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Gong Q, Jiang R, Ji L, Lin H, Liu M, Tang X, Yang Y, Han W, Chen J, Guo Z, Wang Q, Li Q, Wang X, Jiang T, Xie S, Yang X, Zhou P, Shi Z, Lin X. Establishment of a human organoid-based evaluation system for assessing interspecies infection risk of animal-borne coronaviruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2327368. [PMID: 38531008 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2327368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a major threat to global public health. Several lines of evidence have shown that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with two other highly pathogenic coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) originated from bats. To prevent and control future coronavirus outbreaks, it is necessary to investigate the interspecies infection and pathogenicity risks of animal-related coronaviruses. Currently used infection models, including in vitro cell lines and in vivo animal models, fail to fully mimic the primary infection in human tissues. Here, we employed organoid technology as a promising new model for studying emerging pathogens and their pathogenic mechanisms. We investigated the key host-virus interaction patterns of five human coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 original strain, Omicron BA.1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-OC43) in different human respiratory organoids. Five indicators, including cell tropism, invasion preference, replication activity, host response and virus-induced cell death, were developed to establish a comprehensive evaluation system to predict coronavirus interspecies infection and pathogenicity risks. Using this system, we further examined the pathogenicity and interspecies infection risks of three SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV), including WIV1 and rRsSHC014S from bats, and MpCoV-GX from pangolins. Moreover, we found that cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive plant extract, exhibits significant inhibitory effects on various coronaviruses in human lung organoid. Cannabidiol significantly enhanced interferon-stimulated gene expression but reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines. In summary, our study established a reliable comprehensive evaluation system to analyse infection and pathogenicity patterns of zoonotic coronaviruses, which could aid in prevention and control of potentially emerging coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rendi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Haofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqin Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Han
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Ye M, Zhang F, Freeman ZT, Yu H, Ye X, He Y. Ontology-based taxonomical analysis of experimentally verified natural and laboratory human coronavirus hosts and its implication for COVID-19 virus origination and transmission. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295541. [PMID: 38252647 PMCID: PMC10802970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
To fully understand COVID-19, it is critical to study all possible hosts of SARS-CoV-2 (the pathogen of COVID-19). In this work, we collected, annotated, and performed ontology-based taxonomical analysis of all the reported and verified hosts for all human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1. A total of 37 natural hosts and 19 laboratory animal hosts of human coronaviruses were identified based on experimental evidence. Our analysis found that all the verified susceptible natural and laboratory animals belong to therian mammals. Specifically, these 37 natural therian hosts include one wildlife marsupial mammal (i.e., Virginia opossum) and 36 Eutheria mammals (a.k.a. placental mammals). The 19 laboratory animal hosts are also classified as therian mammals. The mouse models with genetically modified human ACE2 or DPP4 were more susceptible to virulent human coronaviruses with clear symptoms, suggesting the critical role of ACE2 and DPP4 to coronavirus virulence. Coronaviruses became more virulent and adaptive in the mouse hosts after a series of viral passages in the mice, providing clue to the possible coronavirus origination. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market animals identified early in the COVID-19 outbreak were also systematically analyzed as possible COVID-19 hosts. To support knowledge standardization and query, the annotated host knowledge was modeled and represented in the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO). Based on our and others' findings, we further propose a MOVIE model (i.e., Multiple-Organism viral Variations and Immune Evasion) to address how viral variations in therian animal hosts and the host immune evasion might have led to dynamic COVID-19 pandemic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital and NHC Key Laboratory of Immunological Diseases, People’s Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Muhui Ye
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zachary Thomas Freeman
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Hong Yu
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital and NHC Key Laboratory of Immunological Diseases, People’s Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xianwei Ye
- Guizhou University School of Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital and NHC Key Laboratory of Immunological Diseases, People’s Hospital of Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yongqun He
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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3
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Harris JE. The repeated setbacks of HIV vaccine development laid the groundwork for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. HEALTH POLICY AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100619. [PMID: 35340773 PMCID: PMC8935961 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2022.100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The decades-long effort to produce a workable HIV vaccine has hardly been a waste of public and private resources. To the contrary, the scientific know-how acquired along the way has served as the critical foundation for the development of vaccines against the novel, pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus. We retell the real-world story of HIV vaccine research – with all its false leads and missteps – in a way that sheds light on the current state of the art of antiviral vaccines. We find that HIV-related R&D had more than a general spillover effect. In fact, the repeated failures of phase 2 and 3 clinical trials of HIV vaccine candidates have served as a critical stimulus to the development of successful vaccine technologies today. We rebut the counterargument that HIV vaccine development has been no more than a blind alley, and that recently developed vaccines against COVID-19 are really descendants of successful vaccines against Ebola, MERS, and SARS. These successful vaccines likewise owe much to the vicissitudes of HIV vaccine development. We then discuss how the failures of HIV vaccine development have taught us how adapt SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to immune escape from emerging variants. Finally, we inquire whether recent advances in the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 might in turn further the development of an HIV vaccine - what we describe as a reverse spillover effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Harris
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Eisner Health, Los Angeles, CA 90015, USA
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Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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5
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Gamma-irradiated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, OZG-38.61.3, confers protection from SARS-CoV-2 challenge in human ACEII-transgenic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15799. [PMID: 34349145 PMCID: PMC8339061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus caused the most severe pandemic around the world, and vaccine development for urgent use became a crucial issue. Inactivated virus formulated vaccines such as Hepatitis A and smallpox proved to be reliable approaches for immunization for prolonged periods. In this study, a gamma-irradiated inactivated virus vaccine does not require an extra purification process, unlike the chemically inactivated vaccines. Hence, the novelty of our vaccine candidate (OZG-38.61.3) is that it is a non-adjuvant added, gamma-irradiated, and intradermally applied inactive viral vaccine. Efficiency and safety dose (either 1013 or 1014 viral RNA copy per dose) of OZG-38.61.3 was initially determined in BALB/c mice. This was followed by testing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine. Human ACE2-encoding transgenic mice were immunized and then infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus for the challenge test. This study shows that vaccinated mice have lowered SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA copy numbers both in oropharyngeal specimens and in the histological analysis of the lung tissues along with humoral and cellular immune responses, including the neutralizing antibodies similar to those shown in BALB/c mice without substantial toxicity. Subsequently, plans are being made for the commencement of Phase 1 clinical trial of the OZG-38.61.3 vaccine for the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Pantelis C, Jayaram M, Hannan AJ, Wesselingh R, Nithianantharajah J, Wannan CMJ, Syeda WT, Choy KHC, Zantomio D, Christopoulos A, Velakoulis D, O’Brien TJ. Neurological, neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental complications of COVID-19. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2021; 55:750-762. [PMID: 32998512 PMCID: PMC8317235 DOI: 10.1177/0004867420961472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although COVID-19 is predominantly a respiratory disease, it is known to affect multiple organ systems. In this article, we highlight the impact of SARS-CoV-2 (the coronavirus causing COVID-19) on the central nervous system as there is an urgent need to understand the longitudinal impacts of COVID-19 on brain function, behaviour and cognition. Furthermore, we address the possibility of intergenerational impacts of COVID-19 on the brain, potentially via both maternal and paternal routes. Evidence from preclinical models of earlier coronaviruses has shown direct viral infiltration across the blood-brain barrier and indirect secondary effects due to other organ pathology and inflammation. In the most severely ill patients with pneumonia requiring intensive care, there appears to be additional severe inflammatory response and associated thrombophilia with widespread organ damage, including the brain. Maternal viral (and other) infections during pregnancy can affect the offspring, with greater incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Available reports suggest possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although longitudinal cohort studies of such offspring are needed. The impact of paternal infection on the offspring and intergenerational effects should also be considered. Research targeted at mechanistic insights into all aspects of pathogenesis, including neurological, neuropsychiatric and haematological systems alongside pulmonary pathology, will be critical in informing future therapeutic approaches. With these future challenges in mind, we highlight the importance of national and international collaborative efforts to gather the required clinical and preclinical data to effectively address the possible long-term sequelae of this global pandemic, particularly with respect to the brain and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Mid-West Area Mental Health Service, North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mahesh Jayaram
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Mid-West Area Mental Health Service, North Western Mental Health, Melbourne Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robb Wesselingh
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, The Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cassandra MJ Wannan
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - Warda Taqdees Syeda
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
| | - KH Christopher Choy
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniela Zantomio
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Austin Hospital, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dennis Velakoulis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O’Brien
- Department of Neurology & Neurosciences, The Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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7
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Flynn RA, Belk JA, Qi Y, Yasumoto Y, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Shi Q, Mumbach MR, Limaye A, DeWeirdt PC, Schmitz CO, Parker KR, Woo E, Chang HY, Horvath TL, Carette JE, Bertozzi CR, Wilen CB, Satpathy AT. Discovery and functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host protein interactions. Cell 2021; 184:2394-2411.e16. [PMID: 33743211 PMCID: PMC7951565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of a pandemic with growing global mortality. Using comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS), we identified 309 host proteins that bind the SARS-CoV-2 RNA during active infection. Integration of this data with ChIRP-MS data from three other RNA viruses defined viral specificity of RNA-host protein interactions. Targeted CRISPR screens revealed that the majority of functional RNA-binding proteins protect the host from virus-induced cell death, and comparative CRISPR screens across seven RNA viruses revealed shared and SARS-specific antiviral factors. Finally, by combining the RNA-centric approach and functional CRISPR screens, we demonstrated a physical and functional connection between SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondria, highlighting this organelle as a general platform for antiviral activity. Altogether, these data provide a comprehensive catalog of functional SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host protein interactions, which may inform studies to understand the host-virus interface and nominate host pathways that could be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Flynn
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Julia A Belk
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Yasumoto
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell R Mumbach
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aditi Limaye
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter C DeWeirdt
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cameron O Schmitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin R Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Woo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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8
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Segreto R, Deigin Y, McCairn K, Sousa A, Sirotkin D, Sirotkin K, Couey JJ, Jones A, Zhang D. Should we discount the laboratory origin of COVID-19? ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:2743-2757. [PMID: 33786037 PMCID: PMC7993900 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Segreto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Alejandro Sousa
- Regional Hospital of Monforte, Lugo, Spain
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Jones
- Independent Bioinformatics Researcher, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daoyu Zhang
- Independent Genetics Researcher, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Flynn RA, Belk JA, Qi Y, Yasumoto Y, Schmitz CO, Mumbach MR, Limaye A, Wei J, Alfajaro MM, Parker KR, Chang HY, Horvath TL, Carette JE, Bertozzi C, Wilen CB, Satpathy AT. Systematic discovery and functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA-host protein interactions during infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.06.327445. [PMID: 33052334 PMCID: PMC7553159 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.06.327445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of a pandemic with growing global mortality. There is an urgent need to understand the molecular pathways required for host infection and anti-viral immunity. Using comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins by mass spectrometry (ChIRP-MS), we identified 309 host proteins that bind the SARS-CoV-2 RNA during active infection. Integration of this data with viral ChIRP-MS data from three other positive-sense RNA viruses defined pan-viral and SARS-CoV-2-specific host interactions. Functional interrogation of these factors with a genome-wide CRISPR screen revealed that the vast majority of viral RNA-binding proteins protect the host from virus-induced cell death, and we identified known and novel anti-viral proteins that regulate SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Finally, our RNA-centric approach demonstrated a physical connection between SARS-CoV-2 RNA and host mitochondria, which we validated with functional and electron microscopy data, providing new insights into a more general virus-specific protein logic for mitochondrial interactions. Altogether, these data provide a comprehensive catalogue of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host protein interactions, which may inform future studies to understand the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis, as well as nominate host pathways that could be targeted for therapeutic benefit. HIGHLIGHTS · ChIRP-MS of SARS-CoV-2 RNA identifies a comprehensive viral RNA-host protein interaction network during infection across two species· Comparison to RNA-protein interaction networks with Zika virus, dengue virus, and rhinovirus identify SARS-CoV-2-specific and pan-viral RNA protein complexes and highlights distinct intracellular trafficking pathways· Intersection of ChIRP-MS and genome-wide CRISPR screens identify novel SARS-CoV-2-binding proteins with pro- and anti-viral function· Viral RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions reveal specific SARS-CoV-2-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Flynn
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Julia A. Belk
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yuki Yasumoto
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Cameron O. Schmitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Maxwell R. Mumbach
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aditi Limaye
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kevin R. Parker
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Howard Y. Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Tamas L. Horvath
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jan E. Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Carolyn Bertozzi
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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10
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Heister PM, Poston RN. Pharmacological hypothesis: TPC2 antagonist tetrandrine as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00653. [PMID: 32930523 PMCID: PMC7503088 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
More than ten million patients worldwide have been diagnosed with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) to date (WHO situation report, 1st July 2020). There is no vaccine to prevent infection with the causative organism, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), nor a cure. In the struggle to devise potentially useful therapeutics in record time, the repurposing of existing compounds is a key route of action. In this hypothesis paper, we argue that the bisbenzylisoquinoline and calcium channel blocker tetrandrine, originally extracted from the plant Stephania tetrandra and utilized in traditional Chinese medicine, may have potential in the treatment of COVID-19 and should be further investigated. We collate and review evidence for tetrandrine's putative mechanism of action in viral infection, specifically its recently discovered antagonism of the two-pore channel 2 (TPC2). While tetrandrine's particular history of use provides a very limited pharmacological dataset, there is a suggestion from the available evidence that it could be effective at doses used in clinical practice. We suggest that further research to investigate this possibility should be conducted.
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11
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Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shan C, Zhou YW, Shen XR, Li Q, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Si HR, Wang Q, Min J, Wang X, Zhang W, Li B, Zhang HJ, Baric RS, Zhou P, Yang XL, Shi ZL. Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2. Cell 2020; 182:50-58.e8. [PMID: 32516571 PMCID: PMC7241398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has spread worldwide since 2019 and is now a severe threat to public health. We previously identified the causative agent as a novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as the entry receptor. Here, we successfully developed a SARS-CoV-2 hACE2 transgenic mouse (HFH4-hACE2 in C3B6 mice) infection model. The infected mice generated typical interstitial pneumonia and pathology that were similar to those of COVID-19 patients. Viral quantification revealed the lungs as the major site of infection, although viral RNA could also be found in the eye, heart, and brain in some mice. Virus identical to SARS-CoV-2 in full-genome sequences was isolated from the infected lung and brain tissues. Last, we showed that pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 could protect mice from severe pneumonia. Our results show that the hACE2 mouse would be a valuable tool for testing potential vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Di Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Qin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Rui Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Rui Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Jun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ralph S Baric
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Ghaebi M, Osali A, Valizadeh H, Roshangar L, Ahmadi M. Vaccine development and therapeutic design for 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2: Challenges and chances. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9098-9109. [PMID: 32557648 PMCID: PMC7323389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the recently emerged 2019 novel coronavirus (nCoV), which has seriously threatened global health security, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) with high morbidity and mortality. Despite the burden of the disease worldwide, still, no licensed vaccine or any specific drug against 2019‐nCoV is available. Data from several countries show that few repurposed drugs using existing antiviral drugs have not (so far) been satisfactory and more recently were proven to be even highly toxic. These findings underline an urgent need for preventative and therapeutic interventions designed to target specific aspects of 2019‐nCoV. Again the major factor in this urgency is that the process of data acquisition by physical experiment is time‐consuming and expensive to obtain. Scientific simulations and more in‐depth data analysis permit to validate or refute drug repurposing opportunities predicted via target similarity profiling to speed up the development of a new more effective anti‐2019‐nCoV therapy especially where in vitro and/or in vivo data are not yet available. In addition, several research programs are being developed, aiming at the exploration of vaccines to prevent and treat the 2019‐nCoV. Computational‐based technology has given us the tools to explore and identify potentially effective drug and/or vaccine candidates which can effectively shorten the time and reduce the operating cost. The aim of the present review is to address the available information on molecular determinants in disease pathobiology modules and define the computational approaches employed in systematic drug repositioning and vaccine development settings for SARS‐CoV‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Ghaebi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Students Research Center Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Osali
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hamed Valizadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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DosSantos MF, Devalle S, Aran V, Capra D, Roque NR, Coelho-Aguiar JDM, Spohr TCLDSE, Subilhaga JG, Pereira CM, D'Andrea Meira I, Niemeyer Soares Filho P, Moura-Neto V. Neuromechanisms of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:37. [PMID: 32612515 PMCID: PMC7308495 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the neuroinvasive potential of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Notably, neuroinvasiveness might be involved in the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Some studies have demonstrated that synapse-connected routes may enable coronaviruses to access the central nervous system (CNS). However, evidence related to the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS, its direct impact on the CNS, and the contribution to symptoms suffered, remain sparse. Here, we review the current literature that indicates that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the nervous system. We also describe the neural circuits that are potentially affected by the virus and their possible role in the progress of COVID-19. In addition, we propose several strategies to understand, diagnose, and treat the neurological symptoms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F. DosSantos
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Radiologia), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sylvie Devalle
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Aran
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniela Capra
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natália Roberta Roque
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Mattos Coelho-Aguiar
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cristina Leite de Sampaio e Spohr
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janice Gonçalves Subilhaga
- Setor de Pneumologia, Serviço de Clínica Médica, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biomedicina Translacional e Odontologia Clínica e Experimental, Universidade do Grande Rio (Unigranrio), Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Isabella D'Andrea Meira
- Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Programa de Epilepsia do Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Laboratório de Morfogênese Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência Translacional, Instituto Nacional de Neurociência Translacional (INNT-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomedicina do Cérebro, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Leist SR, Cockrell AS. Genetically Engineering a Susceptible Mouse Model for MERS-CoV-Induced Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2099:137-159. [PMID: 31883094 PMCID: PMC7123801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0211-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, monthly cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continue to cause severe respiratory disease that is fatal in ~35% of diagnosed individuals. The ongoing threat to global public health and the need for novel therapeutic countermeasures have driven the development of animal models that can reproducibly replicate the pathology associated with MERS-CoV in human infections. The inability of MERS-CoV to replicate in the respiratory tracts of mice, hamsters, and ferrets stymied initial attempts to generate small animal models. Identification of human dipeptidyl peptidase IV (hDPP4) as the receptor for MERS-CoV infection opened the door for genetic engineering of mice. Precise molecular engineering of mouse DPP4 (mDPP4) with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology maintained inherent expression profiles, and limited MERS-CoV susceptibility to tissues that naturally express mDPP4, notably the lower respiratory tract wherein MERS-CoV elicits severe pulmonary pathology. Here, we describe the generation of the 288-330+/+ MERS-CoV mouse model in which mice were made susceptible to MERS-CoV by modifying two amino acids on mDPP4 (A288 and T330), and the use of adaptive evolution to generate novel MERS-CoV isolates that cause fatal respiratory disease. The 288-330+/+ mice are currently being used to evaluate novel drug, antibody, and vaccine therapeutic countermeasures for MERS-CoV. The chapter starts with a historical perspective on the emergence of MERS-CoV and animal models evaluated for MERS-CoV pathogenesis, and then outlines the development of the 288-330+/+ mouse model, assays for assessing a MERS-CoV pulmonary infection in a mouse model, and describes some of the challenges associated with using genetically engineered mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Abstract
Introduction: The highly pathogenic coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are lethal zoonotic viruses that have emerged into human populations these past 15 years. These coronaviruses are associated with novel respiratory syndromes that spread from person-to-person via close contact, resulting in high morbidity and mortality caused by the progression to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Areas covered: The risks of re-emergence of SARS-CoV from bat reservoir hosts, the persistence of MERS-CoV circulation, and the potential for future emergence of novel coronaviruses indicate antiviral drug discovery will require activity against multiple coronaviruses. In this review, approaches that antagonize viral nonstructural proteins, neutralize structural proteins, or modulate essential host elements of viral infection with varying levels of efficacy in models of highly pathogenic coronavirus disease are discussed. Expert opinion: Treatment of SARS and MERS in outbreak settings has focused on therapeutics with general antiviral activity and good safety profiles rather than efficacy data provided by cellular, rodent, or nonhuman primate models of highly pathogenic coronavirus infection. Based on lessons learned from SARS and MERS outbreaks, lack of drugs capable of pan-coronavirus antiviral activity increases the vulnerability of public health systems to a highly pathogenic coronavirus pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Totura
- a Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- a Division of Molecular and Translational Sciences , United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
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