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Soto-Contreras A, Caamal-Chan MG, Ramírez-Mosqueda MA, Murguía-González J, Núñez-Pastrana R. Morphological and Molecular Identification of Phytophthora capsici Isolates with Differential Pathogenicity in Sechium edule. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1602. [PMID: 38931034 PMCID: PMC11207793 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Chayote (Sechium edule) is a crop of great economic and pharmaceutical importance in Mexico. Chayote is affected by Phytophthora capsici, which causes plant wilt and fruit rot. Three isolates of P. capsici (A1-C, A2-H, and A3-O) were obtained from three producing areas in Veracruz, Mexico. Morphometric characteristics of sporangia and the colony pattern on three different media were described. They were molecularly identified by amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the partial sequence of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), sequences that were phylogenetically analyzed. The mating type, pathogenicity in S. edule fruits, and sensitivity to metalaxyl were determined. Isolate A1-C presented the largest sporangium; all sporangia were papillated, with different morphologies and pedicel lengths. All isolates showed different colony patterns: chrysanthemum (A1-C), stellate (A2-H), and petaloid (A3-O). The topology of the phylogenetic tree was similar for the ITS region and COI gene, the sequences of the three isolates clustered with sequences of the genus Phytophthora classified in group 2b, corroborating their identity as P. capsici. The mating type of isolates A1-C and A3-O was A2 and of isolate A2-H was A1. The pathogenicity test indicated that isolate A1-C was the most virulent and with intermediate sensitivity to metalaxyl. This work suggests that P. capsici isolates from various production areas in Mexico may exhibit morphological and virulence variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anell Soto-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez s/n, Amatlán de los Reyes 94945, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - María G. Caamal-Chan
- CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz 23096, Baja California Sur, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Ramírez-Mosqueda
- Laboratorio Agrícola-Forestal, Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos-INIFAP, Boulevard de la Biodiversidad 400, Rancho las Cruces, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Joaquín Murguía-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez s/n, Amatlán de los Reyes 94945, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez s/n, Amatlán de los Reyes 94945, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
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Zamora-Ballesteros C, Pinto G, Amaral J, Valledor L, Alves A, Diez JJ, Martín-García J. Dual RNA-Sequencing Analysis of Resistant ( Pinus pinea) and Susceptible ( Pinus radiata) Hosts during Fusarium circinatum Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5231. [PMID: 34063405 PMCID: PMC8156185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium circinatum causes one of the most important diseases of conifers worldwide, the pine pitch canker (PPC). However, no effective field intervention measures aiming to control or eradicate PPC are available. Due to the variation in host genetic resistance, the development of resistant varieties is postulated as a viable and promising strategy. By using an integrated approach, this study aimed to identify differences in the molecular responses and physiological traits of the highly susceptible Pinus radiata and the highly resistant Pinus pinea to F. circinatum at an early stage of infection. Dual RNA-Seq analysis also allowed to evaluate pathogen behavior when infecting each pine species. No significant changes in the physiological analysis were found upon pathogen infection, although transcriptional reprogramming was observed mainly in the resistant species. The transcriptome profiling of P. pinea revealed an early perception of the pathogen infection together with a strong and coordinated defense activation through the reinforcement and lignification of the cell wall, the antioxidant activity, the induction of PR genes, and the biosynthesis of defense hormones. On the contrary, P. radiata had a weaker response, possibly due to impaired perception of the fungal infection that led to a reduced downstream defense signaling. Fusarium circinatum showed a different transcriptomic profile depending on the pine species being infected. While in P. pinea, the pathogen focused on the degradation of plant cell walls, active uptake of the plant nutrients was showed in P. radiata. These findings present useful knowledge for the development of breeding programs to manage PPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Pinto
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Joana Amaral
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Luis Valledor
- Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, University of Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Artur Alves
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, CESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (G.P.); (J.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Julio J. Diez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Martín-García
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid—INIA, 34004 Palencia, Spain; (J.J.D.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Vegetal Production and Forest Resources, University of Valladolid, 34004 Palencia, Spain
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Hernandez-Escribano L, Visser EA, Iturritxa E, Raposo R, Naidoo S. The transcriptome of Pinus pinaster under Fusarium circinatum challenge. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:28. [PMID: 31914917 PMCID: PMC6950806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pitch canker disease, poses a serious threat to several Pinus species affecting plantations and nurseries. Although Pinus pinaster has shown moderate resistance to F. circinatum, the molecular mechanisms of defense in this host are still unknown. Phytohormones produced by the plant and by the pathogen are known to play a crucial role in determining the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of phytohormones in F. circinatum virulence, that compromise host resistance. RESULTS A high quality P. pinaster de novo transcriptome assembly was generated, represented by 24,375 sequences from which 17,593 were full length genes, and utilized to determine the expression profiles of both organisms during the infection process at 3, 5 and 10 days post-inoculation using a dual RNA-sequencing approach. The moderate resistance shown by Pinus pinaster at the early time points may be explained by the expression profiles pertaining to early recognition of the pathogen, the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and the activation of complex phytohormone signaling pathways that involves crosstalk between salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and possibly auxins. Moreover, the expression of F. circinatum genes related to hormone biosynthesis suggests manipulation of the host phytohormone balance to its own benefit. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize three key steps of host manipulation: perturbing ethylene homeostasis by fungal expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, blocking jasmonic acid signaling by coronatine insensitive 1 (COI1) suppression, and preventing salicylic acid biosynthesis from the chorismate pathway by the synthesis of isochorismatase family hydrolase (ICSH) genes. These results warrant further testing in F. circinatum mutants to confirm the mechanism behind perturbing host phytohormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernandez-Escribano
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erik A Visser
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eugenia Iturritxa
- NEIKER, Granja Modelo de Arkaute, Apdo 46, 01080, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Raposo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Centro de Investigación Forestal (INIA-CIFOR), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Gestión Forestal Sostenible (iuFOR), Universidad de Valladolid/INIA, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Le Berre JY, Gourgues M, Samans B, Keller H, Panabières F, Attard A. Transcriptome dynamic of Arabidopsis roots infected with Phytophthora parasitica identifies VQ29, a gene induced during the penetration and involved in the restriction of infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190341. [PMID: 29281727 PMCID: PMC5744986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the responses of plant roots to filamentous pathogens, particularly to oomycetes. To assess the molecular dialog established between the host and the pathogen during early stages of infection, we investigated the overall changes in gene expression in A. thaliana roots challenged with P. parasitica. We analyzed various infection stages, from penetration and establishment of the interaction to the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy. We identified 3390 genes for which expression was modulated during the infection. The A. thaliana transcriptome displays a dynamic response to P. parasitica infection, from penetration onwards. Some genes were specifically coregulated during penetration and biotrophic growth of the pathogen. Many of these genes have functions relating to primary metabolism, plant growth, and defense responses. In addition, many genes encoding VQ motif-containing proteins were found to be upregulated in plant roots, early in infection. Inactivation of VQ29 gene significantly increased susceptibility to P. parasitica during the late stages of infection. This finding suggests that the gene contributes to restricting oomycete development within plant tissues. Furthermore, the vq29 mutant phenotype was not associated with an impairment of plant defenses involving SA-, JA-, and ET-dependent signaling pathways, camalexin biosynthesis, or PTI signaling. Collectively, the data presented here thus show that infection triggers a specific genetic program in roots, beginning as soon as the pathogen penetrates the first cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Birgit Samans
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnes Attard
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, France
- * E-mail:
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Meyer FE, Shuey LS, Naidoo S, Mamni T, Berger DK, Myburg AA, van den Berg N, Naidoo S. Dual RNA-Sequencing of Eucalyptus nitens during Phytophthora cinnamomi Challenge Reveals Pathogen and Host Factors Influencing Compatibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 26973660 PMCID: PMC4773608 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands remains an important concern on forest tree species. The pathogen causes root and collar rot, stem cankers, and dieback of various economically important Eucalyptus spp. In South Africa, susceptible cold tolerant Eucalyptus plantations have been affected by various Phytophthora spp. with P. cinnamomi considered one of the most virulent. The molecular basis of this compatible interaction is poorly understood. In this study, susceptible Eucalyptus nitens plants were stem inoculated with P. cinnamomi and tissue was harvested five days post inoculation. Dual RNA-sequencing, a technique which allows the concurrent detection of both pathogen and host transcripts during infection, was performed. Approximately 1% of the reads mapped to the draft genome of P. cinnamomi while 78% of the reads mapped to the Eucalyptus grandis genome. The highest expressed P. cinnamomi gene in planta was a putative crinkler effector (CRN1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated the high similarity of this P. cinnamomi CRN1 to that of Phytophthora infestans. Some CRN effectors are known to target host nuclei to suppress defense. In the host, over 1400 genes were significantly differentially expressed in comparison to mock inoculated trees, including suites of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. In particular, a PR-9 peroxidase gene with a high similarity to a Carica papaya PR-9 ortholog previously shown to be suppressed upon infection by Phytophthora palmivora was down-regulated two-fold. This PR-9 gene may represent a cross-species effector target during P. cinnamomi infection. This study identified pathogenicity factors, potential manipulation targets, and attempted host defense mechanisms activated by E. nitens that contributed to the susceptible outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febé E. Meyer
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Louise S. Shuey
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sitha Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Thandekile Mamni
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave K. Berger
- Department of Plant Science, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Genomics Research Institute, University of PretoriaPretoria, South Africa
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Lesur I, Bechade A, Lalanne C, Klopp C, Noirot C, Leplé JC, Kremer A, Plomion C, Le Provost G. A unigene set for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and its use to decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in dormancy regulation. Mol Ecol Resour 2015; 15:1192-204. [PMID: 25594128 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Systematic sequencing is the method of choice for generating genomic resources for molecular marker development and candidate gene identification in nonmodel species. We generated 47,357 Sanger ESTs and 2.2M Roche-454 reads from five cDNA libraries for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). This tree species of high ecological and economic value in Europe is among the most representative trees of deciduous broadleaf forests. The sequences generated were assembled into 21,057 contigs with MIRA software. Functional annotations were obtained for 85% of these contigs, from the proteomes of four plant species, Swissprot accessions and the Gene Ontology database. We were able to identify 28,079 in silico SNPs for future marker development. Moreover, RNAseq and qPCR approaches identified genes and gene networks regulated differentially between two critical phenological stages preceding vegetative bud burst (the quiescent and swelling buds stages). According to climatic model-based projection, some European beech populations may be endangered, particularly at the southern and eastern edges of the European distribution range, which are strongly affected by current climate change. This first genomic resource for the genus Fagus should facilitate the identification of key genes for beech adaptation and management strategies for preserving beech adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Lesur
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France.,Helix Venture, F-33700, Mérignac, France
| | - Alison Bechade
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Céline Lalanne
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plateforme bioinformatique Genotoul, UR875UR875 Mathématique et Informatique Appliquée de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Noirot
- Plateforme bioinformatique Genotoul, UR875UR875 Mathématique et Informatique Appliquée de Toulouse, INRA, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leplé
- INRA, UR0588 Amélioration Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, F-45075, Orléans, France
| | - Antoine Kremer
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Plomion
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France
| | - Grégoire Le Provost
- INRA, UMR1202, BIOGECO, F-33610, Cestas, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33615, Pessac, France
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Carsjens C, Nguyen Ngoc Q, Guzy J, Knutzen F, Meier IC, Müller M, Finkeldey R, Leuschner C, Polle A. Intra-specific variations in expression of stress-related genes in beech progenies are stronger than drought-induced responses. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 34:1348-61. [PMID: 25430883 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpu093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rapidly decreasing water availability as a consequence of climate change is likely to endanger the range of long-lived tree species. A pressing question is, therefore, whether adaptation to drought exists in important temperate tree species like European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), a wide-spread, dominant forest tree in Central Europe. Here, five beech stands were selected along a precipitation gradient from moist to dry conditions. Neutral genetic markers revealed strong variation within and little differentiation between the populations. Natural regeneration from these stands was transferred to a common garden and used to investigate the expression of genes for abscisic acid (ABA)-related drought signaling [9-cis-epoxy-dioxygenase (NCED), protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C), early responsive to dehydration (ERD)] and stress protection [ascorbate peroxidase (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), glutamine amidotransferase (GAT)] that are involved in drought acclimation. We hypothesized that progenies from dry sites exhibit constitutively higher expression levels of ABA- and stress-related genes and are less drought responsive than progenies from moist sites. Transcript levels and stress responses (leaf area loss, membrane integrity) of well-irrigated and drought-stressed plants were measured during the early, mid- and late growing season. Principal component (PC) analysis ordered the beech progenies according to the mean annual precipitation at tree origin by the transcript levels of SOD, ALDH, GAT and ERD as major loadings along PC1. PC2 separated moist and drought treatments with PP2C levels as important loading. These results suggest that phosphatase-mediated signaling is flexibly acclimated to the current requirements, whereas stress compensatory measures exhibited genotypic variation, apparently underlying climate selection. In contrast to expectation, the drought responses were less pronounced than the progeny-related differences and the transcript levels were constitutively lower in beeches from dry than from moist sites. These results imply that beeches from dry origins may have evolved mechanisms to avoid oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Carsjens
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Quynh Nguyen Ngoc
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Guzy
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Knutzen
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Christin Meier
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Finkeldey
- Forstgenetik und Forstpflanzenzüchtung, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Leuschner
- Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Schlink K. Gene expression profiling in wounded and systemic leaves of Fagus sylvatica reveals up-regulation of ethylene and jasmonic acid signalling. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:445-452. [PMID: 21489095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Wounding is a crucial threat to plants because of the physical damage caused and the possible entry of pathogens. Little is known about the wound reaction in forest trees. Therefore, leaves of young beech trees were wounded and the transcriptional response of wounded leaves and leaves directly above and below was analysed. A total of 123 genes exhibited significant regulation. The magnitude of regulation was slightly weaker in the downward leaves but the regulation pattern resembles that of the local and upward reactions. Thus, the signal was transduced in both vertical directions. Genes exhibiting major regulation lacked functional assignment or belonged to signalling, transcription and defence categories. Signalling included activation of transcripts in the calcium and ethylene pathways. There was also evidence for activation of jasmonic acid signalling, but no activation of jasmonic acid-responsive PR (pathogenesis-related) genes was observed. Moreover, repression of salicylic acid responsive defence was measured. Metabolic changes included induction of a core gene of the phenylpropanoid pathway, while energy metabolism exhibited down-regulation. These results support the conclusion that young beech trees might give up leaves and/or reduce leaf energy content after an attack so as to deprive a putative herbivore of a nutrient supply, instead of investing much energy in leaf defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schlink
- Technische Universität München, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Forest Genetics, Freising, Germany.
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9
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Olbrich M, Knappe C, Wenig M, Gerstner E, Häberle KH, Kitao M, Matyssek R, Stich S, Leuchner M, Werner H, Schlink K, Müller-Starck G, Welzl G, Scherb H, Ernst D, Heller W, Bahnweg G. Ozone fumigation (twice ambient) reduces leaf infestation following natural and artificial inoculation by the endophytic fungus Apiognomonia errabunda of adult European beech trees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1043-1050. [PMID: 19850384 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, a controlled infection study was performed in the 'Kranzberger Forst' to address the following questions: (1) Will massive artificial inoculation with Apiognomonia errabunda override the previously observed inhibitory effect of chronic ozone? (2) Can biochemical or molecular markers be detected to account for the action of ozone? To this end six adult beech trees were chosen, three ozone fumigated (2x ozone) and three control trees (ambient = 1x ozone). Spore-sprayed branches of sun and shade crown positions of each of the trees, and uninoculated control branches, were enclosed in 100-L plastic bags for one night to facilitate infection initiation. Samples were taken within a five-week period after inoculation. A. errabunda infestation levels quantified by real-time PCR increased in leaves that were not fumigated with additional ozone. Cell wall components and ACC (ethylene precursor 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) increased upon ozone fumigation and may in part lead to the repression of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Olbrich
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Valcu CM, Junqueira M, Shevchenko A, Schlink K. Comparative proteomic analysis of responses to pathogen infection and wounding in Fagus sylvatica. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:4077-91. [PMID: 19575529 DOI: 10.1021/pr900456c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Defense responses of Fagus sylvatica seedlings elicited by infection with the root pathogen Phytophthora citricola and root or leaf wounding were compared at local and systemic levels in differential display experiments using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by homology-driven mass spectrometric identification of proteins. A total of 68 protein spots were identified representing 51 protein functions related to protein synthesis and processing, energy, primary and secondary metabolism, as well as signal transduction, stress and defense. Changes in the abundance of root and leaf proteins partly overlapped between plant responses to the different stressors. The response to pathogen infection was rather late, weak and unspecific and accompanied by adjustments of the energy and primary metabolism which suggested either a lack of recognition or a suppression of host's defense reaction by the invading pathogen. The response to wounding involved changes in the basal metabolism as well as activation of defense mechanisms. Both types of changes were largely specific to the wounded organ. Similarities between the defense mechanisms activated by root infection and root wounding were also observed.
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Schlink K. Down-regulation of defense genes and resource allocation into infected roots as factors for compatibility between Fagus sylvatica and Phytophthora citricola. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 10:253-64. [PMID: 19813036 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora citricola is a wide spread and highly aggressive pathogen of Fagus sylvatica. The hemibiotrophic oomycete infects the roots and establishes a compatible interaction with F. sylvatica. To investigate the transcriptional changes associated with P. citricola infection, 68 custom oligo-microarray measurements were conducted. Hierarchical as well as non-hierarchical clustering was carried out to analyze the expression profiles. Experimental setup includes a time scale covering the biotrophic and necrotrophic stages of interaction as well as comparative analyses of the local and systemic responses. The local reaction of F. sylvatica is characterized by a striking lack of defense gene induction leading to the conclusion that P. citricola escapes the main recognition systems and/or suppresses the host's response. The analysis of the systemic reaction revealed a massive shift in gene expression patterns during the biotrophic phase that is interpreted as evidence of resource allocation into the roots to support the increased sink caused by pathogen growth. Defense genes known to be responsive to salicylic acid (effective against biotrophs), jasmonic acid, and ethylene (effective against necrotrophs and herbivores) are represented on the arrays. All significant changes in gene expression measured for salicylic acid responsive genes were down-regulations in roots and leaves while some jasmonic acid responsive genes showed a very late up-regulation only in leaves, probably caused by the desiccation shortly before plant death. Together, these expression changes could explain the success of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schlink
- Forest Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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