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Shabani S, Houlton S, Ghimire B, Tonello D, Reed C, Baba H, Aldrich S, Phillips TJ. Robust aversive effects of trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1446-1454. [PMID: 37055488 PMCID: PMC10425385 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Drugs that stimulate the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) are under clinical investigation as treatments for several neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies in a genetic mouse model of voluntary methamphetamine intake identified TAAR1, expressed by the Taar1 gene, as a critical mediator of aversive methamphetamine effects. Methamphetamine is a TAAR1 agonist, but also has actions at monoamine transporters. Whether exclusive activation of TAAR1 has aversive effects was not known at the time we conducted our studies. Mice were tested for aversive effects of the selective TAAR1 agonist, RO5256390, using taste and place conditioning procedures. Hypothermic and locomotor effects were also examined, based on prior evidence of TAAR1 mediation. Male and female mice of several genetic models were used, including lines selectively bred for high and low methamphetamine drinking, a knock-in line in which a mutant form of Taar1 that codes for a non-functional TAAR1 was replaced by the reference Taar1 allele that codes for functional TAAR1, and their matched control line. RO5256390 had robust aversive, hypothermic and locomotor suppressing effects that were found only in mice with functional TAAR1. Knock-in of the reference Taar1 allele rescued these phenotypes in a genetic model that normally lacks TAAR1 function. Our study provides important data on TAAR1 function in aversive, locomotor, and thermoregulatory effects that are important to consider when developing TAAR1 agonists as therapeutic drugs. Because other drugs can have similar consequences, potential additive effects should be carefully considered as these treatment agents are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shkelzen Shabani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
- Biomedical Sciences at Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Sydney Houlton
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Bikalpa Ghimire
- Department of Biology, Minot State University, Minot, ND, USA
| | - Derek Tonello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sara Aldrich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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Phillips TJ, Roy T, Aldrich SJ, Baba H, Erk J, Mootz JRK, Reed C, Chesler EJ. Confirmation of a Causal Taar1 Allelic Variant in Addiction-Relevant Methamphetamine Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:725839. [PMID: 34512422 PMCID: PMC8428522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.725839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity to rewarding and reinforcing drug effects has a critical role in initial use, but the role of initial aversive drug effects has received less attention. Methamphetamine effects on dopamine re-uptake and efflux are associated with its addiction potential. However, methamphetamine also serves as a substrate for the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). Growing evidence in animal models indicates that increasing TAAR1 function reduces drug self-administration and intake. We previously determined that a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Taar1 predicts a conformational change in the receptor that has functional consequences. A Taar1 m1J mutant allele existing in DBA/2J mice expresses a non-functional receptor. In comparison to mice that possess one or more copies of the reference Taar1 allele (Taar1 +/+ or Taar1 +/m1J ), mice with the Taar1 m1J/m1J genotype readily consume methamphetamine, express low sensitivity to aversive effects of methamphetamine, and lack sensitivity to acute methamphetamine-induced hypothermia. We used three sets of knock-in and control mice in which one Taar1 allele was exchanged with the alternative allele to determine if other methamphetamine-related traits and an opioid trait are impacted by the same Taar1 SNP proven to affect MA consumption and hypothermia. First, we measured sensitivity to conditioned rewarding and aversive effects of methamphetamine to determine if an impact of the Taar1 SNP on these traits could be proven. Next, we used multiple genetic backgrounds to study the consistency of Taar1 allelic effects on methamphetamine intake and hypothermia. Finally, we studied morphine-induced hypothermia to confirm prior data suggesting that a gene in linkage disequilibrium with Taar1, rather than Taar1, accounts for prior observed differences in sensitivity. We found that a single SNP exchange reduced sensitivity to methamphetamine conditioned reward and increased sensitivity to conditioned aversion. Profound differences in methamphetamine intake and hypothermia consistently corresponded with genotype at the SNP location, with only slight variation in magnitude across genetic backgrounds. Morphine-induced hypothermia was not dependent on Taar1 genotype. Thus, Taar1 genotype and TAAR1 function impact multiple methamphetamine-related effects that likely predict the potential for methamphetamine use. These data support further investigation of their potential roles in risk for methamphetamine addiction and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Tyler Roy
- The Jackson Laboratory and Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | - Sara J Aldrich
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory and Center for Systems Neurogenetics of Addiction, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
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Stafford AM, Reed C, Phillips TJ. Non-genetic factors that influence methamphetamine intake in a genetic model of differential methamphetamine consumption. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3315-3336. [PMID: 32833064 PMCID: PMC7572688 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Genetic and non-genetic factors influence substance use disorders. Our previous work in genetic mouse models focused on genetic factors that influence methamphetamine (MA) intake. The current research examined several non-genetic factors for their potential influence on this trait. OBJECTIVES We examined the impact on MA intake of several non-genetic factors, including MA access schedule, prior forced MA exposure, concomitant ethanol (EtOH) access, and gamma-aminobutyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor activation. Selectively bred MA high drinking (MAHDR) and low drinking (MALDR) mice participated in this research. RESULTS MAHDR, but not MALDR, mice increased MA intake when given intermittent access, compared with continuous access, with a water choice under both schedules. MA intake was not altered by previous exposure to forced MA consumption. Male MAHDR mice given simultaneous access to MA, EtOH, and an EtOH+MA mixture exhibited a strong preference for MA over EtOH and EtOH+MA; MA intake was not affected by EtOH in female MAHDR mice. When independent MAHDR groups were given access to MA, EtOH, or EtOH+MA vs. water in each case, MA intake was reduced in the water vs. EtOH+MA group, compared with the water vs. MA group. The GABAB receptor agonist R(+)-baclofen (BAC) not only reduced MA intake but also reduced water intake and locomotor activity in MAHDR mice. There was a residual effect of BAC, such that MA intake was increased after termination of BAC treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that voluntary MA intake in MAHDR mice is influenced by non-genetic factors related to MA access schedule and co-morbid EtOH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - C Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - T J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA.
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Reed C, Stafford AM, Mootz JRK, Baba H, Erk J, Phillips TJ. A breeding strategy to identify modifiers of high genetic risk for methamphetamine intake. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12667. [PMID: 32424970 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) impacts methamphetamine (MA) intake. A mutant allele (Taar1m1J ) derived from the DBA/2J mouse strain codes for a non-functional receptor, and Taar1m1J/m1J mice consume more MA than mice possessing the reference Taar1+ allele. To study the impact of this mutation in a genetically diverse population, heterogeneous stock-collaborative cross (HS-CC) mice, the product of an eight-way cross of standard and wild-derived strains, were tested for MA intake. HS-CC had low MA intake, so an HS-CC by DBA/2J strain F2 intercross was created to transfer the mutant allele onto the diverse background, and used for selective breeding. To study residual variation in MA intake existing in Taar1m1J/m1J mice, selective breeding for higher (MAH) vs lower (MAL) MA intake was initiated from Taar1m1J/m1J F2 individuals; a control line of Taar1+/+ individuals (MAC) was retained. The lines were also examined for MA-induced locomotor and thermal responses, and fluid and tastant consumption. Taar1m1J/m1J F2 mice consumed significantly more MA than Taar1+/+ F2 mice. Response to selection was significant by generation 2 and there were corresponding differences in fluid consumed. Fluid consumption was not different in non-MA drinking studies. Taar1m1J/m1J genotype (MAL or MAH vs MAC mice) was associated with heighted MA locomotor and reduced hypothermic responses. MAL mice exhibited greater sensitization than MAH mice, but the selected lines did not consistently differ for thermal or tastant phenotypes. Residual variation among high-risk Taar1m1J/m1J mice appears to involve mechanisms associated with neuroadaptation to MA, but not sensitivity to hypothermic effects of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Mootz JRK, Miner NB, Phillips TJ. Differential genetic risk for methamphetamine intake confers differential sensitivity to the temperature-altering effects of other addictive drugs. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12640. [PMID: 31925906 PMCID: PMC7286770 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mice selectively bred for high methamphetamine (MA) drinking (MAHDR), compared with mice bred for low MA drinking (MALDR), exhibit greater sensitivity to MA reward and insensitivity to aversive and hypothermic effects of MA. Previous work identified the trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene (Taar1) as a quantitative trait gene for MA intake that also impacts thermal response to MA. All MAHDR mice are homozygous for the mutant Taar1 m1J allele, whereas all MALDR mice possess at least one copy of the reference Taar1 + allele. To determine if their differential sensitivity to MA-induced hypothermia extends to drugs of similar and different classes, we examined sensitivity to the hypothermic effect of the stimulant cocaine, the amphetamine-like substance 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and the opioid morphine in these lines. The lines did not differ in thermal response to cocaine, only MALDR mice exhibited a hypothermic response to MDMA, and MAHDR mice were more sensitive to the hypothermic effect of morphine than MALDR mice. We speculated that the μ-opioid receptor gene (Oprm1) impacts morphine response, and genotyped the mice tested for morphine-induced hypothermia. We report genetic linkage between Taar1 and Oprm1; MAHDR mice more often inherit the Oprm1 D2 allele and MALDR mice more often inherit the Oprm1 B6 allele. Data from a family of recombinant inbred mouse strains support the influence of Oprm1 genotype, but not Taar1 genotype, on thermal response to morphine. These results nominate Oprm1 as a genetic risk factor for morphine-induced hypothermia, and provide additional evidence for a connection between drug preference and drug thermal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R K Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Nicholas B Miner
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Research, Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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6
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Stafford AM, Reed C, Baba H, Walter NAR, Mootz JRK, Williams RW, Neve KA, Fedorov LM, Janowsky AJ, Phillips TJ. Taar1 gene variants have a causal role in methamphetamine intake and response and interact with Oprm1. eLife 2019; 8:e46472. [PMID: 31274109 PMCID: PMC6682400 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a locus on mouse chromosome 10 that accounts for 60% of the genetic variance in methamphetamine intake in mice selectively bred for high versus low methamphetamine consumption. We nominated the trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene, Taar1, as the strongest candidate and identified regulation of the mu-opioid receptor 1 gene, Oprm1, as another contributor. This study exploited CRISPR-Cas9 to test the causal role of Taar1 in methamphetamine intake and a genetically-associated thermal response to methamphetamine. The methamphetamine-related traits were rescued, converting them to levels found in methamphetamine-avoiding animals. We used a family of recombinant inbred mouse strains for interval mapping and to examine independent and epistatic effects of Taar1 and Oprm1. Both methamphetamine intake and the thermal response mapped to Taar1 and the independent effect of Taar1 was dependent on genotype at Oprm1. Our findings encourage investigation of the contribution of Taar1 and Oprm1 variants to human methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Stafford
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Nicole AR Walter
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research CenterPortlandUnited States
| | - John RK Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and InformaticsUniversity of Tennessee Health Sciences CenterMemphisUnited States
| | - Kim A Neve
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care SystemPortlandUnited States
| | - Lev M Fedorov
- Transgenic Mouse Models Shared Resource, Knight Cancer InstituteOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Aaron J Janowsky
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care SystemPortlandUnited States
- Department of PsychiatryOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care SystemPortlandUnited States
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7
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Regional Analysis of the Brain Transcriptome in Mice Bred for High and Low Methamphetamine Consumption. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9070155. [PMID: 31262025 PMCID: PMC6681006 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome profiling can broadly characterize drug effects and risk for addiction in the absence of drug exposure. Modern large-scale molecular methods, including RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq), have been extensively applied to alcohol-related disease traits, but rarely to risk for methamphetamine (MA) addiction. We used RNA-Seq data from selectively bred mice with high or low risk for voluntary MA intake to construct coexpression and cosplicing networks for differential risk. Three brain reward circuitry regions were explored, the nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and ventral midbrain (VMB). With respect to differential gene expression and wiring, the VMB was more strongly affected than either the PFC or NAc. Coexpression network connectivity was higher in the low MA drinking line than in the high MA drinking line in the VMB, oppositely affected in the NAc, and little impacted in the PFC. Gene modules protected from the effects of selection may help to eliminate certain mechanisms from significant involvement in risk for MA intake. One such module was enriched in genes with dopamine-associated annotations. Overall, the data suggest that mitochondrial function and glutamate-mediated synaptic plasticity have key roles in the outcomes of selective breeding for high versus low levels of MA intake.
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8
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Cates HM, Benca-Bachman CE, de Guglielmo G, Schoenrock SA, Shu C, Kallupi M. National Institute on Drug Abuse genomics consortium white paper: Coordinating efforts between human and animal addiction studies. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12577. [PMID: 31012252 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Drug Abuse Genetics and Epigenetics Cross-Cutting Research Team convened a diverse group of researchers, clinicians, and healthcare providers on the campus of the University of California, San Diego, in June 2018. The goal was to develop strategies to integrate genetics and phenotypes across species to achieve a better understanding of substance use disorders through associations between genotypes and addictive behaviors. This conference (a) discussed progress in harmonizing large opioid genetics cohorts, (b) discussed phenotypes that are used for genetics studies in humans, (c) examined phenotypes that are used for genetics studies in animal models, (d) identified synergies and gaps in phenotypic analyses of human and animal models and (e) identified strategies to integrate genetics and genomics data with phenotypes across species. The meeting consisted of panels that focused on phenotype harmonization (Dr. Laura Bierut, Dr. Olivier George, Dr. Dan Larach and Dr. Sesh Mudumbai), translating genetic findings between species (Dr. Elissa Chesler, Dr. Gary Peltz and Dr. Abraham Palmer), interpreting and understanding allelic variations (Dr. Vanessa Troiani and Dr. Tamara Richards) and pathway conservation in animal models and human studies (Dr. Robert Hitzemann, Dr. Huda Akil and Dr. Laura Saba). There were also updates that were provided by large consortia (Dr. Susan Tapert, Dr. Danielle Dick, Dr. Howard Edenberg and Dr. Eric Johnson). Collectively, the conference was convened to discuss progress and changes in genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Cates
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Sarah A Schoenrock
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marsida Kallupi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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9
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Shabani S, Schmidt B, Ghimire B, Houlton SK, Hellmuth L, Mojica E, Phillips TJ. Depression-like symptoms of withdrawal in a genetic mouse model of binge methamphetamine intake. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 18:e12533. [PMID: 30375183 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Binge methamphetamine (MA) users have higher MA consumption, relapse rates and depression-like symptoms during early periods of withdrawal, compared with non-binge users. The impact of varying durations of MA abstinence on depression-like symptoms and on subsequent MA intake was examined in mice genetically prone to binge-level MA consumption. Binge-level MA intake was induced using a multiple-bottle choice procedure in which mice were offered one water drinking tube and three tubes containing increasing concentrations of MA in water, or four water tubes (control group). In two studies, depression-like symptoms were measured using a tail-suspension test and a subsequent forced-swim test, after forced abstinence of 6 and 30 hours from a 28-day course of chronic MA intake. An additional study measured the same depression-like symptoms, as well as MA intake, after prolonged abstinence of 1 and 2 weeks. MA high drinking mice and one of their progenitor strains DBA/2J escalated their MA intake with increasing MA concentration; however, MA high drinking mice consumed almost twice as much MA as DBA/2J mice. Depression-like symptoms were significantly higher early after MA access was withdrawn, compared to levels in drug-naïve controls, with more robust effects of MA withdrawal observed in MA high drinking than DBA/2J mice. When depression-like symptoms were examined after 1 or 2 weeks of forced abstinence in MA high drinking mice, depression-like symptoms dissipated, and subsequent MA intake was high. The MA high drinking genetic mouse model has strong face validity for human binge MA use and behavioral sequelae associated with abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shkelzen Shabani
- Grand Valley State University, Biomedical Sciences, Allendale, Michigan, USA.,Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Bryan Schmidt
- Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Bikalpa Ghimire
- Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sydney K Houlton
- Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Laura Hellmuth
- Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Erika Mojica
- Minot State University, Department of Biology, Minot, North Dakota, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Oregon Health and Science University, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Portland, Oregon, USA.,VA Portland Health Care System, Research Division, Portland, Oregon, USA
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10
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Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. Multigenerational and transgenerational effects of paternal exposure to drugs of abuse on behavioral and neural function. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2453-2466. [PMID: 29949212 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Addictions are highly heritable disorders, with heritability estimates ranging from 39% to 72%. Multiple studies suggest a link between paternal drug abuse and addiction in their children. However, patterns of inheritance cannot be explained purely by Mendelian genetic mechanisms. Exposure to drugs of abuse results in epigenetic changes that may be passed on through the germline. This mechanism of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance may provide a link between paternal drug exposure and addiction susceptibility in the offspring. Recent studies have begun to investigate the effect of paternal drug exposure on behavioral and neurobiological phenotypes in offspring of drug-exposed fathers in rodent models. This review aims to discuss behavioral and neural effects of paternal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, opioids, and nicotine. Although a special focus will be on addiction-relevant behaviors, additional behavioral effects including cognition, anxiety, and depressive-like behaviors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
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11
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Reed C, Baba H, Zhu Z, Erk J, Mootz JR, Varra NM, Williams RW, Phillips TJ. A Spontaneous Mutation in Taar1 Impacts Methamphetamine-Related Traits Exclusively in DBA/2 Mice from a Single Vendor. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:993. [PMID: 29403379 PMCID: PMC5786530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major gene effects on traits associated with substance use disorders are rare. Previous findings in methamphetamine drinking (MADR) lines of mice, bred for high or low voluntary MA intake, and in null mutants demonstrate a major impact of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (Taar1) gene on a triad of MA-related traits: MA consumption, MA-induced conditioned taste aversion and MA-induced hypothermia. While inbred strains are fundamentally genetically stable, rare spontaneous mutations can become fixed and result in new or aberrant phenotypes. A single nucleotide polymorphism in Taar1 that encodes a missense proline to threonine mutation in the second transmembrane domain (Taar1m1J) has been identified in the DBA/2J strain. MA is an agonist at this receptor, but the receptor produced by Taar1m1J does not respond to MA or endogenous ligands. In the present study, we used progeny of the C57BL/6J × DBA/2J F2 cross, the MADR lines, C57BL/6J × DBA/2J recombinant inbred strains, and DBA/2 mice sourced from four vendors to further examine Taar1-MA phenotype relations and to define the chronology of the fixation of the Taar1m1J mutation. Mice homozygous for Taar1m1J were found at high frequency early in selection for high MA intake in multiple replicates of the high MADR line, whereas Taar1m1J homozygotes were absent in the low MADR line. The homozygous Taar1m1J genotype is causally linked to increased MA intake, reduced MA-induced conditioned taste aversion, and reduced MA-induced hypothermia across models. Genotype-phenotype correlations range from 0.68 to 0.96. This Taar1 polymorphism exists in DBA/2J mice sourced directly from The Jackson Laboratory, but not DBA/2 mice sourced from Charles River (DBA/2NCrl), Envigo (formerly Harlan Sprague Dawley; DBA/2NHsd) or Taconic (DBA/2NTac). By genotyping archived samples from The Jackson Laboratory, we have determined that this mutation arose in 2001–2003. Our data strengthen the conclusion that the mutant Taar1m1J allele, which codes for a non-functional receptor protein, increases risk for multiple MA-related traits, including MA intake, in homozygous Taar1m1J individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Reed
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Harue Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jason Erk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - John R Mootz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nicholas M Varra
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States
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12
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Verification of a genetic locus for methamphetamine intake and the impact of morphine. Mamm Genome 2017; 29:260-272. [PMID: 29127441 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative trait locus (QTL) on proximal chromosome (Chr) 10 accounts for > 50% of the genetic variance in methamphetamine (MA) intake in mice selectively bred for high (MAHDR) and low (MALDR) voluntary MA drinking. The µ-opioid receptor (MOP-r) gene, Oprm1, resides at the proximal end of Chr 10, and buprenorphine reduces MA intake in MAHDR mice. However, this drug has only partial agonist effects at MOP-r. We investigated the impact of a full MOP-r agonist, morphine, on MA intake and saccharin intake, measured MOP-r density and affinity in several brain regions of the MA drinking lines and their C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) progenitor strains, and measured MA intake in two congenic strains of mice to verify the QTL and reduce the QTL interval. Morphine reduced MA intake in the MAHDR line, but also reduced saccharin and total fluid intake. MOP-r density was lower in the medial prefrontal cortex of MAHDR, compared to MALDR, mice, but not in the nucleus accumbens or ventral midbrain; there were no MOP-r affinity differences. No significant differences in MOP-r density or affinity were found between the progenitor strains. Finally, Chr 10 congenic results were consistent with previous data suggesting that Oprm1 is not a quantitative trait gene, but is impacted by the gene network underlying MA intake. Stimulation of opioid pathways by a full agonist can reduce MA intake, but may also non-specifically affect consummatory behavior; thus, a partial agonist may be a better pharmacotherapeutic.
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13
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Shi X, Walter NAR, Harkness JH, Neve KA, Williams RW, Lu L, Belknap JK, Eshleman AJ, Phillips TJ, Janowsky A. Genetic Polymorphisms Affect Mouse and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Function. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152581. [PMID: 27031617 PMCID: PMC4816557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) and neurotransmitter precursors and metabolites such as tyramine, octopamine, and β-phenethylamine stimulate the G protein-coupled trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). TAAR1 has been implicated in human conditions including obesity, schizophrenia, depression, fibromyalgia, migraine, and addiction. Additionally TAAR1 is expressed on lymphocytes and astrocytes involved in inflammation and response to infection. In brain, TAAR1 stimulation reduces synaptic dopamine availability and alters glutamatergic function. TAAR1 is also expressed at low levels in heart, and may regulate cardiovascular tone. Taar1 knockout mice orally self-administer more MA than wild type and are insensitive to its aversive effects. DBA/2J (D2) mice express a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in Taar1 that does not respond to MA, and D2 mice are predisposed to high MA intake, compared to C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Here we demonstrate that endogenous agonists stimulate the recombinant B6 mouse TAAR1, but do not activate the D2 mouse receptor. Progeny of the B6XD2 (BxD) family of recombinant inbred (RI) strains have been used to characterize the genetic etiology of diseases, but contrary to expectations, BXDs derived 30-40 years ago express only the functional B6 Taar1 allele whereas some more recently derived BXD RI strains express the D2 allele. Data indicate that the D2 mutation arose subsequent to derivation of the original RIs. Finally, we demonstrate that SNPs in human TAAR1 alter its function, resulting in expressed, but functional, sub-functional and non-functional receptors. Our findings are important for identifying a predisposition to human diseases, as well as for developing personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Shi
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicole A. R. Walter
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John H. Harkness
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kim A. Neve
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - John K. Belknap
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Eshleman
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tamara J. Phillips
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- The Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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14
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Phillips TJ, Mootz JRK, Reed C. Identification of Treatment Targets in a Genetic Mouse Model of Voluntary Methamphetamine Drinking. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:39-85. [PMID: 27055611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine has powerful stimulant and euphoric effects that are experienced as rewarding and encourage use. Methamphetamine addiction is associated with debilitating illnesses, destroyed relationships, child neglect, violence, and crime; but after many years of research, broadly effective medications have not been identified. Individual differences that may impact not only risk for developing a methamphetamine use disorder but also affect treatment response have not been fully considered. Human studies have identified candidate genes that may be relevant, but lack of control over drug history, the common use or coabuse of multiple addictive drugs, and restrictions on the types of data that can be collected in humans are barriers to progress. To overcome some of these issues, a genetic animal model comprised of lines of mice selectively bred for high and low voluntary methamphetamine intake was developed to identify risk and protective alleles for methamphetamine consumption, and identify therapeutic targets. The mu opioid receptor gene was supported as a target for genes within a top-ranked transcription factor network associated with level of methamphetamine intake. In addition, mice that consume high levels of methamphetamine were found to possess a nonfunctional form of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). The Taar1 gene is within a mouse chromosome 10 quantitative trait locus for methamphetamine consumption, and TAAR1 function determines sensitivity to aversive effects of methamphetamine that may curb intake. The genes, gene interaction partners, and protein products identified in this genetic mouse model represent treatment target candidates for methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Phillips
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States; Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States.
| | - J R K Mootz
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - C Reed
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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15
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Ozburn AR, Janowsky AJ, Crabbe JC. Commonalities and Distinctions Among Mechanisms of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1863-77. [PMID: 26431116 PMCID: PMC4594192 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is comorbid with abuse of many other drugs, some with similar pharmacology and others quite different. This leads to the hypothesis of an underlying, unitary dysfunctional neurobiological basis for substance abuse risk and consequences. METHODS In this review, we discuss commonalities and distinctions of addiction to alcohol and other drugs. We focus on recent advances in preclinical studies using rodent models of drug self-administration. RESULTS While there are specific behavioral and molecular manifestations common to alcohol, psychostimulant, opioid, and nicotine dependence, attempts to propose a unifying theory of the addictions inevitably face details where distinctions are found among classes of drugs. CONCLUSIONS For alcohol, versus other drugs of abuse, we discuss and compare advances in: (i) neurocircuitry important for the different stages of drug dependence; (ii) transcriptomics and genetical genomics; and (iii) enduring effects, noting in particular the contributions of behavioral genetics and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R. Ozburn
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aaron J. Janowsky
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John C. Crabbe
- Research & Development Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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16
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Phillips TJ, Shabani S. An animal model of differential genetic risk for methamphetamine intake. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:327. [PMID: 26441502 PMCID: PMC4585292 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether genetic factors contribute to risk for methamphetamine (MA) use and dependence has not been intensively investigated. Compared to human populations, genetic animal models offer the advantages of control over genetic family history and drug exposure. Using selective breeding, we created lines of mice that differ in genetic risk for voluntary MA intake and identified the chromosomal addresses of contributory genes. A quantitative trait locus was identified on chromosome 10 that accounts for more than 50% of the genetic variance in MA intake in the selected mouse lines. In addition, behavioral and physiological screening identified differences corresponding with risk for MA intake that have generated hypotheses that are testable in humans. Heightened sensitivity to aversive and certain physiological effects of MA, such as MA-induced reduction in body temperature, are hallmarks of mice bred for low MA intake. Furthermore, unlike MA-avoiding mice, MA-preferring mice are sensitive to rewarding and reinforcing MA effects, and to MA-induced increases in brain extracellular dopamine levels. Gene expression analyses implicate the importance of a network enriched in transcription factor genes, some of which regulate the mu opioid receptor gene, Oprm1, in risk for MA use. Neuroimmune factors appear to play a role in differential response to MA between the mice bred for high and low intake. In addition, chromosome 10 candidate gene studies provide strong support for a trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene, Taar1, polymorphism in risk for MA intake. MA is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist, and a non-functional Taar1 allele segregates with high MA consumption. Thus, reduced TAAR1 function has the potential to increase risk for MA use. Overall, existing findings support the MA drinking lines as a powerful model for identifying genetic factors involved in determining risk for harmful MA use. Future directions include the development of a binge model of MA intake, examining the effect of withdrawal from chronic MA on MA intake, and studying potential Taar1 gene × gene and gene × environment interactions. These and other studies are intended to improve our genetic model with regard to its translational value to human addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Phillips
- VA Portland Health Care System Portland, OR, USA ; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR, USA
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17
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Lipinska G, Timol R, Thomas KGF. The implications of sleep disruption for cognitive and affective processing in methamphetamine abuse. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:914-21. [PMID: 26384529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is disrupted during active use of methamphetamine (MA), during withdrawal from the drug, and during abstinence from its use. However, relatively little is known about possible mediatory functions of disrupted sleep in the emergence, manifestation, and maintenance of cognitive and affective symptoms of MA abuse. We hypothesise that sleep functions as a mediator for stimulant drug effects. Specifically, we propose that objectively-measured sleep parameters can be used to explain some of the variability in the experience and presentation of memory deficits and emotion dysregulation in MA abusers. After describing how important healthy sleep is to unimpaired cognitive and affective functioning, we review literature describing how sleep is disrupted in MA abuse. Then, we provide a conceptual framework for our hypothesis by explaining the relationship between MA abuse, sleep disruption, memory deficits, emotion dysregulation, and changes in reward-related brain networks. We conclude by discussing implications of the hypothesis for research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia Lipinska
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ridwana Timol
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin G F Thomas
- ACSENT Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
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18
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Harkness JH, Shi X, Janowsky A, Phillips TJ. Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Regulation of Methamphetamine Intake and Related Traits. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2175-84. [PMID: 25740289 PMCID: PMC4613607 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Continued methamphetamine (MA) use is dependent on a positive MA experience and is likely attenuated by sensitivity to the aversive effects of MA. Bidirectional selective breeding of mice for high (MAHDR) or low (MALDR) voluntary consumption of MA demonstrates a genetic influence on MA intake. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping identified a QTL on mouse chromosome 10 that accounts for greater than 50% of the genetically-determined differences in MA intake in the MAHDR and MALDR lines. The trace amine-associated receptor 1 gene (Taar1) is within the confidence interval of the QTL and encodes a receptor (TAAR1) that modulates monoamine neurotransmission and at which MA serves as an agonist. We demonstrate the existence of a non-functional allele of Taar1 in the DBA/2J mouse strain, one of the founder strains of the selected lines, and show that this non-functional allele co-segregates with high MA drinking and with reduced sensitivity to MA-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) and hypothermia. The functional Taar1 allele, derived from the other founder strain, C57BL/6J, segregates with low MA drinking and heightened sensitivity to MA-induced CTA and hypothermia. A role for TAAR1 in these phenotypes is corroborated in Taar1 transgenic mice: Taar1 knockout mice consume more MA and exhibit insensitivity to MA-induced CTA and hypothermia, compared with Taar1 wild-type mice. These are the first data to show that voluntary MA consumption is, in part, regulated by TAAR1 function. Behavioral and physiological studies indicate that TAAR1 function increases sensitivity to aversive effects of MA, and may thereby protect against MA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Harkness
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Xiao Shi
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Janowsky
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tamara J Phillips
- Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA,Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, R&D 32, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA, Tel: +1 503 220 8262 ex: 56674, Fax: +1 503 721 1029, E-mail:
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19
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Eastwood EC, Phillips TJ. Morphine intake and the effects of naltrexone and buprenorphine on the acquisition of methamphetamine intake. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 13:226-35. [PMID: 24152140 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some common genetic factors appear to influence risk for drug dependence across multiple drugs of abuse. In previous research, mice that were selectively bred for higher amounts of methamphetamine consumption, using a two-bottle choice methamphetamine drinking procedure, were found to be less sensitive to the locomotor stimulant effects of morphine and of the more selective μ-opioid receptor agonist fentanyl, compared to mice that were bred for low methamphetamine consumption. This suggested that μ-opioid receptor-mediated pathways may influence genetic risk for methamphetamine consumption. We hypothesized that these differences in opioid sensitivity would impact opioid intake in the methamphetamine drinking lines and that drugs with μ-opioid receptor activity would impact methamphetamine intake. Consumption of morphine was examined in 2, two-bottle choice studies, one that compared morphine to quinine consumption and another that used a saccharin fading procedure. Next, naltrexone (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, and buprenorphine (0, 1, 2 or 4 mg/kg), a μ-opioid receptor partial agonist, were each examined for their effects on the acquisition of methamphetamine consumption. Low methamphetamine drinking mice consumed more morphine compared to high methamphetamine drinking mice. Naltrexone did not alter methamphetamine consumption in either selected line; however, buprenorphine reduced methamphetamine intake in the high methamphetamine drinking line. These data show that greater sensitivity to opioids is associated with greater opioid intake and warrant further investigation of drugs with μ-opioid receptor-specific agonist activity in genetically determined differences in methamphetamine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Eastwood
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University
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