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Antonucci S, Caron G, Dikwella N, Krishnamurty SS, Harster A, Zarrin H, Tahanis A, Heuvel FO, Danner SM, Ludolph A, Grycz K, Baczyk M, Zytnicki D, Roselli F. Non-canonical adrenergic neuromodulation of motoneuron intrinsic excitability through β-receptors in wild-type and ALS mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.25.586570. [PMID: 38585891 PMCID: PMC10996613 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.586570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Altered neuronal excitability and synaptic inputs to motoneurons are part of the pathophysiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The cAMP/PKA pathway regulates both of them but therapeutic interventions at this level are limited by the lack of knowledge about suitable pharmacological entry points. Here we used transcriptomics on microdissected and in situ motoneurons to reveal the modulation of PKA-coupled receptorome in SOD1(G93A) ALS mice, vs WT, demonstrating the dysregulation of multiple PKA-coupled GPCRs, in particular on vulnerable MNs, and the relative sparing of β-adrenergic receptors. In vivo MN electrophysiology showed that β2/β3 agonists acutely increase excitability, in particular the input/output relationship, demonstrating a non-canonical adrenergic neuromodulation mediated by β2/β3 receptors both in WT and SOD1 mice. The excitability increase corresponds to the upregulation of immediate-early gene expression and dysregulation of ion channels transcriptome. However the β2/β3 neuromodulation is submitted to a strong homeostasis, since a ten days delivery of β2/β3 agonists results in an abolition of the excitability increase. The homeostatic response is largely caused by a substantial downregulation of PKA-coupled GPCRs in MNs from WT and SOD1 mice. Thus, β-adrenergic receptors are physiologically involved in the regulation of MN excitability and transcriptomics, but, intriguingly, a strong homeostatic response is triggered upon chronic pharmacologic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillaume Caron
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Anthony Harster
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Simon M. Danner
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Albert Ludolph
- Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, DE
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, DE
| | - Kamil Grycz
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - Marcin Baczyk
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poland
| | - Daniel Zytnicki
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Roselli
- Dept. of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, DE
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)-Ulm, DE
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Giorgi A, Cer AT, Mohan S, Perreault MC. Excitatory and Inhibitory Descending Commissural Interneurons Differentially Integrate Supraspinal and Segmental Sensory Signals. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5014-5029. [PMID: 37286348 PMCID: PMC10324999 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2015-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited information about how descending inputs from the brain and sensory inputs from the periphery use spinal cord interneurons (INs) is a major barrier to understanding how these inputs may contribute to motor functions under normal and pathologic conditions. Commissural interneurons (CINs) are a heterogeneous population of spinal INs that has been implicated in crossed motor responses and bilateral motor coordination (ability to use the right and left side of the body in a coordinated manner) and, therefore, are likely involved in many types of movement (e.g., dynamic posture stabilization, jumping, kicking, walking). In this study, we incorporate mouse genetics, anatomy, electrophysiology, and single-cell calcium imaging to investigate how a subset of CINs, those with descending axons called dCINs, are recruited by descending reticulospinal and segmental sensory signals independently and in combination. We focus on two groups of dCINs set apart by their principal neurotransmitter (glutamate and GABA) and identified as VGluT2+ dCINs and GAD2+ dCINs. We show that VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs are both extensively recruited by reticulospinal and sensory input alone but that VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs integrate these inputs differently. Critically, we find that when recruitment depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs (subthreshold inputs), VGluT2+ dCINs, but not GAD2+ dCINs, are recruited. This difference in the integrative capacity of VGluT2+ and GAD2+ dCINs represents a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail themselves of to regulate motor behaviors both normally and after injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The way supraspinal and peripheral sensory inputs use spinal cord interneurons is fundamental to defining how motor functions are supported both in health and disease. This study, which focuses on dCINs, a heterogeneous population of spinal interneurons critical for crossed motor responses and bilateral motor coordination, shows that both glutamatergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) dCINs can be recruited by supraspinal (reticulospinal) or peripheral sensory inputs. Additionally, the study demonstrates that in conditions where the recruitment of dCINs depends on the combined action of reticulospinal and sensory inputs, only excitatory dCINs are recruited. The study uncovers a circuit mechanism that the reticulospinal and segmental sensory systems may avail themselves of to regulate motor behaviors both normally and after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giorgi
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Abishag Tluang Cer
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shruthi Mohan
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Lumpkin CJ, Harris AW, Connell AJ, Kirk RW, Whiting JA, Saieva L, Pellizzoni L, Burghes AHM, Butchbach MER. Evaluation of the orally bioavailable 4-phenylbutyrate-tethered trichostatin A analogue AR42 in models of spinal muscular atrophy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10374. [PMID: 37365234 PMCID: PMC10293174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause for infant death in the world and results from the selective loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord. SMA is a consequence of low levels of SMN protein and small molecules that can increase SMN expression are of considerable interest as potential therapeutics. Previous studies have shown that both 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) and trichostatin A (TSA) increase SMN expression in dermal fibroblasts derived from SMA patients. AR42 is a 4PBA-tethered TSA derivative that is a very potent histone deacetylase inhibitor. SMA patient fibroblasts were treated with either AR42, AR19 (a related analogue), 4PBA, TSA or vehicle for 5 days and then immunostained for SMN localization. AR42 as well as 4PBA and TSA increased the number of SMN-positive nuclear gems in a dose-dependent manner while AR19 did not show marked changes in gem numbers. While gem number was increased in AR42-treated SMA fibroblasts, there were no significant changes in FL-SMN mRNA or SMN protein. The neuroprotective effect of this compound was then assessed in SMNΔ7 SMA (SMN2+/+;SMNΔ7+/+;mSmn-/-) mice. Oral administration of AR42 prior to disease onset increased the average lifespan of SMNΔ7 SMA mice by ~ 27% (20.1 ± 1.6 days for AR42-treated mice vs. 15.8 ± 0.4 days for vehicle-treated mice). AR42 treatment also improved motor function in these mice. AR42 treatment inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in treated spinal cord although it did not affect SMN protein expression in these mice. AKT and GSK3β phosphorylation were both significantly increased in SMNΔ7 SMA mouse spinal cords. In conclusion, presymptomatic administration of the HDAC inhibitor AR42 ameliorates the disease phenotype in SMNΔ7 SMA mice in a SMN-independent manner possibly by increasing AKT neuroprotective signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey J Lumpkin
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Ashlee W Harris
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Andrew J Connell
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Ryan W Kirk
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Joshua A Whiting
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA
| | - Luciano Saieva
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Livio Pellizzoni
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur H M Burghes
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew E R Butchbach
- Division of Neurology, Nemours Children's Hospital Delaware, 4462 E400 DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ceder MM, Weman HM, Johansson E, Henriksson K, Magnusson KA, Roman E, Lagerström MC. The glycine receptor alpha 3 subunit mRNA expression shows sex-dependent differences in the adult mouse brain. BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:32. [PMID: 37264306 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glycinergic system plays an important inhibitory role in the mouse central nervous system, where glycine controls the excitability of spinal itch- and pain-mediating neurons. Impairments of the glycine receptors can cause motor and sensory deficits. Glycine exerts inhibition through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels composed of alpha and beta subunits. We have investigated the mRNA expression of the glycine receptor alpha 3 (Glra3) subunit in the nervous system as well as in several peripheral organs of female and male mice. RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data analysis on the Zeisel et al. (2018) dataset indicated widespread but low expression of Glra3 in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (Vglut2, Slc17a6) positive and vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat, Slc32a1)positive neurons of the mouse central nervous system. Highest occurrence of Glra3 expression was identified in the cortex, amygdala, and striatal regions, as well as in the hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord. Bulk quantitative real-time-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated Glra3 expression in cortex, amygdala, striatum, hypothalamus, thalamus, pituitary gland, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. Additionally, male mice expressed higher levels of Glra3 in all investigated brain areas compared with female mice. Lastly, RNAscope spatially validated Glra3 expression in the areas indicated by the single-cell and bulk analyses. Moreover, RNAscope analysis confirmed co-localization of Glra3 with Slc17a6 or Slc32a1 in the central nervous system areas suggested from the single-cell data. CONCLUSIONS Glra3 expression is low but widespread in the mouse central nervous system. Clear sex-dependent differences have been identified, indicating higher levels of Glra3 in several telencephalic and diencephalic areas, as well as in cerebellum and brainstem, in male mice compared with female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Ceder
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah M Weman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ebba Johansson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Katharina Henriksson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kajsa A Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Roman
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Neuropharmacology and Addiction, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Hasel P, Cooper ML, Marchildon AE, Rufen-Blanchette UA, Kim RD, Ma TC, Kang UJ, Chao MV, Liddelow SA. Defining the molecular identity and morphology of glia limitans superficialis astrocytes in mouse and human. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.06.535893. [PMID: 37066303 PMCID: PMC10104130 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are a highly abundant glial cell type that perform critical homeostatic functions in the central nervous system. Like neurons, astrocytes have many discrete heterogenous subtypes. The subtype identity and functions are, at least in part, associated with their anatomical location and can be highly restricted to strategically important anatomical domains. Here, we report that astrocytes forming the glia limitans superficialis, the outermost border of brain and spinal cord, are a highly specialized astrocyte subtype and can be identified by a single marker: Myocilin (Myoc). We show that Myoc+ astrocytes cover the entire brain and spinal cord surface, exhibit an atypical morphology, and are evolutionarily conserved from rodents to humans. Identification of this highly specialized astrocyte subtype will advance our understanding of CNS homeostasis and potentially be targeted for therapeutic intervention to combat peripheral inflammatory effects on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Melissa L Cooper
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Anne E Marchildon
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | | | - Rachel D Kim
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Thong C Ma
- Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Un Jung Kang
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Fresco Institute for Parkinson’s and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
| | - Shane A Liddelow
- Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Parekh Center for Interdisciplinary Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY., USA
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6
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Shi L, Li H, Huang X, Shu Z, Li J, Wang L, Yan H, Wang L. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed biological basis of sows from estrus to lactation. iScience 2022; 26:105825. [PMID: 36636351 PMCID: PMC9830223 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying pregnancy development of sows is important for the genetic improvement of pig breeding traits, and also provides resources for biomedical research on human pregnancy diseases. However, the transcriptome and metabolome across multiple developmental stages of sow pregnancy were still lacking. In this study, we obtained 84 distinct RNA sequencing and 42 metabolome datasets of pig blood across six development stages from estrus to lactation. We confirmed the initial sequence and exonic structural features, stage-specific molecules, expression or accumulation pattern of molecules, the regulatory mechanism of transcriptome and metabolome, and important pregnancy-related metabolites both in pigs and humans. In conclusion, we proposed the key differences among the stages of sows from estrus to lactation in RNAs and metabolites and put forward key markers. These data results were expected to provide essential resources for pig breeding and biomedical research on human pregnancy disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shi
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author
| | - Huihui Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ze Shu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingna Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hua Yan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China,Corresponding author
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Dalvand A, da Silva Rosa SC, Ghavami S, Marzban H. Potential role of TGFΒ and autophagy in early crebellum development. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101358. [PMID: 36213145 PMCID: PMC9535406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, the interconnected generation of various neural cell types within the cerebellar primordium is essential. Over embryonic (E) days E9-E13, Purkinje cells (PCs), and cerebellar nuclei (CN) neurons are among the created primordial neurons. The molecular and cellular mechanisms fundamental for the early cerebellar neurogenesis, migration/differentiation, and connectivity are not clear yet. Autophagy has a vital role in controlling cellular phenotypes, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is the main player in pre-and postnatal development and controlling cellular morphological type via various mechanisms, such as autophagy. Thus, we hypothesized that TGF-β1 may regulate early cerebellar development by modifying the levels of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and consequently autophagy pathway in the mouse cerebellar primordium. We demonstrated the stimulation of the canonical TGF-β1 signaling pathway at the point that concurs with the generation of the nuclear transitory zone and PC plate in mice. Furthermore, our data show that the stimulated TGF-β1 signaling pathway progressively and chronologically could upregulate the expression of β-catenin (CTNNB1) and N-cadherin (CDH2) with the most expression at E11 and E12, leading to upregulation of chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8 (CDH8) and neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) expression, at E12 and E13. Finally, we demonstrated that the stimulated TGF-β signaling pathway may impede the autophagic flux at E11/E12. Nevertheless, basal autophagy flux happens at earlier developmental phases from E9-E10. Our study determined potential role of the TGF-β signaling and its regulatory impacts on autophagic flux during cerebellar development and cadherin expression, which can facilitate the proliferation, migration/differentiation, and placement of PCs and the CN neurons in their designated areas.
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121966. [PMID: 35741095 PMCID: PMC9221567 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research.
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Dynamic Spatiotemporal Expression Pattern of the Senescence-Associated Factor p16Ink4a in Development and Aging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030541. [PMID: 35159350 PMCID: PMC8833900 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A plethora of factors have been attributed to underly aging, including oxidative stress, telomere shortening and cellular senescence. Several studies have shown a significant role of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16ink4a in senescence and aging. However, its expression in development has been less well documented. Therefore, to further clarify a potential role of p16 in development and aging, we conducted a developmental expression study of p16, as well as of p19ARF and p21, and investigated their expression on the RNA level in brain, heart, liver, and kidney of mice at embryonic, postnatal, adult, and old ages. P16 expression was further assessed on the protein level by immunohistochemistry. Expression of p16 was highly dynamic in all organs in embryonic and postnatal stages and increased dramatically in old mice. Expression of p19 and p21 was less variable and increased to a moderate extent at old age. In addition, we observed a predominant expression of p16 mRNA and protein in liver endothelial cells versus non-endothelial cells of old mice, which suggests a functional role specifically in liver endothelium of old subjects. Thus, p16 dynamic spatiotemporal expression might implicate p16 in developmental and physiological processes in addition to its well-known function in the build-up of senescence.
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Cai TX, Williamson NH, Ravin R, Basser PJ. Disentangling the effects of restriction and exchange with diffusion exchange spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2022; 10:805793. [PMID: 37063496 PMCID: PMC10104504 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2022.805793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion exchange spectroscopy (DEXSY) is a multidimensional NMR technique that can reveal how water molecules exchange between compartments within heterogeneous media, such as biological tissue. Data from DEXSY experiments is typically processed using numerical inverse Laplace transforms (ILTs) to produce a diffusion-diffusion spectrum. A tacit assumption of this ILT approach is that the signal behavior is Gaussian - i.e., the spin echo intensity decays exponentially with the degree of diffusion weighting. The assumptions that underlie Gaussian signal behavior may be violated, however, depending on the gradient strength applied and the sample under study. We argue that non-Gaussian signal behavior due to restrictions is to be expected in the study of biological tissue using diffusion NMR. Further, we argue that this signal behavior can produce confounding features in the diffusion-diffusion spectra obtained from numerical ILTs of DEXSY data - entangling the effects of restriction and exchange. Specifically, restricted signal behavior can result in broadening of peaks and in the appearance of illusory exchanging compartments with distributed diffusivities, which pearl into multiple peaks if not highly regularized. We demonstrate these effects on simulated data. That said, we suggest the use of features in the signal acquisition domain that can be used to rapidly probe exchange without employing an ILT. We also propose a means to characterize the non-Gaussian signal behavior due to restrictions within a sample using DEXSY measurements with a near zero mixing time or storage interval. We propose a combined acquisition scheme to independently characterize restriction and exchange with various DEXSY measurements, which we term Restriction and Exchange from Equally-weighted Double and Single Diffusion Encodings (REEDS-DE). We test this method on ex vivo neonatal mouse spinal cord - a sample consisting primarily of gray matter - using a low-field, static gradient NMR system. In sum, we highlight critical shortcomings of prevailing DEXSY analysis methods that conflate the effects of restriction and exchange, and suggest a viable experimental approach to disentangle them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy X. Cai
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan H. Williamson
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rea Ravin
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Celoptics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter J. Basser
- Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Correspondence: Peter J. Basser, Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 13, Room 3W16, 13 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5772, USA,
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11
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Amin ND, Senturk G, Costaguta G, Driscoll S, O'Leary B, Bonanomi D, Pfaff SL. A hidden threshold in motor neuron gene networks revealed by modulation of miR-218 dose. Neuron 2021; 109:3252-3267.e6. [PMID: 34450025 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of homeostatic microRNA (miRNA) expression levels is known to cause human neuropathology. However, the gene regulatory and phenotypic effects of altering a miRNA's in vivo abundance (rather than its binary gain or loss) are not well understood. By genetic combination, we generated an allelic series of mice expressing varying levels of miR-218, a motor neuron-selective gene regulator associated with motor neuron disease. Titration of miR-218 cellular dose unexpectedly revealed complex, non-ratiometric target mRNA dose responses and distinct gene network outputs. A non-linearly responsive regulon exhibited a steep miR-218 dose-dependent threshold in repression that, when crossed, resulted in severe motor neuron synaptic failure and death. This work demonstrates that a miRNA can govern distinct gene network outputs at different expression levels and that miRNA-dependent phenotypes emerge at particular dose ranges because of hidden regulatory inflection points of their underlying gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal D Amin
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Gokhan Senturk
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Giancarlo Costaguta
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brendan O'Leary
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dario Bonanomi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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Siddiqi F, Trakimas AL, Joseph DJ, Lippincott ML, Marsh ED, Wolfe JH. Islet1 Precursors Contribute to Mature Interneuron Subtypes in Mouse Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5206-5224. [PMID: 34228108 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (GABAergic cells) arise during embryogenesis primarily from the medial and caudal ganglionic eminences (MGE and CGE, respectively) with a small population generated from the preoptic area (POA). Progenitors from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE) are thought to only generate GABAergic medium spiny neurons that populate the striatum and project to the globus pallidus. Here, we report evidence that neuronal precursors that express the LGE-specific transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) can give rise to a small population of cortical interneurons. Lineage tracing and homozygous deletion of Nkx2.1 in Isl1 fate-mapped mice showed that neighboring MGE/POA-specific Nkx2.1 cells and LGE-specific Isl1 cells make both common and distinct lineal contributions towards cortical interneuron fate. Although the majority of cells had overlapping transcriptional domains between Nkx2.1 and Isl1, a population of Isl1-only derived cells also contributed to the adult cerebral cortex. The data indicate that Isl1-derived cells may originate from both the LGE and the adjacent LGE/MGE boundary regions to generate diverse neuronal progeny. Thus, a small population of neocortical interneurons appear to originate from Isl-1-positive precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faez Siddiqi
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandria L Trakimas
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald J Joseph
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Eric D Marsh
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John H Wolfe
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,W.F. Goodman Center for Comparative Medical Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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13
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Timonidis N, Tiesinga PHE. Progress towards a cellularly resolved mouse mesoconnectome is empowered by data fusion and new neuroanatomy techniques. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:569-591. [PMID: 34119523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade there has been a rapid improvement in techniques for obtaining large-scale cellular level data related to the mouse brain connectome. However, a detailed mapping of cell-type-specific projection patterns is lacking, which would, for instance, allow us to study the role of circuit motifs in cognitive processes. In this work, we review advanced neuroanatomical and data fusion techniques within the context of a proposed Multimodal Connectomic Integration Framework for augmenting the cellularly resolved mouse mesoconnectome. First, we emphasize the importance of registering data modalities to a common reference atlas. We then review a number of novel experimental techniques that can provide data for characterizing cell-types in the mouse brain. Furthermore, we examine a number of data integration strategies, which involve fine-grained cell-type classification, spatial inference of cell densities, latent variable models for the mesoconnectome and multi-modal factorisation. Finally, we discuss a number of use cases which depend on connectome augmentation techniques, such as model simulations of functional connectivity and generating mechanistic hypotheses for animal disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Timonidis
- Neuroinformatics department, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul H E Tiesinga
- Neuroinformatics department, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Osseward PJ, Amin ND, Moore JD, Temple BA, Barriga BK, Bachmann LC, Beltran F, Gullo M, Clark RC, Driscoll SP, Pfaff SL, Hayashi M. Conserved genetic signatures parcellate cardinal spinal neuron classes into local and projection subsets. Science 2021; 372:385-393. [PMID: 33888637 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motor and sensory functions of the spinal cord are mediated by populations of cardinal neurons arising from separate progenitor lineages. However, each cardinal class is composed of multiple neuronal types with distinct molecular, anatomical, and physiological features, and there is not a unifying logic that systematically accounts for this diversity. We reasoned that the expansion of new neuronal types occurred in a stepwise manner analogous to animal speciation, and we explored this by defining transcriptomic relationships using a top-down approach. We uncovered orderly genetic tiers that sequentially divide groups of neurons by their motor-sensory, local-long range, and excitatory-inhibitory features. The genetic signatures defining neuronal projections were tied to neuronal birth date and conserved across cardinal classes. Thus, the intersection of cardinal class with projection markers provides a unifying taxonomic solution for systematically identifying distinct functional subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Osseward
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Neal D Amin
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Temple
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bianca K Barriga
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lukas C Bachmann
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fernando Beltran
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Miriam Gullo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Clark
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Marito Hayashi
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Uncovering Statistical Links Between Gene Expression and Structural Connectivity Patterns in the Mouse Brain. Neuroinformatics 2021; 19:649-667. [PMID: 33704701 PMCID: PMC8566442 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-021-09511-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Finding links between genes and structural connectivity is of the utmost importance for unravelling the underlying mechanism of the brain connectome. In this study we identify links between the gene expression and the axonal projection density in the mouse brain, by applying a modified version of the Linked ICA method to volumetric data from the Allen Institute for Brain Science for identifying independent sources of information that link both modalities at the voxel level. We performed separate analyses on sets of projections from the visual cortex, the caudoputamen and the midbrain reticular nucleus, and we determined those brain areas, injections and genes that were most involved in independent components that link both gene expression and projection density data, while we validated their biological context through enrichment analysis. We identified representative and literature-validated cortico-midbrain and cortico-striatal projections, whose gene subsets were enriched with annotations for neuronal and synaptic function and related developmental and metabolic processes. The results were highly reproducible when including all available projections, as well as consistent with factorisations obtained using the Dictionary Learning and Sparse Coding technique. Hence, Linked ICA yielded reproducible independent components that were preserved under increasing data variance. Taken together, we have developed and validated a novel paradigm for linking gene expression and structural projection patterns in the mouse mesoconnectome, which can power future studies aiming to relate genes to brain function.
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16
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Day KR, Coleman A, Greenwood MA, Hammock EAD. AVPR1A distribution in the whole C57BL/6J mouse neonate. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14512. [PMID: 32884025 PMCID: PMC7471960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays significant roles in maintaining homeostasis and regulating social behavior. In vaginally delivered neonates, a surge of AVP is released into the bloodstream at levels exceeding release during life-threatening conditions such as hemorrhagic shock. It is currently unknown where the potential sites of action are in the neonate for these robust levels of circulating AVP at birth. The purpose of this study is to identify the location of AVP receptor 1a (AVPR1A) sites as potential peripheral targets of AVP in the neonatal mouse. RT-qPCR analysis of a sampling of tissues from the head demonstrated the presence of Avpr1a mRNA, suggesting local peripheral translation. Using competitive autoradiography in wildtype (WT) and AVPR1A knockout (KO) postnatal day 0 (P0) male and female mice on a C57BL/6J background, specific AVPR1A ligand binding was observed in the neonatal mouse periphery in sensory tissues of the head (eyes, ears, various oronasal regions), bone, spinal cord, adrenal cortex, and the uro-anogenital region in the neonatal AVPR1A WT mouse, as it was significantly reduced or absent in the control samples (AVPR1A KO and competition). AVPR1A throughout the neonatal periphery suggest roles for AVP in modulating peripheral physiology and development of the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Day
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Alexis Coleman
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Maria A Greenwood
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Elizabeth A D Hammock
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, 1107 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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17
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Williamson NH, Ravin R, Cai TX, Benjamini D, Falgairolle M, O'Donovan MJ, Basser PJ. Real-time measurement of diffusion exchange rate in biological tissue. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 317:106782. [PMID: 32679514 PMCID: PMC7427561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion exchange spectroscopy (DEXSY) provides a means to isolate the signal attenuation associated with exchange from other sources of signal loss. With the total diffusion weighting b1+b2=bs held constant, DEXSY signals acquired with b1=0 or b2=0 have no exchange weighting, while a DEXSY signal acquired with b1=b2 has maximal exchange weighting. The exchange rate can be estimated by fitting a diffusion exchange model to signals acquired with variable mixing times. Conventionally, acquired signals are normalized by a signal with b1=0 and b2=0 to remove the decay due to spin-lattice relaxation. Instead, division by a signal with equal bs but b1=0 or b2=0 reduces spin-lattice relaxation weighting of the apparent exchange rate (AXR). Furthermore, apparent diffusion-weighted R1 relaxation rates can be estimated from non-exchange-weighted DEXSY signals. Estimated R1 values are utilized to remove signal decay due to spin-lattice relaxation from exchange-weighted signals, permitting a more precise estimate of AXR with less data. Data reduction methods are proposed and tested with regards to statistical accuracy and precision of AXR estimates on simulated and experimental data. Simulations show that the methods are capable of accurately measuring the ground-truth exchange rate. The methods remain accurate even when the assumption that DEXSY signals attenuate with b is violated, as occurs for restricted diffusion. Experimental data was collected from fixed neonatal mouse spinal cord samples at 25 and 7°C using the strong static magnetic field gradient produced by a single-sided permanent magnet (i.e., an NMR MOUSE). The most rapid method for exchange measurements requires only five data points (an 80 s experiment as implemented) and achieves a similar level of accuracy and precision to the baseline method using 44 data points. This represents a significant improvement in acquisition speed, overcoming a barrier which has limited the use of DEXSY on living specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Williamson
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rea Ravin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Celoptics, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Teddy X Cai
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dan Benjamini
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Service University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Melanie Falgairolle
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J O'Donovan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Basser
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Lovell PV, Wirthlin M, Kaser T, Buckner AA, Carleton JB, Snider BR, McHugh AK, Tolpygo A, Mitra PP, Mello CV. ZEBrA: Zebra finch Expression Brain Atlas-A resource for comparative molecular neuroanatomy and brain evolution studies. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2099-2131. [PMID: 32037563 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the genetics and evolution of brain function and behavior requires a detailed mapping of gene expression in functional brain circuits across major vertebrate clades. Here we present the Zebra finch Expression Brain Atlas (ZEBrA; www.zebrafinchatlas.org, RRID: SCR_012988), a web-based resource that maps the expression of genes linked to a broad range of functions onto the brain of zebra finches. ZEBrA is a first of its kind gene expression brain atlas for a bird species and a first for any sauropsid. ZEBrA's >3,200 high-resolution digital images of in situ hybridized sections for ~650 genes (as of June 2019) are presented in alignment with an annotated histological atlas and can be browsed down to cellular resolution. An extensive relational database connects expression patterns to information about gene function, mouse expression patterns and phenotypes, and gene involvement in human diseases and communication disorders. By enabling brain-wide gene expression assessments in a bird, ZEBrA provides important substrates for comparative neuroanatomy and molecular brain evolution studies. ZEBrA also provides unique opportunities for linking genetic pathways to vocal learning and motor control circuits, as well as for novel insights into the molecular basis of sex steroids actions, brain dimorphisms, reproductive and social behaviors, sleep function, and adult neurogenesis, among many fundamental themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Lovell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Morgan Wirthlin
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Taylor Kaser
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexa A Buckner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Julia B Carleton
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Brian R Snider
- Center for Spoken Language Understanding, Institute on Development and Disability, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Anne K McHugh
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Partha P Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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19
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Williamson NH, Ravin R, Benjamini D, Merkle H, Falgairolle M, O'Donovan MJ, Blivis D, Ide D, Cai TX, Ghorashi NS, Bai R, Basser PJ. Magnetic resonance measurements of cellular and sub-cellular membrane structures in live and fixed neural tissue. eLife 2019; 8:51101. [PMID: 31829935 PMCID: PMC6977971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop magnetic resonance (MR) methods for real-time measurement of tissue microstructure and membrane permeability of live and fixed excised neonatal mouse spinal cords. Diffusion and exchange MR measurements are performed using the strong static gradient produced by a single-sided permanent magnet. Using tissue delipidation methods, we show that water diffusion is restricted solely by lipid membranes. Most of the diffusion signal can be assigned to water in tissue which is far from membranes. The remaining 25% can be assigned to water restricted on length scales of roughly a micron or less, near or within membrane structures at the cellular, organelle, and vesicle levels. Diffusion exchange spectroscopy measures water exchanging between membrane structures and free environments at 100 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Williamson
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Rea Ravin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Celoptics, Rockville, United States
| | - Dan Benjamini
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, United States
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Melanie Falgairolle
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Michael James O'Donovan
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dvir Blivis
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Dave Ide
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Teddy X Cai
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Nima S Ghorashi
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ruiliang Bai
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States.,Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Basser
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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20
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Morton MC, Neckles VN, Seluzicki CM, Holmberg JC, Feliciano DM. Neonatal Subventricular Zone Neural Stem Cells Release Extracellular Vesicles that Act as a Microglial Morphogen. Cell Rep 2019; 23:78-89. [PMID: 29617675 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem cells (NSCs) are the cornerstone of the perinatal neurogenic niche. Microglia are immune cells of the nervous system that are enriched in the neonatal SVZ. Although microglia regulate NSCs, the extent to which this interaction is bi-directional is unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles that encase miRNA and proteins. Here, we demonstrate that SVZ NSCs generate and release EVs. Neonatal electroporated fluorescent EV fusion proteins were released by NSCs and subsequently cleared from the SVZ. EVs were preferentially targeted to microglia. Small RNA sequencing identified miRNAs within the EVs that regulate microglia physiology and morphology. EVs induced a transition to a CD11b/Iba1 non-stellate microglial morphology. The transition accompanied a microglial transcriptional state characterized by Let-7-regulated cytokine release and a negative feedback loop that controlled NSC proliferation. These findings implicate an NSC-EV-microglia axis and provide insight to normal and pathophysiological brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Morton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - Victoria N Neckles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - Caitlin M Seluzicki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - Jennie C Holmberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA
| | - David M Feliciano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0314, USA.
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21
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Cohen I, David E(O, Netanyahu NS. Supervised and Unsupervised End-to-End Deep Learning for Gene Ontology Classification of Neural In Situ Hybridization Images. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21030221. [PMID: 33266936 PMCID: PMC7514702 DOI: 10.3390/e21030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, large datasets of high-resolution mammalian neural images have become available, which has prompted active research on the analysis of gene expression data. Traditional image processing methods are typically applied for learning functional representations of genes, based on their expressions in these brain images. In this paper, we describe a novel end-to-end deep learning-based method for generating compact representations of in situ hybridization (ISH) images, which are invariant-to-translation. In contrast to traditional image processing methods, our method relies, instead, on deep convolutional denoising autoencoders (CDAE) for processing raw pixel inputs, and generating the desired compact image representations. We provide an in-depth description of our deep learning-based approach, and present extensive experimental results, demonstrating that representations extracted by CDAE can help learn features of functional gene ontology categories for their classification in a highly accurate manner. Our methods improve the previous state-of-the-art classification rate (Liscovitch, et al.) from an average AUC of 0.92 to 0.997, i.e., it achieves 96% reduction in error rate. Furthermore, the representation vectors generated due to our method are more compact in comparison to previous state-of-the-art methods, allowing for a more efficient high-level representation of images. These results are obtained with significantly downsampled images in comparison to the original high-resolution ones, further underscoring the robustness of our proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Cohen
- Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Eli (Omid) David
- Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Nathan S. Netanyahu
- Department of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
- Center for Automation Research, UMIACS, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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22
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Yuan Y, Xie S, Darnell JC, Darnell AJ, Saito Y, Phatnani H, Murphy EA, Zhang C, Maniatis T, Darnell RB. Cell type-specific CLIP reveals that NOVA regulates cytoskeleton interactions in motoneurons. Genome Biol 2018; 19:117. [PMID: 30111345 PMCID: PMC6092797 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative RNA processing plays an essential role in shaping cell identity and connectivity in the central nervous system. This is believed to involve differential regulation of RNA processing in various cell types. However, in vivo study of cell type-specific post-transcriptional regulation has been a challenge. Here, we describe a sensitive and stringent method combining genetics and CLIP (crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) to globally identify regulatory interactions between NOVA and RNA in the mouse spinal cord motoneurons. Results We developed a means of undertaking motoneuron-specific CLIP to explore motoneuron-specific protein–RNA interactions relative to studies of the whole spinal cord in mouse. This allowed us to pinpoint differential RNA regulation specific to motoneurons, revealing a major role for NOVA in regulating cytoskeleton interactions in motoneurons. In particular, NOVA specifically promotes the palmitoylated isoform of the cytoskeleton protein Septin 8 in motoneurons, which enhances dendritic arborization. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that cell type-specific RNA regulation is important for fine tuning motoneuron physiology and highlights the value of defining RNA processing regulation at single cell type resolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13059-018-1493-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shirley Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer C Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Andrew J Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10013, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chaolin Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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23
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Langseth AJ, Kim J, Ugolino JE, Shah Y, Hwang HY, Wang J, Bergles DE, Brown SP. Cell-type specific differences in promoter activity of the ALS-linked C9orf72 mouse ortholog. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5685. [PMID: 28720882 PMCID: PMC5515847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the C9orf72 gene is the most common cause of inherited forms of the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function mechanisms have been proposed to underlie this disease, but the pathogenic pathways are not fully understood. To better understand the involvement of different cell types in the pathogenesis of ALS, we systematically analyzed the distribution of promoter activity of the mouse ortholog of C9orf72 in the central nervous system. We demonstrate that C9orf72 promoter activity is widespread in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as in oligodendrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In contrast, few microglia and astrocytes exhibit detectable C9orf72 promoter activity. Although at a gross level, the distribution of C9orf72 promoter activity largely follows overall cellular density, we found that it is selectively enriched in subsets of neurons and glial cells that degenerate in ALS. Specifically, we show that C9orf72 promoter activity is enriched in corticospinal and spinal motor neurons as well as in oligodendrocytes in brain regions that are affected in ALS. These results suggest that cell autonomous changes in both neurons and glia may contribute to C9orf72-mediated disease, as has been shown for mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Langseth
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Janet E Ugolino
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Yajas Shah
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Ho-Yon Hwang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jiou Wang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
| | - Dwight E Bergles
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA.
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24
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Ofengeim D, Giagtzoglou N, Huh D, Zou C, Yuan J. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Unraveling the Brain One Cell at a Time. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:563-576. [PMID: 28501348 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is an exciting new technology allowing the analysis of transcriptomes from individual cells, and is ideally suited to address the inherent complexity and dynamics of the central nervous system. scRNA-seq has already been applied to the study of molecular taxonomy of the brain. These works have paved the way to expanding our understanding of the nervous system and provide insights into cellular susceptibilities and molecular mechanisms in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss recent progress and challenges in applying this technology to advance our understanding of the brain. We advocate the application of scRNA-seq in the discovery of targets and biomarkers as a new approach in developing novel therapeutics for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry Ofengeim
- Biogen, Neurology, 115 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | | | - Dann Huh
- Biogen, Neurology, 115 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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25
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Kimura E, Tohyama C. Embryonic and Postnatal Expression of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor mRNA in Mouse Brain. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:4. [PMID: 28223923 PMCID: PMC5293765 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-Per-Arnt-Sim transcription factor family, plays a critical role in the developing nervous system of invertebrates and vertebrates. Dioxin, a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, avidly binds to this receptor, and maternal exposure to dioxin has been shown to impair higher brain functions and dendritic morphogenesis, possibly via an AhR-dependent mechanism. However, there is little information on AhR expression in the developing mammalian brain. To address this issue, the present study analyzed AhR mRNA expression in the brains of embryonic, juvenile, and adult mice by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and in situ hybridization. In early brain development (embryonic day 12.5), AhR transcript was detected in the innermost cortical layer. The mRNA was also expressed in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and rostral migratory stream on embryonic day 18.5, postnatal days 3, 7, and 14, and in 12-week-old (adult) mice. Hippocampal expression was abundant in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal and dentate gyrus granule cell layers, where expression level of AhR mRNA in 12-week old is higher than that in 7-day old. These results reveal temporal and spatial patterns of AhR mRNA expression in the mouse brain, providing the information that may contribute to the elucidation of the physiologic and toxicologic significance of AhR in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiki Kimura
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
| | - Chiharu Tohyama
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan; Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukuba, Japan
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26
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Wen Z, Chen G, Zhu S, Zhu J, Li B, Song Y, Li S, Shi L, Zheng Y, Li M. Expression profiling and functional annotation of noncoding genes across 11 distinct organs in rat development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38575. [PMID: 27934932 PMCID: PMC5146941 DOI: 10.1038/srep38575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have important regulatory functions. However, lacking of functional annotations for ncRNAs hampered us from carrying out the subsequent functional or predictive research. Here we dissected the expression profiles of 3,458 rat noncoding genes using rat bodymap RNA-sequencing data consisting of 11 solid organs over four developmental stages (juvenile, adolescent, adult and aged) from both sexes, and conducted a comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed noncoding genes (DEnGs) between various conditions. We then constructed a co-expression network between protein-coding and noncoding genes to infer biological functions of noncoding genes. Modules of interest were linked to online databases including DAVID for functional annotation and pathway analysis. Our results indicated that noncoding genes are functionally enriched through pathways similar to those of protein-coding genes. Terms about development of the immune system were enriched with genes from age-related modules, whereas terms about sexual reproduction were enriched with genes in sex-related modules. We also built connection networks on some significant modules to visualize the interactions and regulatory relationship between protein-coding and noncoding genes. Our study could improve our understanding and facilitate a deeper investigation on organ/age/sex-related regulatory events of noncoding genes, which may lead to a superior preclinical model for drug development and translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinhang Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yunjie Song
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Suqing Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Leming Shi
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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27
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Zhang MD, Barde S, Szodorai E, Josephson A, Mitsios N, Watanabe M, Attems J, Lubec G, Kovács GG, Uhlén M, Mulder J, Harkany T, Hökfelt T. Comparative anatomical distribution of neuronal calcium-binding protein (NECAB) 1 and -2 in rodent and human spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 221:3803-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Frackowiak R, Markram H. The future of human cerebral cartography: a novel approach. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2014.0171. [PMID: 25823868 PMCID: PMC4387512 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cartography can be understood in a limited, static, neuroanatomical sense. Temporal information from electrical recordings contributes information on regional interactions adding a functional dimension. Selective tagging and imaging of molecules adds biochemical contributions. Cartographic detail can also be correlated with normal or abnormal psychological or behavioural data. Modern cerebral cartography is assimilating all these elements. Cartographers continue to collect ever more precise data in the hope that general principles of organization will emerge. However, even detailed cartographic data cannot generate knowledge without a multi-scale framework making it possible to relate individual observations and discoveries. We propose that, in the next quarter century, advances in cartography will result in progressively more accurate drafts of a data-led, multi-scale model of human brain structure and function. These blueprints will result from analysis of large volumes of neuroscientific and clinical data, by a process of reconstruction, modelling and simulation. This strategy will capitalize on remarkable recent developments in informatics and computer science and on the existence of much existing, addressable data and prior, though fragmented, knowledge. The models will instantiate principles that govern how the brain is organized at different levels and how different spatio-temporal scales relate to each other in an organ-centred context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Frackowiak
- The Human Brain Project, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Henry Markram
- The Human Brain Project, Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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29
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Treweek JB, Chan KY, Flytzanis NC, Yang B, Deverman BE, Greenbaum A, Lignell A, Xiao C, Cai L, Ladinsky MS, Bjorkman PJ, Fowlkes CC, Gradinaru V. Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping. Nat Protoc 2015; 10:1860-1896. [PMID: 26492141 PMCID: PMC4917295 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate fine-scale phenotyping of whole specimens, we describe here a set of tissue fixation-embedding, detergent-clearing and staining protocols that can be used to transform excised organs and whole organisms into optically transparent samples within 1-2 weeks without compromising their cellular architecture or endogenous fluorescence. PACT (passive CLARITY technique) and PARS (perfusion-assisted agent release in situ) use tissue-hydrogel hybrids to stabilize tissue biomolecules during selective lipid extraction, resulting in enhanced clearing efficiency and sample integrity. Furthermore, the macromolecule permeability of PACT- and PARS-processed tissue hybrids supports the diffusion of immunolabels throughout intact tissue, whereas RIMS (refractive index matching solution) grants high-resolution imaging at depth by further reducing light scattering in cleared and uncleared samples alike. These methods are adaptable to difficult-to-image tissues, such as bone (PACT-deCAL), and to magnified single-cell visualization (ePACT). Together, these protocols and solutions enable phenotyping of subcellular components and tracing cellular connectivity in intact biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ken Y Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nicholas C Flytzanis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Benjamin E Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Alon Greenbaum
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Antti Lignell
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Cheng Xiao
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Long Cai
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mark S Ladinsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Charless C Fowlkes
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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30
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Yu Y, Fuscoe JC, Zhao C, Guo C, Jia M, Qing T, Bannon DI, Lancashire L, Bao W, Du T, Luo H, Su Z, Jones WD, Moland CL, Branham WS, Qian F, Ning B, Li Y, Hong H, Guo L, Mei N, Shi T, Wang KY, Wolfinger RD, Nikolsky Y, Walker SJ, Duerksen-Hughes P, Mason CE, Tong W, Thierry-Mieg J, Thierry-Mieg D, Shi L, Wang C. A rat RNA-Seq transcriptomic BodyMap across 11 organs and 4 developmental stages. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3230. [PMID: 24510058 PMCID: PMC3926002 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat has been used extensively as a model for evaluating chemical toxicities and for understanding drug mechanisms. However, its transcriptome across multiple organs, or developmental stages, has not yet been reported. Here we show, as part of the SEQC consortium efforts, a comprehensive rat transcriptomic BodyMap created by performing RNA-Seq on 320 samples from 11 organs of both sexes of juvenile, adolescent, adult and aged Fischer 344 rats. We catalogue the expression profiles of 40,064 genes, 65,167 transcripts, 31,909 alternatively spliced transcript variants and 2,367 non-coding genes/non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) annotated in AceView. We find that organ-enriched, differentially expressed genes reflect the known organ-specific biological activities. A large number of transcripts show organ-specific, age-dependent or sex-specific differential expression patterns. We create a web-based, open-access rat BodyMap database of expression profiles with crosslinks to other widely used databases, anticipating that it will serve as a primary resource for biomedical research using the rat model. Gene expression is highly variable between tissues, and changes during development and with age. Here, the authors provide a comprehensive RNA-Seq analysis of the rat transcriptome, spanning eleven organs, four developmental stages and both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- 1] Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China [2]
| | - James C Fuscoe
- 1] National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA [2]
| | - Chen Zhao
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Functional Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Meiwen Jia
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Qing
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Desmond I Bannon
- Army Institute of Public Health, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, USA
| | - Lee Lancashire
- Computation Biology and Bioinformatics, IP & Science, Thomson Reuters, London EC1N 8JS, UK
| | - Wenjun Bao
- SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27513, USA
| | - Tingting Du
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heng Luo
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhenqiang Su
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | | | - Carrie L Moland
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - William S Branham
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Feng Qian
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Yan Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Tieliu Shi
- The Center for Bioinformatics and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kevin Y Wang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | - Yuri Nikolsky
- Computation Biology and Bioinformatics, IP & Science, Thomson Reuters, London EC1N 8JS, UK
| | - Stephen J Walker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Penelope Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA
| | - Jean Thierry-Mieg
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Danielle Thierry-Mieg
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | - Leming Shi
- 1] Center for Pharmacogenomics, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Schools of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China [2] National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 92079, USA [3] Fudan-Zhangjiang Center for Clinical Genomics and Zhangjiang Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics and Division of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350, USA
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31
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Darras VM, Houbrechts AM, Van Herck SL. Intracellular thyroid hormone metabolism as a local regulator of nuclear thyroid hormone receptor-mediated impact on vertebrate development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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Wang Q, Henry AM, Harris JA, Oh SW, Joines KM, Nyhus J, Hirokawa KE, Dee N, Mortrud M, Parry S, Ouellette B, Caldejon S, Bernard A, Jones AR, Zeng H, Hohmann JG. Systematic comparison of adeno-associated virus and biotinylated dextran amine reveals equivalent sensitivity between tracers and novel projection targets in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 2015; 522:1989-2012. [PMID: 24639291 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
As an anterograde neuronal tracer, recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) has distinct advantages over the widely used biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). However, the sensitivity and selectivity of AAV remain uncharacterized for many brain regions and species. To validate this tracing method further, AAV (serotype 1) was systematically compared with BDA as an anterograde tracer by injecting both tracers into three cortical and 15 subcortical regions in C57BL/6J mice. Identical parameters were used for our sequential iontophoretic injections, producing injections of AAV that were more robust in size and in density of neurons infected compared with those of BDA. However, these differences did not preclude further comparison between the tracers, because the pairs of injections were suitably colocalized and contained some percentage of double-labeled neurons. A qualitative analysis of projection patterns showed that the two tracers behave very similarly when injection sites are well matched. Additionally, a quantitative analysis of relative projection intensity for cases targeting primary motor cortex (MOp), primary somatosensory cortex (SSp), and caudoputamen (CP) showed strong agreement in the ranked order of projection intensities between the two tracers. A detailed analysis of the projections of two brain regions (SSp and MOp) revealed many targets that have not previously been described in the mouse or rat. Minor retrograde labeling of neurons was observed in all cases examined, for both AAV and BDA. Our results show that AAV has actions equivalent to those of BDA as an anterograde tracer and is suitable for analysis of neural circuitry throughout the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, Washington, 98103
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Ramsden HL, Sürmeli G, McDonagh SG, Nolan MF. Laminar and dorsoventral molecular organization of the medial entorhinal cortex revealed by large-scale anatomical analysis of gene expression. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004032. [PMID: 25615592 PMCID: PMC4304787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) encode an animal's position and orientation in space. Within the MEC spatial representations, including grid and directional firing fields, have a laminar and dorsoventral organization that corresponds to a similar topography of neuronal connectivity and cellular properties. Yet, in part due to the challenges of integrating anatomical data at the resolution of cortical layers and borders, we know little about the molecular components underlying this organization. To address this we develop a new computational pipeline for high-throughput analysis and comparison of in situ hybridization (ISH) images at laminar resolution. We apply this pipeline to ISH data for over 16,000 genes in the Allen Brain Atlas and validate our analysis with RNA sequencing of MEC tissue from adult mice. We find that differential gene expression delineates the borders of the MEC with neighboring brain structures and reveals its laminar and dorsoventral organization. We propose a new molecular basis for distinguishing the deep layers of the MEC and show that their similarity to corresponding layers of neocortex is greater than that of superficial layers. Our analysis identifies ion channel-, cell adhesion- and synapse-related genes as candidates for functional differentiation of MEC layers and for encoding of spatial information at different scales along the dorsoventral axis of the MEC. We also reveal laminar organization of genes related to disease pathology and suggest that a high metabolic demand predisposes layer II to neurodegenerative pathology. In principle, our computational pipeline can be applied to high-throughput analysis of many forms of neuroanatomical data. Our results support the hypothesis that differences in gene expression contribute to functional specialization of superficial layers of the MEC and dorsoventral organization of the scale of spatial representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Ramsden
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Neuroinformatics Doctoral Training Centre, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gülşen Sürmeli
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Steven G. McDonagh
- Institute of Perception, Action and Behaviour, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew F. Nolan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, inStem, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Developmental gene expression profile of axon guidance cues in Purkinje cells during cerebellar circuit formation. THE CEREBELLUM 2014; 13:307-17. [PMID: 24550128 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of precise neural circuits during development involves a variety of contact-mediated and secreted guidance molecules that are expressed in a complementary fashion by different cell types. To build a functional circuit, each cell type must first trigger an intrinsic genetic program that is led by their environment at a key time point. It is therefore essential to identify the different cell-specific and stage-specific transcriptional profiles expressed by neurons. However, very few studies have been done to address this issue thus far. Herein, we have carried out a large-scale quantitative real-time PCR analysis of all classical axon guidance molecules (i.e., Semaphorins, Netrins, Ephrins, and Slits) and their receptors expressed by Purkinje cells (PCs) at specific stages of postnatal cerebellar development in vivo. Most cerebellar connections are setup in a well-characterized sequential manner during postnatal development and lead to the fine regulation of the PC, the sole output of the structure. Our analysis of the relative expression of these guidance cues has uncovered a dynamic expression pattern corresponding to specific stages of cerebellar development, thus providing a starting point for studying the role of these axon guidance molecules in cerebellar wiring.
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35
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Wise A, Bar-Joseph Z. SMARTS: reconstructing disease response networks from multiple individuals using time series gene expression data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 31:1250-7. [PMID: 25480376 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Current methods for reconstructing dynamic regulatory networks are focused on modeling a single response network using model organisms or cell lines. Unlike these models or cell lines, humans differ in their background expression profiles due to age, genetics and life factors. In addition, there are often differences in start and end times for time series human data and in the rate of progress based on the specific individual. Thus, new methods are required to integrate time series data from multiple individuals when modeling and constructing disease response networks. RESULTS We developed Scalable Models for the Analysis of Regulation from Time Series (SMARTS), a method integrating static and time series data from multiple individuals to reconstruct condition-specific response networks in an unsupervised way. Using probabilistic graphical models, SMARTS iterates between reconstructing different regulatory networks and assigning individuals to these networks, taking into account varying individual start times and response rates. These models can be used to group different sets of patients and to identify transcription factors that differentiate the observed responses between these groups. We applied SMARTS to analyze human response to influenza and mouse brain development. In both cases, it was able to greatly improve baseline groupings while identifying key relevant TFs that differ between the groups. Several of these groupings and TFs are known to regulate the relevant processes while others represent novel hypotheses regarding immune response and development. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Software and Supplementary information are available at http://sb.cs.cmu.edu/smarts/. CONTACT zivbj@cs.cmu.edu SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Wise
- Lane Center for Computational Biology and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ziv Bar-Joseph
- Lane Center for Computational Biology and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Lane Center for Computational Biology and Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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36
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Garcia VB, Garcia ML, Schulz DJ. Quantitative expression profiling in mouse spinal cord reveals changing relationships among channel and receptor mRNA levels across postnatal maturation. Neuroscience 2014; 277:321-33. [PMID: 25043326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural networks ultimately arrive at functional output via interaction of the excitability of individual neurons and their synaptic interactions. We investigated the relationships between voltage-gated ion channel and neurotransmitter receptor mRNA levels in mouse spinal cord at four different postnatal time points (P5, P11, P17, and adult) and three different adult cord levels (cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral) using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our analysis and data visualization are novel in that we chose a focal group of voltage-gated channel subunits and transmitter receptor subunits, performed absolute quantitation of mRNA copy number for each gene from a sample, and used multiple correlation analyses and correlation matrices to detect patterns in correlated mRNA levels across all genes of interest. These correlation profiles suggest that postnatal maturation of the spinal cord includes changes among channel and receptor subunits that proceed from widespread co-regulation to more refined and distinct functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - M L Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - D J Schulz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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37
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Xu W, Xin C, Lin Q, Ding F, Gong W, Zhou Y, Yu J, Cui P, Hu S. Adolescent mouse takes on an active transcriptomic expression during postnatal cerebral development. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 12:111-9. [PMID: 24953867 PMCID: PMC4411375 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal cerebral development is a complicated biological process precisely controlled by multiple genes. To understand the molecular mechanism of cerebral development, we compared dynamics of mouse cerebrum transcriptome through three developmental stages using high-throughput RNA-seq technique. Three libraries were generated from the mouse cerebrum at infancy, adolescence and adulthood, respectively. Consequently, 44,557,729 (infancy), 59,257,530 (adolescence) and 72,729,636 (adulthood) reads were produced, which were assembled into 15,344, 16,048 and 15,775 genes, respectively. We found that the overall gene expression level increased from infancy to adolescence and decreased later on upon reaching adulthood. The adolescence cerebrum has the most active gene expression, with expression of a large number of regulatory genes up-regulated and some crucial pathways activated. Transcription factor (TF) analysis suggested the similar dynamics as expression profiling, especially those TFs functioning in neurogenesis differentiation, oligodendrocyte lineage determination and circadian rhythm regulation. Moreover, our data revealed a drastic increase in myelin basic protein (MBP)-coding gene expression in adolescence and adulthood, suggesting that the brain myelin may be generated since mouse adolescence. In addition, differential gene expression analysis indicated the activation of rhythmic pathway, suggesting the function of rhythmic movement since adolescence; Furthermore, during infancy and adolescence periods, gene expression related to axon repulsion and attraction showed the opposite trends, indicating that axon repulsion was activated after birth, while axon attraction might be activated at the embryonic stage and declined during the postnatal development. Our results from the present study may shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying the postnatal development of the mammalian cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengqi Xin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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38
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Levine AJ, Hinckley CA, Hilde KL, Driscoll SP, Poon TH, Montgomery JM, Pfaff SL. Identification of a cellular node for motor control pathways. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:586-93. [PMID: 24609464 PMCID: PMC4569558 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The rich behavioral repertoire of animals is encoded in the CNS as a set of motorneuron activation patterns, also called 'motor synergies'. However, the neurons that orchestrate these motor programs as well as their cellular properties and connectivity are poorly understood. Here we identify a population of molecularly defined motor synergy encoder (MSE) neurons in the mouse spinal cord that may represent a central node in neural pathways for voluntary and reflexive movement. This population receives direct inputs from the motor cortex and sensory pathways and, in turn, has monosynaptic outputs to spinal motorneurons. Optical stimulation of MSE neurons drove reliable patterns of activity in multiple motor groups, and we found that the evoked motor patterns varied on the basis of the rostrocaudal location of the stimulated MSE. We speculate that these neurons comprise a cellular network for encoding coordinated motor output programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Levine
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [3]
| | - Christopher A Hinckley
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [3]
| | - Kathryn L Hilde
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Shawn P Driscoll
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tiffany H Poon
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Montgomery
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Samuel L Pfaff
- 1] Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, USA
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Liscovitch N, Shalit U, Chechik G. FuncISH: learning a functional representation of neural ISH images. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:i36-43. [PMID: 23813005 PMCID: PMC3694670 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION High-spatial resolution imaging datasets of mammalian brains have recently become available in unprecedented amounts. Images now reveal highly complex patterns of gene expression varying on multiple scales. The challenge in analyzing these images is both in extracting the patterns that are most relevant functionally and in providing a meaningful representation that allows neuroscientists to interpret the extracted patterns. RESULTS Here, we present FuncISH--a method to learn functional representations of neural in situ hybridization (ISH) images. We represent images using a histogram of local descriptors in several scales, and we use this representation to learn detectors of functional (GO) categories for every image. As a result, each image is represented as a point in a low-dimensional space whose axes correspond to meaningful functional annotations. The resulting representations define similarities between ISH images that can be easily explained by functional categories. We applied our method to the genomic set of mouse neural ISH images available at the Allen Brain Atlas, finding that most neural biological processes can be inferred from spatial expression patterns with high accuracy. Using functional representations, we predict several gene interaction properties, such as protein-protein interactions and cell-type specificity, more accurately than competing methods based on global correlations. We used FuncISH to identify similar expression patterns of GABAergic neuronal markers that were not previously identified and to infer new gene function based on image-image similarities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Liscovitch
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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40
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Goggolidou P, Soneji S, Powles-Glover N, Williams D, Sethi S, Baban D, Simon MM, Ragoussis I, Norris DP. A chronological expression profile of gene activity during embryonic mouse brain development. Mamm Genome 2013; 24:459-72. [PMID: 24249052 PMCID: PMC3843766 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The brain is a functionally complex organ, the patterning and development of which are key to adult health. To help elucidate the genetic networks underlying mammalian brain patterning, we conducted detailed transcriptional profiling during embryonic development of the mouse brain. A total of 2,400 genes were identified as showing differential expression between three developmental stages. Analysis of the data identified nine gene clusters to demonstrate analogous expression profiles. A significant group of novel genes of as yet undiscovered biological function were detected as being potentially relevant to brain development and function, in addition to genes that have previously identified roles in the brain. Furthermore, analysis for genes that display asymmetric expression between the left and right brain hemispheres during development revealed 35 genes as putatively asymmetric from a combined data set. Our data constitute a valuable new resource for neuroscience and neurodevelopment, exposing possible functional associations between genes, including novel loci, and encouraging their further investigation in human neurological and behavioural disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Goggolidou
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK,
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41
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The mouse C9ORF72 ortholog is enriched in neurons known to degenerate in ALS and FTD. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1725-7. [PMID: 24185425 PMCID: PMC4397902 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Using transgenic animals harboring a targeted LacZ insertion, we studied the expression pattern of the C9ORF72 mouse ortholog. Unlike most genes mutated in ALS, which are ubiquitously expressed, the C9ORF72-ortholog was most highly transcribed in the neuronal populations sensitive to degeneration in ALS and FTD. Thus, our study provides a potential explanation for the cell type specificity of neuronal degeneration caused by C9ORF72 mutations.
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42
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Mabbott NA, Baillie JK, Brown H, Freeman TC, Hume DA. An expression atlas of human primary cells: inference of gene function from coexpression networks. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:632. [PMID: 24053356 PMCID: PMC3849585 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specialisation of mammalian cells in time and space requires genes associated with specific pathways and functions to be co-ordinately expressed. Here we have combined a large number of publically available microarray datasets derived from human primary cells and analysed large correlation graphs of these data. RESULTS Using the network analysis tool BioLayout Express3D we identify robust co-associations of genes expressed in a wide variety of cell lineages. We discuss the biological significance of a number of these associations, in particular the coexpression of key transcription factors with the genes that they are likely to control. CONCLUSIONS We consider the regulation of genes in human primary cells and specifically in the human mononuclear phagocyte system. Of particular note is the fact that these data do not support the identity of putative markers of antigen-presenting dendritic cells, nor classification of M1 and M2 activation states, a current subject of debate within immunological field. We have provided this data resource on the BioGPS web site (http://biogps.org/dataset/2429/primary-cell-atlas/) and on macrophages.com (http://www.macrophages.com/hu-cell-atlas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK.
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43
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Specialization of gene expression during mouse brain development. PLoS Comput Biol 2013; 9:e1003185. [PMID: 24068900 PMCID: PMC3777910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptome of the brain changes during development, reflecting processes that determine functional specialization of brain regions. We analyzed gene expression, measured using in situ hybridization across the full developing mouse brain, to quantify functional specialization of brain regions. Surprisingly, we found that during the time that the brain becomes anatomically regionalized in early development, transcription specialization actually decreases reaching a low, “neurotypic”, point around birth. This decrease of specialization is brain-wide, and mainly due to biological processes involved in constructing brain circuitry. Regional specialization rises again during post-natal development. This effect is largely due to specialization of plasticity and neural activity processes. Post-natal specialization is particularly significant in the cerebellum, whose expression signature becomes increasingly different from other brain regions. When comparing mouse and human expression patterns, the cerebellar post-natal specialization is also observed in human, but the regionalization of expression in the human Thalamus and Cortex follows a strikingly different profile than in mouse. Brain development is one of the most complex biological processes, orchestrated by the precisely timed and coordinated expression of thousands of genes. As the brain develops, specific regions are formed, their structure and function reflected in unique sets of expressed genes. Regional gene expression profiles determine the basic properties of neural systems: controlling how the brain develops from embryos to adults, maintaining the well being of the system, adapting the brain following experience and carrying out specific regional functions. Here we investigate the temporal dynamics of changes in regional gene expression patterns throughout mouse brain development. We identify a neurotypic phase around the time of birth, in which patterns of gene expression become more homogeneous across the brain, creating an ‘hourglass’ shaped expression divergence profile. We characterize the biological processes, genes and brain regions responsible for this pattern, and also compare mouse neurodevelopmental expression patterns with parallel data from human, finding striking similarities and differences between the two species.
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Cops EJ, Sashindranath M, Daglas M, Short KM, da Fonseca Pereira C, Pang TY, Lijnen RH, Smyth IM, Hannan AJ, Samson AL, Medcalf RL. Tissue-type plasminogen activator is an extracellular mediator of Purkinje cell damage and altered gait. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:8-19. [PMID: 23939410 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purkinje neurons are a sensitive and specialised cell type important for fine motor movement and coordination. Purkinje cell damage manifests as motor incoordination and ataxia - a prominent feature of many human disorders including spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington's disease. A correlation between Purkinje degeneration and excess cerebellar levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has been observed in multiple genetically-distinct models of ataxia. Here we show that Purkinje loss in a mouse model of Huntington's disease also correlates with a 200% increase in cerebellar tPA activity. That elevated tPA levels arise in a variety of ataxia models suggests that tPA is a common mediator of Purkinje damage. To address the specific contribution of tPA to cerebellar dysfunction we studied the T4 mice line that overexpresses murine tPA in postnatal neurons through the Thy1.2 gene promoter, which directs preferential expression to Purkinje cells within the cerebellum. Here we show that T4 mice develop signs of cerebellar damage within 10 weeks of birth including atrophy of Purkinje cell soma and dendrites, astrogliosis, reduced molecular layer volume and altered gait. In contrast, T4 mice displayed no evidence of microgliosis, nor any changes in interneuron density, nor alteration in the cerebellar granular neuron layer. Thus, excess tPA levels may be sufficient to cause targeted Purkinje cell degeneration and ataxia. We propose that elevated cerebellar tPA levels exert a common pathway of Purkinje cell damage. Therapeutically lowering cerebellar tPA levels may represent a novel means of preserving Purkinje cell integrity and motor coordination across a wide range of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J Cops
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, AMREP, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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45
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The class 4 semaphorin Sema4D promotes the rapid assembly of GABAergic synapses in rodent hippocampus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:8961-73. [PMID: 23699507 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0989-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper circuit function in the mammalian nervous system depends on the precise assembly and development of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections between neurons. Through a loss-of-function genetic screen in cultured hippocampal neurons, we previously identified the class 4 Semaphorin Sema4D as being required for proper GABAergic synapse development. Here we demonstrate that Sema4D is sufficient to promote GABAergic synapse formation in rodent hippocampus and investigate the kinetics of this activity. We find that Sema4D treatment of rat hippocampal neurons increases the density of GABAergic synapses as detected by immunocytochemistry within 30 min, much more rapidly than has been previously described for a prosynaptogenic molecule, and show that this effect is dependent on the Sema4D receptor PlexinB1 using PlxnB1(-/-) mice. Live imaging studies reveal that Sema4D elicits a rapid enhancement (within 10 min) in the rate of addition of synaptic proteins. Therefore, we demonstrate that Sema4D, via PlexinB1, acts to initiate synapse formation by recruiting molecules to both the presynaptic and the postsynaptic terminals; these nascent synapses subsequently become fully functional by 2 h after Sema4D treatment. In addition, acute treatment of an organotypic hippocampal slice epilepsy model with Sema4D reveals that Sema4D rapidly and dramatically alters epileptiform activity, which is consistent with a Sema4D-mediated shift in the balance of excitation and inhibition within the circuit. These data demonstrate an ability to quickly assemble GABAergic synapses in response to an appropriate signal and suggest a potential area of exploration for the development of novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Good DJ, Braun T. NHLH2: at the intersection of obesity and fertility. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:385-90. [PMID: 23684566 PMCID: PMC3732504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nescient helix-loop-helix 2 (NHLH2/NSCL2) is a neuronal transcription factor originally thought to be involved in neuronal development and childhood neuroblastomas. Accumulating evidence has since identified roles for NHLH2 in adult phenotypes of obesity and fertility. We summarize these findings here and attempt to link genotype with phenotype in mouse models and humans. In particular, NHLH2 (Nhlh2 in mice) is one of only two genes that are genetically linked to physical activity levels. Nhlh2 also controls obesity and fertility, with strong sexual dimorphism for both phenotypes in Nhlh2 mutant animals. We propose that Nhlh2 might function as a molecular sensor in different adult hypothalamic neurons to regulate energy balance, leading to normal body weight and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Good
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Bron R, Yin L, Russo D, Furness JB. Expression of the ghrelin receptor gene in neurons of the medulla oblongata of the rat. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2680-702. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romke Bron
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Victoria 3010; Australia
| | - Lei Yin
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Victoria 3010; Australia
| | - Domenico Russo
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology and Animal Production; University of Bologna; 40064 Ozzano Emilia; Bologna; Italy
| | - John B. Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Parkville; Victoria 3010; Australia
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