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Hooijmans MT, Lockard CA, Zhou X, Coolbaugh C, Pineda Guzman R, Kersh ME, Damon BM. A registration strategy to characterize DTI-observed changes in skeletal muscle architecture due to passive shortening. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.11.589123. [PMID: 38645028 PMCID: PMC11030449 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.11.589123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle architecture is a key determinant of muscle function. Architectural properties such as fascicle length, pennation angle, and curvature can be characterized using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), but acquiring these data during a contraction is not currently feasible. However, an image registration-based strategy may be able to convert muscle architectural properties observed at rest to their contracted state. As an initial step toward this long-term objective, the aim of this study was to determine if an image registration strategy could be used to convert the whole-muscle average architectural properties observed in the extended joint position to those of a flexed position, following passive rotation. DTI and high-resolution fat/water scans were acquired in the lower leg of seven healthy participants on a 3T MR system in +20° (plantarflexion) and -10° (dorsiflexion) foot positions. The diffusion and anatomical images from the two positions were used to propagate DTI fiber-tracts from seed points along a mesh representation of the aponeurosis of fiber insertion. The -10° and +20° anatomical images were registered and the displacement fields were used to transform the mesh and fiber-tracts from the +20° to the -10° position. Student's paired t-tests were used to compare the mean architectural parameters between the original and transformed fiber-tracts. The whole-muscle average fiber-tract length, pennation angle, curvature, and physiological cross-sectional areas estimates did not differ significantly. DTI fiber-tracts in plantarflexion can be transformed to dorsiflexion position without significantly affecting the average architectural characteristics of the fiber-tracts. In the future, a similar approach could be used to evaluate muscle architecture in a contracted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Hooijmans
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carly A. Lockard
- Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Xingyu Zhou
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Crystal Coolbaugh
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Roberto Pineda Guzman
- Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Mariana E. Kersh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Bruce M. Damon
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Carle Clinical Imaging Research Program, Stephens Family Clinical Research Institute, Carle Health, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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Yildiz S, Arpak A, Yucesoy CA. Effects of elastic therapeutic taping on along-muscle fascicle local length changes: Magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging based assessment. J Biomech 2023; 160:111816. [PMID: 37776700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Elastic therapeutic taping is utilized for prevention and treatment of various neuromusculoskeletal disorders and sports injuries. Kinesio taping (KT) is a popular version of this practice. Despite being widely used to improve muscular function, an understanding of KT effects on muscular mechanics are lacking. Considering the continuity of the fascial system and its mechanical interaction with muscle fascicles intramuscularly, the aim was to test the following hypothesis: mechanical loading induced on the skin by KT leads to along-muscle fascicle local length changes and shear strains in the targeted muscle. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based local tissue deformation analyses and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based fiber tracking analyzes were combined. Anatomical MRI and DTI were acquired for 5 healthy female volunteers in 3 conditions: (1) without tape, (2) following sham application, and (3) after KT application. Local length changes and shear strains were calculated using image registration between conditions (1-2) and (2-3). Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed to compare the two conditions. Data pooled from all subjects show that KT-imposed along-muscle fascicle lengthening (mean ± SD 0.026 ± 0.020), shortening (0.032 ± 0.027) and shearing (0.087 ± 0.049) occur and are significantly higher than those caused by sham application (0.012 ± 0.010; 0.013 ± 0.015; 0.029 ± 0.021, respectively) (p < 0.001). KT induced along-muscle fascicle length changes locally show heterogeneity. Our findings indicate that KT affects both along-muscle fascicle length changes and shear strains. This can be explained by KT imposed myofascial loads over the skin being transmitted via the fascial system, non-uniformly manipulating the mechanical equilibrium locally at different parts along the muscle fascicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Yildiz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey; Health Science Faculty, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Department, Haliç University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Arda Arpak
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can A Yucesoy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Lu Y, Chen J, Zhang XL. Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Based on Myofascial Chains Alters the Lower-Limb Tension and Improves Health Status in Female Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:818-826. [PMID: 37527818 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity resistance exercise therapy (LIRET) based on myofascial chains, applied to both affected and nonlocal joints, is an effective method for knee osteoarthritis (OA) rehabilitation. This study applied LIRET in a comparison of prevalues and postvalues of lower-limb tension in female patients with knee OA and asymptomatic participants. METHODS Twenty-four female participants with knee OA and 20 asymptomatic women took part in a 3-month long application of LIRET. Participants' ankle passive torque and ankle range of motion in the sagittal plane were assessed with an isokinetic dynamometer. The collected values were used to estimate the sagittal-plane lower-limb tension. RESULTS Compared with the asymptomatic group, participants with knee OA presented decreased maximum ankle dorsiflexion (P < .001), decreased ankle plantar flexion range (P = .023), ankle resting position more inclined to dorsiflexion (P = .017), increased ankle dorsiflexion stiffness (P = .005), and lower ankle plantar flexion stiffness (P = .034). After exercise intervention, the knee OA group self-reported less knee pain (P < .001), improved physical function (P < .001), increased maximum dorsiflexion (P = .021), and increased plantar flexion range (P < .001). While plantar flexion stiffness increased (P = .037), dorsiflexion stiffness decreased (P = .015) and ankle resting position moved toward dorsiflexion (P = .002). Results suggest possible decreased anterior leg tension and possible increased posterior leg tension in patients with knee OA. CONCLUSIONS The results supported that knee OA patients present imbalanced myofascial tension of lower limbs. LIRET based on myofascial chains appears to decrease pain, and stiffness, and improve physical function of patients with knee OA and change their lower-limb tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Qilu Institute of Technology, Qufu, SD,China
| | - Jie Chen
- Qingdao Hengxing University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, SD,China
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand
| | - Xue-Lin Zhang
- Department of Physical Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, SD,China
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Finni T, de Brito Fontana H, Maas H. Force transmission and interactions between synergistic muscles. J Biomech 2023; 152:111575. [PMID: 37120913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The classical view of muscles as independent motors has been challenged over the past decades. An alternative view has emerged in which muscles are not isolated but embedded in a three-dimensional connective tissue network that links them to adjacent muscles and other non-muscular structures in the body. Animal studies showing that the forces measured at the distal and proximal ends of a muscle are not equal have provided undisputable evidence that these connective tissue linkages are strong enough to serve as an extra pathway for muscular force transmission. In this historical review, we first introduce the terminology and anatomy related to these pathways of muscle force transmission and provide a definition for the term epimuscular force transmission. We then focus on important experimental evidence indicating mechanical interactions between synergistic muscles that may affect force transmission and/or influence the muscles' force generating capacity. We illustrate that there may exist different expressions of the highly relevant force-length properties depending on whether the force is measured at the proximal or distal tendon and depending on the dynamics of surrounding structures. Changes in length, activation level or disruption of the connective tissue of neighboring muscles, can affect how muscles interact and produce force on the skeleton. While most direct evidence is from animal experiments, studies on humans also suggest functional implications of the connective tissues surrounding muscles. These implications may explain how distant segments, which are not part of the same joint system, affect force generation at a given joint, and, in clinical conditions, explain observations from tendon transfer surgeries, where a muscle transferred to act as an antagonist continues to produce agonistic moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heiliane de Brito Fontana
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tamartash H, Bahrpeyma F, Dizaji MM. Effect of Remote Myofascial Release on Lumbar Elasticity and Pain in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Chiropr Med 2023; 22:52-59. [PMID: 36844993 PMCID: PMC9947999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of myofascial release technique of a remote area on lumbar elasticity and low back pain (LBP) in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. Methods For this clinical trial, 32 participants with nonspecific LBP were assigned to a myofascial release group (n = 16) or a remote release group (n = 16). Participants in the myofascial release group received 4 sessions of myofascial release to the lumbar region. The remote release group received 4 myofascial release sessions to the crural and hamstring fascia of the lower limbs. Low back pain severity and elastic modulus of the lumbar myofascial tissue were assessed before and after treatment by the Numeric Pain Scale and ultrasonography examinations. Results The mean pain and elastic coefficient in each group before and after myofascial release interventions were significantly different (P ≤ .0005). The results showed that the changes in mean pain and elastic coefficient of the 2 groups after myofascial release interventions were not significantly different from each other (F1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 = 1.48, P = .230, 95% confidence interval) (effect size = 0.22). Conclusion The improvements in the outcome measures for both groups suggest that remote myofascial release was effective in patients with chronic nonspecific LBP. The remote myofascial release of the lower limbs reduced the elastic modulus of the lumbar fascia and LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tamartash
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Bahrpeyma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Relationship of Vertical Jump Performance and Ankle Joint Range of Motion: Effect of Knee Joint Angle and Handedness in Young Adult Handball Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060086. [PMID: 35736826 PMCID: PMC9228190 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of the ankle joint range of motion (ROM) on the vertical jump (VJ) performance of adult handball players. The active (ACT) and passive (PAS) ankle joint ROM of 12 male members of the U21 National Handball Team with the knee joint at 0°, 40°, and 90° flexion (0° = fully extended knee) was evaluated using a video analysis measuring method. Participants also performed maximum VJ with (CMJ) and without (SQJ) countermovement, as well as with (AS) and without (NAS) an arm swing. Statistical analyses included 2 × 2 × 3 MANOVA, 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation. Results reveal that PAS-ROM was larger (p < 0.05) in all knee joint flexion angles. ROM was smaller (p < 0.05) by approximately 10° at 0° compared to 90° knee flexion. No lateral effects on ROM due to the handedness of the players were observed. AS and CM resulted in increased jump height (p < 0.05). Finally, ACT-ROM when the knee joint was flexed at 40° was highly correlated (r ≥ 0.66, p < 0.05) with VJ performance except for CMJ-AS. In conclusion, the differences in the bi-articular gastrocnemius muscle flexibility due to the alteration of the angular position of the examined joints affected the ability to generate impulse during the VJ tests.
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Yucesoy CA, Pontén E, Valero-Cuevas FJ, Smeulders M, Simms CK. Editorial: Muscle Mechanics, Extracellular Matrix, Afferentation, Structural, and Neurological Coupling and Coordination in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:802202. [PMID: 34938207 PMCID: PMC8685432 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.802202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Héroux ME, Whitaker RM, Maas H, Herbert RD. Negligible epimuscular myofascial force transmission between the human rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles in passive conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3369-3377. [PMID: 34468860 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There have been contradictory reports of the effects of epimuscular myofascial force transmission in humans. This study investigated the transmission of myofascial force to the human vastus lateralis muscle by determining whether vastus lateralis slack angle changed with hip angle. Since the distance between the origin and insertion of the vastus lateralis muscle does not change when hip angle changes, any change in vastus lateralis slack angle with hip position can be attributed to epimuscular myofascial force transmission. METHODS Nineteen young adults were tested in hip flexed ([Formula: see text]) and neutral ([Formula: see text]) positions. Ultrasound images of the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained as the knee was passively flexed at [Formula: see text]/s. The knee angle at which vastus lateralis muscle fascicles began to lengthen was used to identify muscle slack angle. RESULTS Overall, there was a negligible effect of hip position on vastus lateralis slack angle ([Formula: see text] [[Formula: see text] to 1.9]; mean [95% confidence interval]). However, a small and variable effect was noted in 3/19 participants. CONCLUSION This result indicates that, over the range of joint angles tested here, there is little or no epimuscular myofascial force transmission between the vastus lateralis muscle and neighbouring bi-articular structures under passive conditions. More broadly, this result provides additional evidence that epimuscular myofascial force transmission tends to be small and variable under passive conditions in healthy human muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Héroux
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margaret Ainsworth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia. .,University of New South Wales, 2031, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
| | - Rachelle M Whitaker
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Margaret Ainsworth Building, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.,University of New South Wales, 2031, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Neurobiological tensegrity: The basis for understanding inter-individual variations in task performance? Hum Mov Sci 2021; 79:102862. [PMID: 34416490 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bernstein's (1996) levels of movement organization includes tonus, the muscular-contraction level that primes individual movement systems for (re)organizing coordination patterns. The hypothesis advanced is that the tonus architecture is a multi-fractal tensegrity system, deeply reliant on haptic perception for regulating movement of an individual actor in a specific environment. Further arguments have been proposed that the tensegrity-haptic system is implied in all neurobiological perception and -action. In this position statement we consider whether the musculoskeletal system can be conceptualized as a neurobiological tensegrity system, supporting each individual in co-adapting to many varied contexts of dynamic performance. Evidence for this position, revealed in investigations of judgments of object properties, perceived during manual hefting, is based on each participant's tensegrity. The implication is that the background organizational state of every individual is unique, given that no neurobiological architecture (musculo-skeletal components) is identical. The unique tensegrity of every organism is intimately related to individual differences, channeling individualized adaptations to constraints (task, environment, organismic), which change over different timescales. This neurobiological property assists transitions from one stable state of coordination to another which is needed in skill adaptation during performance. We conclude by discussing how tensegrity changes over time according to skill acquisition and learning.
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Panoutsakopoulos V, Kotzamanidou MC, Papaiakovou G, Kollias IA. The Ankle Joint Range of Motion and Its Effect on Squat Jump Performance with and without Arm Swing in Adolescent Female Volleyball Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010014. [PMID: 33546291 PMCID: PMC7931004 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A flexible ankle joint is suggested to be a contributing factor for vertical squat jump (SQJ) performance. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of the active (ACT) and passive (PAS) ankle joint range of motion (ROM) on SQJ performed by adolescent female volleyball players. ACT and PAS ankle ROM at knee extension angles of 90, 140, and 180 degrees (180 degrees: full extension) were measured with a video analysis method for 35 female post-pubertal volleyball players (16.3 ± 1.1 yrs, 1.80 ± 0.04 m, 68.8 ± 6.8 kg). Additionally, the players fulfilling previously recommended criteria were assigned to the flexible (n = 10) and inflexible (n = 8) groups and executed SQJ with and without an arm swing on a force-plate. Results of the 2 × 2 × 3 MANOVA revealed a significant (p < 0.05) flexibility type and knee angle effect, as ankle ROM was larger in PAS compared to ACT and as the knee joint progressed from 90 to 180 degrees extension. The 2 × 2 ANOVA revealed a significant (p < 0.05) group effect, as flexible players jumped higher in the arm swing SQJ, along with a significant arm swing effect on key SQJ kinetic parameters. In conclusion, a more flexible ankle joint result in improved SQJ performance. Therefore, ankle flexibility training should be implemented in youth volleyball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.P.); (I.A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana C. Kotzamanidou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Metropolitan College of Thessaloniki, 54624 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Georgios Papaiakovou
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.P.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Iraklis A. Kollias
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.P.); (I.A.K.)
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Pamuk U, Cankaya AO, Yucesoy CA. Principles of the Mechanism for Epimuscular Myofascial Loads Leading to Non-uniform Strain Distributions Along Muscle Fiber Direction: Finite Element Modeling. Front Physiol 2020; 11:789. [PMID: 32714211 PMCID: PMC7351515 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomere lengths and their changes are key determinants of muscle active force production. Recent studies indicate inhomogeneity of sarcomere lengths within the muscle. Studies utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses for quantifying local muscle tissue strains and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analyses allowing for determination of their components along muscle fascicles show that those length changes can be non-uniform. Specifically, two questions arise regarding the muscle’s length change heterogeneities along the muscle fiber direction: (1) How can a passively lengthened muscle show shortened regions? (2) How can an isometric contracting muscle show lengthened parts? Using finite element modeling and studying principles of the mechanism of strain heterogeneity along the muscle fiber direction, the aim was to test the following hypothesis: epimuscular myofascial loads can lead locally to strains opposing those elsewhere within the muscle that are determined by the globally imposed conditions. The geometry of the model was defined by the contour of a longitudinal slice of the rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle belly. Three models were studied: (1) isolated muscle (muscle modeled fully isolated from its surroundings) and models aiming at representing the principles of a muscle in its in vivo context including (2) extramuscularly connected muscle (muscle’s connections to non-muscular structures are modeled exclusively) and (3) epimuscularly connected muscle (additionally muscle’s connections to neighboring muscle are modeled). Three cases were studied: passive isometric muscle with imposed relative position change (Case I), passive lengthened muscle (Case II), and active isometric muscle with imposed relative position change (Case III). The findings indicated non-uniform strains for all models except for zero strain in model (1) in Case I, but models (2) and (3) also showed strains opposing the imposed effect. Case I: model (3) showed shortened and lengthened sections (up to 35.3%), caused exclusively by imposed relative position change. Case II: models (2) and (3) showed shortened sections (up to 12.7 and 19.5%, respectively) in addition to lengthened sections. Case III: models (2) and (3) showed lengthened sections (up to 5 and 23.4%, respectively) in addition to shortened sections. These effects get more pronounced with stiffer epimuscular connections. Assessments of forces exerted on the muscle by the epimuscular connections showed that such strain heterogeneities are ascribed to epimuscular myofascial loads determined by muscle relative position changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uluç Pamuk
- Biomechanica Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alican Onur Cankaya
- Biomechanica Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can A Yucesoy
- Biomechanica Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wilke J, Debelle H, Tenberg S, Dilley A, Maganaris C. Ankle Motion Is Associated With Soft Tissue Displacement in the Dorsal Thigh: An in vivo Investigation Suggesting Myofascial Force Transmission Across the Knee Joint. Front Physiol 2020; 11:180. [PMID: 32210836 PMCID: PMC7069338 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments in cadavers have demonstrated significant mechanical interactions between constituents of myofascial chains. However, evidence for such force transmission effects is scarce under in vivo conditions. The purpose of this trial was to examine the impact of ankle motion on soft tissue displacement of the dorsal thigh. Eleven healthy active individuals (26.8 ± 4.3 years, six males), in prone position and with the knee extended, underwent passive calf stretches (ankle dorsal extension) imposed by an isokinetic dynamometer. High-resolution ultrasound was used to simultaneously capture the displacement of the semimembranosus muscle, which was quantified by means of cross-correlation analysis. Inactivity of the leg muscles was controlled using surface electromyography (EMG). One participant had to be excluded due to major EMG activity during the experiment. According to a one-sample t test testing the difference to the neutral zero position, ankle dorsal extension induced substantial caudal muscle displacements (5.76 ± 2.67 mm, p < 0.0001). Correlation analysis (Spearman), furthermore, revealed a strong association between maximal dorsal extension and semimembranosus motion (rho = 0.76, p = 0.02). In conclusion, the present trial provides initial in vivo evidence for a mechanical force transmission between serially connected skeletal muscles. This means that local alterations of the mechanical tissue properties may modify flexibility in neighboring (superior or inferior) joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heloise Debelle
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Tenberg
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrew Dilley
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Maganaris
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Maas H. Significance of epimuscular myofascial force transmission under passive muscle conditions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1465-1473. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 yr, force transmission via connective tissue linkages at the muscle belly surface, called epimuscular myofascial force transmission, has been studied extensively. In this article, the effects of epimuscular linkages under passive muscle conditions are reviewed. Several animal studies that included direct (invasive) measurements of force transmission have shown that different connective tissue structures serve as an epimuscular pathway and that these tissues have sufficient stiffness, especially at supraphysiological muscle lengths and relative positions, to transmit substantial passive forces (up to 15% of active optimal force). Exact values of lumped tissue stiffness for different connective tissue structures have not yet been estimated. Experiments using various imaging techniques (ultrasound, MRI, shear wave elastography) have yielded some, but weak, evidence of epimuscular myofascial force transmission for passive muscles in humans. At this point, the functional consequences of epimuscular pathways for muscle and joint mechanics in the intact body are still unknown. Potentially, however, these pathways may affect sensory feedback and, thereby, neuromuscular control. In addition, altered epimuscular force transmission in pathological conditions may also contribute to changes in passive range of joint motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bilston LE, Bolsterlee B, Nordez A, Sinha S. Contemporary image-based methods for measuring passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1454-1464. [PMID: 30236053 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00672.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles' primary function in the body is mechanical: to move and stabilize the skeleton. As such, their mechanical behavior is a key aspect of their physiology. Recent developments in medical imaging technology have enabled quantitative studies of passive muscle mechanics, ranging from measurements of intrinsic muscle mechanical properties, such as elasticity and viscosity, to three-dimensional muscle architecture and dynamic muscle deformation and kinematics. In this review we summarize the principles and applications of contemporary imaging methods that have been used to study the passive mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles. Elastography measurements can provide in vivo maps of passive muscle mechanical parameters, and both MRI and ultrasound methods are available (magnetic resonance elastography and ultrasound shear wave elastography, respectively). Both have been shown to differentiate between healthy muscle and muscles affected by a broad range of clinical conditions. Detailed muscle architecture can now be depicted using diffusion tensor imaging, which not only is particularly useful for computational modeling of muscle but also has potential in assessing architectural changes in muscle disorders. More dynamic information about muscle mechanics can be obtained using a range of dynamic MRI methods, which characterize the detailed internal muscle deformations during motion. There are several MRI techniques available (e.g., phase-contrast MRI, displacement-encoded MRI, and "tagged" MRI), each of which can be collected in synchrony with muscle motion and postprocessed to quantify muscle deformation. Together, these modern imaging techniques can characterize muscle motion, deformation, mechanical properties, and architecture, providing complementary insights into skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne E Bilston
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales , Australia.,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Antoine Nordez
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand.,Movement, Interactions, Performance Laboratory (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Shantanu Sinha
- Muscle Imaging and Modeling Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California , San Diego, California
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Abstract
This review, the first in a series of minireviews on the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles, seeks to summarize what is known about the muscle deformations that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten. Most obviously, when a muscle lengthens, muscle fascicles elongate, but this is not the only mechanism by which muscles change their length. In pennate muscles, elongation of muscle fascicles is accompanied by changes in pennation and changes in fascicle curvature, both of which may contribute to changes in muscle length. The contributions of these mechanisms to change in muscle length are usually small under passive conditions. In very pennate muscles with long aponeuroses, fascicle shear could contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Tendons experience moderate axial strains even under passive loads, and, because tendons are often much longer than muscle fibers, even moderate tendon strains may contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Data obtained with new imaging techniques suggest that muscle fascicle and aponeurosis strains are highly nonuniform, but this is yet to be confirmed. The development, validation, and interpretation of continuum muscle models informed by rigorous measurements of muscle architecture and material properties should provide further insights into the mechanisms that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B. Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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16
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Dependence of muscle and deep fascia stiffness on the contraction levels of the quadriceps: An in vivo supersonic shear-imaging study. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 45:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Oleksy Ł, Mika A, Kielnar R, Grzegorczyk J, Marchewka A, Stolarczyk A. The influence of pelvis reposition exercises on pelvic floor muscles asymmetry: A randomized prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e13988. [PMID: 30633181 PMCID: PMC6336649 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The assessment of pelvis reposition exercise efficacy in the treatment of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) asymmetry. The hypothesis was that PFM asymmetry may have a functional reason related to lumbopelvic complex misalignment. DESIGN A parallel group trial with follow-up METHODS:: Thirty young women were divided into 2 groups: experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15). In experimental group one, a 15-minute trial of pelvis reposition exercise was carried out. Ober test, the Thomas test, and transabdominal PFM ultrasound measurements were performed in both groups. RESULTS In the experimental group both the Ober and Thomas tests were positive at baseline in most subjects. After the exercise, improvement was noted in Ober test (P = .005; d = 0.75 on the right side, P = .005; d = 0.78 on the left side) and in the Thomas test (P = .005; d = 0.66 on the right side, P = .005; d = 0.67 on the left side). At baseline, the ultrasonographic evaluation of PFM performed during resting and during voluntary pelvic muscles contraction showed the right-left length asymmetry. The return of symmetrical PFM work after pelvis reposition exercise was observed in the experimental group. There were no statistically significant changes in the control group.s CONCLUSIONS:: We suggest that after reposition exercises, the pelvis was more symmetrically aligned in relation to body axis; therefore, the muscles of the pelvic floor have functional length and did not shorten or lengthen due to pelvis rotation. In this study, for the first time, it was presented that PFM asymmetry visible in ultrasonography may be corrected by this specific exercise. Further analysis of the causes of this asymmetry may lead to more accurate treatment of PFM dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Oleksy
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow
- Oleksy Medical and Sports Sciences
| | - Anna Mika
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow
| | - Renata Kielnar
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow
| | | | - Anna Marchewka
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education in Krakow
| | - Artur Stolarczyk
- Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Department, Medical Uniwersity of Warsaw, Poland
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Zügel M, Maganaris CN, Wilke J, Jurkat-Rott K, Klingler W, Wearing SC, Findley T, Barbe MF, Steinacker JM, Vleeming A, Bloch W, Schleip R, Hodges PW. Fascial tissue research in sports medicine: from molecules to tissue adaptation, injury and diagnostics: consensus statement. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:1497. [PMID: 30072398 PMCID: PMC6241620 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The fascial system builds a three-dimensional continuum of soft, collagen-containing, loose and dense fibrous connective tissue that permeates the body and enables all body systems to operate in an integrated manner. Injuries to the fascial system cause a significant loss of performance in recreational exercise as well as high-performance sports, and could have a potential role in the development and perpetuation of musculoskeletal disorders, including lower back pain. Fascial tissues deserve more detailed attention in the field of sports medicine. A better understanding of their adaptation dynamics to mechanical loading as well as to biochemical conditions promises valuable improvements in terms of injury prevention, athletic performance and sports-related rehabilitation. This consensus statement reflects the state of knowledge regarding the role of fascial tissues in the discipline of sports medicine. It aims to (1) provide an overview of the contemporary state of knowledge regarding the fascial system from the microlevel (molecular and cellular responses) to the macrolevel (mechanical properties), (2) summarise the responses of the fascial system to altered loading (physical exercise), to injury and other physiological challenges including ageing, (3) outline the methods available to study the fascial system, and (4) highlight the contemporary view of interventions that target fascial tissue in sport and exercise medicine. Advancing this field will require a coordinated effort of researchers and clinicians combining mechanobiology, exercise physiology and improved assessment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zügel
- Division of Sports Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Constantinos N Maganaris
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Werner Klingler
- Department of Anesthesiology, BKH Günzburg, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Scott C Wearing
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Findley
- Department of Physical Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Andry Vleeming
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Robert Schleip
- Fascia Research Group, Experimental Anesthesiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul William Hodges
- Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Otsuka S, Yakura T, Ohmichi Y, Ohmichi M, Naito M, Nakano T, Kawakami Y. Site specificity of mechanical and structural properties of human fascia lata and their gender differences: A cadaveric study. J Biomech 2018; 77:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Clark WH, Franz JR. Do triceps surae muscle dynamics govern non-uniform Achilles tendon deformations? PeerJ 2018; 6:e5182. [PMID: 30013844 PMCID: PMC6046199 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The human Achilles tendon (AT) consists of sub-tendons arising from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles that exhibit non-uniform tissue displacements thought to facilitate some independent actuation. However, the mechanisms governing non-uniform displacement patterns within the AT, and their relevance to triceps surae muscle contractile dynamics, have remained elusive. We used a dual-probe ultrasound imaging approach to investigate triceps surae muscle dynamics (i.e., medial gastrocnemius-GAS, soleus-SOL) as a determinant of non-uniform tendon tissue displacements in the human AT. We hypothesized that superficial versus deep differences in AT tissue displacements would be accompanied by and correlate with anatomically consistent differences in GAS versus SOL muscle shortening. Nine subjects performed ramped maximum voluntary isometric contractions at each of five ankle joint angles spanning 10° dorsiflexion to 30° plantarflexion. For all conditions, SOL shortened by an average of 78% more than GAS during moment generation. This was accompanied by, on average, 51% more displacement in the deep versus superficial region of the AT. The magnitude of GAS and SOL muscle shortening positively correlated with displacement in their associated sub-tendons within the AT. Moreover, and as hypothesized, superficial versus deep differences in sub-tendon tissue displacements positively correlated with anatomically consistent differences in GAS versus SOL muscle shortening. We present the first in vivo evidence that triceps surae muscle dynamics may precipitate non-uniform displacement patterns in the architecturally complex AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Clark
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jason R Franz
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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21
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Passive stiffness of monoarticular lower leg muscles is influenced by knee joint angle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:585-593. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wilke J, Schleip R, Yucesoy CA, Banzer W. Not merely a protective packing organ? A review of fascia and its force transmission capacity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:234-244. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00565.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates that fascia is capable of changing its biomechanical properties. Moreover, as it links the skeletal muscles, forming a body-wide network of multidirectional myofascial continuity, the classical conception of muscles as independent actuators has been challenged. Hence, the present synthesis review aims to characterize the mechanical relevance of the connective tissue for the locomotor system. Results of cadaveric and animal studies suggest a clinically relevant myofascial force transmission to neighboring structures within one limb (e.g., between synergists) and in the course of muscle-fascia chains (e.g., between leg and trunk). Initial in vivo trials appear to underpin these findings, demonstrating the existence of nonlocal exercise effects. However, the factors influencing the amount of transmitted force (e.g., age and physical activity) remain controversial, as well as the role of the central nervous system within the context of the observed remote exercise effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Schleip
- Fascia Research Group, Neurosurgical Clinic Guenzburg of Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Can A. Yucesoy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogazici University, Instanbul, Turkey
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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23
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Kaya CS, Temelli Y, Ates F, Yucesoy CA. Effects of inter-synergistic mechanical interactions on the mechanical behaviour of activated spastic semitendinosus muscle of patients with cerebral palsy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Yucesoy CA, Temelli Y, Ateş F. Intra-operatively measured spastic semimembranosus forces of children with cerebral palsy. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 36:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Karakuzu A, Pamuk U, Ozturk C, Acar B, Yucesoy CA. Magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging analyses indicate heterogeneous strains along human medial gastrocnemius fascicles caused by submaximal plantar-flexion activity. J Biomech 2017; 57:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ghorbanhoseini M, Ghaheri A, Walley KC, Kwon JY. Superior Tuber Displacement in Intra-articular Calcaneus Fractures. Foot Ankle Int 2016; 37:1076-1083. [PMID: 27283153 DOI: 10.1177/1071100716651965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intra-articular calcaneus fractures result in heel shortening, widening, varus malalignment, and loss of height. Little has been written regarding superior displacement of the calcaneal tuber, which warrants consideration as previous literature has demonstrated issues arising from a shortened triceps surae. We sought to determine the amount of tuber elevation seen in calcaneus fractures as compared to normal calcanei and propose 2 new measurements that aid in quantifying displacement and may aid in the surgical management of calcaneus fractures. METHODS Lateral radiographs of 220 normal calcanei were examined. Two novel measurements, the talo-tuber angle and talo-tuber distance, were used to establish normative data for calcaneal tuber positioning. Lateral radiographs of 50 calcaneus fractures treated operatively were examined and the same measurements were obtained before and after surgery to determine the amount of superior tuber elevation. RESULTS Normative data demonstrated a mean of 38.6 degrees (±SD = 4.3, range: 26.2-58.4) when using the talo-tuber angle and 54.5 mm (±SD = 7.3, range: 36.2-72.6) when using the talo-tuber distance in normal calcanei. Patients sustaining calcaneus fractures demonstrated a mean of 29.5 degrees (±SD = 5.9, range: 20-46.4) for the talo-tuber angle and 39.0 mm (±SD = 9.4, range: 24.0-62.9) for the talo-tuber distance. These values changed to a mean of 37 degrees (±SD = 5.2, range: 26.4-50) for the talo-tuber angle and 51.8 mm (±SD = 8.6, range: 33.2-75.7) for the talo-tuber distance after surgery. There was a statistically significant difference (P value < .01) for both talo-tuber angle and distance between normal and fractured calcanei. Inter- and intra-observer agreement was excellent. CONCLUSION Superior displacement of the calcaneal tuber is a deformity seen in intra-articular calcaneus fractures that has been poorly described that warrants increased awareness and correction at the time of surgery. We propose 2 novel measurements with associated normative data that may aid surgeons in quantifying this deformity and assessing anatomic reduction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azadeh Ghaheri
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kempland C Walley
- Harvard Medical School, BIDMC, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Y Kwon
- Harvard Medical School, BIDMC, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedics, Boston, MA, USA
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Combined magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging analyses provide a powerful tool for in vivo assessment of deformation along human muscle fibers. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:207-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Characterization of three dimensional volumetric strain distribution during passive tension of the human tibialis anterior using Cine Phase Contrast MRI. J Biomech 2016; 49:3430-3436. [PMID: 27665350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular pressure correlates strongly with muscle tension and is a promising tool for quantifying individual muscle force. However, clinical application is impeded by measurement variability that is not fully understood. Previous studies point to regional differences in IMP, specifically increasing pressure with muscle depth. Based on conservation of mass, intramuscular pressure and volumetric strain distributions may be inversely related. Therefore, we hypothesized volumetric strain would decrease with muscle depth. To test this we quantified 3D volumetric strain in the tibialis anterior of 12 healthy subjects using Cine Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cine Phase Contrast data were collected while a custom apparatus rotated the subjects' ankle continuously between neutral and plantarflexion. A T2-weighted image stack was used to define the resting tibials anterior position. Custom and commercial post-processing software were used to quantify the volumetric strain distribution. To characterize regional strain changes, the muscle was divided into superior-inferior sections and either medial-lateral or anterior-posterior slices. Mean volumetric strain was compared across the sections and slices. As hypothesized, volumetric strain demonstrated regional differences with a decreasing trend from the anterior (superficial) to the posterior (deep) muscle regions. Statistical tests showed significant main effects and interactions of superior-inferior and anterior-posterior position as well as superior-inferior and medial-lateral position on regional strain. These data support our hypothesis and imply a potential relationship between regional volumetric strain and intramuscular pressure. This finding may advance our understanding of intramuscular pressure variability sources and lead to more reliable measurement solutions in the future.
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Mohammadkhah M, Murphy P, Simms CK. The in vitro passive elastic response of chicken pectoralis muscle to applied tensile and compressive deformation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 62:468-480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tijs C, van Dieën JH, Maas H. Limited mechanical effects of intermuscular myofascial connections within the intact rat anterior crural compartment. J Biomech 2016; 49:2953-2959. [PMID: 27452876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles of the rat anterior crural compartment are mechanically connected by epimuscular myofascial connections, but the relevance for mechanical muscle function within physiological ranges of joint motion is unclear. We evaluated the net effect at the ankle joint of epimuscular myofascial connections between tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles in the rat (n=8) and determined which anatomical structures may mediate such epimuscular mechanical interactions. We assessed (1) effects of knee angle (i.e. changes in EDL length and position relative to TA) and interactions of knee angle with fasciotomy and proximal EDL tenotomy on TA ankle moment and (2) the effect of knee angle on TA and EDL ankle moment summation. Knee angle was varied between 60° and 130°. Ankle angle was kept constant (90°). TA and EDL were excited individually and simultaneously (TA&EDL). The mathematical sum of individual TA and EDL moments was compared with the moment exerted by TA&EDL to assess the extent of non-additive ankle moment summation. Magnitude of TA ankle moment was not affected by knee angle, but frontal plane moment direction was. However, dissections indicated that this was not caused by the compartmental fascia or EDL length changes. Moment summation was non-additive in magnitude (+1.1±1.1% mean±s.d.) and frontal plane direction. The latter was affected by knee angle and ranged from +0.2±0.3° at 60° to +1.1±0.6° at 130°. As the net effects found were very limited, we conclude that myofascial connections between muscles in the anterior crural compartment have limited mechanical relevance during normal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tijs
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ateş F, Temelli Y, Yucesoy CA. The mechanics of activated semitendinosus are not representative of the pathological knee joint condition of children with cerebral palsy. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 28:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Akbari A, Rockel CP, Kumbhare DA, Noseworthy MD. Safe MRI-Compatible electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) system. J Magn Reson Imaging 2016; 44:1530-1538. [PMID: 27185587 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an inexpensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) unit and test it for safety and efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A simple MRI-compatible EMS device was developed using radiofrequency (RF) translucent electrodes at 3T. RF heating concerns were assessed using optical temperature measurements at electrode sites, during scanning of a phantom. EMS efficacy and consistency was investigated through in vivo (n = 5) measures of 31 P-MRS phosphocreatine (PCr) reduction, and altered blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and the results were compared to effects from equivalent voluntary effort on the same subjects. RESULTS The presence of an EMS pulse did not interfere with the T2 * signal in a phantom. However, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was reduced by 70% at electrode sites, but only by 10% 4 cm distally. Under RF intense conditions, the temperature at the electrode site increased by only 4.7°C over a 16-minute time span. In vivo muscle stimulation resulted in 13.5 ± 1.8% reduction in PCr, which was not significantly (P < 0.195) different from voluntary contraction. Reproducible muscle BOLD signal changes following EMS were noted, with a maximal increase of 10.0 ± 2.6% seen in the central soleus. For soleus and gastrocnemius compartments, EMS produced significantly higher BOLD signal change compared to voluntary contraction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A safe and inexpensive MRI-compatible EMS unit can be easily built for evaluating muscle function and metabolism within a 3T MRI scanner. Clinical applications might include evaluating skeletal muscle function in patients with limited or absent voluntary skeletal motor function or inadequate exercise capacity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1530-1538.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Akbari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conrad P Rockel
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinesh A Kumbhare
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Noseworthy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Bernabei M, Maas H, van Dieën JH. A lumped stiffness model of intermuscular and extramuscular myofascial pathways of force transmission. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 15:1747-1763. [PMID: 27193153 PMCID: PMC5106516 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical behavior of skeletal muscles is commonly modeled under the assumption of mechanical independence between individual muscles within a muscle group. Epimuscular myofascial force transmission via the connective tissue network surrounding a muscle challenges this assumption as it alters the force distributed to the tendons of individual muscles. This study aimed to derive a lumped estimate of stiffness of the intermuscular and extramuscular connective tissues and to assess changes in such stiffness in response to a manipulation of the interface between adjacent muscles. Based on in situ measurements of force transmission in the rat plantar flexors, before and after resection of their connective tissue network, a nonlinear estimate of epimuscular myofascial stiffness was quantified and included in a multi-muscle model with lumped parameters which allows for force transmission depending on the relative position between the muscles in the group. Such stiffness estimate was assessed for a group with normal intermuscular connective tissues and for a group with increased connectivity, mimicking scar tissue development. The model was able to successfully predict the amount of epimuscular force transmission for different experimental conditions than those used to obtain the model parameters. The proposed nonlinear stiffness estimates of epimuscular pathways could be integrated in larger musculoskeletal models, to provide more accurate predictions of force when effects of mechanical interaction or altered epimuscular connections, e.g. after surgery or injury, are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bernabei
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Smilde HA, Vincent JA, Baan GC, Nardelli P, Lodder JC, Mansvelder HD, Cope TC, Maas H. Changes in muscle spindle firing in response to length changes of neighboring muscles. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:3146-55. [PMID: 27075540 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00937.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle force can be transmitted to the skeleton, not only via its tendons of origin and insertion but also through connective tissues linking the muscle belly to surrounding structures. Through such epimuscular myofascial connections, length changes of a muscle may cause length changes within an adjacent muscle and hence, affect muscle spindles. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of epimuscular myofascial forces on feedback from muscle spindles in triceps surae muscles of the rat. We hypothesized that within an intact muscle compartment, muscle spindles not only signal length changes of the muscle in which they are located but can also sense length changes that occur as a result of changing the length of synergistic muscles. Action potentials from single afferents were measured intra-axonally in response to ramp-hold release (RHR) stretches of an agonistic muscle at different lengths of its synergist, as well as in response to synergist RHRs. A decrease in force threshold was found for both soleus (SO) and lateral gastrocnemius afferents, along with an increase in length threshold for SO afferents. In addition, muscle spindle firing could be evoked by RHRs of the synergistic muscle. We conclude that muscle spindles not only signal length changes of the muscle in which they are located but also local length changes that occur as a result of changing the length and relative position of synergistic muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiltsje A Smilde
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Jake A Vincent
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Guus C Baan
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Nardelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; School of Applied Physiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Johannes C Lodder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim C Cope
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; School of Applied Physiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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35
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Krause F, Wilke J, Vogt L, Banzer W. Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review. J Anat 2016; 228:910-8. [PMID: 27001027 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review aims to provide a systematic overview on tensile transmission along myofascial chains based on anatomical dissection studies and in vivo experiments. Evidence for the existence of myofascial chains is growing, and the capability of force transmission via myofascial chains has been hypothesized. However, there is still a lack of evidence concerning the functional significance and capability for force transfer. A systematic literature research was conducted using MEDLINE (Pubmed), ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Studied myofascial chains encompassed the superficial backline (SBL), the back functional line (BFL) and the front functional line (FFL). Peer-reviewed human dissection studies as well as in vivo experiments reporting intermuscular tension transfer between the constituents of a myofascial chain were included. To assess methodic quality, two independent investigators rated studies by means of validated assessment tools (QUACS and PEDro Scale). The literature research identified 1022 articles. Nine studies (moderate to excellent methodological quality) were included. Concerning the SBL and the BFL, there is moderate evidence for force transfer at all three transitions (based on six studies), and one of two transitions (three studies). One study yields moderate evidence for a slight, but not significant force transfer at one transition in the FFL. The findings of the present study indicate that tension can be transferred between some of the examined adjacent structures. Force transfer might have an impact in overuse conditions as well as on sports performance. However, different methods of force application and measurement hinder the comparability of results. Considering anatomical variations in the degree of continuity and histological differences of the linking structures is crucial for interpretation. Future studies should focus on the in vivo function of myofascial continuity during isolated active or passive tissue tensioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frieder Krause
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Winfried Banzer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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36
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Siebert T, Rode C, Till O, Stutzig N, Blickhan R. Force reduction induced by unidirectional transversal muscle loading is independent of local pressure. J Biomech 2016; 49:1156-1161. [PMID: 26976226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transversal unidirectional compression applied to muscles via external loading affects muscle contraction dynamics in the longitudinal direction. A recent study reported decreasing longitudinal muscle forces with increasing transversal load applied with a constant contact area (i.e., leading to a simultaneous increase in local pressure). To shed light on these results, we examine whether the decrease in longitudinal force depends on the load, the local pressure, or both. To this end, we perform isometric experiments on rat M. gastrocnemius medialis without and with transversal loading (i) changing the local pressure from 1.1-3.2Ncm(-2) (n=9) at a constant transversal load (1.62N) and (ii) increasing the transversal load (1.15-3.45N) at a constant local pressure of 2.3Ncm(-2) (n=7). While we did not note changes in the decrease in longitudinal muscle force in the first experiment, the second experiment resulted in an almost-linear reduction of longitudinal force between 7.5±0.6% and 14.1±1.7%. We conclude that the observed longitudinal force reduction is not induced by local effects such as malfunction of single muscle compartments, but that similar internal stress conditions and myofilament configurations occur when the local pressure changes given a constant load. The decreased longitudinal force may be explained by increased internal pressure and a deformed myofilament lattice that is likely associated with the decomposition of cross-bridge forces on the one hand and the inhibition of cross-bridges on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Siebert
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Rode
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Till
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Stutzig
- Institute of Sport and Motion Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard Blickhan
- Department of Motion Science, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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37
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Bernabei M, van Dieën JH, Maas H. Altered mechanical interaction between rat plantar flexors due to changes in intermuscular connectivity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:177-187. [PMID: 26773332 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue formation following muscle injury and remedial surgery may involve changes in the stiffness and configuration of the connective tissues linking adjacent muscles. We investigated changes in mechanical interaction of muscles by implanting either a tissue-integrating mesh (n = 8) or an adhesion barrier (n = 8) to respectively increase or decrease the intermuscular connectivity between soleus muscle (SO) and the lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris complex (LG+PL) of the rat. As a measure of mechanical interaction, changes in SO tendon forces and proximal-distal LG+PL force differences in response to lengthening LG+PL proximally were assessed 1 and 2 weeks post-surgery. The extent of mechanical interaction was doubled 1 week post-implantation of the tissue-integrating mesh compared to an unaffected compartment (n = 8), and was more than four times higher 2 weeks post-surgery. This was found only for maximally activated muscles, but not when passive. Implanting the adhesion barrier did not result in a reduction of the mechanical interaction between these muscles. Our findings indicate that the ratio of force transmitted via myofascial, rather than myotendinous pathways, can increase substantially when the connectivity between muscles is enhanced. This improves our understanding of the consequences of connective tissue formation at the muscle boundary on skeletal muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bernabei
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Finni T, Cronin NJ, Mayfield D, Lichtwark GA, Cresswell AG. Effects of muscle activation on shear between human soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 27:26-34. [PMID: 26643762 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lateral connections between muscles provide pathways for myofascial force transmission. To elucidate whether these pathways have functional roles in vivo, we examined whether activation could alter the shear between the soleus (SOL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles. We hypothesized that selective activation of LG would decrease the stretch-induced shear between LG and SOL. Eleven volunteers underwent a series of knee joint manipulations where plantar flexion force, LG, and SOL muscle fascicle lengths and relative displacement of aponeuroses between the muscles were obtained. Data during a passive full range of motion were recorded, followed by 20° knee extension stretches in both passive conditions and with selective electrical stimulation of LG. During active stretch, plantar flexion force was 22% greater (P < 0.05) and relative displacement of aponeuroses was smaller than during passive stretch (P < 0.05). Soleus fascicle length changes did not differ between passive and active stretches but LG fascicles stretched less in the active than passive condition when the stretch began at angles of 70° and 90° of knee flexion (P < 0.05). The activity-induced decrease in the relative displacement of SOL and LG suggests stronger (stiffer) connectivity between the two muscles, at least at flexed knee joint angles, which may serve to facilitate myofascial force transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - N J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - D Mayfield
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - G A Lichtwark
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - A G Cresswell
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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39
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Unexpected Fascicle Length Changes In Denervated Feline Soleus Muscle During Stance Phase Of Walking. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17619. [PMID: 26635206 PMCID: PMC4669439 DOI: 10.1038/srep17619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After surgical repair of traumatically severed peripheral nerves, associated muscles are paralyzed for weeks. Little is known about fascicle length changes in paralyzed muscles during locomotion. The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent, if any, muscle fascicles of denervated feline soleus (SO) change length during stance of walking when intact SO synergists are actively contracting. Hindlimb kinematics, SO fascicle and muscle-tendon unit (MTU) length, and EMG activity of SO, lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) were measured during level and slope walking in adult cats. Measurements were taken before and 1–2 weeks following SO-LG denervation. Unexpectedly, SO fascicle lengthening and shortening during stance in all walking conditions were evident after denervation. The greatest SO fascicle shortening (17.3 ± 2.2% of a reference length) and least fascicle lengthening (1.5 ± 0.8%) after denervation were found during upslope walking, where MG EMG activity was greatest across slopes (P < 0.05) and greatest discrepancies between post denervation SO fascicle and MTU length changes occurred. These findings suggest that myofascial linkages between denervated SO and its active synergists might affect its fascicle length changes. Further studies are needed to directly test this suggestion.
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40
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Pamuk U, Yucesoy CA. MRI analyses show that kinesio taping affects much more than just the targeted superficial tissues and causes heterogeneous deformations within the whole limb. J Biomech 2015; 48:4262-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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41
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Tijs C, van Dieën JH, Maas H. Effects of epimuscular myofascial force transmission on sarcomere length of passive muscles in the rat hindlimb. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12608. [PMID: 26537346 PMCID: PMC4673637 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from imaging studies and finite element models suggest epimuscular myofascial effects on sarcomere lengths in series within muscle fibers. However, experimental evidence is lacking. We evaluated epimuscular myofascial effects on (1) muscle belly, fiber, and mean sarcomere length and (2) sarcomere length distribution within passive fibers of the rat tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SO) muscles. Hindlimbs (n = 24) were positioned in predefined knee (55°, 90°, 125°, 160°) and ankle (either 90° or 125°) angles, and fixed in a formaldehyde solution. Varying knee joint angle causes changes in muscle–tendon unit length of SO and TA’s synergists, but not of SO and TA. Whole fibers were taken from SO and TA and photographed along their length. Mean sarcomere length was assessed for the entire fiber and for the proximal, intermediate, and distal thirds (fiber segments) separately. Mean sarcomere length of the fiber was not affected by knee angle, neither for SO (mean: 2.44 ± 0.03 μm and 2.19 ± 0.05 μm for ankle angles of 90° and 125°, respectively) nor for TA (mean: 2.33 ± 0.05 μm and 2.51 ± 0.07 μm for ankle angle set to 90° and 125°, respectively). Only for TA, a significant interaction between knee angle and fiber segment was found, indicating changes in the distribution of lengths of in-series sarcomeres. Thus, while epimuscular myofascial force transmission did not cause mean sarcomere length changes within passive SO and TA, it did alter the length distribution of sarcomeres within passive TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tijs
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behaviour and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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42
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Juffer P, Bakker AD, Klein-Nulend J, Jaspers RT. Mechanical loading by fluid shear stress of myotube glycocalyx stimulates growth factor expression and nitric oxide production. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 69:411-9. [PMID: 24402674 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9812-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle fibers have the ability to increase their size in response to a mechanical overload. Finite element modeling data suggest that mechanically loaded muscles in vivo may experience not only tensile strain but also shear stress. However, whether shear stress affects biological pathways involved in muscle fiber size adaptation in response to mechanical loading is unknown. Therefore, our aim was twofold: (1) to determine whether shear stress affects growth factor expression and nitric oxide (NO) production by myotubes, and (2) to explore the mechanism by which shear stress may affect myotubes in vitro. C2C12 myotubes were subjected to a laminar pulsating fluid flow (PFF; mean shear stress 0.4, 0.7 or 1.4 Pa, 1 Hz) or subjected to uni-axial cyclic strain (CS; 15 % strain, 1 Hz) for 1 h. NO production during 1-h PFF or CS treatment was quantified using Griess reagent. The glycocalyx was degraded using hyaluronidase, and stretch-activated ion channels (SACs) were blocked using GdCl3. Gene expression was analyzed immediately after 1-h PFF (1.4 Pa, 1 Hz) and at 6 h post-PFF treatment. PFF increased IGF-I Ea, MGF, VEGF, IL-6, and COX-2 mRNA, but decreased myostatin mRNA expression. Shear stress enhanced NO production in a dose-dependent manner, while CS induced no quantifiable increase in NO production. Glycocalyx degradation and blocking of SACs ablated the shear stress-stimulated NO production. In conclusion, shear stress activates signaling pathways involved in muscle fiber size adaptation in myotubes, likely via membrane-bound mechanoreceptors. These results suggest that shear stress exerted on myofiber extracellular matrix plays an important role in mechanotransduction in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Juffer
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Cruz-Montecinos C, González Blanche A, López Sánchez D, Cerda M, Sanzana-Cuche R, Cuesta-Vargas A. In vivo relationship between pelvis motion and deep fascia displacement of the medial gastrocnemius: anatomical and functional implications. J Anat 2015; 227:665-72. [PMID: 26467242 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Different authors have modelled myofascial tissue connectivity over a distance using cadaveric models, but in vivo models are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pelvic motion and deep fascia displacement in the medial gastrocnemius (MG). Deep fascia displacement of the MG was evaluated through automatic tracking with an ultrasound. Angular variation of the pelvis was determined by 2D kinematic analysis. The average maximum fascia displacement and pelvic motion were 1.501 ± 0.78 mm and 6.55 ± 2.47 °, respectively. The result of a simple linear regression between fascia displacement and pelvic motion for three task executions by 17 individuals was r = 0.791 (P < 0.001). Moreover, hamstring flexibility was related to a lower anterior tilt of the pelvis (r = 0.544, P < 0.024) and a lower deep fascia displacement of the MG (r = 0.449, P < 0.042). These results support the concept of myofascial tissue connectivity over a distance in an in vivo model, reinforce the functional concept of force transmission through synergistic muscle groups, and grant new perspectives for the role of fasciae in restricting movement in remote zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Biomechanics, San José Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Mauricio Cerda
- SCIAN-Lab, Programme of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, ICBM, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Sanzana-Cuche
- Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Andalucía Tech, Cátedra de Fisioterapia y Discapacidad, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Clinemtria (F-14), Universidad de Malaga, Málaga, Spain.,School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health at Queensland University Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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O’Neill S, Watson PJ, Barry S. WHY ARE ECCENTRIC EXERCISES EFFECTIVE FOR ACHILLES TENDINOPATHY? Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10:552-62. [PMID: 26347394 PMCID: PMC4527202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Achilles Tendinopathy is a complex problem, with the most common conservative treatment being eccentric exercises. Despite multiple studies assessing this treatment regime little is known about the mechanism of effect. This lack of understanding may be hindering therapeutic care and preventing optimal rehabilitation. Of the mechanisms proposed, most relate to tendon adaptation and fail to consider other possibilities. The current consensus is that tendon adaptation does not occur within timeframes associated with clinical improvements, therefore the clinical benefits must occur through another unidentified pathway. This clinical commentary critically reviews each of the proposed theories and highlights that muscle alterations are observed prior to onset of Achilles Tendinopathy and during the disease. Evidence shows that the observed muscle alterations change with treatment and that these adaptations have the ability to reduce tendon load and thereby improve tendon health. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to review previous theories regarding the mechanisms by which eccentric exercise might affect Achilles tendinopathy and offers a novel mechanism by which the plantarflexor muscles may shield the Achilles tendon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 5.
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45
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Bernabei M, van Dieën JH, Baan GC, Maas H. Significant mechanical interactions at physiological lengths and relative positions of rat plantar flexors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:427-36. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00703.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ studies involving supraphysiological muscle lengths and relative positions have shown that connective tissue linkages connecting adjacent muscles can transmit substantial forces, but the physiological significance is still subject to debate. The present study investigates effects of such epimuscular myofascial force transmission in the rat calf muscles. Unlike previous approaches, we quantified the mechanical interaction between the soleus (SO) and the lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris complex (LG+PL) applying a set of muscle lengths and relative positions corresponding to the range of knee and ankle angles occurring during normal movements. In nine deeply anesthetized Wistar rats, the superficial posterior crural compartment was exposed, and distal and proximal tendons of LG+PL and the distal SO tendon were severed and connected to force transducers. The target muscles were excited simultaneously. We found that SO active and passive tendon force was substantially affected by proximally lengthening of LG+PL mimicking knee extension (10% and 0.8% of maximal active SO force, respectively; P < 0.05). Moreover, SO relative position significantly changed the LG+PL length-force relationship, resulting in nonunique values for passive slack-length and optimum-length estimates. We conclude that also, for physiological muscle conditions, isometric force of rat triceps surae muscles is determined by its muscle-tendon unit length as well as by the length and relative position of its synergists. This has implications for understanding the neuromechanics of skeletal muscle in normal and pathological conditions, as well as for studies relying on the assumption that muscles act as independent force actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bernabei
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. van Dieën
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus C. Baan
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhao H, Ren Y, Roth EJ, Harvey RL, Zhang LQ. Concurrent deficits of soleus and gastrocnemius muscle fascicles and Achilles tendon post stroke. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:863-71. [PMID: 25663670 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00226.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf muscles and Achilles tendon play important roles in functional activities. However, it is not clear how biomechanical properties of the uniarticular soleus (SOL) and biarticular gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon, including the fascicle length, pennation angle, and stiffness, change concurrently post stroke. Biomechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius (GM) and soleus muscles were evaluated bilaterally in 10 hemiparetic stroke survivors using combined ultrasonography-biomechanical measurements. Biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon including the length, cross-sectional area (CSA), stiffness, and Young's modulus were evaluated, together with calf muscle biomechanical properties. Gastrocnemius and SOL contributions were separated using flexed and extended knee positions. The impaired side showed decreased fascicle length (GM: 6%, P = 0.002 and SOL: 9%, P = 0.03, at full knee extension and 0° ankle dorsiflexion) and increased fascicular stiffness (GM: 64%, P = 0.005 and SOL: 19%, P = 0.012, at a common 50 N force level). In contrast, Achilles tendon on the impaired side showed changes in the opposite direction as the muscle fascicles with increased tendon length (5%, P < 0.001), decreased tendon CSA (5%, P = 0.04), decreased tendon stiffness (42%, P < 0.001) and Young's modulus (30%, P < 0.001) compared with the unimpaired side. The fascicle and tendon stiffness changes were correlated negatively to the corresponding fascicle and tendon length changes, and decrease in Achilles tendon stiffness was correlated to the increases of SOL and GM fascicular stiffness (P < 0.05). Characterizations of calf muscle fascicles and Achilles tendon biomechanical properties help us better understand concurrent changes of fascicles and tendon as part of the calf muscle-tendon unit and facilitate development of more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yupeng Ren
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Elliot J Roth
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Richard L Harvey
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Illinois; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Tijs C, van Dieën JH, Maas H. No functionally relevant mechanical effects of epimuscular myofascial connections between rat ankle plantar flexors. J Exp Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.122747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Triceps surae muscles are mechanically connected by the shared Achilles tendon and by epimuscular myofascial connections. We aimed to assess effects of proximal lengthening of gastrocnemius (GA) and plantaris muscles, imposed by changes in knee angle, on (i) the magnitude and direction of the 3D ankle moment exerted by the soleus (SO) muscle, and on (ii) mechanical interaction between ankle plantar flexor muscles during co-activation of GA muscle, in the rat (n=9). Ankle angle was kept constant (90°), while knee angle was varied between 60° and 130°. At each knee angle, SO was excited individually as well as simultaneously with GA (SO&GA). The mathematical sum of individual SO and GA ankle moments was compared with the ankle moment exerted by SO&GA to assess nonlinear summation. Knee angle did not affect the magnitude of the SO ankle moment (p=0.695). Moment directions in the transverse (p=0.050) and frontal (p=0.008) planes were affected by knee angle, but dissection indicated that this was not caused by length changes of the two-joint synergistic muscles. Nonlinear summation was found in the magnitude (-1.4±1.9%, mean±s.d., p<0.001) and in the frontal plane vector direction of the ankle moment (0.13±0.23°, p=0.003), however, the extent did not change with knee angle. While SO&GA contraction increased Achilles tendon length compared to rest, this length was not knee angle dependent (p=0.649). Despite that intermuscular force transmission per se cannot be excluded, we conclude that in vivo the mechanical effects of epimuscular myofascial connections between rat ankle plantar flexors are not functionally relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tijs
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. van Dieën
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huub Maas
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Yucesoy CA, Turkoğlu AN, Umur S, Ateş F. Intact muscle compartment exposed to botulinum toxin type a shows compromised intermuscular mechanical interaction. Muscle Nerve 2014; 51:106-16. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.24275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Can A. Yucesoy
- Biomedical Engineering Institute; BoğaziÇi University; 34684 Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahu Nur Turkoğlu
- Biomedical Engineering Institute; BoğaziÇi University; 34684 Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sevgi Umur
- Biomedical Engineering Institute; BoğaziÇi University; 34684 Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey
| | - Filiz Ateş
- Biomedical Engineering Institute; BoğaziÇi University; 34684 Çengelköy Istanbul Turkey
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Snoeck O, Beyer B, Feipel V, Salvia P, Sterckx JL, Rooze M, Van Sint Jan S. Tendon and fascial structure contributions to knee muscle excursions and knee joint displacement. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:1070-6. [PMID: 25168083 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semitendinosus and gracilis muscles whose tendons are used in surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament maintain their contractile ability, and a limited decrease of hamstring muscles force is observed postoperatively despite important changes. The goal was to quantify the influence of the myofascial structures on excursions and moment arms of knee muscles to attempt explaining the above-mentioned post-surgical observations. METHODS Hamstring harvesting procedures were performed by a senior orthopaedic surgeon on seven lower limbs from fresh-frozen specimens. Femoro-tibial kinematics and tendons excursion were simultaneously recorded at each steps of the surgery. FINDINGS No significant difference was demonstrated for excursions and moment arms after tenotomies and gracilis tendon harvesting (P≥0.05). The first significant semitendinosus excursion (P<1.17×10(-4)) and moment arm (P<6.88×10(-5)) decrease was observed after semitendinosus tendon harvesting (46% of the initial excursion). INTERPRETATION Gracilis and semitendinosus myofascial pathway is crucial for force transmission towards the knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Snoeck
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - B Beyer
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - V Feipel
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - P Salvia
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - J-L Sterckx
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - M Rooze
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium; Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - S Van Sint Jan
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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Ateş F, Temelli Y, Yucesoy CA. Intraoperative experiments show relevance of inter-antagonistic mechanical interaction for spastic muscle's contribution to joint movement disorder. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:943-9. [PMID: 25001327 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent intra-operative knee angle-muscle force data showed no abnormal muscular mechanics (i.e., a narrow joint range of muscle force exertion and peak muscle force availability at flexed joint positions), if the spastic gracilis muscle was stimulated alone. This can limit inter-muscular mechanical interactions, which have been shown to affect muscular mechanics substantially. We aimed at testing the hypothesis that the knee angle-muscle force curves of the spastic gracilis muscle activated simultaneously with a knee extensor are representative of joint movement disorder. METHODS Experiments were performed during remedial surgery of spastic cerebral palsy patients (n=6, 10 limbs tested). Condition-I: muscle forces were measured in flexed knee positions (120° and 90°) after activating the gracilis exclusively. Condition-II: knee angle-muscle force data were measured from 120° to full extension after activating the vastus medialis, simultaneously. FINDINGS Condition-II vs. I: Inter-antagonistic interaction did not consistently cause a gracilis force increase. Condition-II: Peak muscle force=mean 47.92 N (SD 22.08 N). Seven limbs showed availability of high muscle force in flexed knee positions (with minimally 84.8% of peak force at 120°). Knee angle-muscle force curves of four of them showed a local minimum followed by an increasing force (explained by an increasing passive force, indicating muscle lengths unfavorable for active force exertion). High active gracilis forces measured at flexed knee positions and narrow operational joint range of force exertion do indicate abnormality. The remainder of the limbs showed no such abnormality. INTERPRETATION Our hypothesis is confirmed for most, but not all limbs tested. Therefore, tested inter-antagonistic mechanical interaction can certainly, but not exclusively be a factor for abnormal mechanics of the spastic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Ateş
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yener Temelli
- Istanbul University, Istanbul School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can A Yucesoy
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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