1
|
Liparulo TS, Shoemaker JE. Mathematical Modeling Suggests That Monocyte Activity May Drive Sex Disparities during Influenza Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:837. [PMID: 38932131 PMCID: PMC11209518 DOI: 10.3390/v16060837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In humans, females of reproductive age often experience a more severe disease during influenza A virus infection, which may be due to differences in their innate immune response. Sex-specific outcomes to influenza infection have been recapitulated in mice, enabling researchers to study viral and immune dynamics in vivo in order to identify immune mechanisms that are differently regulated between the sexes. This study is based on the hypothesis that sex-specific outcomes emerge due to differences in the rates/speeds that select immune components respond. Using publicly available sex-specific murine data, we utilized dynamic mathematical models of the innate immune response to identify candidate mechanisms that may lead to increased disease severity in female mice. We implemented a large computational screen using the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), wherein the goodness of fit of the competing model scenarios is balanced against complexity (i.e., the number of parameters). Our results suggest that having sex-specific rates for proinflammatory monocyte induction by interferon and monocyte inhibition of virus replication provides the simplest (lowest BIC) explanation for the difference observed in the male and female immune responses. Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis and global sensitivity analysis of the top performing scenario were performed to provide rigorous estimates of the sex-specific parameter distributions and to provide insight into which parameters most affect innate immune responses. Simulations using the top-performing model suggest that monocyte activity could be a key target to reduce influenza disease severity in females. Overall, our Bayesian statistical and dynamic modeling approach suggests that monocyte activity and induction parameters are sex-specific and may explain sex-differences in influenza disease immune dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatum S. Liparulo
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jason E. Shoemaker
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tadount F, Kiely M, Assi A, Rafferty E, Sadarangani M, MacDonald SE, Quach C. Sex Differences in the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae222. [PMID: 38737434 PMCID: PMC11088355 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sex impacts individuals' response to vaccination. However, most vaccine studies do not report these differences disaggregated by sex. The aim of this study was to assess sex differences in the immunogenicity and efficacy of influenza vaccine. Methods We performed a meta-analysis using phase 3 randomized controlled trial data conducted between 2010 and 2018. Using hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers for each strain, differences in geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were calculated by sex. Risk ratios (RRs) comparing seroconversion proportions were pooled for females and males using random-effects models. Vaccine efficacy (VE) was assessed. Data were analyzed by age group (18-64 vs ≥65 years). Results A total of 33 092 healthy adults from 19 studies were included for immunogenicity analysis, and 6740 from 1 study for VE. Whereas no sex differences in immunogenicity were found in adults <65 years old, older females had a significantly greater chance to seroconvert compared to older males for all strains: RRH1N1 = 1.17 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.12-1.23]; RRH3N2 = 1.09 [95% CI, 1.05-1.14]; RRVictoria = 1.23 [95% CI, 1.14-1.31]; RRYamagata = 1.22 [95% CI, 1.14-1.30]. GMRs were also higher in older females for all strains compared to older males. VE in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza was higher in older females compared to older males with VEs of 27.32% (95% CI, 1.15%-46.56%) and 6.06% (95% CI, -37.68% to 35.90%), respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest a higher immunogenicity and VE in females compared to males in older adults. These differences in immunogenicity and VE support the disaggregation of vaccine data by sex in clinical trials and observational studies. Clinical Trials Registration CRD42018112260.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazia Tadount
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Health and Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marilou Kiely
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Ali Assi
- Faculty of Nursing and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ellen Rafferty
- Faculty of Nursing and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shannon E MacDonald
- Faculty of Nursing and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Health and Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Département de Pédiaterie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Milad N, Fantauzzi MF, McGrath JJ, Cass SP, Thayaparan D, Wang P, Afkhami S, Aguiar JA, Ask K, Doxey AC, Stampfli MR, Hirota JA. Cannabis smoke suppresses antiviral immune responses to influenza A in mice. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00219-2023. [PMID: 38020563 PMCID: PMC10680033 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00219-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Despite its increasingly widespread use, little is known about the impact of cannabis smoking on the response to viral infections like influenza A virus (IAV). Many assume that cannabis smoking will disrupt antiviral responses in a manner similar to cigarette smoking; however, since cannabinoids exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, cannabis smoke exposure may impact viral infection in distinct ways. Methods Male and female BALB/c mice were exposed daily to cannabis smoke and concurrently intranasally instilled with IAV. Viral burden, inflammatory mediator levels (multiplex ELISA), lung immune cells populations (flow cytometry) and gene expression patterns (RNA sequencing) were assessed in the lungs. Plasma IAV-specific antibodies were measured via ELISA. Results We found that cannabis smoke exposure increased pulmonary viral burden while decreasing total leukocytes, including macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cell populations in the lungs. Furthermore, infection-induced upregulation of certain inflammatory mediators (interferon-γ and C-C motif chemokine ligand 5) was blunted by cannabis smoke exposure, which in females was linked to the transcriptional downregulation of pathways involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Finally, plasma levels of IAV-specific IgM and IgG1 were significantly decreased in cannabis smoke-exposed, infected mice compared to infected controls, only in female mice. Conclusions Overall, cannabis smoke exposure disrupted host-defence processes, leading to increased viral burden and dampened inflammatory signalling. These results suggest that cannabis smoking is detrimental to the maintenance of pulmonary homeostasis during viral infection and highlight the need for data regarding the impact on immune competency in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Milad
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to the studies and manuscript
| | - Matthew F. Fantauzzi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- These authors contributed equally to the studies and manuscript
| | - Joshua J.C. McGrath
- Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven P. Cass
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Danya Thayaparan
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peiyao Wang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Afkhami
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C. Doxey
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R. Stampfli
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Hirota
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health – Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kolb AW, Ferguson SA, Larsen IV, Brandt CR. Disease parameters following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection are similar in male and female BALB/C mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287194. [PMID: 37319284 PMCID: PMC10270577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex related differences in the incidence or severity of infection have been described for multiple viruses. With herpes simplex viruses, the best example is HSV-2 genital infection where women have a higher incidence of infection and can have more severe infections than men. HSV-1 causes several types of infections including skin and mucosal ulcers, keratitis, and encephalitis in humans that do not appear to have a strong biological sex component. Given that mouse strains differ in their MHC loci it is important to determine if sex differences occur in multiple strains of mice. Our goal was to answer two questions: Are virus related sex differences present in BALB/C mice and does virulence of the viral strain have an effect? We generated a panel of recombinant HSV-1 viruses with differing virulence phenotypes and characterized multiple clinical correlates of ocular infection in BALB/c mice. We found no sex-specific differences in blepharitis, corneal clouding, neurovirulence, and viral titers in eye washes. Sex differences in neovascularization, weight loss and eyewash titers were observed for some recombinants, but these were not consistent across the phenotypes tested for any recombinant virus. Considering these findings, we conclude that there are no significant sex specific ocular pathologies in the parameters measured, regardless of the virulence phenotype following ocular infection in BALB/c mice, suggesting that the use of both sexes is not necessary for the bulk of ocular infection studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Kolb
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Ferguson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Inna V. Larsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Curtis R. Brandt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cvetkovic-Vega A, Urrunaga-Pastor D, Soto-Becerra P, Figueroa-Montes LE, Fernandez-Bolivar L, Alvizuri-Pastor S, Oyanguren-Miranda M, Neyra-Vera I, Carrillo-Ramos E, Sagástegui A, Contreras-Macazana R, Lecca-Rengifo D, Grande-Castro N, Apolaya-Segura M, Maguina JL. Post-vaccination seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 in peruvian health workers vaccinated with BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm). Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 52:102514. [PMID: 36462747 PMCID: PMC9710108 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of post-vaccination seropositivity against SARS-CoV-2 and identify its predictors in Peruvian Social Health Insurance (EsSalud) personnel in 2021. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in a representative simple stratified sample of EsSalud workers. We evaluated IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies response (seropositivity) by passive (previous infection) and active immunization (vaccination), and epidemiological and occupational variables obtained by direct interview and a data collection form. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used with correction of sample weights adjusted for non-response rate, and crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) and geometric mean ratio (GMR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. RESULTS We enrolled 1077 subjects. Seropositivity was 67.4% (95%CI: 63.4-71.1). Predictors of seropositivity were age (negative relation; p < 0.001), previous infection (aOR = 11.7; 95%CI: 7.81-17.5), working in COVID-19 area (aOR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.02-2.11) and time since the second dose. In relation to antibody levels measured by geometric means, there was an association between male sex (aGMR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.74-0.80), age (negative relation; p < 0.001), previous infection (aGMR = 13.1; 95%CI:4.99-34.40), non-face-to-face/licensed work modality (aGMR = 0.78; 95%CI: 0.73-0.84), being a nursing technician (aGMR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.20-1.41), working in administrative areas (aGMR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.10-1.25), diagnostic support (aGMR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.01-1.15), critical care (aGMR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.79-0.93), and in a COVID-19 area (aGMR = 1.30; 95%CI: 1.24-1.36) and time since receiving the second dose (negative relation; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity and antibody levels decrease as the time since receiving the second dose increases. Older age and no history of previous infection were associated with lower seropositivity and antibody values. These findings may be useful for sentinel antibody surveillance and the design of booster dose strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Urrunaga-Pastor
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Soto-Becerra
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Peru; Universidad Continental, Huancayo, Peru
| | | | - Lizette Fernandez-Bolivar
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Servicio de Inmunología y Bioquímica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Sergio Alvizuri-Pastor
- Unidad de Inmunología Especializada, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Oyanguren-Miranda
- Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Ibeth Neyra-Vera
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Servicio de Inmunología y Bioquímica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Carrillo-Ramos
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Arturo Sagástegui
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Roxana Contreras-Macazana
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Servicio de Bioquímica e Inmunoquímica, Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Diana Lecca-Rengifo
- Subgerencia de Proyectos Especiales, Gerencia de Oferta Flexible, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Nikolai Grande-Castro
- Departamento de Patología Clínica, Unidad de Inmuno-diagnóstico, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Moises Apolaya-Segura
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge L Maguina
- Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI, EsSalud, Lima, Peru.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Longitudinal surveillance of influenza in Japan, 2006-2016. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12026. [PMID: 35835833 PMCID: PMC9281223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We analysed 2006–2016 national influenza surveillance data in Japan with regards to age-, sex-, and predominant virus-related epidemic patterns and the prevalence of serum influenza virus antibodies. We found a significant increase in influenza prevalence in both children (≤ 19 years old) and adults (≥ 20 years old) over time. The influenza prevalence was higher in children (0.33 [95% CI 0.26–0.40]) than in adults (0.09 [95% CI 0.07–0.11]). Additionally, the mean prevalence of antibodies for A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) was significantly higher in children than in adults, whereas the mean prevalence of antibodies for B lineages was relatively low in both children and adults. There was a biennial cycle of the epidemic peak in children, which was associated with a relatively higher prevalence of B lineages. The female-to-male ratios of the influenza prevalence were significantly different in children (≤ 19 years old; 1.10 [95% CI:1.08–1.13]), adults (20–59 years old; 0.79 [95% CI 0.75–0.82]), and older adults (≥ 60 years old; 1.01 [95% CI 0.97–1.04]). The significant increase in influenza prevalence throughout the study period suggests a change of immunity to influenza infection. Long-term surveillance is important for developing a strategy to monitor, prevent and control for influenza epidemics.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
After more than 20 years of studying sex differences in viral pathogenesis and immunity to vaccines, the COVID‐19 pandemic provided me with a unique opportunity to raise awareness about biological sex differences. The scientific community and public, alike, embraced the clinical and epidemiological data and supported inquiries into how males are twice as likely to be hospitalized and die from COVID‐19. Immunological changes associated with pregnancy also contribute to worse outcomes from COVID‐19. Collectively, we are finding that inflammation is a critical mediator of worse outcomes for males and pregnant females. The pandemic gave me a platform to discuss and address sex differences on a bigger stage, but two decades of studies working with other viruses prepared me for this moment in history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Matsumoto S, Noda S, Torii S, Ikari Y, Kuroda S, Kitai T, Yonetsu T, Kohsaka S, Node K, Ikeda T, Matsue Y. Sex Differences in Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease ― Insights From the CLAVIS-COVID Registry ―. Circ Rep 2022; 4:315-321. [PMID: 35860350 PMCID: PMC9257456 DOI: 10.1253/circrep.cr-22-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Male sex is associated with a worse clinical course and outcomes of COVID-19, particularly in older patients. However, studies on COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease and/or risk factors (CVDRF), which are representative risk factors of COVID-19, are limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of sex on the outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with CVDRF. Methods and Results: We analyzed 693 COVID-19 patients with CVDRF. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on sex, and baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were compared between the 2 groups. The mean age of the 693 patients was 68 years; 64.8% were men and 96.1% were Japanese. In a univariate analysis model, sex was not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74–2.02; P=0.43). However, men had higher in-hospital mortality than women, especially among older (age ≥80 years) patients (OR 2.21; 95% CI 1.11–4.41; P=0.024). After adjusting for age and pivotal risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, coronary artery disease, chronic lung disease, and chronic kidney disease), multivariate analysis suggested that male sex was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.23–3.92; P=0.008). Conclusions: In this post hoc analysis of a nationwide registry focusing on patients with COVID-19 and CVDRF, men had higher in-hospital mortality than women, especially among older patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Matsumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Satoshi Noda
- Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Sho Torii
- Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Yuji Ikari
- Department of Cardiology, Tokai University School of Medicine
| | - Shunsuke Kuroda
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takeshi Kitai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Taishi Yonetsu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University
| | - Takanori Ikeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Toho University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuya Matsue
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salazar RA, Field SS. Factors Influencing Frequency of Pediatric Clinically Distinguishable Influenza: A 2 Season Case-Control Study. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 2022; 16:11795565221084159. [PMID: 35355882 PMCID: PMC8958712 DOI: 10.1177/11795565221084159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the individual differences in susceptibility to, or lifetime frequency of clinically distinguishable influenza in children. Methods: Rapid enzyme linked immunoassay-confirmed influenza pediatric cases (n = 96) in season 1 (2017-2018) were compared to age-matched (mean 7.7 years) controls (n = 171) with no evidence of influenza in season 1. The 2 cohorts were again studied in season 2 (2018-2019) for influenza outcomes and influences. Medical records, questionnaires, and interviews were used to determine past influenza disease and vaccine histories. Results: After season 2, known lifetime influenza illnesses per year of age averaged 22.6% in cases and 5.6% in controls, with 62% of controls still having never experienced known influenza. Having had prior influenza was marginally significant as a risk for season 1 influenza in cases versus controls (P = .055), yet a significant risk factor in controls for season 2 (P = .018). Influenza vaccine rates were significantly higher in controls than in cases for season 1, with a greater female vaccine benefit. Lack of previous influenza had greater calculated effectiveness (52%) than vaccination (17%-26%) in escaping season 2 influenza. Lifetime rates of vaccination did not correlate with lifetime rates of known influenza in either cohort. Conclusions: Lifetime clinically distinguishable influenza rates varied among children, with many escaping it for years even without being immunized against it. Findings of less than expected clinical influenza, no correlation between vaccination frequency and disease frequency, sex differences, and an association between past clinical influenza and current risk, point to innate differences in individual influenza experiences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Salazar
- University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine (Medical Student), Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Scott S Field
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Huntsville Campus (Adjunct Faculty), Huntsville, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized with a wide range of clinical presentations from asymptomatic to severe disease. In patients with severe disease, the main causes of mortality have been acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm and thrombotic events. Although all factors that may be associated with disease severity are not yet clear, older age remains a leading risk factor. While age-related immune changes may be at the bottom of severe course of COVID-19, age-related hormonal changes have considerable importance due to their interactions with these immune alterations, and also with endothelial dysfunction and comorbid cardiometabolic disorders. This review aims to provide the current scientific evidence on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the pathway to severe COVID-19, from a collaborative perspective of age-related immune and hormonal changes together, in accordance with the clinical knowledge acquired thus far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Hanife Oguz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Koca
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang Y, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Ng LG, Kwok I. Neutrophil subsets and their differential roles in viral respiratory diseases. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 111:1159-1173. [PMID: 35040189 PMCID: PMC9015493 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr1221-345r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play significant roles in immune homeostasis and as neutralizers of microbial infections. Recent evidence further suggests heterogeneity of neutrophil developmental and activation states that exert specialized effector functions during inflammatory disease conditions. Neutrophils can play multiple roles during viral infections, secreting inflammatory mediators and cytokines that contribute significantly to host defense and pathogenicity. However, their roles in viral immunity are not well understood. In this review, we present an overview of neutrophil heterogeneity and its impact on the course and severity of viral respiratory infectious diseases. We focus on the evidence demonstrating the crucial roles neutrophils play in the immune response toward respiratory infections, using influenza as a model. We further extend the understanding of neutrophil function with the studies pertaining to COVID‐19 disease and its neutrophil‐associated pathologies. Finally, we discuss the relevance of these results for future therapeutic options through targeting and regulating neutrophil‐specific responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Zhang
- Department of Research, National Skin Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China.,Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu K, Wu X, Wang W, Hong L. Epidemiology of influenza under the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Nanjing, China. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1959-1966. [PMID: 34964514 PMCID: PMC9015499 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the pandemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), the incidence of influenza has decreased significantly, but there are still few reports in the short period before and after the pandemic period. This study aimed to explore influenza activity and dynamic changes before and during the pandemic. METHODS A total of 1,324,357 influenza-like illness (ILI) cases were reported under ILI surveillance network from Jan 1, 2018 to Sep 5, 2021 in Nanjing, of which 16,158 cases were detected in laboratory. Differences of ILI and influenza was conducted with the chi-square test. RESULTS The number of ILI cases accounted for 8.97% of outpatient and emergency department visits. The influenza-positive ratio (IPR) was 7.84% in ILI cases. During the COVID-19 pandemic, ILI% and IPR dropped by 6.03% and 11.83% on average, respectively. Besides, IPR rose slightly in Week 30-35 of 2021. Not only differences in gender, age and employment status, but also the circulating strains had changed from type A to B through the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION The level of influenza activity was severely affected by COVID-19, but it seemed that it is inevitable to be vigilant against the co-circulation in the future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangjun Wu
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiang Wang
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Hong
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing Jiangbei New Area Center for Public Health Service, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leach DA, Brooke GN, Bevan CL. Roles of steroid receptors in the lung and COVID-19. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:1025-1038. [PMID: 34328182 PMCID: PMC8628186 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms and mortality are largely due to its devastating effects in the lungs. The disease is caused by the SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)-CoV-2 coronavirus, which requires host cell proteins such as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine protease 2) for infection of lung epithelia. The expression and function of the steroid hormone receptor family is important in many aspects that impact on COVID-19 effects in the lung - notably lung development and function, the immune system, and expression of TMPRSS2 and ACE2. This review provides a brief summary of current knowledge on the roles of the steroid hormone receptors [androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), progesterone receptor (PR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and oestrogen receptor (ER)] in the lung, their effects on host cell proteins that facilitate SARS-CoV-2 uptake, and provides a snapshot of current clinical trials investigating the use of steroid receptor (SR) ligands to treat COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien A. Leach
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K
| | - Greg N. Brooke
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, U.K
| | - Charlotte L. Bevan
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Newson L, Manyonda I, Lewis R, Preissner R, Preissner S, Seeland U. Sensitive to Infection but Strong in Defense-Female Sex and the Power of Oestradiol in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Glob Womens Health 2021; 2:651752. [PMID: 34816207 PMCID: PMC8593953 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.651752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of SARS-CoV2 infections is around 15% higher in premenopausal women compared to age matched men, yet the fatality rate from COVID-19 is significantly higher in men than women for all age strata. Sex differences have also been observed in recent epidemics including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), with SARS-CoV 2 virus infection sex differences appear more dramatic. The regulation and expression of the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the key for this special coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell. 17β-oestradiol increases expression level and activity of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the alternative signaling pathway of Ang II via the angiotensin II receptor type II (AT2R) and the Mas receptor is more dominant in female sex than in male sex. Maybe a hint to explain the higher infection risk in women. The same hormonal milieu plays a major role in protecting women where morbidity and mortality are concerned, since the dominant female hormone, oestradiol, has immune-modulatory properties that are likely to be protective against virus infections. It is also known that the X chromosome contains the largest number of immune-related genes, potentially conferring an advantage to women in efficient immune responsiveness. Lifestyle factors are also likely to be contributory. Premenopausal women could possibly face higher exposure to infection (hence higher infection rates) because economic conditions are often less favorable for them with less opportunity for home office work because of jobs requiring mandatory attendance. Due to the additional task of childcare, it is likely that contact times with other people will be longer. Women generally make healthier lifestyle choices, thus reducing the disease burden that confers high risk of mortality in COVID-19 infected men. This narrative review aims to present key concepts and knowledge gaps on the effects of oestrogen associated with SARS-CoV2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Newson
- Newson Health Ltd, Winton House, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Manyonda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Newson Health Ltd, Winton House, Stratford-upon-Avon, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology and Science-IT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Seeland
- Institute of Physiology and Science-IT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Risk Factors of Influenza-Associated Respiratory Illnesses Reported to a Sentinel Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan: 2015-2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:2460553. [PMID: 34745395 PMCID: PMC8566087 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2460553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data about determinants of influenza A virus (IAV) in the Pakistani population is scarce. We aimed to conduct a prospective hospital-based active surveillance study from October 2015 to May 2016 to identify potential risk factors associated with IAV infection among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). Surveillance was conducted in Lahore General Hospital, selected as a sentinel site in Lahore District, Pakistan. Nasal/throat samples were collected along with epidemiological and clinical data from enrolled patients. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was performed to identify IAV and its subtypes (H1N1pdm09, H3N2). Data were analyzed to determine risk factors and risk markers associated with IAV infections. A total of 311 suspected ILI and SARI cases were enrolled in the study, and among these 50 were IAV-positive. Of these 50 confirmed cases of IAV, 14 were subtyped as H1N1pdm09 and 15 were H3N2; the remaining 21 were untyped. A final multivariable model identified four independent risk factors/markers for IAV infection: exposure history to ILI patients within last 7 days and gender being male were identified as risk factors of IAV infection, while use of antibiotics prior to hospital consultation and presence of fever were identified as risk markers. We concluded that adopting nonpharmaceutical interventions like hand hygiene, masks, social distancing, and where possible, avoiding identified risk factors could decrease the risk of IAV infection and may prevent imminent outbreaks of IAV in the community.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hay M, Kumar V, Ricaño-Ponce I. The role of the X chromosome in infectious diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 21:143-158. [PMID: 34651167 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many infectious diseases in humans present with a sex bias. This bias arises from a combination of environmental factors, hormones and genetics. In this study, we review the contribution of the X chromosome to the genetic factor associated with infectious diseases. First, we give an overview of the X-linked genes that have been described in the context of infectious diseases and group them in four main pathways that seem to be dysregulated in infectious diseases: nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 2 and interferon γ cascade, toll-like receptors and programmed death ligand 1. Then, we review the infectious disease associations in existing genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from the GWAS Catalog and the Pan-UK Biobank, describing the main associations and their possible implications for the disease. Finally, we highlight the importance of including the X chromosome in GWAS analysis and the importance of sex-specific analysis.
Collapse
|
17
|
Review of Influenza Virus Vaccines: The Qualitative Nature of Immune Responses to Infection and Vaccination Is a Critical Consideration. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090979. [PMID: 34579216 PMCID: PMC8471734 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have affected the world for over a century, causing multiple pandemics. Throughout the years, many prophylactic vaccines have been developed for influenza; however, these viruses are still a global issue and take many lives. In this paper, we review influenza viruses, associated immunological mechanisms, current influenza vaccine platforms, and influenza infection, in the context of immunocompromised populations. This review focuses on the qualitative nature of immune responses against influenza viruses, with an emphasis on trained immunity and an assessment of the characteristics of the host–pathogen that compromise the effectiveness of immunization. We also highlight innovative immunological concepts that are important considerations for the development of the next generation of vaccines against influenza viruses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Scully EP, Schumock G, Fu M, Massaccesi G, Muschelli J, Betz J, Klein EY, West NE, Robinson M, Garibaldi BT, Bandeen-Roche K, Zeger S, Klein SL, Gupta A. Sex and Gender Differences in Testing, Hospital Admission, Clinical Presentation, and Drivers of Severe Outcomes From COVID-19. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab448. [PMID: 34584899 PMCID: PMC8465334 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Males experience increased severity of illness and mortality from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared with females, but the mechanisms of male susceptibility are unclear. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing and admission data at 5 hospitals in the Maryland/Washington DC area. Using age-stratified logistic regression models, we quantified the impact of male sex on the risk of the composite outcome of severe disease or death (World Health Organization score 5-8) and tested the impact of demographics, comorbidities, health behaviors, and laboratory inflammatory markers on the sex effect. RESULTS Among 213 175 SARS-CoV-2 tests, despite similar positivity rates, males in age strata between 18 and 74 years were more frequently hospitalized. For the 2626 hospitalized individuals, clinical inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, ferritin, absolute lymphocyte count, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio) were more favorable for females than males (P < .001). Among 18-49-year-olds, male sex carried a higher risk of severe outcomes, both early (odds ratio [OR], 3.01; 95% CI, 1.75 to 5.18) and at peak illness during hospitalization (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.78 to 3.74). Despite multiple differences in demographics, presentation features, comorbidities, and health behaviors, these variables did not change the association of male sex with severe disease. Only clinical inflammatory marker values modified the sex effect, reducing the OR for severe outcomes in males aged 18-49 years to 1.81 (95% CI, 1.00 to 3.26) early and 1.39 (95% CI, 0.93 to 2.08) at peak illness. CONCLUSIONS Higher inflammatory laboratory test values were associated with increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 for males. A sex-specific inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection may underlie the sex differences in outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P Scully
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Grant Schumock
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Fu
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John Muschelli
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Betz
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eili Y Klein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie E West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian T Garibaldi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Karen Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Scott Zeger
- Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amita Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Offspring born to influenza A virus infected pregnant mice have increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections in early life. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4957. [PMID: 34400653 PMCID: PMC8368105 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza during pregnancy can affect the health of offspring in later life, among which neurocognitive disorders are among the best described. Here, we investigate whether maternal influenza infection has adverse effects on immune responses in offspring. We establish a two-hit mouse model to study the effect of maternal influenza A virus infection (first hit) on vulnerability of offspring to heterologous infections (second hit) in later life. Offspring born to influenza A virus infected mothers are stunted in growth and more vulnerable to heterologous infections (influenza B virus and MRSA) than those born to PBS- or poly(I:C)-treated mothers. Enhanced vulnerability to infection in neonates is associated with reduced haematopoetic development and immune responses. In particular, alveolar macrophages of offspring exposed to maternal influenza have reduced capacity to clear second hit pathogens. This impaired pathogen clearance is partially reversed by adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages from healthy offspring born to uninfected dams. These findings suggest that maternal influenza infection may impair immune ontogeny and increase susceptibility to early life infections of offspring. Influenza infection during pregnancy can affect health of offspring but it is not clear how this affects immune responses. Here the authors use a mouse model to show that influenza infection during pregnancy can increase susceptibility to secondary infection and alter immune cell function in offspring.
Collapse
|
20
|
de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Larrous F, Feige L, Kornobis E, Levallois S, Marchio A, Kergoat L, Hardy D, Cokelaer T, Pineau P, Lecuit M, Lledo P, Changeux J, Bourhy H. Attenuation of clinical and immunological outcomes during SARS-CoV-2 infection by ivermectin. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14122. [PMID: 34170074 PMCID: PMC8350903 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The devastating pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of antigenic variants that jeopardize the efficacy of current vaccines create an urgent need for a comprehensive understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19, including the contribution of inflammation to disease. It also warrants for the search of immunomodulatory drugs that could improve disease outcome. Here, we show that standard doses of ivermectin (IVM), an anti-parasitic drug with potential immunomodulatory activities through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, prevent clinical deterioration, reduce olfactory deficit, and limit the inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. Whereas it has no effect on viral load in the airways of infected animals, transcriptomic analyses of infected lungs reveal that IVM dampens type I interferon responses and modulates several other inflammatory pathways. In particular, IVM dramatically reduces the Il-6/Il-10 ratio in lung tissue and promotes macrophage M2 polarization, which might account for the more favorable clinical presentation of IVM-treated animals. Altogether, this study supports the use of immunomodulatory drugs such as IVM, to improve the clinical condition of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florence Larrous
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Lena Feige
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Etienne Kornobis
- Biomics Technological PlatformCenter for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT)Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HubComputational Biology DepartmentInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | | | - Agnès Marchio
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - David Hardy
- Experimental Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Thomas Cokelaer
- Biomics Technological PlatformCenter for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT)Institut PasteurParisFrance
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HubComputational Biology DepartmentInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Pascal Pineau
- Nuclear Organization and Oncogenesis UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Biology of Infection UnitInstitut PasteurInserm U1117ParisFrance
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical MedicineInstitut ImagineUniversité de ParisNecker‐Enfants Malades University HospitalAP‐HPParisFrance
| | | | | | - Hervé Bourhy
- Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lin X, Lin F, Liang T, Ducatez MF, Zanin M, Wong SS. Antibody Responsiveness to Influenza: What Drives It? Viruses 2021; 13:v13071400. [PMID: 34372607 PMCID: PMC8310379 DOI: 10.3390/v13071400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of a specific antibody response has long been accepted as a serological hallmark of recent infection or antigen exposure. Much of our understanding of the influenza antibody response has been derived from studying antibodies that target the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. However, growing evidence points to limitations associated with this approach. In this review, we aim to highlight the issue of antibody non-responsiveness after influenza virus infection and vaccination. We will then provide an overview of the major factors known to influence antibody responsiveness to influenza after infection and vaccination. We discuss the biological factors such as age, sex, influence of prior immunity, genetics, and some chronic infections that may affect the induction of influenza antibody responses. We also discuss the technical factors, such as assay choices, strain variations, and viral properties that may influence the sensitivity of the assays used to measure influenza antibodies. Understanding these factors will hopefully provide a more comprehensive picture of what influenza immunogenicity and protection means, which will be important in our effort to improve influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Fangmei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | - Tingting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
| | | | - Mark Zanin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 195 Dongfengxi Rd, Guangzhou 510182, China; (X.L.); (F.L.); (T.L.); (M.Z.)
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-178-2584-6078
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Biological sex affects the outcome of diverse respiratory viral infections. The pathogenesis of respiratory infections caused by viruses ranging from respiratory syncytial virus to influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 differs between the sexes across the life course. Generally, males are more susceptible to severe outcomes from respiratory viral infections at younger and older ages. During reproductive years (i.e., after puberty and prior to menopause), females are often at greater risk than males for severe outcomes. Pregnancy and biological sex affect the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections. In addition to sex differences in the pathogenesis of disease, there are consistent sex differences in responses to treatments, with females often developing greater immune responses but experiencing more adverse reactions than males. Animal models provide mechanistic insights into the causes of sex differences in respiratory virus pathogenesis and treatment outcomes, where available. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205;
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA 21205; .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Maryland, USA 21205
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma Q, Hao ZW, Wang YF. The effect of estrogen in coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L219-L227. [PMID: 33949212 PMCID: PMC8270516 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00332.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary between men and women. Some statistical reports have shown that men have a higher risk of developing COVID-19 and suffer from worse outcomes than females. Although there are many factors that can explain the high prevalence of COVID-19 in men, such as lifestyle habits and the different profile of comorbidities among sexes, the distinctions between male and female immune systems cannot be ignored. It has been sufficiently shown that sex differences have a critical influence on the shaping of immune response, which then leads to different pathogenesis in infectious diseases. Compared with males, females typically have a more effective innate and adaptive immune response to viral infections in COVID-19. What’s more, there is a growing body of evidence showing that estrogen exerts an effect on the regulation of immune response. This article examines the effect and mechanism of estrogen on COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo-Wen Hao
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Feng Wang
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Scully EP, Schumock G, Fu M, Massaccesi G, Muschelli J, Betz J, Klein EY, West NE, Robinson M, Garibaldi BT, Bandeen-Roche K, Zeger S, Klein SL, Gupta A. Sex and gender differences in COVID testing, hospital admission, presentation, and drivers of severe outcomes in the DC/Maryland region. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33851190 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.05.21253827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Rates of severe illness and mortality from SARS-CoV-2 are greater for males, but the mechanisms for this difference are unclear. Understanding the differences in outcomes between males and females across the age spectrum will guide both public health and biomedical interventions. Methods Retrospective cohort analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing and admission data in a health system. Patient-level data were assessed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression modeling was used to identify features associated with increased male risk of severe outcomes. Results In 213,175 SARS-CoV-2 tests, despite similar positivity rates (8.2%F vs 8.9%M), males were more frequently hospitalized (28%F vs 33%M). Of 2,626 hospitalized individuals, females had less severe presenting respiratory parameters and males had more fever. Comorbidity burden was similar, but with differences in specific conditions. Medications relevant for SARS-CoV-2 were used at similar frequency except tocilizumab (M>F). Males had higher inflammatory lab values. In a logistic regression model, male sex was associated with a higher risk of severe outcomes at 24 hours (odds ratio (OR) 3.01, 95%CI 1.75, 5.18) and at peak status (OR 2.58, 95%CI 1.78,3.74) among 18-49 year-olds. Block-wise addition of potential explanatory variables demonstrated that only the inflammatory labs substantially modified the OR associated with male sex across all ages. Conclusion Higher levels of clinical inflammatory labs are the only features that are associated with the heightened risk of severe outcomes and death for males in COVID-19. Trial registration NA. Funding Hopkins inHealth; COVID-19 Administrative Supplement (HHS Region 3 Treatment Center), Office of the ASPR; NIH/NCI U54CA260492 (SK), NIH/NIA U54AG062333 (SK).
Collapse
|
25
|
Increased Hospitalization and Mortality from COVID-19 in Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071630. [PMID: 33915795 PMCID: PMC8037308 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer patients with COVID-19 have a poor disease course. Among tumor types, prostate cancer and COVID-19 share several risk factors, and the interaction of prostate cancer and COVID-19 is purported to have an adverse outcome. METHODS This was a single-institution retrospective study on 286,609 patients who underwent the COVID-19 test at Mount Sinai Hospital system from March 2020 to December 2020. Chi-square/Fisher's exact tests were used to summarize baseline characteristics of categorical data, and Mann-Whitney U test was used for continuous variables. Univariable logistic regression analysis to compare the hospitalization and mortality rates and the strength of association was obtained by the odds ratio and confidence interval. RESULTS This study aimed to compare hospitalization and mortality rates between men with COVID-19 and prostate cancer and those who were COVID-19-positive with non-prostate genitourinary malignancy or any solid cancer, and with breast cancer patients. We also compared our studies to others that reported the incidence and severity of COVID-19 in prostate cancer patients. Our studies highlight that patients with prostate cancer had higher susceptibility to COVID-19-related pathogenesis, resulting in higher mortality and hospitalization rates. Hospitalization and mortality rates were higher in prostate cancer patients with COVID-19 when compared with COVID-19 patients with non-prostate genitourinary (GU) malignancies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jin S, An H, Zhou T, Li T, Xie M, Chen S, Chen C, Ying B, Xu Z, Li X, Li M. Sex- and age-specific clinical and immunological features of coronavirus disease 2019. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009420. [PMID: 33770147 PMCID: PMC8026060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To simultaneously determine clinical and immunological responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young and old females and males, 681 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and 369 normal controls (NCs) were analyzed based on age and sex classifications using multiple linear regression analysis. Compared to the age-matched NCs, both young and old male and female non-comorbid COVID-19 patients had lower lymphocyte counts and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration, and only young male and female patients had lower neutrophil counts. Compared to young patients, both old males and females had significantly higher plasma ALT and AST concentrations. Compared to young and old females, age-matched males had higher plasma ALT and AST concentrations, but only young males had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration. Compared to females, old males, but not young males, showed higher incidence of critical illness. Compared to young patients, old females had more leukocyte and neutrophil counts above the normal upper limit and B cell count below the normal lower limit (NLL), while old males had more lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell counts below the NLL. No sex or age associations with B cell and NK cell counts were observed. However, there were age-dependent decreases in CD8+ T-cell counts in both male and female COVID-19 patients. Age was negatively associated with CD8+ T cell counts but positively associated with neutrophil count, CRP, ALT, and AST concentrations, and sex (females) was negatively associated with neutrophil count, CRP, ALT, and AST concentrations. The present study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection mainly induced 1) beneficial sex (female)-related differences regarding reduced COVID-19 disease severity and negative associations with inflammatory responses and liver damage, and 2) harmful age-related differences relating to negative associations with CD8+ T cell count and positive associations with inflammatory responses and liver damage. Thus, sex and age are biological variables that should be considered in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Jin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui An
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengzhen Xie
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Saijing Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Wenzhou, China
| | - Binyu Ying
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangye Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zettersten E, Engerström L, Bell M, Jäderling G, Mårtensson J, Block L, Larsson E. Long-term outcome after intensive care for COVID-19: differences between men and women-a nationwide cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2021; 25:86. [PMID: 33632273 PMCID: PMC7906087 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-021-03511-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Questions remain about long-term outcome for COVID-19 patients in general, and differences between men and women in particular given the fact that men seem to suffer a more dramatic course of the disease. We therefore analysed outcome beyond 90 days in ICU patients with COVID-19, with special focus on differences between men and women. Methods We identified all patient ≥ 18 years with COVID-19 admitted between March 6 and June 30, 2020, in the Swedish Intensive Care Registry. Patients were followed until death or study end-point October 22, 2020. Association with patient sex and mortality, in addition to clinical variables, was estimated using Cox regression. We also performed a logistic regression model estimating factors associated with 90-day mortality. Results In total, 2354 patients with COVID-19 were included. Four patients were still in the ICU at study end-point. Median follow-up time was 183 days. Mortality at 90-days was 26.9%, 23.4% in women and 28.2% in men. After 90 days until end of follow-up, only 11 deaths occurred. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, male sex (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06–1.54) remained significantly associated with mortality even after adjustments. Additionally, age, COPD/asthma, immune deficiency, malignancy, SAPS3 and admission month were associated with mortality. The logistic regression model of 90-day mortality showed almost identical results.
Conclusions In this nationwide study of ICU patients with COVID-19, men were at higher risk of poor long-term outcome compared to their female counterparts. The underlying mechanisms for these differences are not fully understood and warrant further studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13054-021-03511-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Zettersten
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Engerström
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Vrinnevi Hospital, Norrköping, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,The Swedish Intensive Care Registry, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Max Bell
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Jäderling
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Mårtensson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Block
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Larsson
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Swedish Intensive Care Registry, Karlstad, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jørgensen TN, Kovats S, Lotter H. Editorial: Effects of Androgens on Immunity to Self and Foreign. Front Immunol 2021; 11:630066. [PMID: 33408721 PMCID: PMC7779623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.630066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Trine N Jørgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanna Lotter
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BMITM), Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ye CH, Hsu WL, Peng GR, Yu WC, Lin WC, Hu S, Yu SH. Role of the Immune Microenvironment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211010632. [PMID: 33949207 PMCID: PMC8114753 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211010632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has since spread rapidly worldwide. As researchers seek to learn more about COVID-19, the disease it causes, this novel virus continues to infect and kill. Despite the socioeconomic impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infections and likelihood of future outbreaks of other pathogenic coronaviruses, options to prevent or treat coronavirus infections remain limited. In current clinical trials, potential coronavirus treatments focusing on killing the virus or on preventing infection using vaccines largely ignore the host immune response. The relatively small body of current research on the virus indicates pathological responses by the immune system as the leading cause for much of the morbidity and mortality caused by COVID-19. In this review, we investigated the host innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, collated information on recent COVID-19 experimental data, and summarized the systemic immune responses to and histopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we summarized the immune-related biomarkers to define patients with high-risk and worst-case outcomes, and identified the possible usefulness of inflammatory markers as potential immunotherapeutic targets. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on COVID-19 and the symptomatological differences between healthy, convalescent, and severe cohorts, while offering research directions for alternative immunoregulation therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Ye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lin Hsu
- Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Cancer Center, Hualien, Taiwan
- Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - SuiYun Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Thomas N, Gurvich C, Kulkarni J. Sex Differences and COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1327:79-91. [PMID: 34279830 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex and psychosocial gender both play a role in many disease outcomes, and the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is no different. Clinical observations in COVID-19 patient data delineate clear disparities between males and females, indicating males are at a higher risk for poorer disease outcomes. Although we are yet to understand the sex and gender-based disparities specific to COVID-19, there is evidence for sex-based differences in the endocrine, immune and renin-angiotensin system, all systems implicated in COVID-19 outcomes. Such disparities are largely thought to be driven by sex chromosomes and modulating sex hormones, which are known to vary between sex, and across the reproductive lifespan. Understanding and exploiting these driving factors are critical to understanding the pathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 virus and may lead to the development of novel therapies and increase the efficacy of preventative vaccine strategies currently under development. This chapter focuses on the endocrine, immune and renin-angiotensin system and genetic sex-based differences that could account for the meaningful differences observed in the outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. .,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chudnovets A, Liu J, Narasimhan H, Liu Y, Burd I. Role of Inflammation in Virus Pathogenesis during Pregnancy. J Virol 2020; 95:e01381-19. [PMID: 33115865 PMCID: PMC7944452 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01381-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy lead to a spectrum of maternal and fetal outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic disease to more critical conditions presenting with severe maternal morbidity, stillbirth, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and fetal congenital anomalies, either apparent at birth or later in life. In this article, we review the pathogenesis of several viral infections that are particularly relevant in the context of pregnancy and intrauterine inflammation. Understanding the diverse mechanisms employed by viral pathogens as well as the repertoire of immune responses induced in the mother may help to establish novel therapeutic options to attenuate changes in the maternal-fetal interface and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chudnovets
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harish Narasimhan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Honce R, Wohlgemuth N, Meliopoulos VA, Short KR, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza in High-Risk Hosts-Lessons Learned from Animal Models. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a038604. [PMID: 31871227 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Factoring significantly into the global burden of influenza disease are high-risk populations that suffer the bulk of infections. Classically, the very young, very old, and pregnant women have been identified as high-risk populations; however, recent research has uncovered several other conditions that contribute to severe infection. By using varied animal models, researchers have identified molecular mechanisms underpinning the increased likelihood for infection due to obesity and malnourishment, as well as insight into the role sex hormones play in antiviral immunity in males, in females, and across the life span. Additionally, novel comorbidity models have helped elucidate the role of chronic infectious and genetic diseases in influenza virus pathogenesis. Animal models play a vital role in understanding the contribution of host factors to influenza severity and immunity. An in-depth understanding of these host factors represents an important step in reducing the burden of influenza among the growing number of people living with one or more chronic medical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA.,Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Nicholas Wohlgemuth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Forsyth KS, Anguera MC. Time to get ill: the intersection of viral infections, sex, and the X chromosome. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 19:62-72. [PMID: 33073073 PMCID: PMC7553007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Females have more robust immune responses than males, and viral infections are more severe for males. Hormones and genetic sex, namely the X chromosome, influence sex differences with immune responses. Here, we review recent findings underlying sexual dimorphism of disease susceptibility for two prevalent viral infections, influenza and SARS-CoV-2, which exhibit male-biased disease severity. Viral infections are proposed to be an initiating event for autoimmunity, which exhibits a female bias. We also review recent work elucidating the epigenetic and genetic contribution of X-Chromosome Inactivation maintenance, and X-linked gene expression, for the autoimmune disorder Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and highlight the complex considerations required for identifying underlying hormonal and genetic contributions responsible for sex differences in immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chamekh M, Casimir G. Understanding Gender-Bias in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:564117. [PMID: 33102501 PMCID: PMC7546272 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.564117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Chamekh
- Inflammation Unit, Laboratory of Pediatric Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georges Casimir
- Inflammation Unit, Laboratory of Pediatric Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Queen Fabiola University Children's Hospital (HUDERF), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bunders MJ, Altfeld M. Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions. Immunity 2020; 53:487-495. [PMID: 32853545 PMCID: PMC7430299 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Men present more frequently with severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are at higher risk for death. The underlying mechanisms for these differences between female and male individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are insufficiently understood. However, studies from other viral infections have shown that females can mount stronger immune responses against viruses than males. Emerging knowledge on the basic biological pathways that underlie differences in immune responses between women and men needs to be incorporated into research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and pathology to identify targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing antiviral immune function and lung airway resilience while reducing pathogenic inflammation in COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine J Bunders
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gadi N, Wu SC, Spihlman AP, Moulton VR. What's Sex Got to Do With COVID-19? Gender-Based Differences in the Host Immune Response to Coronaviruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2147. [PMID: 32983176 PMCID: PMC7485092 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has ravaged the world, with over 22 million total cases and over 770,000 deaths worldwide as of August 18, 2020. While the elderly are most severely affected, implicating an age bias, a striking factor in the demographics of this deadly disease is the gender bias, with higher numbers of cases, greater disease severity, and higher death rates among men than women across the lifespan. While pre-existing comorbidities and social, behavioral, and lifestyle factors contribute to this bias, biological factors underlying the host immune response may be crucial contributors. Women mount stronger immune responses to infections and vaccinations and outlive men. Sex-based biological factors underlying the immune response are therefore important determinants of susceptibility to infections, disease outcomes, and mortality. Despite this, gender is a profoundly understudied and often overlooked variable in research related to the immune response and infectious diseases, and it is largely ignored in drug and vaccine clinical trials. Understanding these factors will not only help better understand the pathogenesis of COVID-19, but it will also guide the design of effective therapies and vaccine strategies for gender-based personalized medicine. This review focuses on sex-based differences in genes, sex hormones, and the microbiome underlying the host immune response and their relevance to infections with a focus on coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirupa Gadi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samantha C. Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Allison P. Spihlman
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng B, Jiang T, Zhang L, Hu R, Tian J, Jiang Y, Huang B, Li J, Wei M, Yang J, Ren S, Wang G. Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa294. [PMID: 32760752 PMCID: PMC7395671 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic. Despite the growing number of patients with COVID-19 infection, data on the clinical characteristics of pregnant patients are still limited. Methods We retrospectively included childbearing-age female patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 15 to February 23, 2020. Demographic, clinical, radiological, laboratory, and treatment data were reviewed. Clinical characteristics of pregnant and nonpregnant patients were compared. Results One hundred eleven childbearing-age women with COVID-19 were included, including 16 patients (14.4%) with severe or critical disease. Compared with nonpregnant patients (n = 80), pregnant patients (n = 31) were less likely to have dyspnea (16.1% vs 37.5%), asthenia (3.2% vs 33.8%), and ≥3 symptoms (22.6% vs 45.0%); had a significantly higher neutrophil count (5.2 vs 2.5 ×109/L) and a higher percentage of CD3+ cells (76.7% vs 73.7%) and CD8+ cells (32.3% vs 28.4%); and had a dramatically lower percentage of lymphocytes (18.2% vs 31.8%), a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio (1.2 vs 1.4), and a lower level of IgG (9.8 vs 11.9 g/L). Of note, pregnant patients had a significantly lower percentage of severe disease (3.2% vs 18.8%) and a substantially higher level of inflammation markers including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (4.4 vs 1.9) and systematic inflammatory index (812.8 vs 354.7) than nonpregnant patients. Seventeen live births were recorded, and all of these showed negative results of postnatal COVID-19 detection together with a normal Apgar score. Conclusions Pregnant patients with COVID-19 had a lower level of severity and an enhanced inflammatory response and cell immunity when compared with nonpregnant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biheng Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital & Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Obstetrics, Qianjiang Central Hospital, Qianjiang, China
| | - Jinhua Tian
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Obstetrics, Eastern Campus, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengxiang Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital & Thoracic Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Banerjee D, Rao TSS. Sexuality, sexual well being, and intimacy during COVID-19 pandemic: An advocacy perspective. Indian J Psychiatry 2020; 62:418-426. [PMID: 33165372 PMCID: PMC7597708 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_484_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, has emerged as a global public health threat. The implications are much beyond just health crisis, and it has long-lasting psychosocial and economic implications. Although the psychological offshoots such as depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and sleep disturbances are being studied in-depth, there is a dearth of literature on the sexual well-being and sexual practices during this pandemic. Considering the physical distancing; travel restrictions; the high human-human transmission rate; misinformation and uncertainty about the sexual routes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2; and fear about intimacy, sexuality, and safe sexual practices have increased significantly. This is more prominent in newly settled or distanced couples and the frontline health workers, with increased risk exposure to the virus. For them, guilt and distress associated with sexual relationships might increase primary psychiatric and sexual disorders. This, in turn, impacts relationships and emotional bonding in couples and affects healthy coping during the pandemic crisis. Although sexual abstinence is the safest practice to prevent transmission, it is not practically feasible in all cases. Risk reduction counseling, sex with quarantined partners, and digital sex are other options that are worth exploring. There are additional concerns of digital safety, unhealthy use of technology, cyber-crimes, and online extortion. Keeping this in the background, this advocacy article glances through the effects of past outbreaks on sexuality, reviews the current recommendations, and proposes methods and approaches for sexual well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is vital for overall public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Banerjee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - T. S. Sathyanarayana Rao
- Department of Psychiatry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest themselves in susceptibility to infection, early pathogenesis, innate viral control, adaptive immune responses or the balance of inflammation and tissue repair in the resolution of infection. We discuss available sex-disaggregated epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic, introduce sex-differential features of immunity and highlight potential sex differences underlying COVID-19 severity. We propose that sex differences in immunopathogenesis will inform mechanisms of COVID-19, identify points for therapeutic intervention and improve vaccine design and increase vaccine efficacy. Why are males more susceptible to severe COVID-19 than females? In this Perspective, Sabra Klein and colleagues consider the sex differences in the immune system that may contribute to this sex bias.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mendoza M, Gunasekera D, Pratt KP, Qiu Q, Casares S, Brumeanu TD. The humanized DRAGA mouse (HLA-A2. HLA-DR4. RAG1 KO. IL-2R g c KO. NOD) establishes inducible and transmissible models for influenza type A infections. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2222-2237. [PMID: 32129705 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1713605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have engineered a Human Immune System (HIS)-reconstituted mouse strain (DRAGA mouse: HLA-A2. HLA-DR4. Rag1 KO. IL-2Rγc KO. NOD) in which the murine immune system has been replaced by a long-term, functional HIS via infusion of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from cord blood. Herein, we report that the DRAGA mice can sustain inducible and transmissible H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viral (IAV) infections. DRAGA female mice were significantly more resilient than the males to the H3N2/Aichi infection, but not to H3N2/Hong Kong, H3N2/Victoria, or H1N1/PR8 sub-lethal infections. Consistently associated with large pulmonary hemorrhagic areas, both human and murine Factor 8 mRNA transcripts were undetectable in the damaged lung tissues but not in livers of DRAGA mice advancing to severe H1N1/PR8 infection. Infected DRAGA mice mounted a neutralizing anti-viral antibody response and developed lung-resident CD103 T cells. These results indicate that the DRAGA mouse model for IAV infections can more closely approximate the human lung pathology and anti-viral immune responses compared to non-HIS mice. This mouse model may also allow further investigations into gender-based resilience to IAV infections, and may potentially be used to evaluate the efficacy of IAV vaccine regimens for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Mendoza
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Devi Gunasekera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen P Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA.,US Military Malaria Vaccine Development, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sofia Casares
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA.,US Military Malaria Vaccine Development, Naval Medical Research Center/Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Teodor-D Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gostic KM, Bridge R, Brady S, Viboud C, Worobey M, Lloyd-Smith JO. Childhood immune imprinting to influenza A shapes birth year-specific risk during seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 epidemics. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008109. [PMID: 31856206 PMCID: PMC6922319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Across decades of co-circulation in humans, influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have caused seasonal epidemics characterized by different age distributions of cases and mortality. H3N2 causes the majority of severe, clinically attended cases in high-risk elderly cohorts, and the majority of overall deaths, whereas H1N1 causes fewer deaths overall, and cases shifted towards young and middle-aged adults. These contrasting age profiles may result from differences in childhood imprinting to H1N1 and H3N2 or from differences in evolutionary rate between subtypes. Here we analyze a large epidemiological surveillance dataset to test whether childhood immune imprinting shapes seasonal influenza epidemiology, and if so, whether it acts primarily via homosubtypic immune memory or via broader, heterosubtypic memory. We also test the impact of evolutionary differences between influenza subtypes on age distributions of cases. Likelihood-based model comparison shows that narrow, within-subtype imprinting shapes seasonal influenza risk alongside age-specific risk factors. The data do not support a strong effect of evolutionary rate, or of broadly protective imprinting that acts across subtypes. Our findings emphasize that childhood exposures can imprint a lifelong immunological bias toward particular influenza subtypes, and that these cohort-specific biases shape epidemic age distributions. As a consequence, newer and less "senior" antibody responses acquired later in life do not provide the same strength of protection as responses imprinted in childhood. Finally, we project that the relatively low mortality burden of H1N1 may increase in the coming decades, as cohorts that lack H1N1-specific imprinting eventually reach old age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. Gostic
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Bridge
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shane Brady
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Cécile Viboud
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Worobey
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James O. Lloyd-Smith
- Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tadount F, Doyon-Plourde P, Rafferty E, MacDonald S, Sadarangani M, Quach C. Is there a difference in the immune response, efficacy, effectiveness and safety of seasonal influenza vaccine in males and females? - A systematic review. Vaccine 2019; 38:444-459. [PMID: 31711676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seasonal influenza is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, despite being vaccine-preventable. Sex factors (genes and hormones) seem to impact individuals' susceptibility to infectious diseases and their response to vaccination. However, most vaccine studies do not explicitly assess sex differences in vaccine response, but rather adjust for sex. METHODS We conducted a systematic review to analyze immunogenicity, efficacy, effectiveness and/or safety of seasonal influenza vaccine data stratified by sex. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov for observational studies and phase III/IV trials from January 1990 to June 2018, published in English or French. Two reviewers independently screened all references, then proceeded to data extraction and quality assessment using the Cochrane tools (RoB and ROBINS-I) on included studies. RESULTS Of the 5,745 citations retrieved, 46 studies were included in the SR. Overall, 18 studies assessed immunogenicity, 1 estimated efficacy, 6 measured effectiveness and 25 evaluated safety of seasonal influenza vaccine in females and males (four studies reported on two sex-stratified outcomes concomitantly). CONCLUSION No clear conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of sex on the immunogenicity and effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine, but higher rates of adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) were reported in females. The heterogeneity of data and studies' low quality prevented us from conducting a meta-analysis. There is a need to emphasize on the appropriate use of the terms sex and gender in biomedical research. Evidence of higher quality is needed to better understand sex differences in response to influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fazia Tadount
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (QC) Canada; Research Institute - CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal (QC) Canada
| | - Pamela Doyon-Plourde
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (QC) Canada; Research Institute - CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal (QC) Canada
| | - Ellen Rafferty
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton (AB) Canada
| | | | - Manish Sadarangani
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver (BC) Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver (BC) Canada
| | - Caroline Quach
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal (QC) Canada; Research Institute - CHU Sainte Justine, Montreal (QC) Canada; Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal (QC) Canada; Infection Prevention & Control, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal (QC) Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dhakal S, Klein SL. Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs. J Virol 2019; 93:e00797-19. [PMID: 31391269 PMCID: PMC6803252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00797-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a global public health problem. Current seasonal influenza vaccines have highly variable efficacy, and thus attempts to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines with durable protection are under way. While much attention is given to the virus-related factors contributing to inconsistent vaccine responses, host-associated factors are often neglected. Growing evidences suggest that host factors including age, biological sex, pregnancy, and immune history play important roles as modifiers of influenza virus vaccine efficacy. We hypothesize that host genetics, the hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota contribute to host-related differences in influenza virus vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the current insights and future perspectives into host-specific factors that impact influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection. Consideration of the host factors that affect influenza vaccine-induced immunity might improve influenza vaccines by providing empirical evidence for optimizing or even personalizing vaccine type, dose, and use of adjuvants for current seasonal and future universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs. J Virol 2019. [PMID: 31391269 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00797‐19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a global public health problem. Current seasonal influenza vaccines have highly variable efficacy, and thus attempts to develop broadly protective universal influenza vaccines with durable protection are under way. While much attention is given to the virus-related factors contributing to inconsistent vaccine responses, host-associated factors are often neglected. Growing evidences suggest that host factors including age, biological sex, pregnancy, and immune history play important roles as modifiers of influenza virus vaccine efficacy. We hypothesize that host genetics, the hormonal milieu, and gut microbiota contribute to host-related differences in influenza virus vaccine efficacy. This review highlights the current insights and future perspectives into host-specific factors that impact influenza vaccine-induced immunity and protection. Consideration of the host factors that affect influenza vaccine-induced immunity might improve influenza vaccines by providing empirical evidence for optimizing or even personalizing vaccine type, dose, and use of adjuvants for current seasonal and future universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
|
45
|
Post CM, Boule LA, Burke CG, O'Dell CT, Winans B, Lawrence BP. The Ancestral Environment Shapes Antiviral CD8 + T cell Responses across Generations. iScience 2019; 20:168-183. [PMID: 31569050 PMCID: PMC6817732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have linked health fates of children to environmental exposures of their great grandparents. However, few studies have considered whether ancestral exposures influence immune function across generations. Here, we report transgenerational inheritance of altered T cell responses resulting from maternal (F0) exposure to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Since F0 exposure to TCDD has been linked to transgenerational transmission of reproductive problems, we asked whether maternal TCDD exposure also caused transgenerational changes in immune function. F0 exposure caused transgenerational effects on the CD8+ T cell response to influenza virus infection in females but not in males. Outcrosses showed changes were passed through both parental lineages. These data demonstrate that F0 exposure to an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist causes durable changes to immune responses that can affect subsequent generations. This has broad implications for understanding how the environment of prior generations shapes susceptibility to pathogens and antiviral immunity in later generations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Post
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Lisbeth A Boule
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Catherine G Burke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Colleen T O'Dell
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bethany Winans
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vom Steeg LG, Attreed SE, Zirkin B, Klein SL. Testosterone treatment of aged male mice improves some but not all aspects of age-associated increases in influenza severity. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103988. [PMID: 31540670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The severity of influenza increases with age, with worse disease in aged males than females. Testosterone concentrations decline with age in males, which may impact influenza pathogenesis. Aged male mice were treated with testosterone or placebo and outcomes during influenza A virus (IAV) infection were compared with adult male mice. Aged males experienced greater morbidity and mortality than adult males, which was partially improved by testosterone treatment of aged males. Aged males cleared IAV from lungs slower than adult males, regardless of testosterone treatment. As compared with adult males, aged males experienced pulmonary, but not systemic, cytokine dysregulation, and delayed influx and contraction of IAV-specific CD8+ T cells in the lungs. Testosterone treatment in aged males partially restored pulmonary cytokine responses to levels consistent with adult males but did not alter the age-associated changes in IAV-specific CD8+ T cells. Testosterone only modestly improves outcomes of influenza in aged males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Landon G Vom Steeg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Attreed
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Voigt EA, Ovsyannikova IG, Kennedy RB, Grill DE, Goergen KM, Schaid DJ, Poland GA. Sex Differences in Older Adults' Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:180. [PMID: 30873150 PMCID: PMC6400991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Sex differences in immune responses to influenza vaccine may impact efficacy across populations. Methods: In a cohort of 138 older adults (50-74 years old), we measured influenza A/H1N1 antibody titers, B-cell ELISPOT response, PBMC transcriptomics, and PBMC cell compositions at 0, 3, and 28 days post-immunization with the 2010/11 seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine. Results: We identified higher B-cell ELISPOT responses in females than males. Potential mechanisms for sex effects were identified in four gene clusters related to T, NK, and B cells. Mediation analysis indicated that sex-dependent expression in T and NK cell genes can be partially attributed to higher CD4+ T cell and lower NK cell fractions in females. We identified strong sex effects in 135 B cell genes whose expression correlates with ELISPOT measures, and found that cell subset differences did not explain the effect of sex on these genes' expression. Post-vaccination expression of these genes, however, mediated 41% of the sex effect on ELISPOT responses. Conclusions: These results improve our understanding of sexual dimorphism in immunity and influenza vaccine response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Voigt
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Diane E. Grill
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Krista M. Goergen
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lotter H, Altfeld M. Sex differences in immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:133-135. [PMID: 30742253 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-00728-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lotter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Molecular Infection Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|