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Chen Y, Jiang Q, Zhang Y, Zuo Z, Yang C. Long-term carbaryl exposure leads to behavioral abnormalities and reproductive toxicity in male marine medaka through apoptosis-mediated HPA and HPG axes dysregulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116584. [PMID: 38896904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Carbaryl is a widely used carbamate pesticide that has been detected in the marine environment, but its effects on marine fish are still unknown. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of long-term exposure of carbaryl on male marine medaka. For this purpose, we set up five exposure concentration groups of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L for 180 days. On the one hand, we observed increased aggression and decreased ability to avoid predators in males after exposure, which was affected by the levels of HPA-axis hormones, especially decreased cortisol level. On the other hand, after exposure, HPG axis hormone levels and gene transcription levels were disturbed. Males exhibited a decreased gonadosomatic index and a notable reduction in mature sperm proportion and the F1 generation displayed a significant increase in malformation rate. Additionally, the number of apoptotic cells and the transcription level of apoptosis-related genes in the brains of male marine medaka substantially increased after exposure. Apoptosis of brain cells may be responsible for the disturbance of HPA and HPG axes, consequently leading to behavioral and reproductive abnormalities. These findings provide novel insights into evaluating the toxic effects of carbaryl on male marine medaka and emphasizing the criticality of exploring the potential environmental risks posed by carbaryl in the marine environment, thus providing toxicity value basis for further strengthening marine environmental monitoring and the protection of biological resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Qun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China; Department of Endocrinology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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2
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LaBarge LR, Krofel M, Allen ML, Hill RA, Welch AJ, Allan ATL. Keystone individuals - linking predator traits to community ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 2024:S0169-5347(24)00166-6. [PMID: 39068138 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Individual behavioral plasticity enables animals to adjust to different scenarios. Yet, personality traits limit this flexibility, leading to consistent interindividual differences in behavior. These individual behavioral traits have the potential to govern community interactions, although testing this is difficult in complex natural systems. For large predators who often exert strong effects on ecosystem functioning, this behavioral diversity may be especially important and lead to individualized ecosystem roles. We present a framework for quantifying individual behavioral plasticity and personality traits of large wild predators, revealing the extent to which certain natural behaviors are governed by these latent traits. The outcomes will reveal how the innate characteristics of wildlife can scale up to affect community interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R LaBarge
- Comparative Socioecology Group, Department for the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Miha Krofel
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maximilian L Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Russell A Hill
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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3
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Robinson T. Ghost crab (Ocypode quadrata) modify their behavior during mirror exposure. Behav Processes 2024; 220:105076. [PMID: 38964669 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Recently, ghost crabs (Ocypode quadrata) were shown to exhibit behavior consistent with passing the mark test, which implies the capacity for self-recognition. Considering this, it seems reasonable to suggest these animals can also distinguish their mirror image from different social stimuli, such as live conspecifics. In the current research, ghost crabs were placed in an experimental tank bisected by a mirror, clear partition separating a conspecific, and non-reflective partition on separate trials. Aggressive threat displays, time spent near partitions, eye cleaning, and partition contact were recorded during each condition. Results showed more aggression in trials with a conspecific present (i.e. clear partition), though this effect was only marginally significant. In addition, eye cleaning was significantly lower in the clear, compared to mirror and non-reflective treatments. Significantly more contact occurred with non-reflective partitions and time near each barrier was similar. These findings might suggest the capacity to distinguish mirror reflections from conspecifics, and mirror self-recognition could promote such ability. This, and other alternatives, are discussed as potential explanations for the observed effects.
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4
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Ashouri S, Hubbard PC, Canário AVM. Minimizing the time to evaluate pheromone-mediated reduction of aggressive behavior in Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38830691 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Some cichlid fishes release urine-containing chemical cues that lower aggression in their opponents. Bioassays to identify the aggression-modulating pheromone include assessing the effect of urine fractions on the behavior towards a mirror image or in interactions with another male. However, many of these methods can be time-consuming and require many fish. The objective of the present study was to assess the behavior of male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) towards male urine using two methods with the intent of simplifying the bioassays: aggression towards a mirror image (mirror assay) and real opponents in which the urogenital papilla was tied using surgical silk to prevent urination. The results confirm the aggression-reducing effect of dominant male urine in both experimental approaches. Ten minutes of biting or 15 min of tail-beating behaviors in the mirror assay, or 5 min of opercular expansion or 15 min of lateral display in interactions with real opponents were necessary to detect a statistically significant reduction in aggressive behavior towards dominant male urine. We also found that males with subordinate status had lower latency to initiate aggressive behaviors towards the mirror than dominants in the same condition, even though fish had been isolated for 1 week. However, no such differences in latency were found in the real opponent assay. We conclude that 5 min of opercular expansion behavior in real opponent fights or 10 min of biting behavior in the mirror assay are the shortest times necessary to test aggressive behavior in urine fractions in bioassay-guided identification of pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyar Ashouri
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências de Lisboa, Bloco C2 Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter C Hubbard
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Adelino V M Canário
- Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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5
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Buenhombre J, Daza-Cardona EA, Mota-Rojas D, Domínguez-Oliva A, Rivera A, Medrano-Galarza C, de Tarso P, Cajiao-Pachón MN, Vargas F, Pedraza-Toscano A, Sousa P. Trait sensitivity to stress and cognitive bias processes in fish: A brief overview. PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 7:e3. [PMID: 38384666 PMCID: PMC10877277 DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Like other animals, fish have unique personalities that can affect their cognition and responses to environmental stressors. These individual personality differences are often referred to as "behavioural syndromes" or "stress coping styles" and can include personality traits such as boldness, shyness, aggression, exploration, locomotor activity, and sociability. For example, bolder or proactive fish may be more likely to take risks and present lower hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis reactivity as compared to shy or reactive individuals. Likewise, learning and memory differ between fish personalities. Reactive or shy individuals tend to have faster learning and better association recall with aversive stimuli, while proactive or bold individuals tend to learn more quickly when presented with appetitive incentives. However, the influence of personality on cognitive processes other than cognitive achievement in fish has been scarcely explored. Cognitive bias tests have been employed to investigate the interplay between emotion and cognition in both humans and animals. Fish present cognitive bias processes (CBP) in which fish's interpretation of stimuli could be influenced by its current emotional state and open to environmental modulation. However, no study in fish has explored whether CBP, like in other species, can be interpreted as long-lasting traits and whether other individual characteristics may explain its variation. We hold the perspective that CBP could serve as a vulnerability factor for the onset, persistence, and recurrence of stress-related disorders. Therefore, studying fish's CBP as a state or trait and its interactions with individual variations may be valuable in future efforts to enhance our understanding of anxiety and stress neurobiology in animal models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Buenhombre
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
- ICB Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Erika Alexandra Daza-Cardona
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco Campus, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Astrid Rivera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Medrano-Galarza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - María Nelly Cajiao-Pachón
- Especialización en Bienestar Animal y Etología, Fundación Universitaria Agraria de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Francisco Vargas
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Pedraza-Toscano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Science, Animal Welfare Program, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pêssi Sousa
- ICB Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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6
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Martorell-Barceló M, Signaroli M, Barcelo-Serra M, Lana A, Aspillaga E, Grau A, Arlinghaus R, Alós J. Chronotypes-personality behavioural syndromes in wild marine fish. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20281. [PMID: 37985683 PMCID: PMC10662165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronotypes, the individual differences in daily activity timing, have profound associations with numerous physiological processes. Despite this, the covariance between chronotypes and other aspects of an individual's behaviour has been infrequently explored in non-human animals. This study delves into individual's variation across four axes of personality in a controlled environment, utilising the pearly razorfish, a model species for fish chronotype studies. We identified behavioural types across the aggressiveness continuum and established behavioural syndromes amongst exploration, activity, and boldness, irrespective of body size and condition. Subsequent to this, the experimental subjects were reintroduced to their natural habitat and individually tracked using high-resolution technology to ascertain their chronotypes. Our results revealed that whilst the exploration-activity-boldness syndrome bore no correlation with chronotypes, a significant association was observed between aggressiveness and chronotype. Hence, individuals with later awakening times and rest onsets were more aggressive than their counterparts with earlier awakening times and rest onsets. This study provides pioneering evidence linking fish chronotypes with other behavioural traits, such as aggressiveness, suggesting that behavioural variation could be potentially linked to the individuals' variation in internal clocks and the environmental variables influencing their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Signaroli
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Margarida Barcelo-Serra
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Arancha Lana
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Amalia Grau
- IRFAP LIMIA (Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura), Andratx, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Robert Arlinghaus
- Department of Fish Ecology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Integrative Fisheries Management, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josep Alós
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Balearic Islands, Spain
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7
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Kareklas K, Teles MC, Nunes AR, Oliveira RF. Social zebrafish: Danio rerio as an emerging model in social neuroendocrinology. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13280. [PMID: 37165563 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The fitness benefits of social life depend on the ability of animals to affiliate with others and form groups, on dominance hierarchies within groups that determine resource distribution, and on cognitive capacities for recognition, learning and information transfer. The evolution of these phenotypes is coupled with that of neuroendocrine mechanisms, but the causal link between the two remains underexplored. Growing evidence from our research group and others demonstrates that the tools available in zebrafish, Danio rerio, can markedly facilitate progress in this field. Here, we review this evidence and provide a synthesis of the state-of-the-art in this model system. We discuss the involvement of generalized motivation and cognitive components, neuroplasticity and functional connectivity across social decision-making brain areas, and how these are modulated chiefly by the oxytocin-vasopressin neuroendocrine system, but also by reward-pathway monoamine signaling and the effects of sex-hormones and stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda C Teles
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rui F Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- ISPA-Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
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8
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Axling J, Vossen LE, Peterson E, Winberg S. Boldness, activity, and aggression: Insights from a large-scale study in Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287836. [PMID: 37471414 PMCID: PMC10358900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) display high levels of agonistic behavior in aquaculture farms, resulting in fin damage and chronic stress. Aggression affects fish growth and performance negatively, and presents a serious welfare problem. Indeed, it would be beneficial to identify, separate or exclude overly aggressive individuals. Research on behavioral syndromes suggests that aggressive behavior may correlate with other behavioral traits, such as boldness and locomotory activity. We aimed to develop a high-throughput method to quantify and predict aggressive behavior of individual parr in hatchery-reared Baltic salmon (Salmo salar L.). We screened approximately 2000 parr in open field (OF) and mirror image stimulation (MIS) tests. We extracted seven variables from video tracking software for each minute of the tests; distance moved and duration moving (activity), the duration in and number of entries to the center of the arena (boldness), the distance moved in and duration spent in the area adjacent to the mirror during the MIS test (aggressiveness) and head direction (lateralization). To investigate the relationship between activity, boldness and aggression we first correlated the first six variables to one another. Second, we assigned individuals to high, medium, low or zero aggression groups based on the MIS test and quantified activity and boldness in each group. Third, we analyzed whether the fish viewed the mirror with the left or right eye. Our results show that medium and low aggressive fish were the most active, while highly aggressive fish showed average activity. Aggressive groups did not differ in boldness. Activity and boldness were positively correlated. Finally, we detected a preference for fish to view the mirror with the left eye. We conclude that aggressiveness cannot be predicted from the results of the OF test alone but that the MIS test can be used for large-scale individual aggression profiling of juvenile salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Axling
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laura E. Vossen
- Division of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik Peterson
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agriculture, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Svante Winberg
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Division of Anatomy and Physiology, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Sanllehi J, Signaroli M, Pons A, Martorell-Barceló M, Mulet J, Lana A, Barcelo-Serra M, Aspillaga E, Grau A, Catalán IA, Viver T, Alós J. Disparate behavioral types in wild and reared juveniles of gilthead seabream. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11226. [PMID: 37433868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish differ consistently in behavior within the same species and population, reflecting distinct behavioral types (BTs). Comparing the behavior of wild and reared individuals provides an excellent opportunity to delve into the ecological and evolutionary consequences of BTs. In this work, we evaluated the behavioral variation of wild and reared juvenile gilthead seabreams, Sparus aurata, a highly relevant species for aquaculture and fisheries. We quantified behavioral variation along the five major axes of fish behavioral traits (exploration-avoidance, aggressiveness, sociability, shyness-boldness, and activity) using standardized behavioral tests and a deep learning tracking algorithm for behavioral annotation. Results revealed significant repeatability in all five behavior traits, suggesting high consistency of individual behavioral variation across the different axes in this species. We found reared fish to be more aggressive, social and active compared to their wild conspecifics. Reared individuals also presented less variance in their aggressiveness, lacking very aggressive and very tame individuals. Phenotypic correlation decomposition between behavioral types revealed two different behavioral syndromes: exploration-sociability and exploration-activity. Our work establishes the first baseline of repeatability scores in wild and reared gilthead seabreams, providing novel insight into the behavior of this important commercial species with implications for fisheries and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sanllehi
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Marco Signaroli
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Aina Pons
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Martina Martorell-Barceló
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Júlia Mulet
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Arancha Lana
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Margarida Barcelo-Serra
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Amalia Grau
- Laboratori d'Investigacions Marines i Aqüicultura d'Andratx, LIMIA (IRFAP), Avinguda de Gabriel Roca i Garcías, 69, 07157, Andratx, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Ignacio A Catalán
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Tomeu Viver
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Josep Alós
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), C/Miquel Marquès 21, 07190, Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain
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10
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Rocha A, Godino-Gimeno A, Rotllant J, Cerdá-Reverter JM. Agouti-Signalling Protein Overexpression Reduces Aggressiveness in Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050712. [PMID: 37237525 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Feeding motivation plays a crucial role in food intake and growth. It closely depends on hunger and satiation, which are controlled by the melanocortin system. Overexpression of the inverse agonist agouti-signalling protein (ASIP) and agouti-related protein (AGRP) leads to enhanced food intake, linear growth, and weight. In zebrafish, overexpression of Agrp leads to the development of obesity, in contrast to the phenotype observed in transgenic zebrafish that overexpress asip1 under the control of a constitutive promoter (asip1-Tg). Previous studies have demonstrated that asip1-Tg zebrafish exhibit larger sizes but do not become obese. These fish display increased feeding motivation, resulting in a higher feeding rate, yet a higher food ration is not essential in order to grow larger than wild-type (WT) fish. This is most likely attributed to their improved intestinal permeability to amino acids and enhanced locomotor activity. A relationship between high feeding motivation and aggression has been previously reported in some other transgenic species showing enhanced growth. This study aims to elucidate whether the hunger observed in asip1-Tg is linked to aggressive behaviour. Dominance and aggressiveness were quantified using dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests, in addition to the analysis of basal cortisol levels. The results indicate that asip1-Tg are less aggressive than WT zebrafish in both dyadic fights and mirror-stimulus tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rocha
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Alejandra Godino-Gimeno
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
| | - Josep Rotllant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIM-CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Control of Food Intake Group, Department of Fish Physiology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Castellon, Spain
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11
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Zulfahmi I, Batubara AS, Perdana AW, Andalia AP, Nuzulli D, Hidayat M, Nur FM, Sumon KA, Rahman MM. Turbidity derived from Palm Oil Mill Effluent Alters Feeding Ability of Male Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens, Regan 1910). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Jones JA, Boersma J, Karubian J. Female Aggression Towards Same-sex Rivals Depends on Context in A Tropical Songbird. Behav Processes 2022; 202:104735. [PMID: 35995314 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic conflict is ubiquitous throughout taxa, although the intensity of aggression observed is often highly variable across contexts. For socially monogamous species, a coordinated effort by both pair members can improve both the chances of successfully warding off challengers and reinforce pair bonds. However, the intensity of aggression exerted by any one pair member may vary with respect to contextual factors, including the intensity of their mate's aggression. Thus, experimentally exploring how individuals respond to potential rivals via multiple assays with varying social contexts can advance our basic understanding of how aggression varies in socially monogamous systems. We used simulated territorial intrusion and mirror image simulation assays to explore this issue in white-shouldered fairywrens (Malurus alboscapulatus moretoni) of Papua New Guinea. While males tended to be more responsive than females during simulated territorial intrusions, females were more aggressive towards their mirrored reflection than males. Further, individual females that were most aggressive in mirror image simulations were the least aggressive during simulated territorial intrusions, whereas males were inconsistent. These results suggest that female behavioral phenotypes appear to be flexible, relative to context. We discuss how multiple commonly used measurements of aggression might in fact measure different types of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Anthony Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Jordan Boersma
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jordan Karubian
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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13
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Reichmann F, Pilic J, Trajanoski S, Norton WHJ. Transcriptomic underpinnings of high and low mirror aggression zebrafish behaviours. BMC Biol 2022; 20:97. [PMID: 35501893 PMCID: PMC9059464 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggression is an adaptive behaviour that animals use to protect offspring, defend themselves and obtain resources. Zebrafish, like many other animals, are not able to recognize themselves in the mirror and typically respond to their own reflection with aggression. However, mirror aggression is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon, with some individuals displaying high levels of aggression against their mirror image, while others show none at all. In the current work, we have investigated the genetic basis of mirror aggression by using a classic forward genetics approach - selective breeding for high and low mirror aggression zebrafish (HAZ and LAZ). Results We characterized AB wild-type zebrafish for their response to the mirror image. Both aggressive and non-aggressive fish were inbred over several generations. We found that HAZ were on average more aggressive than the corresponding LAZ across generations and that the most aggressive adult HAZ were less anxious than the least aggressive adult LAZ after prolonged selective breeding. RNAseq analysis of these fish revealed that hundreds of protein-encoding genes with important diverse biological functions such as arsenic metabolism (as3mt), cell migration (arl4ab), immune system activity (ptgr1), actin cytoskeletal remodelling (wdr1), corticogenesis (dgcr2), protein dephosphorylation (ublcp1), sialic acid metabolism (st6galnac3) and ketone body metabolism (aacs) were differentially expressed between HAZ and LAZ, suggesting a strong genetic contribution to this phenotype. DAVID pathway analysis showed that a number of diverse pathways are enriched in HAZ over LAZ including pathways related to immune function, oxidation-reduction processes and cell signalling. In addition, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 12 modules of highly correlated genes that were significantly associated with aggression duration and/or experimental group. Conclusions The current study shows that selective breeding based of the mirror aggression phenotype induces strong, heritable changes in behaviour and gene expression within the brain of zebrafish suggesting a strong genetic basis for this behaviour. Our transcriptomic analysis of fish selectively bred for high and low levels of mirror aggression revealed specific transcriptomic signatures induced by selective breeding and mirror aggression and thus provides a large and novel resource of candidate genes for future study. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01298-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Reichmann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Johannes Pilic
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Slave Trajanoski
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. .,Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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Responsiveness to contest experiences is associated with competitive ability but not aggressiveness or boldness. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Ogawa S, Parhar IS. Role of Habenula in Social and Reproductive Behaviors in Fish: Comparison With Mammals. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:818782. [PMID: 35221943 PMCID: PMC8867168 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.818782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social behaviors such as mating, parenting, fighting, and avoiding are essential functions as a communication tool in social animals, and are critical for the survival of individuals and species. Social behaviors are controlled by a complex circuitry that comprises several key social brain regions, which is called the social behavior network (SBN). The SBN further integrates social information with external and internal factors to select appropriate behavioral responses to social circumstances, called social decision-making. The social decision-making network (SDMN) and SBN are structurally, neurochemically and functionally conserved in vertebrates. The social decision-making process is also closely influenced by emotional assessment. The habenula has recently been recognized as a crucial center for emotion-associated adaptation behaviors. Here we review the potential role of the habenula in social function with a special emphasis on fish studies. Further, based on evolutional, molecular, morphological, and behavioral perspectives, we discuss the crucial role of the habenula in the vertebrate SDMN.
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16
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Schaedelin F, Cunha-Saraiva F, Faltin C, Wagner E, Balshine S. Territorial behaviour and conflict management in a semi-social cichlid fish, Neolamprologus caudopunctatus. BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Conflict solving strategies can prevent fights from escalating and reduce the costs of aggressive encounters. Having the capacity to efficiently assess an opponent’s fighting abilities before fully committing to a fight is a useful social skill. Here, we conducted two experiments to investigate how a colony living, cichlid species, Neolamprologus caudopunctatus, changes its aggressive behaviour when faced with familiar vs unfamiliar opponents. First, we staged size matched, same-sex, dyadic resource contests and found that fights were always of low-intensity with neither familiarity nor sex influencing how quickly the conflict ended. Second, we explored the dual defence of mated territorial pairs together defending their territory boundaries against other pairs, either familiar or unfamiliar ones, and discovered that fights between two pairs were more vigorous, and that unfamiliar neighbouring pairs were attacked significantly more often than familiar pairs. We also observed that dark bars sometimes appeared on the sides of contestant’s bodies, and that these bars were far more common in winners than in losers, suggesting that these might be visual signals of dominance. However, conflicts where contestants displayed bars were of longer duration than those without. Taken together, our results further advance our understanding of territoriality and conflict resolution strategies and set the stage for future studies focusing on how animals manage to co-exist in closely aggregated breeding territories and to form colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F.C. Schaedelin
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - F. Cunha-Saraiva
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - C. Faltin
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - E. Wagner
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - S. Balshine
- Aquatic Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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17
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Impact of genetic relatedness and food competition on female dominance hierarchies in a cichlid fish. Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Gravolin I, Lehtonen TK, Deal NDS, Candolin U, Wong BBM. Male reproductive adjustments to an introduced nest predator. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Nest predation has a large impact on reproductive success in many taxa. Defending offspring from would-be predators can also be energetically and physiologically costly for parents. Thus, to maximize their reproductive payoffs, individuals should adjust their reproductive behaviors in relation to the presence of nest predators. However, effects of nest predator presence on parental behaviors across multiple reproductive contexts remain poorly understood, particularly in non-avian taxa. We ran a series of experiments to test how the presence of an egg predator, the invasive rockpool shrimp, Palaemon elegans, influences male reproductive decisions and egg survival in a species of fish with exclusive paternal care, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. We found that, in the presence of shrimp, male sticklebacks were less likely to build a nest, invested less in territory defense against an intruder, and tended to fan eggs in their nest less and in shorter bouts, but did not alter their investment in courtship behavior. The predator’s presence also did not affect egg survival rates, suggesting that males effectively defended their brood from the shrimp. These results show that reproducing individuals can be highly responsive to the presence of nest predators and adjust their behavioral decisions accordingly across a suite of reproductive contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Gravolin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Topi K Lehtonen
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicholas D S Deal
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Ulrika Candolin
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
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19
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Antioxidant capacity differs across social ranks and with ascension in males of a group-living fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 265:111126. [PMID: 34906630 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animals that live in groups often form hierarchies in which an individual's behaviour and physiology varies based on their social rank. Occasionally, a subordinate can ascend into a dominant position and the ascending individual must make rapid behavioural and physiological adjustments to solidify their dominance. These periods of social transition and instability can be stressful and ascending individuals often incur large metabolic costs that could influence their oxidative status. Most previous investigations examining the link between oxidative status and the social environment have done so under stable social conditions and have evaluated oxidative status in a single tissue. Therefore, evaluations of how oxidative status is regulated across multiple tissues during periods of social flux would greatly enhance our understanding of the relationship between oxidative status and the social environment. Here, we assessed how antioxidant capacity in three tissues (brain, gonad, and muscle) varied among dominant, subordinate, and ascending males of the group-living cichlid fish, Neolamprologus pulcher. Antioxidant capacity in the brain and muscle of ascending males was intermediate to that of dominant (highest levels) and subordinate males (lowest levels) and correlated with differences in social and locomotor behaviours, respectively. Gonad antioxidant capacity was lower in ascending males than in dominant males. However, gonad antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the size of ascending males' gonads suggesting that ascending males may increase gonad antioxidant capacity as they develop their gonads. Overall, our results highlight the widespread physiological consequences of social ascension and emphasize the importance of tissue-specific measures of oxidative status.
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20
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Tang C, Zhu Y, Laziyan Y, Yang C, He C, Zuo Z. Long-term exposure to cyprodinil causes abnormal zebrafish aggressive and antipredator behavior through the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 241:106002. [PMID: 34717145 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyprodinil, one of the main pyrimidinamine fungicides, has been used to control fungal diseases in plants and vegetables worldwide. Previous studies have investigated the influences of cyprodinil on the developmental and reproductive toxicity of fish. However, it remains unknown whether it affects fish behaviors and the underlying mechanisms. In our current study, zebrafish, an ideal model animal for behavioral studies, were exposed to cyprodinil from fertilization to 240 days postfertilization at 0.1 μg/L (environmentally relevant concentration) and 1, 10 μg/L. Firstly, we observed that aggressive behavior of zebrafish was significantly enhanced after exposure to 0.1-10 μg/L cyprodinil and antipredator behavior was decreased after exposure. Cyprodinil exposure altered the adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels, which regulate cortisol homeostasis and were significantly reduced in all exposure groups (0.1-10 μg/L). In addition, most of the key genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal gland axis, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone and melanocortin 2 receptor, were downregulated significantly in all exposure groups, which was consistent with the hormone levels. In addition, in the hypothalamus, the number of apoptotic cells increased in a dose-dependent manner in the cyprodinil exposure groups. Moreover, these changes were potentially responsible for the increased aggression of zebrafish during the mirror-like aggressive test and for the reduced antipredator behavior during the predator avoidance test. Overall, the data provided herein further our understanding of cyprodinil toxicity and can be used to assess the ecological effects of cyprodinil on the induction of abnormal behaviors at the environmental level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yibimu Laziyan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chunyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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21
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Golab MJ, Sniegula S, Antoł A, Brodin T. Adult insect personality in the wild- Calopteryx splendens as a model for field studies. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:18467-18476. [PMID: 35003685 PMCID: PMC8717306 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal personality has received increasing interest and acknowledgment within ecological research over the past two decades. However, some areas are still poorly studied and need to be developed. For instance, field studies focused on invertebrates are currently highly underrepresented in the literature. More studies including a wider variety of traits measured and species tested are needed to improve our understanding of trait-correlation patterns and generalities. We studied nine behavioral traits, in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens, from an array of three experiments: (i) courtship, (ii) aggressiveness, and (iii) boldness, and calculated their repeatability. The behaviors were measured twice in two different contexts: (i) undisturbed territory and (ii) partially deteriorated territory. Traits related to courtship and boldness were all repeatable across the two contexts. Among aggressive behaviors, only one trait (number of hits) was repeatable. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of within-population personality differences in an adult damselfly in the wild. We further propose C. splendens as a promising model species for testing personality in the wild under highly controlled environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Golab
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Nature ConservationPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental StudiesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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22
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Synyshyn C, Green-Pucella AE, Balshine S. Nonmating behavioural differences between male tactics in the invasive round goby. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Greene SM, Szalda-Petree AD. Fins of Fury or Fainéant: Fluoxetine impacts the aggressive behavior of fighting fish (Betta splendens). Behav Processes 2021; 194:104544. [PMID: 34800605 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
While an extensive literature has demonstrated that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant fluoxetine, disrupts aggressive behavior in male Betta splendens the behavioral mechanisms underlying this disruption remain unknown. To elucidate the behavioral mechanism underlying fluoxetine, male fish were acutely exposed to a 10 μmol (0.0034578 μg/L) concentration of fluoxetine for 25 days using an ABA design. Male Betta splendens are naturally aggressive fish with well-studied and patterned behavioral responses. Importantly, aggressive behavior in this species can be conditionally primed allowing for examination of motivational components of behavior in addition to motor performance. The present study focused on using female fish as an ecologically relevant prime for eliciting aggressive behavior as a means of examining the motivational and motoric effects of fluoxetine. We found that male courtship with a female was strongly correlated with aggressive responding against a mirror. However, despite the strong correlation male fish were not found to have different levels of aggression or changes in aggressive responding when compared to males not primed with a female. Also, latency was not different between the no female prime and female prime males for either the excitatory mirror condition or inhibitory white wall condition, of which the fish had no preference. However, fluoxetine was found to have profound effects on all males in the study regardless of prime type, with increases in latency for the mirror and white wall and decreases in aggressive responding to the mirror. These results support the hypothesis that fluoxetine impairs aggressive motivation and movement in Betta splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Greene
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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24
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Savaşçı BB, Lucon-Xiccato T, Bisazza A. Ontogeny and personality affect inhibitory control in guppies, Poecilia reticulata. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Josi D, Frommen JG. Through a glass darkly? Divergent reactions of eight Lake Tanganyika cichlid species towards their mirror image in their natural environment. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Josi
- Department of Natural Sciences Ecology and Environment Research Centre Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Division of Behavioural Ecology University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
| | - Joachim G. Frommen
- Department of Natural Sciences Ecology and Environment Research Centre Conservation, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Division of Behavioural Ecology University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
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26
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Freudiger A, Josi D, Thünken T, Herder F, Flury JM, Marques DA, Taborsky M, Frommen JG. Ecological variation drives morphological differentiation in a highly social vertebrate. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Freudiger
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Dario Josi
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Timo Thünken
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - Fabian Herder
- Sektion Ichthyologie Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - Jana M. Flury
- Sektion Ichthyologie Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - David A. Marques
- Division of Aquatic Ecology and Evolution Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution Centre for Ecology and Evolution, and Biochemistry Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - Michael Taborsky
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
| | - Joachim G. Frommen
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Conservation Ecology Evolution and Behaviour Research Group Ecology and Environment Research Centre Department for Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
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27
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Dhanbhoora V, Corrigan R, Montrose VT. An initial exploration of mirror behaviour in the ferret, Mustela putorius furo. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:1319-1327. [PMID: 34086108 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Responses to mirrors vary in non-human animals. Many species respond socially to mirrors with relatively few species demonstrating self-recognition in mirrors. In this study, we investigated the responses of ferrets to mirrors. Six adult ferrets (3 males, 3 females, all over a year old) were exposed to mirrors and their responses were investigated over three experimental conditions (baseline, mirror preference, mark test) in a repeated measures design. Upon initial presentation, the ferrets showed more approach and sniffing behaviour toward the mirror than the non-reflective surface. The ferrets also showed a preference for the mirror and spent more time in close proximity to the mirror than the non-reflective surface. In the mirror mark test, the ferrets showed more approach, sniffing and self-exploration behaviour when they were marked and presented with the mirror compared to when they were marked and presented with the non-reflective surface, or when they were sham-marked and presented with either surface. Our findings are suggestive that ferrets show interest in mirrors and that further study exploring the responses of ferrets to mirrors is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V Tamara Montrose
- Hartpury University, Hartpury, GL19 3BE, Gloucestershire, UK. .,Independent Researcher, Manchester, UK.
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28
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Ramos A, Alex D, Cardoso SD, Gonçalves D. Androgens and corticosteroids increase in response to mirror images and interacting conspecifics in males of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens. Horm Behav 2021; 132:104991. [PMID: 33984609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The role of hormones as modulators of aggressive behavior in fish remains poorly understood. Androgens and corticosteroids, in particular, have been associated with aggressive behavior in fish but it is still not clear if animals adjust the secretion of these hormones to regulate behavior during ongoing fights, in response to fight outcomes in order to adjust aggressive behavior in subsequent fights, or both. With its stereotyped displays and high aggression levels, the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens is an excellent model to investigate this question. Here, we compared the behavioral and endocrine response of male B. splendens to fights where there is no winner or loser by presenting them with a size-matched live interacting conspecific behind a transparent partition or with a mirror image. The aggressive response started with threat displays that were overall similar in frequency and duration towards both types of stimuli. Fights transitioned to overt attacks and interacting with a live conspecific elicited a higher frequency of attempted bites and head hits, as compared with the mirror image. There was a pronounced increase in plasma androgens (11-ketotestosterone and testosterone) and corticosteroids (cortisol) levels in response to the aggression challenge, independent of stimulus type. Post-fight intra-group levels of these hormones did not correlate with measures of physical activity or aggressive behavior. A linear discriminant analysis including all behavioral and endocrine data was a poor classifier of fish from the conspecific and mirror trials, showing that overall the behavioral and endocrine response to mirror images and conspecifics was similar. The results show that fight resolution is not necessary to induce an evident increase in peripheral levels of androgens and corticosteroids in B. splendens. However, the function of these hormones during present and future aggressive contests remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ramos
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
| | - Deepa Alex
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
| | - Sara D Cardoso
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
| | - David Gonçalves
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
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29
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Westrick SE, van Kesteren F, Boutin S, Lane JE, McAdam AG, Dantzer B. Maternal glucocorticoids have minimal effects on HPA axis activity and behavior of juvenile wild North American red squirrels. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.236620. [PMID: 33795416 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.236620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a response to environmental cues, maternal glucocorticoids (GCs) may trigger adaptive developmental plasticity in the physiology and behavior of offspring. In North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), mothers exhibit increased GCs when conspecific density is elevated, and selection favors more aggressive and perhaps more active mothers under these conditions. We tested the hypothesis that elevated maternal GCs cause shifts in offspring behavior that may prepare them for high-density conditions. We experimentally elevated maternal GCs during gestation or early lactation. We measured two behavioral traits (activity and aggression) in weaned offspring using standardized behavioral assays. Because maternal GCs may influence offspring hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dynamics, which may in turn affect behavior, we also measured the impact of our treatments on offspring HPA axis dynamics (adrenal reactivity and negative feedback), and the association between offspring HPA axis dynamics and behavior. Increased maternal GCs during lactation, but not gestation, slightly elevated activity levels in offspring. Offspring aggression and adrenal reactivity did not differ between treatment groups. Male, but not female, offspring from mothers treated with GCs during pregnancy exhibited stronger negative feedback compared with those from control mothers, but there were no differences in negative feedback between lactation treatment groups. Offspring with higher adrenal reactivity from mothers treated during pregnancy (both controls and GC-treated) exhibited lower aggression and activity. These results suggest that maternal GCs during gestation or early lactation alone may not be a sufficient cue to produce substantial changes in behavioral and physiological stress responses in offspring in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Westrick
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109-1043, USA
| | - Freya van Kesteren
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109-1043, USA
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5E2
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI48109-1043, USA.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
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30
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Zablocki-Thomas PB, Boulinguez-Ambroise G, Pacou C, Mézier J, Herrel A, Aujard F, Pouydebat E. Exploring the behavioral reactions to a mirror in the nocturnal grey mouse lemur: sex differences in avoidance. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11393. [PMID: 34035991 PMCID: PMC8126259 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mirror-image stimulation studies (MIS) have been conducted on social and diurnal animals in order to explore self-recognition, social responses, and personality traits. Small, nocturnal mammals are difficult to study in the wild and are under-represented in experimental behavioral studies. In this pilot study, we explored the behavioral reaction of a small nocturnal solitary forager-the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)-an emergent animal model in captivity. We assessed whether MIS can be used to detect a repeatable behavioral reaction, whether individuals will present a similar reaction toward a conspecific and the mirror, and whether males and females respond similarly. We tested 12 individuals (six males and six females) twice in three different contexts: with a mirror, with a live conspecific, and with a white board as a neutral control. We detected significant repeatability for the activity component of the behavioral reaction. There was a significant effect of the context and the interaction between presentation context and sex for avoidance during the first session for males but not for females. Males avoided the mirror more than they avoided a live conspecific. This pilot study opens a discussion on the behavioral differences between males and females regarding social interactions and reproduction in the nocturnal solitary species, and suggests that males are more sensitive to context of stimulation than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline B. Zablocki-Thomas
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Camille Pacou
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Justine Mézier
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Aujard
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Pouydebat
- Département d’Écologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversité, Muséum national d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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31
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Iwata E, Masamoto K, Kuga H, Ogino M. Timing of isolation from an enriched environment determines the level of aggressive behavior and sexual maturity in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 37170314 PMCID: PMC10127351 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Teleost fish are known to respond to environmental manipulation, which makes them an ideal model animal for testing relationships between the environment and behavior. The Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens, is a solitary, highly territorial fish that displays fierce stereotyped aggressive behavior toward conspecifics or members of other species. Adult fish, especially males, are generally housed in isolation in captivity. Here we report evidence that an enriched rearing environment can decrease the level of aggression in bettas and enable adults to be housed in groups.
Results
B. splendens individuals were hatched in our laboratory and raised in groups in an enriched environment. At the juvenile or subadult stage, some individuals were relocated to a poor environment and kept in isolation. To evaluate aggression, a mirror-image test was conducted at the juvenile, subadult, and adult stages for each fish, and body parameters as well as plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone, estradiol, and cortisol were evaluated. Male and female adult bettas raised in a group showed lower levels of aggression than other adult fish. The magnitude of threatening behavior was greater in adult bettas isolated as subadults, whereas the magnitude of fighting behavior was grater in adult bettas isolated as juveniles. The influence of rearing conditions on behavior was greater in females than in males. Plasma cortisol concentrations of adult bettas isolated as subadults after the mirror-image test were higher than those in other experimental groups. Adult males isolated as subadults had significantly higher plasma concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone than males raised in a group and isolated as juveniles. Females isolated as subadults had a higher gonadosomatic index than females raised in a group and females isolated as juveniles.
Conclusions
These results indicate that bettas can be kept in a group under enriched environments and that the timing of isolation influences the aggression and sexual maturity of bettas. Female and male bettas responded differently to environmental manipulation. Judging from their level of sexual maturity, bettas isolated as subadults show proper development.
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32
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da Silva MC, Canário AVM, Hubbard PC, Gonçalves DMF. Physiology, endocrinology and chemical communication in aggressive behaviour of fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:1217-1233. [PMID: 33410154 PMCID: PMC8247941 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fishes show remarkably diverse aggressive behaviour. Aggression is expressed to secure resources; adjusting aggression levels according to context is key to avoid negative consequences for fitness and survival. Nonetheless, despite its importance, the physiological basis of aggression in fishes is still poorly understood. Several reports suggest hormonal modulation of aggression, particularly by androgens, but contradictory studies have been published. Studies exploring the role of chemical communication in aggressive behaviour are also scant, and the pheromones involved remain to be unequivocally characterized. This is surprising as chemical communication is the most ancient form of information exchange and plays a variety of other roles in fishes. Furthermore, the study of chemical communication and aggression is relevant at the evolutionary, ecological and economic levels. A few pioneering studies support the hypothesis that aggressive behaviour, at least in some teleosts, is modulated by "dominance pheromones" that reflect the social status of the sender, but there is little information on the identity of the compounds involved. This review aims to provide a global view of aggressive behaviour in fishes and its underlying physiological mechanisms including the involvement of chemical communication, and discusses the potential use of dominance pheromones to improve fish welfare. Methodological considerations and future research directions are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Coelho da Silva
- CCMAR – Centro e Ciências do MarUniversidade do AlgarveFaroPortugal
- ISE – Institute of Science and EnvironmentUniversity of Saint JosephMacauChina
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33
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Martorell-Barceló M, Mulet J, Sanllehi J, Signaroli M, Lana A, Barcelo-Serra M, Aspillaga E, Alós J. Aggressiveness-related behavioural types in the pearly razorfish. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10731. [PMID: 33850638 PMCID: PMC8018250 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural types (i.e., personalities or temperament) are defined as among individual differences in behavioural traits that are consistent over time and ecological contexts. Behavioural types are widespread in nature and play a relevant role in many ecological and evolutionary processes. In this work, we studied for the first time the consistency of individual aggressiveness in the pearly razorfish, Xyrichtys novacula, using a mirror test: a classic method to define aggressive behavioural types. The experiments were carried out in semi-natural behavioural arenas and monitored through a novel Raspberry Pi-based recording system. The experimental set up allowed us to obtain repeated measures of individual aggressivity scores during four consecutive days. The decomposition of the phenotypic variance revealed a significant repeatability score (R) of 0.57 [0.44-0.60], suggesting high predictability of individual behavioural variation and the existence of different behavioural types. Aggressive behavioural types emerged irrespective of body size, sex and the internal condition of the individual. Razorfishes are a ubiquitous group of fish species that occupy sedimentary habitats in most shallow waters of temperate and tropical seas. These species are known for forming strong social structures and playing a relevant role in ecosystem functioning. Therefore, our work provides novel insight into an individual behavioural component that may play a role in poorly known ecological and evolutionary processes occurring in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Martorell-Barceló
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Júlia Mulet
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Sanllehi
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Marco Signaroli
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Arancha Lana
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Margarida Barcelo-Serra
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Eneko Aspillaga
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
| | - Josep Alós
- Fish Ecology Group, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain
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34
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Faust KM, Goldstein MH. The role of personality traits in pair bond formation: pairing is influenced by the trait of exploration. BEHAVIOUR 2021; 158:447-478. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In species with long-term pair bonds, such as zebra finches, evaluating the quality of potential mates is critically important. Courtship is an opportunity to evaluate information from dynamic behavioural cues. Personality traits, as stable individual differences in behaviour, could predict the quality of a potential mate. How might personality traits influence mate choice? We examined the influence of several personality traits, including exploration, aggression, and social preference, on pair formation in zebra finches. We provided birds with a variety of potential mates and allowed them to select a pair partner. Our semi-naturalistic mate choice paradigm allowed birds to observe social information over an extended period, simulating the challenges of social evaluation that birds encounter in the wild. We found that pairing is influenced by personality, with birds selecting mates similar to them in exploration. The partner’s exploration score relative to their own was more important than the absolute exploration score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina M. Faust
- Department of Psychology, 211 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601, USA
| | - Michael H. Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, 211 Uris Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7601, USA
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35
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Kua ZX, Hamilton IM, McLaughlin AL, Brodnik RM, Keitzer SC, Gilliland J, Hoskins EA, Ludsin SA. Water warming increases aggression in a tropical fish. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20107. [PMID: 33208894 PMCID: PMC7676273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of how projected climatic warming will influence the world's biota remains largely speculative, owing to the many ways in which it can directly and indirectly affect individual phenotypes. Its impact is expected to be especially severe in the tropics, where organisms have evolved in more physically stable conditions relative to temperate ecosystems. Lake Tanganyika (eastern Africa) is one ecosystem experiencing rapid warming, yet our understanding of how its diverse assemblage of endemic species will respond is incomplete. Herein, we conducted a laboratory experiment to assess how anticipated future warming would affect the mirror-elicited aggressive behaviour of Julidochromis ornatus, a common endemic cichlid in Lake Tanganyika. Given linkages that have been established between temperature and individual behaviour in fish and other animals, we hypothesized that water warming would heighten average individual aggression. Our findings support this hypothesis, suggesting the potential for water warming to mediate behavioural phenotypic expression through negative effects associated with individual health (body condition). We ultimately discuss the implications of our findings for efforts aimed at understanding how continued climate warming will affect the ecology of Lake Tanganyika fishes and other tropical ectotherms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xun Kua
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Department of Sustainable Resources Management, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ian M Hamilton
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Allison L McLaughlin
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, 101 T.H. Morgan Building, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Reed M Brodnik
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 146 Williams St., Solomons, MD, 20688, USA
| | - S Conor Keitzer
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Department of Natural Science, Tusculum University, Greenville, TN, 37745, USA
| | - Jake Gilliland
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hoskins
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Stuart A Ludsin
- Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1314 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA.
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36
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Thoré ESJ, Brendonck L, Pinceel T. Conspecific density and environmental complexity impact behaviour of turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1448-1461. [PMID: 32845514 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fish models are essential for research in many biological and medical disciplines. With a typical lifespan of only 6 months, the Turquoise killifish (Nothobranchius furzeri) was recently established as a time- and cost-efficient model to facilitate whole-life and multigenerational studies in several research fields, including behavioural ecotoxicology. Essential information on the behavioural norm and on how laboratory conditions affect behaviour, however, is deficient. In the current study, we examined the impact of the social and structural environment on a broad spectrum of behavioural endpoints in N. furzeri. While structural enrichment affected only fish boldness and exploratory behaviour, fish rearing density affected the total body length, locomotor activity, boldness, aggressiveness and feeding behaviour of N. furzeri individuals. Overall, these results contribute to compiling a behavioural baseline for N. furzeri that increases the applicability of this new model species. Furthermore, our findings will fuel the development of improved husbandry protocols to maximize the welfare of N. furzeri in a laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S J Thoré
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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37
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Josi D, Freudiger A, Taborsky M, Frommen JG. Experimental predator intrusions in a cooperative breeder reveal threat-dependent task partitioning. Behav Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In cooperatively breeding species, nonbreeding individuals provide alloparental care and help in territory maintenance and defense. Antipredator behaviors of subordinates can enhance offspring survival, which may provide direct and indirect fitness benefits to all group members. Helping abilities and involved costs and benefits, risks, and outside options (e.g., breeding independently) usually diverge between group members, which calls for status-specific differentiated behavioral responses. Such role differentiation within groups may generate task-specific division of labor, as exemplified by eusocial animals. In vertebrates, little is known about such task differentiation among group members. We show how breeders and helpers of the cooperatively breeding cichlid Neolamprologus savoryi partition predator defense depending on intruder type and the presence of dependent young. In the field, we experimentally simulated intrusions by different fish species posing a risk either specifically to eggs, young, or adults. We used intrusions by harmless algae eaters as a control. Breeders defended most when dependent young were present, while helper investment hinged mainly on their body size and on the potential threat posed by the respective intruders. Breeders and helpers partitioned defense tasks primarily when dependent young were exposed to immediate risk, with breeders investing most in antipredator defense, while helpers increased guarding and care in the breeding chamber. Breeders’ defense likely benefits helpers as well, as it was especially enhanced in the treatment where helpers were also at risk. These findings illustrate that in a highly social fish different group members exhibit fine-tuned behavioral responses in dependence of ecological and reproductive parameter variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Josi
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Annika Freudiger
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Taborsky
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
| | - Joachim G Frommen
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Wohlenstrasse 50a, Hinterkappelen, Switzerland
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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38
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Performance of cyprinids in non-reversing mirrors versus regular mirrors in tests of aggressiveness. J ETHOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-020-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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39
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Hubená P, Horký P, Slavík O. Test-dependent expression of behavioral syndromes: A study of aggressiveness, activity, and stress of chub. Aggress Behav 2020; 46:412-424. [PMID: 32542801 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aggressiveness has been one of the behavioral traits most examined with various standard testing methods. We used two distinct methods (the mirror and the real opponent tests) to evaluate individual aggression and relate it to the activity and individual stress of chub (Squalius cephalus L.). Three hypotheses were formulated and tested: (a) there is a significant positive relationship between the aggressiveness of individuals measured with the mirror and the real opponent tests, indicating their convergent validity; (b) the irregularities in response to the aggressiveness and activity tests lead to the context-specific expression of the behavioral syndromes; and (c) there is a significant positive relationship between the stress induced in individuals by both tests of aggressiveness, demonstrating individually consistent stress-coping strategies. The first and the second hypothesis were confirmed, while the third hypothesis was rejected. Our results suggest that particular tests of aggressiveness could act as a situation with high strength, leaving little variation between individual responses. Thus, we propose that for the proper interpretation of various studies using different tests to study identical behavioral traits, it is important to consider the convergent validity of not only the tested behavioral traits but also the individual stress responses. The chub also showed stress relieve through aggressiveness, suggesting the species as a prospective animal model to the study interaction between the stress and the aggressiveness. A detailed aggression ethogram of chub was provided to facilitate the use of this specie in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hubená
- Department of Zoology and FisheriesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Horký
- Department of Zoology and FisheriesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Suchdol Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slavík
- Department of Zoology and FisheriesCzech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Suchdol Czech Republic
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40
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Kraus S, Krüger O, Guenther A. Zebra finches bi-directionally selected for personality differ in repeatability of corticosterone and testosterone. Horm Behav 2020; 122:104747. [PMID: 32217065 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consistent between-individual differences in behaviour have been documented across the animal kingdom. Such variation between individuals has been shown to be the basis for selection and to act as a pacemaker for evolutionary change. Recently, equivocal evidence suggests that such consistent between-individual variation is also present in hormones. This observation has sparked interest in understanding the mechanisms shaping individual differences, temporal consistency and heritability of hormonal phenotypes and to understand, if and to what extent hormonal mechanisms are involved in mediating consistent variation in behaviour between individuals. Here, we used zebra finches of the fourth generation of bi-directionally selected lines for three independent behaviours: aggression, exploration and fearlessness. We investigated how these behaviours responded to artificial selection and tested their repeatability. We further tested for repeatability of corticosterone and testosterone across and within lines. Moreover, we are presenting the decomposed variance components for within-individual variance (i.e. flexibility) and between-individual variance (i.e. more or less pronounced differences between individuals) and investigate their contribution to repeatability estimates. Both hormones as well as the exploration and fearlessness but not aggressiveness, were repeatable. However, variance components and hence repeatability differed between lines and were often lower than in unselected control animals, mainly because of a reduction in between-individual variance. Our data show that artificial selection (including active selection and genetic drift) can affect the mean and variance of traits. We stress the importance for understanding how variable a trait is both between and within individuals to assess the selective value of a trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kraus
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Germany.
| | - Anja Guenther
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany.
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41
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Baran NM, Streelman JT. Ecotype differences in aggression, neural activity and behaviorally relevant gene expression in cichlid fish. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12657. [PMID: 32323443 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Lake Malawi, two ecologically distinct lineages of cichlid fishes (rock- vs sand-dwelling ecotypes, each comprised of over 200 species) evolved within the last million years. The rock-dwelling species (Mbuna) are aggressively territorial year-round and males court and spawn with females over rocky substrate. In contrast, males of sand-dwelling species are not territorial and instead aggregate on seasonal breeding leks in which males construct courtship "bowers" in the sand. However, little is known about how phenotypic variation in aggression is produced by the genome. In this study, we first quantify and compare behavior in seven cichlid species, demonstrating substantial ecotype and species differences in unconditioned mirror-elicited aggression. Second, we compare neural activity in mirror-elicited aggression in two representative species, Mchenga conophoros (sand-dwelling) and Petrotilapia chitimba (rock-dwelling). Finally, we compare gene expression patterns between these two species, specifically within neurons activated during mirror aggression. We identified a large number of genes showing differential expression in mirror-elicited aggression, as well as many genes that differ between ecotypes. These genes, which may underly species differences in behavior, include several neuropeptides, genes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones and neurotransmitter activity. This work lays the foundation for future experiments using this emerging genetic model system to investigate the genomic basis of evolved species differences in both brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Baran
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - J Todd Streelman
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,The Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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42
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Li CY, Tseng YC, Chen YJ, Yang Y, Hsu Y. Personality and physiological traits predict contest interactions in Kryptolebias marmoratus. Behav Processes 2020; 173:104079. [PMID: 32007560 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2020.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Personality and physiological traits often have close relationships with dominance status, but the significance and/or direction of the relationships vary between studies. This study examines whether two personality traits (aggressiveness and boldness) and three physiological traits (testosterone and cortisol levels and oxygen consumption rates) are associated with contest decisions/performance using a mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus. The results show that individuals that attacked their own mirror images (an aggressiveness index) at higher rates or had higher levels of testosterone were more likely to attack their opponent and win non-escalated contests, while individuals that had higher levels of cortisol were more likely to lose. After the contests, (1) individuals that had attacked their opponents or won had higher post-contest oxygen consumption rates, and (2) individuals that had attacked their opponents also had higher post-contest levels of cortisol. Although no significant correlations were detected among pre-contest physiological traits, post-contest levels of cortisol were positively correlated with oxygen consumption rates. Overall, personality and physiological traits provide useful predictors for the fish's contest decisions/performance. Contest interactions subsequently modified post-contest physiological traits and potentially also promoted associations between them. Nevertheless, the fish's physiological traits remained rather consistent over the entire study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Li
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, 4094 Campus Dr, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yung-Che Tseng
- Marine Research Station, ICOB, Academia Sinica, No. 23-10, Dawen Rd, Jiaoxi Township, Yilan County 262, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingchou Rd, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Rd, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yusan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 105 Clapp Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Yuying Hsu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingchou Rd, Taipei 11677, Taiwan.
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G. Frommen
- Division of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Hinterkappelen Switzerland
- Department of Natural Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
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44
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Rodriguez‐Barreto D, Rey O, Uren‐Webster TM, Castaldo G, Consuegra S, Garcia de Leaniz C. Transcriptomic response to aquaculture intensification in Nile tilapia. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1757-1771. [PMID: 31548855 PMCID: PMC6752142 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet future global demand for fish protein, more fish will need to be farmed using fewer resources, and this will require the selection of nonaggressive individuals that perform well at high densities. Yet, the genetic changes underlying loss of aggression and adaptation to crowding during aquaculture intensification are largely unknown. We examined the transcriptomic response to aggression and crowding in Nile tilapia, one of the oldest and most widespread farmed fish, whose social structure shifts from social hierarchies to shoaling with increasing density. A mirror test was used to quantify aggression and skin darkening (a proxy for stress) of fish reared at low and high densities, and gene expression in the hypothalamus was analysed among the most and least aggressive fish at each density. Fish reared at high density were darker, had larger brains, were less active and less aggressive than those reared at low density and had differentially expressed genes consistent with a reactive stress-coping style and activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. Differences in gene expression among aggressive fish were accounted for by density and the interaction between density and aggression levels, whereas for nonaggressive fish differences in gene expression were associated with individual variation in skin brightness and social stress. Thus, the response to crowding in Nile tilapia is context dependent and involves different neuroendocrine pathways, depending on social status. Knowledge of genes associated with the response to crowding may pave the way for more efficient fish domestication, based on the selection of nonaggressive individuals with increasing tolerance to chronic stress necessary for aquaculture intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Rey
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Université de Perpignan Via DomitiaPerpignanFrance
| | - Tamsyn M. Uren‐Webster
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Giovanni Castaldo
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research, Department of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Sonia Consuegra
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
| | - Carlos Garcia de Leaniz
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research (CSAR), College of ScienceSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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45
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Church KDW, Grant JWA. Effects of habitat complexity, dominance and personality on habitat selection: Ideal despotic cichlids. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Ramos A, Gonçalves D. Artificial selection for male winners in the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens correlates with high female aggression. Front Zool 2019; 16:34. [PMID: 31406496 PMCID: PMC6686523 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0333-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, males of the Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens have been selected across centuries for paired-staged fights. During the selection process, matched for size males fight in a small tank until the contest is resolved. Breeders discard losing batches and reproduce winner batches with the aim of increasing fight performance. We assessed the results of this long-term selection process by comparing under standard laboratory conditions male and female aggressive behaviour of one strain selected for staged fights ("fighters") and one strain of wild-types. The aggressive response of adult fish was tested against their mirror image or a size-matched conspecific. Fighter males were more aggressive than wild-type males for all measured behaviours. Differences were not only quantitative but the pattern of fight display was also divergent. Fighter males had an overall higher swimming activity, performing frequent fast strikes in the direction of the intruder and displaying from a distance. Wild-type males were less active and exhibited aggressive displays mostly in close proximity to the stimuli. Females of the fighter strain, which are not used for fights, were also more aggressive than wild-type females. Aggressive behaviours were correlated across male and female fighter siblings, suggesting common genetic and physiological mechanisms to male and female aggression in this species. The study further shows that results were largely independent of the stimulus type, with the mirror test inducing similar and less variable responses than the live conspecific presentation. These results suggest that selection for male winners co-selected for high-frequency and metabolic demanding aggressive display in males and also enhanced female aggression, opening a wide range of testable hypothesis about the ultimate and proximate mechanisms of male and female aggression in B. splendens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ramos
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Rua de Londres 16, Macao, China
| | - D. Gonçalves
- Institute of Science and Environment, University of Saint Joseph, Rua de Londres 16, Macao, China
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47
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Falcão B, Marques M, Nunes B. Behavioral and biochemical effects of the antifouler and antidandruff zinc pyrithione on the freshwater fish Gambusia holbrooki. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1495-1512. [PMID: 31001754 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment is receiving great attention since the levels of these substances have significantly increased in this compartment, potentially leading to adverse ecological effects. Zinc pyrithione (ZnPt) is a widely used organometallic biocide, which is incorporated into antifouling formulas, such as paints, to prevent the establishment of biofilms on surfaces exposed to the aquatic environment. It is also used in cosmetics, such as antidandruff shampoos and soaps. Considering this wide use, and the absence of a significant amount of data on the toxicity of ZnPt especially towards non-target organisms, the objective of this study was to characterize the toxicity of ZnPt, on several ecological relevant endpoints assessed in the fish Gambusia holbrooki. For this purpose, we measured traits related to feeding and aggressive behavior, as well as indicators of oxidative stress (CAT and GSTs), neurotoxicity (AChE), and anaerobic metabolism (LDH), after acute and chronic exposures to ZnPt. In terms of behavioral features, the feeding test showed the occurrence of significant differences between the control animals and those exposed to a concentration of ZnPt of 45 μg/L. In addition, ZnPt caused changes in terms of oxidative stress biomarkers (CAT and GSTs), for both exposure periods. ZnPt was also capable of causing changes in the cholinergic neurotransmission functioning and anaerobic metabolism, but only following the chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Falcão
- Departamento de Biologia/CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia Marques
- Departamento de Biologia/CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia/CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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48
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Gatto E, Agrillo C, Brown C, Dadda M. Individual differences in numerical skills are influenced by brain lateralization in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). INTELLIGENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Noleto-Filho EM, Pennino MG, Gauy ACDS, Bolognesi MC, Gonçalves-de-Freitas E. The Bias of combining variables on fish's aggressive behavior studies. Behav Processes 2019; 164:65-77. [PMID: 31022507 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying animal aggressive behavior by behavioral units, either displays or attacks, is a common practice in animal behavior studies. However, this practice can generate a bias in data analysis, especially when the variables have different temporal patterns. This study aims to use Bayesian Hierarchical Linear Models (B-HLMs) to analyze the feasibility of pooling the aggressive behavior variables of four cichlids species. Additionally, this paper discusses the feasibility of combining variables by examining the usage of different sample sizes and family distributions to aggressive behaviour variables. The subject species were: the angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), the tiger oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), the Cichlasoma paranaense and the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For each species, 15 groups of 3 individuals were assigned to daily observations (10-min recordings) for 5 days. Aggressive behavior data was labeled according to its aggressive intensity. The variables chase (C), tail beating (TB), push (P), lateral attack (LA) and bite (B) were classified as high intensity. The variables undulation (U), lateral threat (LT) and frontal displays (FD) were classified as low intensity. These behaviors, however, were not present in all species. Model parameters were estimated by Monte Carlo Markov chains using non-informative priors. B-HLMs were performed to assess the impact probability of each variable in the analysis. Results revealed that when combining variables, the resulting distribution is strongly influenced by only one variable in each category. Moreover, in some cases the aggregate values altered the results, which changed the probabilities of the main variables. Species with low aggressive behavior frequencies, such as A. ocellatus, are more sensitive to this bias. LT was the main low intensity variable for all species, while B was the main high intensity variable for the P. scalare and the O. niloticus. LA was the high intensity category variable that was the most relevant for the C. paranaense and A. ocellatus. Moreover, combining the variables did not impact the feasibility of reducing the sample size when compared to using the most quantitative variable. For all species a sample size of 12 did not change the study conclusions. With respect to family distribution, based on DIC values the Gaussian model is more suitable for most of the studied species. However, caution should be taken, because the Gaussian posterior probability distribution overlapped 0 in some cases, which is biologically impossible in aggressive behaviors. The only exception is the A. ocellatus, which, based on DIC values, was the only species better modeled by a Poisson distribution. Bayesian analysis can be therefore considered a strong tool for analyzing aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Mesquita Noleto-Filho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Aquaculture Center UNESP (CAUNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Grazia Pennino
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radio Faro, 50-52, 36390, Vigo (Pontevedra), Spain; Fishing Ecology Management and Economics (FEME) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN, Depto. de Ecologia, Natal, RN, Brazil; Statistical Modeling Ecology Group (SMEG), Departament d'Estadística i Investigació Operativa, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ana Carolina Dos Santos Gauy
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Aquaculture Center UNESP (CAUNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Cesar Bolognesi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Aquaculture Center UNESP (CAUNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP/IBILCE), Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, Aquaculture Center UNESP (CAUNESP), R. Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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50
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Sloman KA, Bouyoucos IA, Brooks EJ, Sneddon LU. Ethical considerations in fish research. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:556-577. [PMID: 30838660 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fishes are used in a wide range of scientific studies, from conservation research with potential benefits to the species used to biomedical research with potential human benefits. Fish research can take place in both laboratories and field environments and methods used represent a continuum from non-invasive observations, handling, through to experimental manipulation. While some countries have legislation or guidance regarding the use of fish in research, many do not and there exists a diversity of scientific opinions on the sentience of fish and how we determine welfare. Nevertheless, there is a growing pressure on the scientific community to take more responsibility for the animals they work with through maximising the benefits of their research to humans or animals while minimising welfare or survival costs to their study animals. In this review, we focus primarily on the refinement of common methods used in fish research based on emerging knowledge with the aim of improving the welfare of fish used in scientific studies. We consider the use of anaesthetics and analgesics and how we mark individuals for identification purposes. We highlight the main ethical concerns facing researchers in both laboratory and field environments and identify areas that need urgent future research. We hope that this review will help inform those who wish to refine their ethical practices and stimulate thought among fish researchers for further avenues of refinement. Improved ethics and welfare of fishes will inevitably lead to increased scientific rigour and is in the best interests of both fishes and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sloman
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Edward J Brooks
- Cape Eleuthera Island School, Rock Sound, Eleuthera, The Bahamas
| | - Lynne U Sneddon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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