeding management, with an overall goal of maximized health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld
- Ellen S. Dierenfeld, LLC, St. Louis, MO 63128, USA
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-314-717-3885
| | - Yadana A. M. Han
- Department of Medical Research (Pyin-Oo-Lwin Branch), Pyin-Oo-Lwin 05081, Myanmar;
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin 05282, Myanmar;
| | - Khyne U. Mar
- Veterinarians International, One Penn Plaza, Suite 6337, New York, NY 10119, USA;
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Aung Aung
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin 05282, Myanmar;
| | - Aung Thura Soe
- Extraction Department, Magway Region, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Magwe 0411, Myanmar;
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland;
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21
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de la Vara JA, Berruga MI, Serrano MP, Cano EL, García A, Landete-Castillejos T, Gallego L, Argüello A, Carmona M, Molina A. Short communication: Red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during its transition to milk. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5662-5667. [PMID: 32307161 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied changes in chemical composition, somatic cell count, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) content in red deer (Cervus elaphus) colostrum during the transition to milk at different times after parturition (<5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 2 wk, and 4 wk). The production level was higher at 2 and 4 wk of lactation than during the first day after parturition, with intermediate values at 48 h postpartum. Fat content did not vary during the study period. However, total protein and casein contents were particularly high in the initial 5 h after parturition, decreasing to approximately 50% after 24 h postpartum. Conversely, lactose concentration was low in the beginning (<5 h), increasing gradually throughout the study. Similarly, dry matter dropped during the first 24 h and then remained constant throughout the study. Urea content decreased during the study, showing a slight recovery at 4 wk. Somatic cell count was higher during the first hours after parturition and gradually decreased throughout the study period. The IgG content was higher before 5 h postpartum than at 24 h postpartum. After 5 h, the level of IgG decreased progressively until it reached 0.18 mg/mL at 4 wk of lactation. We observed a similar pattern for IgM content, but it decreased more quickly than IgG and was not detected after 2 wk. In the case of deer, milk should be considered transitional from 24 to 48 h after parturition, and samples collected after 2 wk can be considered mature milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A de la Vara
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M I Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - M P Serrano
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - E L Cano
- Quantitative Methods and Socio-Economic Development Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A García
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - T Landete-Castillejos
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - L Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Albacete Section of CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
| | - A Argüello
- Department of Animal Science, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Arucas 35413, Spain
| | - M Carmona
- School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, Food Technology Laboratory, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid 28670, Spain
| | - A Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain; Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071, Spain
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22
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Van de Walle J, Zedrosser A, Swenson JE, Pelletier F. Trade-off between offspring mass and number: the lightest offspring bear the costs. Biol Lett 2020. [PMCID: PMC7058944 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history theory predicts a trade-off between offspring size and number. However, the role of intra-litter phenotypic variation in shaping this trade-off is often disregarded. We compared the strength of the relationship between litter size and mass from the perspective of the lightest and the heaviest yearling offspring in 110 brown bear litters in Sweden. We showed that the mass of the lightest yearlings decreased with increasing litter size, but that the mass of the heaviest yearling remained stable, regardless of litter size. Consistent with a conservative reproductive strategy, our results suggest that mothers maintained a stable investment in a fraction of the litter, while transferring the costs of larger litter size to the remaining offspring. Ignoring intra-litter phenotypic variation may obscure our ability to detect a trade-off between offspring size and number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanie Van de Walle
- Département de biologie and Centre for Northern Studies, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3800 Bø i Telemark, Norway
- Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de biologie and Centre for Northern Studies, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
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Ceacero F, Komárková M, García AJ, Gallego L. Different maternal investment strategies for male and female calves in a polygynous mammal. Curr Zool 2019; 65:269-277. [PMID: 31263485 PMCID: PMC6595534 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects occur when the phenotype of the mother influences that of the young to the detriment of her survival, growth or fitness. The investment of the mother can be affected by maternal body condition and/or experience. Trivers-Willard Hypothesis (TWH) and Local Resource Competition Hypothesis (LRCH) are the main hypotheses used to explain bias in birth sex-ratios in mammals, as well as for sex-biased maternal investment. Both hypotheses suggest that a different amount of investment must be expected according to the sex of the young. However, recent studies suggest that these differences are not in quantity but in the strategies: mechanisms and objectives may differ for each sex. We studied how maternal characteristics (age, body mass, body condition, and dominance status) influence relevant aspects of the birth and early growth of the calf (birth date, birth body mass, body mass at weaning, and body condition at weaning) separately for each sex; and how that investment is mediated by milk production and composition (lactose, fat, and protein). One hundred eighty-eight newborns from 75 captive red deer hinds aged from 2 to 19 years were analyzed. The main differential investment observed was related to birth date: when producing a female, hinds give birth earlier in the season only if they have a good body condition; however, when gestating a male it is the older hinds those which deliver earlier. Subsequently, milk production and composition are correlated with birth body mass in female calves, but to weaning body mass in males. Thus, only hind body mass affects the weaning body mass of female calves, compared with age and hind body mass in males. These results suggest that while TWH fits the maternal investment strategy found for male calves, it is LRCH which correlates with the maternal investment patterns observed for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ceacero
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Komárková
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 01 Praha - Uhříněves, Czech Republic
| | - Andrés J García
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha—Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Laureano Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIAM, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Albacete, Spain
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24
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Renaud LA, Blanchet FG, Cohen AA, Pelletier F. Causes and short-term consequences of variation in milk composition in wild sheep. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:857-869. [PMID: 30883718 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ecologists seek to understand the fitness consequences of variation in physiological markers, under the hypothesis that physiological state is linked to variability in individual condition and life history. Thus, ecologists are often interested in estimating correlations between entire suites of correlated traits, or biomarkers, but sample size limitations often do not allow us to do this properly when large numbers of traits or biomarkers are considered. Latent variables are a powerful tool to overcome this complexity. Recent statistical advances have enabled a new class of multivariate models-multivariate hierarchical modelling (MHM) with latent variables-which allow to statistically estimate unstructured covariances/correlations among traits with reduced constraints on the number of degrees of freedom to account in the model. It is thus possible to highlight correlated structures in potentially very large numbers of traits. Here, we apply MHM to evaluate the relative importance of individual differences and environmental effects on milk composition and identify the drivers of this variation. We ask whether variation in bighorn sheep milk affects offspring fitness. We evaluate whether mothers show repeatable individual differences in the concentrations of 11 markers of milk composition, and we investigate the relative importance of annual variability, maternal identity and morphological traits in structuring milk composition. We then use variance estimates to investigate how a subset of repeatable milk markers influence lamb summer survival. Repeatability of milk markers ranged from 0.05 to 0.64 after accounting for year-to-year variations. Milk composition was weakly but significantly associated with maternal mass in June and September, summer mass gain and winter mass loss. Variation explained by year-to-year fluctuations ranged from 0.07 to 0.91 suggesting a strong influence of environmental variability on milk composition. Milk composition did not affect lamb survival to weaning. Using joint models in ecological, physiological or behavioural contexts has the major advantage of decomposing a (co)variance/correlation matrix while being estimated with fewer parameters than in a "traditional" mixed-effects model. The joint models presented here complement a growing list of tools to analyse correlations at different hierarchical levels separately and may thus represent a partial solution to the conundrum of physiological complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limoilou-Amelie Renaud
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de la science de la biodiversité du Québec, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Alan A Cohen
- Department of Family Medicine, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de la science de la biodiversité du Québec, McGill University, Stewart Biology Building, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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25
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Some aspects of the ethanol stability of red deer milk (Cervus elaphus hispanicus): A comparison with other dairy species. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Serrano MP, Gambín P, Landete-Castillejos T, García A, Cappelli J, Pérez-Barbería FJ, Gómez JA, Gallego L. Effects of Mn supplementation in late-gestating and lactating red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) on milk production, milk composition, and calf growth. J Anim Sci 2018. [PMID: 29518225 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the effects of Mn supplementation of 20 late-gestating and lactating Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) females (hinds) fed a balanced diet on milk production and milk composition over the lactation period. Body weight of their calves at birth and at weaning was also evaluated. In addition, the effect of lactation stage was studied. For these purposes, 2 groups of hinds, one composed by 12 individuals (experimental) and the other by 8 individuals (control) were compared. Experimental hinds were s.c. injected weekly with Mn (2 mg Mn/kg BW) from day 140 of gestation until the end of lactation (week 18; forced weaning by physical separation). Control hinds were injected with a physiological saline solution with the same volume and at the same frequency as the experimental group. Serum Mn content of hinds was assessed just before the first Mn injection and at week 10 of lactation to assess whether the injected Mn increased Mn concentrations in blood. No differences were observed for BW of calves at birth but calves whose mothers were injected with Mn tended (P = 0.07) to have greater gain of BW from birth to weaning in proportion of BW at birth compared to calves from control hinds. In addition, supplementation with Mn increased (P ≤ 0.05) daily milk production by 10.2%, milk fat content by 11.2%, and total fat yield by 17.8%. Also, milk from hinds supplemented with Mn had more Ca (P < 0.001) and P (P < 0.05) than milk from control hinds. Manganese supplementation did not influence Mn serum content when blood was analyzed at week 10 of lactation, but increased the Mn content of milk by 18.3% (P < 0.001). Lactation stage affected (P < 0.001) fat, protein, lactose, and DM. Their contents increased as lactation proceeded, and protein was substituted by fat. Therefore, results suggest that Mn supplementation of hinds is recommended, even when they are fed a balanced diet, to increase milk production and the content of fat, Ca, P, and Mn of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Serrano
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - P Gambín
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - T Landete-Castillejos
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - A García
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - J Cappelli
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - F J Pérez-Barbería
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - J A Gómez
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - L Gallego
- Animal Science Techniques Applied to Wildlife Management Research Group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.,Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y Montes, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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27
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Sex-Specific Human Milk Composition: The Role of Infant Sex in Determining Early Life Nutrition. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091194. [PMID: 30200404 PMCID: PMC6165076 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Male and female infants respond differentially to environmental stimuli, with different growth and neurodevelopmental trajectories. Male infants are more likely to be disadvantaged when subjected to adversity and show a higher risk of perinatal complications. However, the underlying causes of this sex-bias are not well defined and optimising the early life nutritional care may be necessary to minimise the “male disadvantage” that may be experienced early in life. Experimental models have demonstrated that animal milk composition differs according to offspring sex, suggesting that the tailoring of early life nutrition may be one mechanism to maximise health protection and development to infants of both sexes. However, evidence for a sex-specificity in human milk composition is limited and conflicting, with studies documenting higher milk energy content for either male or female infants. These data show sex differences, however, there has been limited compositional analysis of the current data nor strategies proposed for how sex-specific compositional differences in early life nutrition may be used to improve infant health. The present narrative review highlights that an improved understanding of sex-specific human milk composition is essential for promoting optimal infant growth and development.
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28
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Karniski C, Krzyszczyk E, Mann J. Senescence impacts reproduction and maternal investment in bottlenose dolphins. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20181123. [PMID: 30051841 PMCID: PMC6083244 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproductive senescence is evident across many mammalian species. An emerging perspective considers components of reproductive senescence as evolutionarily distinct phenomena: fertility senescence and maternal-effect senescence. While fertility senescence is regarded as the ageing of reproductive physiology, maternal-effect senescence pertains to the declining capacity to provision and rear surviving offspring due to age. Both contribute to reproductive failure in utero making it difficult to differentiate between the two prenatally in the wild. We investigated both components in a long-lived mammal with prolonged maternal care through three parameters: calf survival, interbirth interval (IBI) and lactation period. We provide clear evidence for reproductive senescence in a wild population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) using 34+ years of longitudinal data on 229 adult females and 562 calves. Calf survival decreased with maternal age, and calves with older mothers had lower survival than predicted by birth order, suggesting maternal-effect senescence. Both lactation period and IBIs increased with maternal age, and IBIs increased regardless of calf mortality, indicating interactions between fertility and maternal-effect senescence. Of calves that survived to weaning, last-born calves weaned later than earlier-born calves, evidence of terminal investment, a mitigating strategy given reduced reproductive value caused by either components of reproductive senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Karniski
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ewa Krzyszczyk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Janet Mann
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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29
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Effects of population structure and density on calf sex ratio in red deer (Cervus elaphus)—implications for management. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-018-1190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Peláez M, Perea R, Díaz M, San Miguel A, Rodríguez-Vigal C, Côté SD. Use of cast antlers to assess antler size variation in red deer populations: effects of mast seeding, climate and population features in Mediterranean environments. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Peláez
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
| | - R. Perea
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - M. Díaz
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change (BGC); Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - A. San Miguel
- Departmento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria; Madrid Spain
| | | | - S. D. Côté
- Département de biologie; Centre d’études nordiques & Chaire de recherche industrielle CRSNG en aménagement intégré des ressources de l’île d'Anticosti; Université Laval; Québec QC Canada
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31
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Michel ES, Jenks JA, Kaskie KD, Klaver RW, Jensen WF. Weather and landscape factors affect white-tailed deer neonate survival at ecologically important life stages in the Northern Great Plains. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195247. [PMID: 29621287 PMCID: PMC5886454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Offspring survival is generally more variable than adult survival and may limit population growth. Although white-tailed deer neonate survival has been intensively investigated, recent work has emphasized how specific cover types influence neonate survival at local scales (single study area). These localized investigations have often led to inconsistences within the literature. Developing specific hypotheses describing the relationships among environmental, habitat, and landscape factors influencing white-tailed deer neonate survival at regional scales may allow for detection of generalized patterns. Therefore, we developed 11 hypotheses representing the various effects of environmental (e.g., winter and spring weather), habitat (e.g., hiding and escape cover types), and landscape factors (e.g., landscape configuration regardless of specific cover type available) on white-tailed deer neonate survival up to one-month and from one- to three-months of age. At one-month, surviving fawns experienced a warmer lowest recorded June temperature and more June precipitation than those that perished. At three-months, patch connectance (percent of patches of the corresponding patch type that are connected within a predefined distance) positively influenced survival. Our results are consistent with white-tailed deer neonate ecology: increased spring temperature and precipitation are likely associated with a flush of nutritional resources available to the mother, promoting increased lactation efficiency and neonate growth early in life. In contrast, reduced spring temperature with increased precipitation place neonates at risk to hypothermia. Increased patch connectance likely reflects increased escape cover available within a neonate's home range after they are able to flee from predators. If suitable escape cover is available on the landscape, then managers could focus efforts towards manipulating landscape configuration (patch connectance) to promote increased neonate survival while monitoring spring weather to assess potential influences on current year survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Michel
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan A. Jenks
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kyle D. Kaskie
- Department of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Klaver
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - William F. Jensen
- North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, North Dakota, United States of America
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32
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Kanazawa S, Segal NL, de Meza D. Why are there more same-sex than opposite-sex dizygotic twins? Hum Reprod 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dey046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy L Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - David de Meza
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
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33
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Cram DL, Monaghan P, Gillespie R, Clutton-Brock T. Effects of early-life competition and maternal nutrition on telomere lengths in wild meerkats. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1383. [PMID: 28855370 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life adversity can affect health, survival and fitness later in life, and recent evidence suggests that telomere attrition may link early conditions with their delayed consequences. Here, we investigate the link between early-life competition and telomere length in wild meerkats. Our results show that, when multiple females breed concurrently, increases in the number of pups in the group are associated with shorter telomeres in pups. Given that pups from different litters compete for access to milk, we tested whether this effect is due to nutritional constraints on maternal milk production, by experimentally supplementing females' diets during gestation and lactation. While control pups facing high competition had shorter telomeres, the negative effects of pup number on telomere lengths were absent when maternal nutrition was experimentally improved. Shortened pup telomeres were associated with reduced survival to adulthood, suggesting that early-life competition for nutrition has detrimental fitness consequences that are reflected in telomere lengths. Dominant females commonly kill pups born to subordinates, thereby reducing competition and increasing growth rates of their own pups. Our work suggests that an additional benefit of infanticide may be that it also reduces telomere shortening caused by competition for resources, with associated benefits for offspring ageing profiles and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic L Cram
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK .,Kalahari Meerkat Project, Kuruman River Reserve, PO Box 64, Van Zylsrus, Northern Cape 8467, South Africa
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Robert Gillespie
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Tim Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Kalahari Meerkat Project, Kuruman River Reserve, PO Box 64, Van Zylsrus, Northern Cape 8467, South Africa
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34
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Villagrán M, Alvarez L, Ungerfeld R. Social rank and reproductive performance in a herd of farmed red deer females (Cervus elaphus). ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical relationships between individuals determine unequal access to recourses like food and individuals of the other gender, resulting in a higher reproductive success of high-social ranked individuals. Environmental conditions and food availability may determine how strong these effects are. The aim of this work was to determine if social rank of farmed red deer females affect the reproductive results of a hormonal oestrous synchronisation treatment with ad libitum food. The studied responses included the time to oestrus onset, percentage of females that came into oestrus, conception and calving rates, gestation length, and calf gender. The study was performed during autumn on a research farm located in Mexico (20°36ʹ N, 99°55ʹ W). Forty-nine adult red deer females were assigned to two replications of 21 and 28 animals respectively and were allocated into independent paddocks with ad libitum food and water availability. Oestrous cycles were synchronised with a traditional protocol of intravaginal devices impregnated with progesterone. Agonistic behaviours between females were recorded (total = 1626 interactions), hierarchical position (Success Index = SI) of each animal was calculated and individuals were categorised as high (n = 13), medium (n = 20) or low-ranked (n = 16) individuals. Reproductive data were recorded during the 5 days after the oestrous synchronisation treatment and during the calving period. Any of the recorded responses differ between HR, MR and LR females. Female SI, age and bodyweight were not related with the probability of coming into oestrus, result pregnant, and giving birth to a male calf. Thirty-seven (78.5%) females of this study gave birth. From these calves, 15 were males and 22 were females. Due to high percentage of females in oestrus that gave birth (85.7%), it was not possible to detect the relationship between female SI, age, and bodyweight with the conception rate. Female SI, age and bodyweight were unrelated to time to oestrus onset (r2 = 0.09; P = 0.17), and to gestation length (r2 = 0.10; P = 0.20). In conclusion, with ad libitum high quality food, the social rank of red deer hinds did not affect the time to oestrus onset, percentage of females that came into oestrus, gestation length, calving and conception rates, and offspring sex ratio after an oestrous synchronisation hormonal treatment.
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35
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Charest Castro K, Leblond M, Côté SD. Costs and benefits of post-weaning associations in mountain goats. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To better understand the potential costs and benefits of prolonged parental care in gregarious species, we studied post-weaning associations in a marked population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) monitored for 22 years. We calculated the occurrence and frequency of associations involving 1- and 2-year-old juveniles. We investigated (1) the influence of maternal characteristics and population size on the formation of post-weaning associations, (2) the short-term costs of associations on maternal reproductive success, and (3) the short-term benefits of associations on life-history traits of juveniles. We found that barren mothers associated more frequently with 1-year-olds than summer yeld and lactating mothers. Associations with 2-year-olds tended to increase the probability that a mother would be barren the following year. Post-weaning associations did not influence the body mass of newborn kids nor the body mass and survival of juveniles. We discuss how benefits for associated juveniles may appear later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Charest Castro
- aCentre for Northern Studies and Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mathieu Leblond
- aCentre for Northern Studies and Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
- bCurrent affiliation: Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- aCentre for Northern Studies and Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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Quesnel L, King WJ, Coulson G, Festa-Bianchet M. Tall young females get ahead: size-specific fecundity in wild kangaroos suggests a steep trade-off with growth. Oecologia 2017; 186:59-71. [PMID: 29127479 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Quesnel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
| | - Wendy J King
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme Coulson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ronget V, Gaillard JM, Coulson T, Garratt M, Gueyffier F, Lega JC, Lemaître JF. Causes and consequences of variation in offspring body mass: meta-analyses in birds and mammals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1-27. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ronget
- Univ Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Univ Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tim Coulson
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford OX13PS U.K
| | - Michael Garratt
- Department of Pathology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI 48109 U.S.A
| | - François Gueyffier
- Univ Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lega
- Univ Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Univ Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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Quesnel L, MacKay A, Forsyth DM, Nicholas KR, Festa-Bianchet M. Size, season and offspring sex affect milk composition and juvenile survival in wild kangaroos. J Zool (1987) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Quesnel
- Département de biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - A. MacKay
- Département de biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - D. M. Forsyth
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit; New South Wales Department of Primary Industries; Orange NSW Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - K. R. Nicholas
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - M. Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Kanazawa S, Segal NL. Same-sex twins are taller and heavier than opposite-sex twins (but only if breastfed): Possible evidence for sex bias in human breast milk. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 156:186-191. [PMID: 28081855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that human and other mammalian breast milk may be tailored for the sex of the offspring. Such sex bias suggests that opposite-sex twins, who receive breast milk that cannot simultaneously be tailored for both sexes, may be at a disadvantage for growth compared with same-sex twins. An analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) shows that, controlling for sex, age, birth weight, and zygosity, breastfed same-sex twins are, on average, about 1 inch taller and 12 pounds heavier than their opposite-sex counterparts through adolescence and early adulthood. In contrast, never-breastfed same-sex twins tend to be shorter and lighter than their opposite-sex counterparts. These results may be potential evidence for sex bias in human breast milk and its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kanazawa
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, UK; Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Nancy L Segal
- Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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Oliveira ADFM, Quirino CR, Bastos R. Effect of nursing behaviour, sex of the calf, and parity order on milk production of buffaloes. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2017. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n1a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ceacero F, García AJ, Landete-Castillejos T, Komárková M, Hidalgo F, Serrano MP, Gallego L. The Many Axes of Deer Lactation. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:123-129. [PMID: 27744517 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-016-9363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In undomesticated animals information about the production and composition of milk over time is still scarce. In general, for most mammals it is known that milk composition changes across lactation, is different for male and female offspring, and even that marsupials, such as kangaroos, can simultaneously produce milk of different compositions for young of different ages. Such parallel milk production of differing compositions has not yet been studied in single-offspring placental mammals, but may help to explain behavioural processes like allosuckling (feeding the young of other adults) and lateralized suckling preferences. In this study we analysed the production and composition of milk in red deer throughout the lactation period and now confirm for the first time that there are axial differences present. The front teats, which are the favoured suckling positions of the deer's offspring, produce milk with a greater protein-to-fat ratio. Also, from the beginning of lactation the yield is greater on the left side, the side preferred by calves in all of the studied species, both at population and individual level. The links between milk production and calf behaviour in deer deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ceacero
- Department of Animal Science and Food Processing, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcka 129, Prague 6 - Suchdol, 165 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Andrés J García
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Tomás Landete-Castillejos
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Martina Komárková
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Přátelství 815, 104 01, Praha - Uhříněves, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Hidalgo
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
| | - Martina P Serrano
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Laureano Gallego
- Sección de Recursos Cinegéticos y Ganaderos, Instituto de Desarrollo Regional (IDR), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, ETSIA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), Campus Universitario s/n, 02071, Albacete, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha - Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Dubost G. Sexual dimorphism across 3 stages of development in polygynous Artiodactyls is not affected by maternal care. Curr Zool 2016; 62:513-520. [PMID: 29491941 PMCID: PMC5804254 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In polygynous mammals, mature males are usually much heavier than females. Competition for females is intense, and few males reproduce. Given the importance of the male’s body size for the reproduction and social life of these species, levels of sexual dimorphism were studied in 27 species of polygynous terrestrial cetartiodactyls at the 3 most significant stages of development: birth, 6 months of age, and adulthood. Overall, there were 3 different types of changes in male-to-female (M/F) mass ratios between birth and adulthood, corresponding to the 3 categories of adult dimorphism. The change in mass ratio between birth and 6 months of age was inversely correlated to the degree of dimorphism at birth. Most adult dimorphism was acquired after weaning. On the whole, postnatal maternal care seems to have no or even an inverse effect on the evolution of dimorphism, which is apparently not consistent with the assumption of greater maternal investment in male than in female offspring among polygynous mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Dubost
- Muséum National D'Histoire Naturelle, EGB-UMR 7204, Ménagerie Du Jardin Des Plantes, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris Cédex 05, France
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Hamel S, Gaillard JM, Yoccoz NG, Albon S, Côté SD, Craine JM, Festa-Bianchet M, Garel M, Lee P, Moss C, Nussey DH, Pelletier F, Stien A, Tveraa T. Cohort variation in individual body mass dissipates with age in large herbivores. ECOL MONOGR 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hamel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology; Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - J.-M. Gaillard
- CNRS, UMR 5558 “Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive”; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - N. G. Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology; Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - S. Albon
- The James Hutton Institute; Craigiebuckler Aberdeen AB15 8QH United Kingdom
| | - S. D. Côté
- Département de biologie and Centre d’études nordiques; Université Laval; Québec Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | | | - M. Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie and Centre d’études nordiques; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - M. Garel
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; Unité Faune de Montagne; 5 allée de Bethléem, Z.I. Mayencin 38610 Gières France
| | - P. Lee
- Behaviour and Evolution Research Group; School of Natural Sciences; University of Stirling; Stirling FK9 4LA United Kingdom
- Amboseli Trust for Elephants; P.O. Box 15135, Langata Nairobi 00509 Kenya
| | - C. Moss
- Amboseli Trust for Elephants; P.O. Box 15135, Langata Nairobi 00509 Kenya
| | - D. H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; University of Edinburgh; The Kings Buildings, Ashworth Labs Charlotte Auerbach Road Edinburgh EH 3FL United Kingdom
| | - F. Pelletier
- Département de biologie and Centre d’études nordiques; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - A. Stien
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research; Fram Centre NO-9296 Tromsø Norway
| | - T. Tveraa
- Norwegian Institute of Nature Research; Fram Centre NO-9296 Tromsø Norway
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Campbell KL, Strickland BK, Demarais S, Jones PD, Wang G, Dacus CM, Cook C, Knox WM. Adjusting for seasonal harvest bias in the lactation index for white-tailed deer management. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamen L. Campbell
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture; Mississippi State University; Mail Stop 9690 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Bronson K. Strickland
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture; Mississippi State University; Mail Stop 9690 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Stephen Demarais
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture; Mississippi State University; Mail Stop 9690 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Phillip D. Jones
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture; Mississippi State University; Mail Stop 9690 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Guiming Wang
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture; Mississippi State University; Mail Stop 9690 Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Chad M. Dacus
- Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks; 1505 Eastover Drive Jackson MS 39211 USA
| | - Christopher Cook
- Alabama Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries; 13564 Trailing Vine Way Northport AL 35475 USA
| | - W. Matt Knox
- Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries; 1132 Thomas Jefferson Road Forest VA 24551 USA
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Gloneková M, Brandlová K, Žáčková M, Dobiášová B, Pechrová K, Šimek J. The weight of Rothschild giraffe-Is it really well known? Zoo Biol 2016; 35:423-431. [PMID: 27332702 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite being regularly bred in zoos, giraffes remain a challenge, especially in terms of feeding. Assessment of factors influencing growth and weight changes during ontogeny, as well as analysis of weight fluctuations in adult individuals, may become a critical point in captive diet evaluation. Knowledge about weight is a crucial husbandry tool; however, such data are rarely acquired. Using a unique dataset from regularly weighed Rothschild giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) from Prague zoo, we determined the growth functions of male and female giraffes and calculated weight gains during giraffe ontogeny. The mean weights of adult males and females were 1307 ± 52 and 835 ± 45 kg, respectively confirming the large overall dimensions of G. c. rothschildi in comparison with other giraffe subspecies. As the giraffe is a polygynous species showing considerable sexual dimorphism, we expected male calves to have larger first weights and faster growth during the most intensive period of maternal care. Growth rates and daily weight gains were higher in males than in females during the whole postnatal period. Males grew faster and longer than females. However, differences in weight between males and females appeared as late as after 1 year of age. The weight of adult males and non-pregnant adult females fluctuated significantly across seasons, being the highest during the autumn and winter months, respectively which may reflect the different effects of sexual activity and feeding ratios in males and females. Zoo Biol. 35:423-431, 2016. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markéta Gloneková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Brandlová
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Magdalena Žáčková
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic
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The Effect of Calf Gender on Milk Production in Seasonal Calving Cows and Its Impact on Genetic Evaluations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151236. [PMID: 26974166 PMCID: PMC4790931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gender of the calf whose birth initiates lactation could influence whole lactation milk yield of the dam due to hormonal influences on mammary gland development, or through calf gender effects on gestation length. Fetal gender could influence late lactation yields because cows become pregnant at peak lactation. The effects of calf gender sequences in parities 1-3 were assessed by separately fitting animal models to datasets from New Zealand comprising 274 000 Holstein Friesian and 85 000 Jersey cows, decreasing to 12 000 and 4 000 cows by parity 3. The lactation initiated by the birth of a female rather than a male calf was associated with a 0.33-1.1% (p≤0.05) higher milk yield. Female calf gender had carryover effects associated with higher milk yield in second lactations for Holstein Friesians (0.24%; p = 0.01) and third lactations for Jerseys (1.1%; p = 0.01). Cows giving birth to bull calves have 2 day longer gestations, which reduces lactation length in seasonal calving herds. Adding a covariate for lactation length to the animal model eroded some of these calf gender effects, such that calving a female led to higher milk yield only for second lactation Holstein Friesians (1.6%; p = 0.002). The interval centering method generates lower estimates of whole lactation yield when Wood's lactation curves are shifted to the right by 2 days for male calves and this explained the higher yield in female calves when differences in lactation length were considered. Correlations of estimated breeding values between models including or excluding calf gender sequence were 1.00 for bulls or cows. Calf gender primarily influences milk yield through increased gestation length of male calves, and bias associated with the interval centering method used to estimate whole lactation milk yields. Including information on calf gender is unlikely to have an effect on selection response in New Zealand dairy cattle.
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Pavitt AT, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB, Walling CA. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations vary with reproductive status in wild female red deer. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1163-72. [PMID: 26941946 PMCID: PMC4761757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hormones are key regulators of many fitness and life history traits, the causes of individual level variation in hormones, particularly in wild systems, remain understudied. Whilst we know that androgen and glucocorticoid levels vary within and among individuals in mammalian populations, how this relates to key reproductive processes such as gestation and lactation, and their effects on a female's measurable hormone levels are poorly understood in wild systems. Using fecal samples collected from females in a wild red deer population between 2001 and 2013, we explore how fecal androgen (FAM) and cortisol (FCM) metabolite concentrations change with age and season, and how individual differences relate to variation in reproductive state. Both FAM and FCM levels increase toward parturition, although this only affects FCM levels in older females. FCM levels are also higher when females suckle a male rather than a female calf, possibly due to the higher energetic costs of raising a son. This illustrates the importance of accounting for a female's life history and current reproductive status, as well as temporal variation, when examining individual differences in hormone levels. We discuss these findings in relation to other studies of mammalian systems and in particular to the relatively scarce information on variation in natural levels of hormones in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson T. Pavitt
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & GeneticsResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
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50
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Skibiel AL, Hood WR. Milk matters: offspring survival in Columbian ground squirrels is affected by nutrient composition of mother's milk. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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