What is the incidence of biliary carcinoma in choledochal cysts, when do they develop, and how should it affect management?

Management of intrahepatic and perihilar cholangiocarcinomas: Guidelines of the French Association for the Study of the Liver (AFEF)

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common malignant primary liver cancer. iCCA may develop on an underlying chronic liver disease and its incidence is growing in relation with the epidemics of obesity and metabolic diseases. In contrast, perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) may follow a history of chronic inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract. The initial management of CCAs is often complex and requires multidisciplinary expertise. The French Association for the Study of the Liver wished to organize guidelines in order to summarize the best evidence available about several key points in iCCA and pCCA. These guidelines have been elaborated based on the level of evidence available in the literature and each recommendation has been analysed, discussed and voted by the panel of experts. They describe the epidemiology of CCA as well as how patients with iCCA or pCCA should be managed from diagnosis to treatment. The most recent developments of personalized medicine and use of targeted therapies are also highlighted.

ACG Clinical Guideline: Focal Liver Lesions

Focal liver lesions (FLLs) have become an increasingly common finding on abdominal imaging, especially asymptomatic and incidental liver lesions. Gastroenterologists and hepatologists often see these patients in consultation and make recommendations for management of multiple types of liver lesions, including hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangioma, and hepatic cystic lesions including polycystic liver disease. Malignancy is important to consider in the differential diagnosis of FLLs, and healthcare providers must be familiar with the diagnosis and management of FLLs. This American College of Gastroenterology practice guideline uses the best evidence available to make diagnosis and management recommendations for the most common FLLs.

Novel 3D morphological characteristics for congenital biliary dilatation diagnosis: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

Congenital biliary dilatation (CBD) necessitates the timely removal of dilated bile ducts. Accurate differentiation between CBD and secondary biliary dilatation (SBD) is crucial for treatment decisions, and identification of CBD with intrahepatic involvement is vital for surgical planning and supportive care. This study aimed to develop quantitative models based on bile duct morphology to distinguish CBD from SBD and further identify CBD with intrahepatic involvement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The retrospective study included 131 CBD and 209 SBD patients between December 2014 and December 2021 for model development, internal validation, and testing. A separate cohort of 15 CBD and 34 SBD patients between January 2022 and December 2022 was recruited for temporally-independent validation. Quantitative shape-based (Shape) and diameter-based (Diam) morphological characteristics of bile ducts were extracted to build a CBD diagnosis model to distinguish CBD from SBD and an intrahepatic involvement identification model to classify CBD with/without intrahepatic involvement. The diagnostic performance of the models was compared with that of experienced hepatobiliary surgeons.

RESULTS

The CBD diagnosis model using clinical, Shape, and Diam characteristics showed good performance with an AUROC of 0.942 (95% CI: 0.890-0.994), AUPRC of 0.917 (0.855-0.979), accuracy of 0.891, sensitivity of 0.950, and F1-score of 0.864. The model outperformed two experienced surgeons in accuracy, sensitivity, and F1-score. The intrahepatic involvement identification model using clinical, Shape, and Diam characteristics yielded outstanding performance with an AUROC of 0.944 (0.879-1.000), AUPRC of 0.982 (0.947-1.000), accuracy of 0.932, sensitivity of 0.971, and F1-score of 0.957. The models demonstrated generalizable performance on the temporally-independent validation cohort.

CONCLUSIONS

This study developed two robust quantitative models for distinguishing CBD from SBD and identifying CBD with intrahepatic involvement, respectively, based on morphological characteristics of the bile ducts, showing great potential in risk stratification and surgical planning of CBD.

Cholangiocarcinoma identified in perforated choledochal cyst in a 3-year-old boy

Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with Choledochal cysts is rare in childhood; however, it seriously affects the prognosis of the disease. The key to addressing this situation lies in completely removing the extrahepatic cyst. We herein present a case report of a 3-year-old boy with cholangiocarcinoma associated with a choledochal cyst (CDC). Preoperative 3D simulation, based on CT data, played an important role in the treatment of this patient.

Clinical characteristics of choledochal cysts with intrahepatic bile duct dilatations: an observational study

Purpose

Whether a dilated intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) has any effect on the prognosis of choledochal cyst (CC) remains controversial. We aimed to summarize the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CC with IHBD dilatation.

Methods

One hundred ninety-two children diagnosed with CC were identified, including 127 without IHBD dilatation (group A) and 65 with IHBD dilatation (group B). A retrospective analysis was performed to explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of CC with IHBD dilatation based on clinical indices, symptoms, and complications.

Results

Compared with group A, incidences of jaundice and fever were higher in group B (P = 0.010 and P = 0.033). Preoperative total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin were increased in group B compared to group A (P = 0.005, P < 0.001, and P = 0.014), as were preoperative ALT, AST, γ-GT, and total bile acid (P = 0.006, P = 0.025, P < 0.001, and P = 0.024). The risk of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis was significantly increased for group B compared with group A (P = 0.012) and also occurred earlier in group B (P = 0.006). In the dilated IHBDs, 95.4% (62 of 65) recovered to normal, and more than half of dilated IHBDs (37 of 65) recovered to normal in 1 week.

Conclusion

Most IHBDs can recover to normal postoperatively in a short time, and proactive treatment is recommended for CC patients with IHBD dilatation for significant abnormal liver functions.

Characteristics and malignancy rates of adult patients diagnosed with choledochal cyst in the West: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

The approach to patients with choledochal cysts (CCs) remains varied and subject to institutional practices. Owing to the rarity of the disease, the optimal treatment remains poorly defined, particularly in the adult population. This study aimed to review the literature on adult patients with CCs to evaluate trends of diagnosis and management in Western countries.

METHODS

A literature search of 3 electronic databases was performed on adult patients diagnosed with CCs in Western institutions. A review of published literature was completed with comprehensive screening by 2 independent reviewers. Studies were analyzed, and data on surgical approach, malignancies, and follow-up were collected. Findings are presented in concordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

RESULTS

Of the 3488 articles retrieved, 21 studies evaluated Western adults with CCs for a combined population of 1337 patients. The most common Todani subtypes included types I (64%) and IV (22%). Symptoms at presentation included abdominal pain and jaundice, although many were asymptomatic. Ultrasound was used most frequently for diagnosis, followed by computed tomography and endoscopic cholangiopancreatography. The combined malignancy rate was 10.9%, with cholangiocarcinoma being the most prevalent. Complete extrahepatic cyst resection was standard for type I and IV CCs. Among malignancies, 18.5% and 16.4% were observed in patients with prior resection and internal drainage, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant proportion of patients who undergo resection of CC disease harbor malignancy. Cancer risk seems reduced but not eliminated with complete resection, which remains the standard treatment. Additional studies are needed to standardize guidelines for the diagnosis and postoperative care of patients in Western countries.

Biliary cysts in adults: Cerrahpaşa experience

Objectives

Biliary cysts are biliary duct dilatations, with 20% of the cysts being diagnosed in adulthood. Abdominal pain, jaundice and palpable abdominal mass are defined as the classical triad. However, nausea, vomiting, fever, itching and weight loss are frequent complaints. There are several treatment options depending on the type of the cyst. This study aimed to share our experience with biliary cysts and contribute to the literature on this subject.

Material and Methods

Thirty patients, who received treatment for biliary cyst from January 1981 to December 2018 at our clinic, were studied retrospectively. The patients were analyzed based on age, sex, type of the cyst, diagnosis and treatment methods, post-op follow up and complications.

Results

Twenty-seven of the patients were females, and three were males. The patients were aged between 16 and 76 years, and the median age was 41.9 years. All patients presented with abdominal pain, which was accompanied by cholangitis in nine patients, nausea and vomiting in four patients, dyspepsia in three patients and palpable mass in one patient. According to the Todani classification, biliary cyst findings were consistent with Type I in 23 patients, Type V in three patients, Type IV in two patients, Type II in one patient and Type III in one patient.

Conclusion

Diagnosis and treatment are complex in biliary cysts due to anatomical proximity and variations. Therefore, it would be beneficial to refer them to referral centers. Choice of treatment should be based on the type of the cyst.

Premalignant/malignant histology in excised choledochal cyst specimens from children. Experience and literature review

BACKGROUND

Dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and other malignant transformation or premalignant/malignant histopathology (PMMH) seem uncommon in pediatric choledochal cyst (CC). A literature review and the authors' experience are presented.

METHODS

All reports about PMMH in CC patients 15 years old or younger published in English and all cases of PMMH in specimens excised from CC patients 15 years old or younger by the authors were reviewed.

RESULTS

Of 20 published reports, PMMH was adenocarcinoma (n = 4), sarcoma (n = 4), and dysplasia (n = 12). Treatment for malignancies was primary pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD; n = 2) or cyst excision/hepaticojejunostomy (Ex/HJ; n = 6). Outcomes at the time of writing for malignancies: 2 deaths, 4 survivors after follow-up of 2 years, and 2 lost to follow-up. No dysplasia case has undergone malignant transformation. The authors have experienced 7 cases of PMMH; adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS; n = 1) and dysplasia (n = 6).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study identified the youngest cases of AIS and dysplasia from specimens excised when they were 3 years old and 4 months old, respectively. Both are published for the first time as evidence that PMMH can complicate CC in young patients. Long-term protocolized postoperative follow-up is mandatory when PMMH is diagnosed in pediatric CC.

Characteristics, management and outcomes of choledochal malformations in Finnish adult patients

CONCLUSIONS

Nearly half of operated patients developed long-term postoperative complications. A novel association between CMs and IBD was observed. Although no hepatobiliary malignancies regardless of treatment modality were encountered, the number of patients and length of follow-up remained limited.

Choledochal cyst

Choledochal cyst (CC) or congenital biliary dilatation, has a skewed distribution with hereditary features that is far more common in East Asian females. CC is usually associated with pancreaticobiliary malunion (PBMU) forming a common channel. CC requires early definitive diagnosis, since there is a risk for malignancy occurring in the CC and/or intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBD). Complete CC excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticoenterostomy is required and can be performed by open or minimally invasive surgery with hepatojejunostomy the recommended procedure of choice. Principles of open surgical intervention form the basis of minimally invasive management with laparoscopy and robotic assistance. Current surgical management is associated with fewer early and late complications, such as hepaticoenterostomy anastomotic leakage, cholangitis, anastomosis stricture, and cholangiocarcinoma. Specific features of CC management at Juntendo include: intraoperative endoscopy of the common channel and IHBD for inspecting and clearing debris to significantly reduce post-operative pancreatitis or stone formation; near infra-red fluorescence with indocyanine green for visualizing tissue planes especially during minimally invasive surgery for CC; and a classification system for CC based on PBMU that overcomes inconsistencies between existing classification systems and clinical presentation.

Mutational Landscape of Cholangiocarcinoma According to Different Etiologies: A Review

Recent next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies on large cohorts of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients have clearly revealed the extreme intra- and inter-tumoral molecular heterogeneity that characterizes this malignancy. The lack of a stereotyped molecular signature in CCA makes the identification of actionable therapeutic targets challenging, making it mandatory to have a better understanding of the origin of such heterogeneity in order to improve the clinical outcome of these patients. Compelling evidence has shown that the CCA genomic landscape significantly differs according to anatomical subtypes and the underlying etiology, highlighting the importance of conducting molecular studies in different populations of CCA patients. Currently, some risk factors have been recognized in CCA development, while others are emerging from recent epidemiological studies. Nevertheless, the role of each etiologic factor in driving CCA genetic heterogeneity still remains unclear, and available studies are limited. In an attempt to shed more light on this issue, here we review the current literature data on the mutational spectrum of this disease according to different etiologies.

The Curious Case of the Choledochal Cyst—Revisiting the Todani Classification: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Choledochal cysts (CCs) are rare occurrences presenting as dilatations of biliary structures, which can present as single or multiple dilatations and can appear as both intra- and extrahepatic anomalies. The most widespread classification of CCs is the Todani classification, but there have been numerous reports of cysts that do not fall into any of the types described. We present such a case—a male patient 36 years of age who underwent preoperative CT, MRCP, and ERCP, which mistakenly indicated a type II Todani CC, and intraoperatively was found to be located at the confluence of the hepatic ducts and encompassed the origin of the common bile duct. Complete resection of the cyst and the proximal segment of the common bile duct was performed, and reconstruction was carried out by Roux-en-Y double-tutorized hepaticojejunostomy. Considering the risk of malignant transformation, the frequent preoperative misdiagnosis, as well as the technically challenging surgery required in such cases, we advocate for a revision of the classification and raise awareness of the need for guidelines regarding the proper short-term and long-term management of this disease to ensure adequate quality of life and disease-free survival for patients.

Establishment and validation of a predictive nomogram for the risk of premalignant lesions in children with choledochal cyst

BACKGROUND

Choledochal cyst (CDC) increases the risk (2.5%-30%) of malignancy. Metaplasia and dysplasia have been recognized as premalignant lesions among CDCs. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors of metaplasia and dysplasia in CDC children.

METHODS

Two hundred and ten CDC children who underwent cyst excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy at our institution between July 2020 and November 2021 were included and randomly divided into the training set and validation set. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify independent risk factors of premalignant lesions in the training set and build a predictive nomogram. The performance and discriminatory abilities of the nomogram were further assessed and validated in the validation set.

RESULTS

Of the 210 CDC children, 78 (37.1%) patients developed premalignant lesions. Age (OR, 1.011, 95%CI, 1.000-1.022, P = 0.046), symptoms duration (OR, 1.021, 95%CI, 1.001-1.042, P = 0.036), cyst diameter (OR, 1.737, 95%CI, 1.328-2.273, P < 0.001), recurrent attacks of biliary pancreatitis (OR, 3.653, 95%CI, 1.205-11.076, P = 0.022), and biliary operation history (OR, 5.860, 95%CI, 1.268-27.084, P = 0.024) were identified as independent risk factors. Based on these predictors, a predictive nomogram was generated. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.873 in the training set and 0.793 in the validation set, indicating that it was robust and well calibrated.

CONCLUSIONS

A novel nomogram to the individualized risk of premalignant lesions in CDC children was successfully built, on the basis of age, symptoms duration, cyst diameter, recurrent attacks of biliary pancreatitis, and biliary operation history. This nomogram, combined with the final pathological results, can help clinicians to develop more efficient follow-up strategies for the high-risk children with CDC.

Diagnosis and management of choledochal cysts

BACKGROUND

Choledochal cysts (CCs) are rare cystic dilatations of the intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic bile ducts. We review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of CCs.

METHODS

MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science databases were queried for "choledochal cyst", "bile duct cyst", "choledochocele", and "Caroli disease". Data were synthesized and systematically reviewed.

RESULTS

Classified according to the Todani Classification, CCs are generally believed to arise secondary to reflux of pancreatic enzymes into the biliary tree due to anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union. Complications of CCs include abdominal pain, jaundice, cystolithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, liver abscess, liver cirrhosis and malignant transformation (3-7.5%). Radiological and endoscopic imaging is the cornerstone of CC diagnosis and full delineation of cyst anatomy is imperative for proper management. Management is generally guided by cyst classification with complete cyst excision necessary for CCs with high potential of malignant transformation such as types I and IV. 5-year overall survival after choledochal cyst excision is 95.5%.

CONCLUSION

Most CCs should undergo surgical intervention to mitigate the risk of cyst related complications such as cholangitis and malignant transformation.

Baseline assessment of enhanced recovery after pediatric surgery in mainland China

BACKGROUND

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a clinical pathway that optimizes perioperative management based on evidence-based medicine. ERAS has been gradually introduced to pediatric surgery in recent years. However, there are limited reports on its overall implementation. We aimed to determine the implementation of ERAS in patients who received pediatric surgery in mainland China.

METHODS

We designed a questionnaire involving 17 key ERAS elements and sent the questionnaire to 66 chiefs of pediatric surgery distributed throughout 31 provinces in mainland China to obtain a baseline assessment of the assimilation of ERAS protocols in the care of congenital biliary dilatation (CBD).

RESULTS

A total of 66 questionnaires were collected. The range of elements implemented at participating centers was 4-16, with a mean of 10.23. The least commonly practiced elements were administration of non-opioid preoperative analgesia (6 centers, 9.09%), prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting [PONV] (9 centers, 13.64%), and postoperative pain management (26 centers, 39.39%).

CONCLUSIONS

The implementation of elements differed from center to center. Measures relying primarily on anesthesiologists had lower execution. The adherence to ERAS elements was often inhibited by a lack of institutional support, poor knowledge of ERAS protocols, and difficulties in coordinating multidisciplinary care, as well intransigence in changing surgical practices out of fear of liability for poor outcomes.

Biliary atresia and congenital disorders of the extrahepatic bile ducts

Biliary atresia (BA) and choledochal cysts are diseases of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. While their exact etiopathogeneses are not known, they should be treated promptly due to the potential for irreversible parenchymal liver disease. A diagnosis of BA may be easy or complicated, but should not be delayed. BA is always treated surgically, and performing the surgery before the age of 2 mo greatly increases its effectiveness and extends the time until the need for liver transplantation arises. While the more common types of choledochal cysts require surgical treatment, some can be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Choledochal cysts may cause recurrent cholangitis and the potential for malignancy should not be ignored.

Pathogenesis of Choledochal Cyst: Insights from Genomics and Transcriptomics

Choledochal cysts (CC) is characterized by extra- and/or intra-hepatic b\ile duct dilations. There are two main theories, “pancreaticobiliary maljunction” and “congenital stenosis of bile ducts” proposed for the pathogenesis of CC. Although family cases or CC associated with other anomalies have been reported, the molecular pathogenesis of CC is still poorly understood. Recent advances in transcriptomics and genomics analysis platforms have unveiled key expression signatures/genes/signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of human diseases including CC. This review summarizes insights from genomics and transcriptomics studies into the pathogenesis of CC, with the aim to improve (i) our understanding of its underlying complex pathomechanisms, and (ii) clinical management of different subtypes of CC, in particular their associated hepatic fibrotic change and their risk of malignancy transformation.

MED12-related Hardikar syndrome: Two additional cases and novel phenotypic features

Hardikar syndrome (HS) is a MED12‐related ultra‐rare multiple congenital malformation syndrome known to affect the gastrointestinal, cardiac, and genitourinary systems among other features including cleft lip/palate and pigmentary retinopathy. Only 10 patients affected with HS have been previously described in literature, of which seven were molecularly confirmed. We report a 20‐year‐old and a 13‐month‐old patient with HS diagnosed by exome sequencing bringing the total number of clinically diagnosed cases to 12 and MED12 associated to 9. We describe previously unreported molecular and clinical findings associated with HS and review all reported cases to permit prompt diagnosis, appropriate management, and genetic counseling of HS patients.

Relationship between high bile juice amylase levels and chronic bacterial infections in patients with gallbladder cancer

Purpose

Pancreatic enzyme reflux into the biliary tract is associated with chronic inflammation and increased cellular proliferation in the biliary epithelium, leading to biliary carcinoma. We evaluated the relationship between high bile juice amylase levels and biliary microflora in patients with malignant gallbladder lesions.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 25 gallbladder specimens were obtained from patients with gallbladder cancer to evaluate amylase levels and perform bacterial culture. The samples were divided into high and low amylase groups and culture-positive and negative groups for analysis. Bile juice amylase 3 times higher than the normal serum amylase level (36–128 IU/L) was considered high.

Results

The number of positive cultures was higher in the high amylase group than in the low amylase group, but the difference was insignificant. There were no differences in other clinicopathological factors. Sixteen patients showed positive culture results; Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. were the most common gram-negative bacteria, whereas Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp. were the most common gram-positive bacteria. Age and bile juice amylase levels were significantly higher in the culture-positive group than in the culture-negative group. The incidence of bacterial resistance to cephalosporins was 6.25%–35.29%, and this incidence was particularly high for lower-generation cephalosporins.

Conclusion

Bacteria in gallbladder were identified more frequently when the amylase level was high. High amylase levels in the gallbladder can be associated with caused chronic bacterial infections with occult pancreaticobiliary reflux, potentially triggering gallbladder cancer.

Clinical characteristics of patients with malignancy and long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of patients with choledochal cyst

Purpose

There are few reports of postoperative long-term malignant risk or postoperative sequelae after surgery for choledochal cysts (CCs). This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with malignancy and the long-term results of operated CC.

Methods

The patients who underwent surgical treatments for CC between 2003 and 2020 at Seoul National University Hospital were enrolled. Clinicopathologic factors and pre-/postoperative computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed.

Results

Of the 153 patients, Todani classification Ic (36.6%), C-P type (43.8%) anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct union were the most common type respectively. Fourteen patients (9.2%) had biliary tract cancer and a comparison of patients with and without malignancy showed that the diameter of cyst was significantly lower in malignant patients and malignancy was observed to be significantly higher in P-C type. The incidence of long-term complications was 9.8%, and the median time interval was 30 months. The 2 most common complications were cholangitis and stricture (60.0%). There was one case of new cancer near the intrapancreatic remnant bile duct.

Conclusion

Of the resected CCs, 9.2% had a combined malignancy on the biliary tracts. Long-term complications such as cholangitis, anastomotic stricture, and new cancers may occur. Therefore, continuous surveillance is required.

Unusual cause of gastric outlet obstruction mimicking superior mesenteric artery syndrome: A case of infiltrative duodenal cancer arising from a choledochocele

Choledochocele is a rare subtype of choledochal cyst and is associated with increased prevalence of periampullary cancers. Here, we report an unusual manifestation of infiltrative duodenal cancer arising from a choledochocele, involving superficial spreading (muscularis mucosae) of cancer cells along the duodenum causing gastric outlet obstruction, which clinically mimicked superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Histologically, wide spread of cancer cells was confirmed from periampullary region to duodenojejunal junction showing mismatch with radiologic findings, in which the cancer segment was mainly located in the distal duodenum. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings are discussed with literature reviews.

[Comparative analysis of the bile duct reconstruction methods in children with choledochal malformation]

OBJECTIVE

To compare various methods of bile duct reconstruction in children with choledochal malformation (CM).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

There were 99 children with CM over 10-year period. Mini-laparotomy (ML), laparoscopy (LS) and laparotomy (LT) were used. We performed radical CM resection and bile duct reconstruction using Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (RYHJ) and hepaticoduodenostomy (HD). Surgery time, short-term and long-term postoperative outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS

ML was performed in 39 patients, LS - 51 patients, LT - 9 patients. In case of LS, hospital-stay was significantly lower after intracorporeal RYHJ formation compared to extracorporeal technique (p=0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test). Intracorporeal RYHJ requires more time (p=0.0003). Intestinal passage recovered 3 times faster in the ML RYHJ group compared to the LS RYHJ group (p=0.016, Mann-Whitney U-test). ML RYHJ was followed by significantly less duration of postoperative narcotic anesthesia compared to LS HD (3 vs. 4 days, p=0.02, Mann-Whitney U-test). In our study, ML RYHJ has an advantage over LS RYHJ regarding long-term outcomes. HD resulted higher incidence of severe postoperative pancreatitis (p=0.033) that required surgical correction (LT, p=0.043).

CONCLUSION

ML RYHJ has some advantages over other methods of bile duct reconstruction. Therefore, we can currently recommend this method as a preferable one.

Risk factors for preoperative carcinogenesis of bile duct cysts in adults

BACKGROUND

Bile duct cyst (BDC) is a rare congenital bile duct malformation. The incidence of bile duct malignancy in BDC patients is markedly higher than that in the general population. However, few studies have been conducted on the risk factors for preoperative carcinogenesis in BDC patients.

AIM

To analyze the risk factors associated with preoperative carcinogenesis in BDC patients.

METHODS

The medical records of BDC patients treated at our hospital between January 2012 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. We constructed a database and compared the characteristics of BDC patients with dysplasia and carcinoma against those with benign cysts. The risk factors for preoperative carcinogenesis were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses.

RESULTS

The cohort comprised 109 BDC patients. Ten patients had preoperative dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that gallbladder wall thickness > 0.3 cm [odds ratio (OR), 6.551; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.351 to 31.763; P = 0.020] and Todani type IV (OR, 7.675; 95%CI, 1.584 to 37.192; P = 0.011) were independent factors associated with preoperative carcinogenesis.

CONCLUSION

BDC is a premalignant condition. Our findings show that gallbladder wall thickness > 0.3 cm and Todani type IV are independent risk factors for preoperative carcinogenesis of BDC. They are therefore useful for deciding on the appropriate treatment strategy, especially in asymptomatic patients.

Clinical Characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma: A Large-Scale, Single-Center Study

Background:Clonorchis sinensis (CS) infection is considered a group 1 carcinogen of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). There were very few studies regarding clinical characteristics of CS-associated CCA (CACC). This study aimed to investigate clinical characteristics of patients with CCA with or without CS infection.

Methods: A total of 367 patients diagnosed with CCA who underwent diagnostic tests for CS infection were enrolled. CS infection was defined as follows: at least one positive serum ELISA test, skin test, stool microscopy, or bile microscopy.

Results: There were 95 (26%) patients with CS infections. The median follow-up duration was 14.9 months (range, 6.07–36.17). The following significant differences were noted among patients with CACC compared to non-CACC; diagnosis at younger age (median 62 years vs. 65 years, p = 0.018), higher male to female ratio (83.2 vs. 61.8%, p < 0.001), and residence in CS-endemic area (46.3 vs. 25.4%, p = 0.014). Univariate analysis of prognostic factors indicated that tumor location, curative resection, tumor stage, and laboratory tests including CA 19-9, CEA, and bilirubin were significantly associated with overall survival, but CS infection was not. In multivariate analysis, tumor location, CEA, curative resection and tumor stage were identified as independent prognostic factors. Among patients under age 64, CACC group had lower survival rate than non-CACC group (p = 0.022).

Conclusions: CACC had the following significant characteristics compared to non-CACC; diagnosis at younger age, higher male to female ratio, higher prevalence in CS endemic areas and poorer overall survival in patients under age 64.

Evaluation and Pathologic Classification of Choledochal Cysts: Clinicopathologic Analysis of 84 Cases From the West

Choledochal cyst (CC) is believed to be a mostly Asian disorder. As a clinically defined entity, its pathologic correlates are poorly characterized. Eighty-four resected CCs from the West were reanalyzed. After applying established Japanese criteria, 9/66 with available imaging were disqualified and 10/39 with preoperative cyst typing had to be recategorized. None had been diagnosed with, or evaluated for, pancreatobiliary maljunction, but on retrospective analysis of radiologic images, 12/66 were found to have pancreatobiliary maljunction. The clinical findings were: F/M=5.7; mean age, 48; most (77%) presented with abdominal pain; mean size, 2.9 cm; choledocholithiasis 11%. Gross/histologic examination revealed 3 distinct pathology-based categories: (I) Cystic dilatation of native ducts (81%). (II) Double bile duct (13%), almost all of which were found in women (10/11); all were diagnosed by pathologic examination, and not preoperative diagnosis. (III) Gastrointestinal (GI) duplication type (6%). Microscopic findings of the entire cohort included mucosal-predominant lymphoplasmacytic inflammation (50%), follicular cholangitis (7%), mucosal hyperplasia (43%; 13% with papillae), intestinal metaplasia (10%), BilIN-like hyperplasia (17%), erosion/ulceration (13%), and severe dysplasia-mimicking atypia including "detachment atypia" and micropapillary degeneration (11%). Carcinomatous changes were seen in 14 cases (17%) (high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ in 7, intraductal papillary neoplasm 1, and invasive carcinoma 6); and 13/14 of these occurred in pathologic category I, all with cyst size >1 cm. In conclusion, diagnostic imaging guidelines used in Asia are not routinely used (but should be adopted) in the West. Pathologically, cases designated as CC are classifiable in 3 groups: category 1 (dilated native duct type), more prone to carcinomatous change; category 2, double-duct phenomenon (all but 1 being female in this study); and category 3, GI-type duplication. Overall, 17% of CCs show carcinomatous change (50% of them invasive). CC specimens should be carefully examined with this classification and submitted entirely for assessment of at-risk mucosa and cancerous transformation.

Squamous cell carcinoma arising within choledochal cyst managed by pancreaticoduodenectomy: A case report

Introduction and importance

Choledochal cysts (CC) are rare cystic dilatation of the biliary trees. Malignancy is one of the important significant findings in CC and its incidence increases with age. Associated squamous cell carcinoma of the choledochal cyst is an uncommon pathological finding.

Case presentation

We present a 21-year-old male diagnosed with type 1 CC and planned for excision of the cystic dilated extrahepatic biliary tract with hepaticojejunal anastomosis in Roux-en-Y but underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy due to intraoperative palpable mass of CC which was adhered to the duodenum and pancreatic head. Histopathology of the excised specimen revealed squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the choledochal cyst.

Discussion

CC represents a rare biliary cystic disease. Though infrequent, malignant transformation in CC includes cholangiocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and rarely SCC. The post-operative management for SCC in CC is ill-defined and carries a grave prognosis.

Conclusion

The choledochal cyst should be completely excised wherever possible to avoid the possible malignant transformation in CC including SCC.

•

Associated malignancy of the Choledochal cyst (CC) is unusual and squamous cell carcinoma in CC is rare.

•

An underlying malignancy should be suspected when a palpable mass in CC is found intraoperatively.

•

Management of choledochal cyst can vary from cyst excision to more radical surgery like Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

[Squamous cell carcinoma of the gallbladder complicating a cystic dilation of the cystic duct and common bile duct: a case report]

Congenital cystic disease of the biliary tree is a known risk factor for gallbladder cancer. We here report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the bile duct (BD) complicating a cystic dilatation of the bile ducts in a 54-year-old woman hospitalized for biliary pancreatitis. Abdominal scanner showed nodular thickening of the fundus of the gallbladder and fusiform dilation of the cystic duct and the main bile duct (VBP) with lesion of the tail of the pancreas, initially suggesting mucinous cystadenoma. Extended cholecystectomy involving the gallbladder fossa with resection of the distal biliary tract, choledocoduodenal anastomosis with caudal splenopancreatectomy + drainage were performed. Histopathological examination of the gallbladder mass revealed moderately differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma without infiltration of the hepatic parenchyma. The patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient did not have the common symptoms of gallbladder cancer. Then radiology was necessary to make a diagnosis. Surgery is the best therapeutic option for early-stage gallbladder cancer, but adjuvant chemo-radiation may also be useful in treating these patients. Cholecystectomy with resection of cystic dilatation of the bile duct in high-risk patients are the most effective means of prevention.

Role of ultrasound in follow-up after choledochal cyst surgery

Choledochal cyst, which is a congenital dilatation of the bile duct, is a common congenital disease requiring surgical repair. This disease usually occurs in children aged < 10 years, necessitating a relatively long follow-up after repair. The incidence of this congenital disease in Asian countries, including Japan, was reported to be higher than that in other countries. Thus, follow-up of pediatric patients after choledochal cyst surgery is especially important in Japan. Specific or non-specific choledochal cyst repair complications occur in various organs and are categorized as early or late complications. In the liver, biliary obstruction, such as an anastomotic stricture or intrahepatic bile duct stone, may occur. Biliary carcinoma is an important late complication. In the pancreas, pancreatitis, residual bile duct dilation, or pancreatic fistula/leakage may occur. In the intestines, Roux-en-Y reconstruction complications, such as an obstruction at the site of anastomosis or retrograde intussusception, may occur in the early and late phases. Some complications warrant urgent surgical intervention. In this review, we present the sonographic findings of choledochal cyst repair complications to guide clinicians in conducting a careful evaluation of the involved organs in the presence of these complications.

Circulating Tumor DNA in Biliary Tract Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

Peripheral blood of cancer patients "physiologically" presents cells and cellular components deriving from primary or metastatic sites, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating free DNA (cfDNA) and exosomes containing proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The term circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) indicates the part of cfDNA which derives from primary tumors and/or metastatic sites, carrying tumor-specific genetic or epigenetic alterations. Analysis of ctDNA has enormous potential applications in all stages of cancer management, including earlier diagnosis of cancer, identification of driver alterations, monitoring of treatment response and detection of resistance mechanisms. Thus, ctDNA has the potential to profoundly change current clinical practice, by moving from tissue to peripheral blood as a source of information. Herein, we review current literature regarding the potential role for ctDNA in biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients, with a particular focus on state-of-the-art techniques and future perspectives of this highly aggressive disease.

Choledochal cysts: Management and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND

Choledochal cysts are congenital anomalies that can occur at any level of the biliary tree. They carry long-term risk of biliary complications and cancer development. Complete excision of all involved bile ducts is recommended.

METHODS

Patients treated between 1995 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively.

RESULTS

Sixty patients; 46 female and 14 male with a median age of 41 years (range 13-83) were included in the study. Mild abdominal pain was the most common presenting symptom (60%). Majority of the patients had Todani type I cysts (67%). Concomitant biliary malignancy was diagnosed in five patients (9%). Eight patients were followed-up conservatively (13%). Twenty-five patients were treated by excision of the extrahepatic bile ducts and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, liver resection was added in seven, pancreatoduodenectomy was done in three and liver transplantation in one. There was no perioperative mortality. Postoperative complications developed in 17 patients (34%), two requiring surgical treatment. Four of the five patients with malignancies died at a median 42 months (range 6-95) following surgery. Median 62 months (range 8-280) follow-up was available in 45 surgically treated patients, 19 followed-up for more than 10 years. None of the patients developed malignancy during follow-up. Four patients (17%) were readmitted for anastomotic strictures requiring treatment.

CONCLUSION

The majority of choledochal cysts are Todani type-I and early cyst excision is the mainstay of management, which may decrease the risk of malignant transformation.

Management of Choledochal Cysts at a Tertiary Care Centre: A Nine-Year Experience from India

Background

Although choledochal cyst disease is seen predominantly in childhood, it is becomingly increasingly diagnosed in adult patients.

Methods

Data of 36 patients with choledochal cysts managed in our institute between January 2010 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Median age at presentation was 37 years (range: 13–72 years). Female-to-male ratio was 3.5 : 1. All patients were symptomatic, and abdominal pain was the most common symptom. 72.2% had other associated conditions. There was a considerable delay from the onset of symptoms to referral, median duration being 348 days. There were 28 cases of type I (77.8%), 5 cases of type IVA (13.9%), and 3 cases of type IVB (8.3%). Cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was performed in 29 (80.55%) cases. This procedure was combined with a left lateral sectionectomy, left hepatectomy, and radical cholecystectomy in 1, 2, and 1 cases, respectively. Lilly's technique was used in 2 cases, and cyst excision with hepaticoduodenostomy was performed in 1 case. Early complications were seen in 21 patients (58.3%), and late complications were seen in 5 patients (13.8%). 2 patients were found to have associated malignancies. One patient was detected to have cholangiocarcinoma in the resected liver incidentally, and another patient was diagnosed to have gall bladder cancer intraoperatively.

Conclusion

Choledochal cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of adults presenting with epigastric or right hypochondrium pain or jaundice. A thorough preoperative evaluation is required. Cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy forms the standard treatment in most cases. Long-term follow-up is essential for management of complications and early detection of malignant change.

Management strategies and treatment results of pediatric choledochal malformations in the Nordic countries

BACKGROUND

Incidence and long-term outcomes of choledochal malformations (CMs) in children remain unclear.

METHODS

Clinical characteristics, operative details, complications, and follow-up data were collected from eight pediatric surgical centers in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland, which also answered a questionnaire addressing management practices.

RESULTS

During 2000-2017, 126 pediatric CMs were diagnosed, corresponding an incidence of 1:37,400. Diagnostic, treatment, and follow-up practices varied markedly. Of patients with complete clinical data (n = 119), 85% and 11% had type I and IV CMs and were managed by open hepaticojejunostomy at median age of 2.5 (interquartile range 0.46-5.8) years. Associated malformations were more common in fusiform and type IV (23%) than cystic CMs (8%, p = 0.043). Pancreaticobiliary maljunction was more frequently confirmed in patients presenting with pancreatitis (26% vs. 7%, p = 0.005) and with fusiform CMs (56% vs. 25%, p = 0.001). Cholangitis/pancreatitis episodes, occurring in 12% during postoperative follow-up of 4.0 (2.0-7.9) years, associated with longer surveillance (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13-1.54, p < 0.001). However, only two thirds of centers continued follow-up until adulthood. No malignancies were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

CM incidence was higher than traditionally reported among Western populations. Although open hepaticojejunostomy carries good short-term outcomes, long-term morbidity is noteworthy. Standardized evidence-based management strategies and long-term follow-up are encouraged.

Clinical Features and Surgical Management of Bile Duct Cyst in Adults

Objectives

Bile duct cyst (BDC) is a rare congenital biliary malformation with 20% of cases initially diagnosed during adulthood. Although the incidence of BDC in adults is increasing worldwide, the clinical features of adult BDC remain unclear. The present study was aimed at characterizing the demographic and clinical features of this rare disease.

Methods

We constructed a retrospective database and analyzed records of 106 patients (mean age, 41.0 ± 14.8 years; 18 men (17.0%)) with BDC treated at our institution from May 2012 to October 2018. Data collected included demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, surgical patterns, and prognoses. We compared the characteristics of patients undergoing their primary BDC resection against those of patients undergoing reoperation. Risk factors for bile duct infection (BDI), a common complication of BDC, were identified using univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

Abdominal pain was the most common preoperative symptom, but 12 patients (11.3%) were asymptomatic. Ninety-nine patients underwent their primary BDC resection, and 7 patients received reoperation at our hospital. There was no significant difference in the postoperative complication rate between the two groups. Ninety-four patients were followed up for 37.8 ± 23.8 months, and BDI occurred in 33 patients (35.1%). Hilar anastomosis was an independent risk factor for BDI (odds ratio = 3.561; 95%confidence interval = 1.101, 11.517; and p = 0.034).

Conclusion

BDC was more frequent in women and abdominal pain was the most common preoperative symptom. The primary reason for reoperation was anastomotic stenosis. Reoperation had similar outcomes to primary resection and may be considered safe and acceptable if performed by a skillful surgeon. BDI was the most frequent postoperative complication with hilar anastomosis being the only independent risk factor. This highlights the importance of proper bile duct flow for surgical outcomes of BDC.

Laparoscopic-assisted cyst excision and ductoplasty plus widened portoenterostomy for choledochal cysts with a narrow portal bile duct

BACKGROUND

Complete cyst excision with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is the standard procedure for choledochal cysts (CCs). In recent years, neonates have been increasingly diagnosed with CCs prenatally. Earlier treatment has been recommended to avoid complications. For type IVa malformation without extensive intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, laparoscopic hepaticojejunostomy is technically challenging, and anastomotic stricture is a concern. Therefore, we propose laparoscopic synthetical techniques-laparoscopic excision of cyst and ductoplasty plus widened portoenterostomy to avoid stricture in CCs with a narrow hilar duct.

METHODS

An anastomosis was created around the transected end of the common bile duct in 12 minipigs (Group A), and another 12 minipigs (Group B) received conventional cholangiojejunostomy. Anastomotic diameter measurements and cholangiography were conducted at different times. Histological findings of inflammation and scarring were compared. The expression levels of TGF-β1 and type I collagen were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Between January 2012 and January 2016, laparoscopic excision of cyst and ductoplasty plus widened portoenterostomy were performed on 29 children with confirmed CCs with a narrow portal bile duct who were followed up for 12-48 months.

RESULTS

Group A survived well without obstruction. Slight inflammation and fibrotic tissue were confined to the bile duct periphery. In Group B, five pigs developed stricture. Severe inflammation and diffuse fibrosis affected the whole layer of the anastomosis. Fibrotic biomarkers were significantly higher postoperatively in Group B. Clinically, 29 patients exhibited satisfactory outcomes. No anastomotic stricture has been observed to date.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic synthetical techniques may be a superior option to prevent anastomotic stricture in treating CCs with a narrow portal bile duct.

Cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology and risk factors

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous disease arising from a complex interaction between host-specific genetic background and multiple risk factors. Globally, CCA incidence rates exhibit geographical variation, with much higher incidence in parts of the Eastern world compared to the West. These differences are likely to reflect differences in geographical risk factors as well as genetic determinants. Of note, over the past few decades, the incidence rates of CCA appear to change and subtypes of CCA appear to show distinct epidemiological trends. These trends need to be interpreted with caution given the issues of diagnosis, recording and coding of subtypes of CCA. Epidemiological evidences suggest that in general population some risk factors are less frequent but associated with a higher CCA risk, while others are more common but associated with a lower risk. Moreover, while some risk factors are shared by intrahepatic and both extrahepatic forms, others seem more specific for one of the two forms. Currently some pathological conditions have been clearly associated with CCA development, and other conditions are emerging; however, while their impact in increasing CCA risk as single etiological factors has been provided in many studies, less is known when two or more risk factors co-occur in the same patient. Moreover, despite the advancements in the knowledge of CCA aetiology, in Western countries about 50% of cases are still diagnosed without any identifiable risk factor. It is therefore conceivable that other still undefined etiologic factors are responsible for the recent increase of CCA (especially iCCA) incidence worldwide.

Proper bile duct flow, rather than radical excision, is the most critical factor determining treatment outcomes of bile duct cysts

Background

The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of the extent of excision and the patent bile duct flow on treatment outcomes of bile duct cysts (BDCs).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the records of 382 patients who received surgery for BDCs from January 2005 to December 2014.

Results

For Type Ia cysts, proper bile flow was associated with good long-term treatment outcomes with a greater level of significance (p < 0.001) than complete excision (p = 0.012). For Type IVa cysts, proper bile flow, but not complete excision, was associated with good long-term outcomes (p < 0.00001). In addition, 96.3% (104/108) of Type IVa patients with proper bile flow had no late complications and good biliary function, while no patient without patent bile flow had a good clinical outcome. For Type Ic cysts, 92 patients who received partial excisions had good outcomes when proper bile flow was restored. Regression analysis revealed that the absence of proper bile flow, in comparison to incomplete excision, is a greater risk factor for poor long-term treatment effects for Type Ia and Type IVa cysts.

Conclusions

Compared to complete excision, the establishment of proper bile flow exerted a greater impact on improving long-term clinical outcomes after BDC surgery.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12876-018-0862-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Type V biliary cyst with cystolithiasis

We present the case of a 40-year-old female who presented to the General Surgery clinic due to a single episode of abdominal pain which required a visit to the Emergency Department. The patient had undergone surgery during childhood due to the suspicion of a hepatic hydatid cyst. However, an intraoperative cholangiography identified a small, non-complicated biliary cyst. Therefore, a hepatic resection was not performed. The patient did not undergo follow-up of the lesion.

Comparison of surgical outcomes of intracorporeal hepaticojejunostomy in the excision of choledochal cysts using laparoscopic versus robot techniques

Purpose

Increasing surgical expertise in minimally invasive surgery has allowed laparoscopic surgery to be performed in many abdominal surgeries. Laparoscopic choledochal cyst excision and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy are challenging and sophisticated surgeries because of the difficult anastomosis. Recent advances in robotic surgery have enabled more delicate and precise movements, and Endowrist instruments allow for securing sutures during anastomosis. This study aimed to compare surgical outcomes of laparoscopic and robotic hepaticojejunostomy in choledochal cyst excision.

Methods

Sixty-seven patients who underwent laparoscopic or robotic-hybrid choledochal cyst excision from 2004 to 2016 were retrospectively analyzed and compared. In robotic surgery, dissection was performed laparoscopically, and hepaticojejunostomy was performed using a robotic platform.

Results

The mean operative time was significantly longer in robotic surgery than in laparoscopic surgery (247.94 ± 54.14 minutes vs. 181.31 ± 43.06 minutes, P < 0.05). The mean estimated blood loss (108.71 ± 15.53 mL vs. 172.78 ± 117.46 mL, respectively, P = 0.097) and postoperative hospital stay (7.33 ± 2.96 days vs. 6.22 ± 1.06 days, P = 0.128) were comparable between procedures. Compared to the laparoscopic approaches, robotic surgery had significantly less short-term complications (22.4% vs. 0%, P = 0.029). There were more biliary leakage (n = 7, 14.3%) observed during the first 30 days after surgery in laparoscopy while none were observed in the robotic method.

Conclusion

Robotic surgery allow for more precise and secure sutures during anastomosis thereby reducing biliary complications. With expanding knowledge and expertise, robotic surgery may offer more advantages over laparoscopy in the era of minimally invasive surgery.

The timing of surgery of antenatally diagnosed choledochal malformations: A descriptive analysis of a 26-year nationwide cohort

INTRODUCTION

Choledochal malformations (CMs) are increasingly diagnosed antenatally. There is a dilemma between early surgery to prevent CM-related symptoms and postponing surgery to reduce complications. We aimed to identify the optimal timing of surgery in asymptomatic neonates with antenatally diagnosed CM and to identify predictors for development of symptoms.

METHODS

Using the Netherlands Study group on CHoledochal Cyst/malformation (NeSCHoc) we retrospectively collected demographic, biochemical and surgical data from all Dutch patients with an antenatally detected CM.

RESULTS

Between 1989 and 2014, antenatally suspected CM was confirmed in 17 patients at a median age of 10days (1day-2months). Four patients developed symptoms directly after birth (24%). Thirteen patients (76%) remained asymptomatic. Two of these progressed to symptoms before surgical intervention at 0.7 and 2.1months resp. Postoperatively, four patients developed short-term complications and three developed long-term complications. Patients <5.6kg (the series median) showed more short-term complications (66%) when compared to patients >5.6kg (0%, p=0.02).

CONCLUSION

When not symptomatic within the first days of life, the majority of children with antenatally detected CM remains asymptomatic. Surgery might safely be delayed to the age of 6months or a weight of 6kg. Postponing surgery in the clinically and biochemical asymptomatic patient might decrease the complication rate.

LEVELS OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

Modified biliary-enteric anastomosis for congenital choledochal cyst: clinical and prognostic analysis of 91 cases

PURPOSE

To report our experience with a modified biliary-enteric anastomosis procedure for the surgical treatment of congenital choledochal cysts.

METHODS

Between January 2009 and December 2013, 91 children (19 boys, 72 girls; ages, 6-145 months) with congenital choledochal cysts were treated with our modified surgical procedure in our hospital. Of these patients, 69 had type I cysts, and 22 had type IV B cysts. The main parameters analyzed mainly included the operative time, duration of bowel recovery, resumption of diet, postoperative hospital stay, liver-function tests, postoperative complications, and prognosis.

RESULTS

The average operation duration was 129.34 ± 23.50 min. The time until first flatus and resumption of oral diet were 26.51 ± 4.13 h and 5.47 ± 0.77 day, respectively. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 11.84 ± 2.58 day. Postoperative complications occurred in six patients: intestinal obstruction (1 patient), postoperative bleeding (1 patient), postoperative pancreatitis (1 patient), and bile leakage (3 patients). During a follow-up of 2-7 years, four cases of occasional abdominal pain were found. Contrast agent reflux was detected on upper gastrointestinal imaging in three children. All children had good nutrition.

CONCLUSION

The modified biliary-enteric anastomosis is a safe, simple, and reliable technique. However, longer follow-up and a larger sample size are necessary to prove its efficacy in the treatment of congenital choledochal cysts.

Biliary Anomalies in Patients With HNF1B Diabetes

CONTEXT

The clinical spectrum of organogenetic anomalies associated with HNF1B mutations is heterogeneous. Besides cystic kidney disease, diabetes, and various other manifestations, odd cases of mainly neonatal and posttransplantation cholestasis have been described. The biliary phenotype is incompletely defined.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically characterize HNF1B-related anomalies in the bile ducts by imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP).

SETTING AND PATIENTS

Fourteen patients with HNF1B mutations in the catchment area of the Helsinki University Hospital were evaluated with upper abdominal MRI and MRCP. Blood samples and clinical history provided supplemental data on the individual phenotype.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Structural anomalies in the biliary system, medical history of cholestasis, other findings in abdominal organs, diabetes and antihyperglycemic treatment, hypomagnesemia, and hyperuricemia.

RESULTS

Structural anomalies of the bile ducts were found in seven of 14 patients (50%). Six patients had choledochal cysts, which are generally considered premalignant.

CONCLUSIONS

Structural anomalies of the biliary system were common in HNF1B mutation carriers. The malignant potential of HNF1B-associated choledochal cysts warrants further studies.

Pediatric choledochal cysts: diagnosis and current management

Choledochal cysts are rare congenital disorders first described by Vater and Ezler in 1723. Their exact etiology remains incompletely understood; however, an anomalous pancreaticobiliary union (APBDU) and subsequent reflux of biliary contents into the biliary tree are thought to play a role. Accordingly, APBDU-associated choledochal cyst patients are significantly more likely to have evidence of hepatitis, cholangitis or pancreatitis and pathologically confirmed inflammation. In 1977, Todani and colleagues modified the original Alonso-Lej classification to include five types of CC. Type I and IV are the most common and most likely to be associated with malignancy. The majority of choledochal cysts are diagnosed in childhood. Clinical presentation varies and most often consists of nonspecific abdominal pain. Diagnosis is typically accomplished using multimodality imaging techniques including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and MRCP. The use of diagnostic PTC and ERCP in CC has been largely replaced by MRCP. Appropriate management consists of prompt, complete cyst excision followed by restoration of biliary enteric continuity when necessary. Minimally invasive CC resection in the pediatric population has demonstrated acceptable outcomes. Prognosis is generally excellent; however, malignancy risk remains higher than the general population even after complete surgical excision.

Reoperation After Cyst Excision with Hepaticojejunostomy for Choledochal Cysts: Our Experience in 18 Cases

Background

Complete cyst excision with biliary reconstruction is the treatment of choice for choledochal cyst (CC). The aim of this article is to review our experience in patients who underwent reoperation between January 1995 and December 2014.

Material/Methods

The records of 18 patients (female/male, 15/3) were retrospectively analyzed including age, sex, cyst type, initial procedure, lab and imaging findings, indications for reoperation, intraoperative findings, and results of reoperation. The median follow-up period was 6 years.

Results

The rate of reoperation in this study was about 6.8%. Eighteen patients (7 type Ia, 2Ic, 9 IV-A) developed severe postoperative complications and required surgical intervention. The median time interval from primary surgery to reoperation was 19.5 months (range, 3 days to 8 years). Two early complications required surgery due to anastomotic bile leakage and intussusception. Sixteen late complications occurred, including 3 intrahepatic bile duct stenosis with calculi, 5 anastomotic strictures with/without stones, 4 intrapancreatic cyst remnants, 3 adhesive bowel obstructions, and 1 internal hernia. For patients with persistent dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct or anastomotic stricture, removal of stones and revision of hepaticojejunostomy were performed, with additional hepatic ductoplasty when necessary. Radical excision of the dilated cystic remnant in the head of pancreas was performed in 4 patients, with 1 needing additional pancreaticojejunostomy procedure. No deaths occurred. Sixteen patients recovered uneventfully after reoperation, and 2 wound infections developed.

Conclusions

A wide hepaticojejunostomy with/without ductoplasty is essential to prevent cholangitis, anastomotic stricture, and calculi formation. Complete cyst excision, including the intrapancreatic portion, should be meticulously pursued.

Surveillance in cholangiocellular carcinoma

Cholangiocellular carcinoma is the most frequent malignant neoplasm originating from the epithelium of intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. In the past decades, the incidence of cholangiocarcinoma has been shown to increase while overall mortality has remained high with an approximate 5-year overall survival below 20%. Surgery remains the only curative option while systemic treatment is limited to palliative chemotherapy. Therefore, surveillance strategies for patients at risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma are urgently needed, particularly in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and patients infected with liver flukes. Here we summarize the currently available data on surveillance of risk populations and methods for the detection of cholangiocarcinoma.

Biliary cancer developed after the reparative surgery for congenital choledochal cyst: a case report and review of the literature

The incidence of bile duct cancer developed in the patients with congenital choledochal cysts (CC) with a history of reparative surgery is not well known. We experienced a case developed choleductal cancer 45 years after reparative surgery. She underwent reparative surgery with cyst excision and hepatic bile duct duodenal anastomosis at 1 year of age. She developed the symptoms of jaundice, anorexia, and dull pain in the right upper part of the abdomen at 47 years of age. The carcinoma arose from the dilated proximal bile duct anastomosed with the duodenum. Cholestasis and regurgitation of duodenal fluids seemed to have influenced the development of cancer in this patient. We additionally reviewed seven cohort studies concerning the incidence of biliary carcinoma after surgery for congenital choledocal cysts. The incidence of biliary cancer developed after surgery was 2.2 ± 2.5 (ranged 0-6.5)%. We also reviewed 33 Japanese case reports cited in Japan MEDLINE from 1986 to 2015. Regarding the CC types according to the Totani's classification, 12 were type I and 14 type IVa, 1 was type II and 6 were unknown type. The rate of coexistence of pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) was 92%, (22/24; other 9 cases were not documented), and biliary cancer arose from the proximal stump of the reparative surgery in 68% (17/25) and from the distal stump in 32% (8/25) of cases. These findings suggested that the reflux of pancreatic juice due to PBM only partially explained the carcinogenesis of CCs. Intensive follow-up of such patients throughout their lives is necessary to avoid cancer death even after standard reparative surgery.

Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm in a patient with choledochal cyst: a link between choledochal cyst and gallbladder cancer?

BACKGROUND

Intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms are rare precursor lesions of gallbladder cancer. They were proposed as a separate pathologic entity in 2012 by Adsay et al. for the unification of a variety of mass-forming precursor lesions including papillary adenomas, tubulopapillary adenomas, intestinal adenomas, and others. They are considered homologous to intrapapillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas and intrabiliary papillary neoplasms of the common bile duct. In contrast with the commoner flat-type precursor gallbladder cancer lesions, they follow a more indolent clinical course and probably different genetic pathways to carcinogenesis. They are largely uninvestigated with only a handful of studies providing biological and clinical information. Choledochal cysts are dilation of the common bile duct. Diagnosis is usually established during childhood, and only a minority of patients are diagnosed at adulthood. They are of major clinical importance as they are known predisposing factors for biliary carcinogenesis.

CASE PRESENTATION

The current report describes a patient with a simultaneous diagnosis of choledochal cyst and intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm. The patient underwent excision of the extrahepatic biliary tree for a Todani I choledochal cyst, and histological examination of the specimen revealed an intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm of the gallbladder. Authors describe diagnostic and clinical course of the patient alongside clinical and biological characteristics of these rare lesions.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with a simultaneous diagnosis of choledochal cyst and intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm. Those rare lesions shed light on different forms of gallbladder cancer carcinogenesis and its relationship with choledochal cysts and cholestasis.