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Lock MC, Ripley DM, Smith KLM, Mueller CA, Shiels HA, Crossley DA, Galli GLJ. Developmental plasticity of the cardiovascular system in oviparous vertebrates: effects of chronic hypoxia and interactive stressors in the context of climate change. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb245530. [PMID: 39109475 PMCID: PMC11418206 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Animals at early life stages are generally more sensitive to environmental stress than adults. This is especially true of oviparous vertebrates that develop in variable environments with little or no parental care. These organisms regularly experience environmental fluctuations as part of their natural development, but climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of these events. The developmental plasticity of oviparous vertebrates will therefore play a critical role in determining their future fitness and survival. In this Review, we discuss and compare the phenotypic consequences of chronic developmental hypoxia on the cardiovascular system of oviparous vertebrates. In particular, we focus on species-specific responses, critical windows, thresholds for responses and the interactive effects of other stressors, such as temperature and hypercapnia. Although important progress has been made, our Review identifies knowledge gaps that need to be addressed if we are to fully understand the impact of climate change on the developmental plasticity of the oviparous vertebrate cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C. Lock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Daniel M. Ripley
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kerri L. M. Smith
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Casey A. Mueller
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA
| | - Holly A. Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
| | - Dane A. Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Gina L. J. Galli
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Galli GLJ, Lock MC, Smith KLM, Giussani DA, Crossley DA. Effects of Developmental Hypoxia on the Vertebrate Cardiovascular System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 36317939 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental hypoxia has profound and persistent effects on the vertebrate cardiovascular system, but the nature, magnitude, and long-term outcome of the hypoxic consequences are species specific. Here we aim to identify common and novel cardiovascular responses among vertebrates that encounter developmental hypoxia, and we discuss the possible medical and ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L J Galli
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell C Lock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri L M Smith
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Joyce W, Pan YK, Garvey K, Saxena V, Perry S. Regulation of heart rate following genetic deletion of the ß1 adrenergic receptor in larval zebrafish. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13849. [PMID: 35665450 PMCID: PMC9539580 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aim Although zebrafish are gaining popularity as biomedical models of cardiovascular disease, our understanding of their cardiac control mechanisms is fragmentary. Our goal was to clarify the controversial role of the ß1‐adrenergic receptor (AR) in the regulation of heart rate in zebrafish. Methods CRISPR‐Cas9 was used to delete the adrb1 gene in zebrafish allowing us to generate a stable adrb1−/− line. Larval heart rates were measured during pharmacological protocols and with exposure to hypercapnia. Expression of the five zebrafish adrb genes were measured in larval zebrafish hearts using qPCR. Results Compared with genetically matched wild‐types (adrb1+/+), adrb1−/− larvae exhibited ~20 beats min−1 lower heart rate, measured from 2 to 21 days post‐fertilization (dpf). Nevertheless, adrb1−/− larvae exhibited preserved positive chronotropic responses to pharmacological treatment with AR agonists (adrenaline, noradrenaline, isoproterenol), which were blocked by propranolol (general ß‐AR antagonist). Regardless of genotype, larvae exhibited similar increases in heart rate in response to hypercapnia (1% CO2) at 5 dpf, but tachycardia was blunted in adrb1−/− larvae at 6 dpf. adrb1 gene expression was abolished in the hearts of adrb1−/− larvae, confirming successful knockout. While gene expression of adrb2a and adrb3a was unchanged, adrb2b and adrb3b mRNA levels increased in adrb1−/− larval hearts. Conclusion Despite adrb1 contributing to the setting of resting heart rate in larvae, it is not strictly essential for zebrafish, as we generated a viable and breeding adrb1−/− line. The chronotropic effects of adrenergic stimulation persist in adrb1−/− zebrafish, likely due to the upregulation of other ß‐AR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Biology – Zoophysiology Aarhus Universitet Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yihang K. Pan
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Kayla Garvey
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vishal Saxena
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Steve F. Perry
- Department of Biology University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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Hughes MC, Perry SF. Does blood flow limit acute hypoxia performance in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)? J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:469-478. [PMID: 33580284 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen uptake (ṀO2) in larval zebrafish prior to maturation of the gill relies on cutaneous O2 transfer. Under normoxic conditions, rates of cutaneous O2 transfer are unaffected by haemoglobin availability but are diminished in fish lacking a functional circulatory system, suggesting that internal convection is critically involved in setting the resting ṀO2 in zebrafish larvae, even when relying on cutaneous O2 transfer. The reliance of ṀO2 on blood circulation led to the first objective of the current study, to determine whether loss of internal convection would reduce acute hypoxia performance (as determined by measuring critical PO2; Pcrit) in larval zebrafish under conditions of moderate hypoxia (PO2 = 55 mmHg) at 28.5 and 34 °C. Internal convection was eliminated by preventing development of blood vessels using morpholino knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); these fish are termed VEGF morphants. Breathing frequency (fV) and heart rate (fH) also were measured (at 28.5 °C) to determine whether any detriment in performance might be linked to cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Although ṀO2 was reduced in the VEGF morphants, there was no significant effect on Pcrit at 28.5 °C. Raising temperature to 34 °C resulted in the VEGF morphants exhibiting a higher Pcrit than the shams, suggesting an impairment of hypoxia tolerance in the morphants at the higher temperature. The usual robust increase in fV during hypoxia was absent or attenuated in VEGF morphants at 4 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf), respectively. Resting fH was reduced in the VEGF morphants and unlike the sham fish, the morphants did not exhibit hypoxic tachycardia at 4 or 5 dpf. The number of cutaneous neuroepithelial cells (presumptive O2 chemoreceptors) was significantly higher in the VEGF morphants and thus the cardiorespiratory impairment in the morphants during hypoxia was unlikely related to inadequate peripheral O2 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada.
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Zhang K, Liang J, Brun NR, Zhao Y, Werdich AA. Rapid Zebrafish Behavioral Profiling Assay Accelerates the Identification of Environmental Neurodevelopmental Toxicants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1919-1929. [PMID: 33470099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and cost-effective in vivo assays to screen potential environmental neurodevelopmental toxicants are necessary to address the limitations of in vitro platforms, such as the inability to fully recapitulate the developmental and physiological processes of whole organisms. In the present study, a rapid zebrafish behavioral profiling assay was developed to characterize the neurodevelopmental effects of environmental substances by quantitatively evaluating multiple spontaneous movement features of zebrafish embryos. This video analysis-based assay automatically segmented every embryo and thus was able to accurately quantify spontaneous movement features, including frequency, duration, intensity, interval, and the number of continuous movements. When tested with eight environmental substances known to be neurodevelopmental toxicants, such as chlorpyrifos and bisphenol A, the assay successfully captured frequency alterations that were well-documented in previous studies while also providing additional information. Using an optimized procedure, we further assessed 132 potential neurotoxins that spanned a wide range of molecular targets, many of which were previously detected in environmental waterbodies. The distinct altered behavioral barcodes indicated that the spontaneous movement was impacted by diverse neuroactive substances, and the effects could be effectively evaluated with the developed assay. The web-based tool, named EMAnalysis, is further provided at http://www.envh.sjtu.edu.cn/zebrafish_contraction.jsp. Thus, this assay provides an efficient platform to accelerate the pace of neurotoxic environmental contaminant discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jiahui Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Nadja R Brun
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Andreas A Werdich
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Bilandžija H, Abraham L, Ma L, Renner KJ, Jeffery WR. Behavioural changes controlled by catecholaminergic systems explain recurrent loss of pigmentation in cavefish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0243. [PMID: 29720416 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cave populations of the teleost Astyanax mexicanus have repeatedly reduced or lost eye and body pigmentation during adaptation to dark caves. Albinism, the complete absence of melanin pigmentation, is controlled by loss-of-function mutations in the oca2 gene. The mutation is accompanied by an increase in the melanin synthesis precursor l-tyrosine, which is also a precursor for catecholamine synthesis. In this study, we show a relationship between pigmentation loss, enhanced catecholamine synthesis and responsiveness to anaesthesia, determined as a proxy for catecholamine-related behaviours. We demonstrate that anaesthesia resistance (AR) is enhanced in multiple depigmented and albino cavefish (CF), inversely proportional to the degree of pigmentation loss, controlled by the oca2 gene, and can be modulated by experimental manipulations of l-tyrosine or the catecholamine norepinephrine (NE). Moreover, NE is increased in the brains of multiple albino and depigmented CF relative to surface fish. The results provide new insights into the evolution of pigment modification because NE controls a suite of adaptive behaviours similar to AR that may represent a target of natural selection. Thus, understanding the relationship between loss of pigmentation and AR may provide insight into the role of natural selection in the evolution of albinism via a melanin-catecholamine trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bilandžija
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lindsey Abraham
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Kenneth J Renner
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - William R Jeffery
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air-breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13359. [PMID: 28778991 PMCID: PMC5555888 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology in response to chronic hypoxia is poorly understood in larval fishes, especially larval air‐breathing fishes, which eventually in their development can at least partially “escape” hypoxia through air breathing. Whether the development air breathing makes these larval fishes less or more developmentally plastic than strictly water breathing larval fishes remains unknown. Consequently, developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology was determined in two air‐breathing anabantid fishes (Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Larvae of both species experienced an hypoxic exposure that mimicked their natural environmental conditions, namely chronic nocturnal hypoxia (12 h at 17 kPa or 14 kPa), with a daily return to diurnal normoxia. Chronic hypoxic exposures were made from hatching through 35 days postfertilization, and opercular and heart rates measured as development progressed. Opercular and heart rates in normoxia were not affected by chronic nocturnal hypoxic. However, routine oxygen consumption M˙O2 (~4 μmol·O2/g per hour in normoxia in larval Betta) was significantly elevated by chronic nocturnal hypoxia at 17 kPa but not by more severe (14 kPa) nocturnal hypoxia. Routine M˙O2 in Trichopodus (6–7 μmol·O2/g per hour), significantly higher than in Betta, was unaffected by either level of chronic hypoxia. PCrit, the PO2 at which M˙O2 decreases as ambient PO2 falls, was measured at 35 dpf, and decreased with increasing chronic hypoxia in Betta, indicating a large, relatively plastic hypoxic tolerance. However, in contrast, PCrit in Trichopodus increased as rearing conditions grew more hypoxic, suggesting that hypoxic acclimation led to lowered hypoxic resistance. Species‐specific differences in larval physiological developmental plasticity thus emerge between the relatively closely related Betta and Trichopodus. Hypoxic rearing increased hypoxic tolerance in Betta, which inhabits temporary ponds with nocturnal hypoxia. Trichopodus, inhabiting more permanent oxygenated bodies of water, showed few responses to hypoxia, reflecting a lower degree of developmental phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas .,Department of Biology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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Tzaneva V, Perry SF. Evidence for a role of heme oxygenase-1 in the control of cardiac function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1563-71. [PMID: 26994186 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter produced from the breakdown of heme via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; hypoxia-inducible isoform) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2; constitutively expressed isoform). In mammals, CO is involved in modulating cardiac function. The role of the HO-1/CO system in the control of heart function in fish, however, is unknown and investigating its physiological function in lower vertebrates will provide a better understanding of the evolution of this regulatory mechanism. We explored the role of the HO-1/CO system in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) in vivo by investigating the impact of translational gene knockdown of HO-1 on cardiac function. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HO-1 in the pacemaker cells of the heart at 4 days post-fertilization and thus the potential for CO production at these sites. Sham-treated zebrafish larvae (experiencing normal levels of HO-1) significantly increased heart rate (fH) when exposed to hypoxia (PwO2 =30 mmHg). Zebrafish larvae lacking HO-1 expression after morpholino knockdown (morphants) exhibited significantly higher fH under normoxic (but not hypoxic) conditions when compared with sham-treaded fish. The increased fH in HO-1 morphants was rescued (fH was restored to control levels) after treatment of larvae with a CO-releasing molecule (40 µmol l(-1) CORM). The HO-1-deficient larvae developed significantly larger ventricles and when exposed to hypoxia they displayed higher cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) and stroke volume (SV). These results suggest that under hypoxic conditions, HO-1 regulates [Formula: see text] and SV presumably via the production of CO. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the role of the HO-1/CO system in controlling heart function in lower vertebrates. We demonstrate for the first time the ability for CO to be produced in presumptive pacemaker cells of the heart where it plays an inhibitory role in setting the resting cardiac frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velislava Tzaneva
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Tufi S, Leonards P, Lamoree M, de Boer J, Legler J, Legradi J. Changes in Neurotransmitter Profiles during Early Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Development and after Pesticide Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3222-30. [PMID: 26866575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During early development, neurotransmitters are important stimulants for the development of the central nervous system. Although the development of different neuronal cell types during early zebrafish (Danio rerio) development is well-studied, little is known of the levels of neurotransmitters, their precursors and metabolites during development, and how these levels are affected by exposure to environmental contaminants. A method based on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been applied for the first time to zebrafish embryos and larvae to study five neurotransmitter systems in parallel, including the dopaminergic-andrenergic, glutaminergic-GABAnergic, serotoninergic, histaminergic, and cholinergic systems. Our method enables the quantification of neurotransmitters and their precursors and metabolites in whole zebrafish from the period of zygote to free-swimming larvae 6 days postfertilization (dpf). We observed a developmental stage-dependent pattern with clear differences between the first 2 days of development and the following days. Whereas the neurotransmitter levels steadily increased, the precursors showed a peak at 3 dpf. After exposure to several pesticides, significant differences in concentrations of neurotransmitters and precursors were observed. Our study revealed new insights about neurotransmitter systems during early zebrafish development and showed the usefulness of our approach for environmental neurotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tufi
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Eto K, Mazilu-Brown JK, Henderson-MacLennan N, Dipple KM, McCabe ER. Development of catecholamine and cortisol stress responses in zebrafish. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2014; 1:373-377. [PMID: 27896111 PMCID: PMC5121345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both adrenal catecholamines and steroids are known to be involved in the stress response, immune function, blood pressure and energy homeostasis. The response to stress is characterized by the activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system, though the correlation with activation and development is not well understood. We evaluated the stress response of both cortisol and catecholamines during development in zebrafish. Zebrafish at two different stages of development were stressed in one of two different ways and cortisol and catecholamine were measured. Cortisol was measured by enzyme immune assay and catecholamine was measured by ELISA. Our results show that stress responses are delayed until after the synthesis of both cortisol and catecholamines. These observations suggest that the development of HPA axis may be required for the acquisition of the stress response for cortisol and catecholamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Eto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Katrina M. Dipple
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Edward R.B. McCabe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Corresponding author at: March of Dimes Foundation, 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue, White Plains, NY 10605, USA. Fax: + 1 914 428 7849.
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The tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (TH2) system in zebrafish brain and stress activation of hypothalamic cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:619-33. [PMID: 25028341 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Two tyrosine hydroxylases (TH1 and TH2) are found in teleost fish, but no antibodies are available for TH2 protein to analyze the detailed structure of the system. We generated antibodies targeting TH2 and used them to characterize the TH2-producing cells in larval and adult zebrafish brain. The rabbit antisera reliably detected two bands corresponding to TH1 and TH2 close to 55 kDa in brain homogenates. The antisera detected neurons in brain nuclei which express th1 and th2 mRNA; knockdown of th2 expression by morpholino oligonucleotide injection abolished both the th2 mRNA signal and immunoreactivity with the rabbit antisera in TH2 cells. Double staining of samples with the rabbit antiserum made against TH2 and a monoclonal antibody which detects only TH1 allowed identification of cell groups expressing either one of the proteins. Cell groups in preoptic area, anterior, intermediate, and posterior part of the paraventricular organ contained neurons stained with the new TH2 antisera but not with the characterized monoclonal TH1 antibody. Neurons immunoreactive for TH2 and 5-HT were distinct. In situ hybridization for the mRNA of the immediate early gene c-fos combined with TH1/TH2 immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the cells of the zebrafish brain reacting to handling stress and a noxious chemical stimulus. Strong upregulation of c-fos expression was detected in hypothalamic nuclei containing TH2 cells, but few of the c-fos-expressing cells were positive for TH2, suggesting that these stressors do not directly activate a large proportion of TH2 cells.
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12
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Priyadarshini M, Orosco LA, Panula PJ. Oxidative stress and regulation of Pink1 in zebrafish (Danio rerio). PLoS One 2013; 8:e81851. [PMID: 24324558 PMCID: PMC3850071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated neuronal dysfunction is characteristic of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the formation of L-DOPA, the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of dopamine. A lack of dopamine in the striatum is the most characteristic feature of PD, and the cause of the most dominant symptoms. Loss of function mutations in the PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1) gene cause autosomal recessive PD. This study explored the basic mechanisms underlying the involvement of pink1 in oxidative stress-mediated PD pathology using zebrafish as a tool. We generated a transgenic line, Tg(pink1:EGFP), and used it to study the effect of oxidative stress (exposure to H2O2) on pink1 expression. GFP expression was enhanced throughout the brain of zebrafish larvae subjected to oxidative stress. In addition to a widespread increase in pink1 mRNA expression, mild oxidative stress induced a clear decline in tyrosine hydroxylase 2 (th2), but not tyrosine hydroxylase 1 (th1) expression, in the brain of wild-type larvae. The drug L-Glutathione Reduced (LGR) has been associated with anti-oxidative and possible neuroprotective properties. Administration of LGR normalized the increased fluorescence intensity indicating pink1 transgene expression and endogenous pink1 mRNA expression in larvae subjected to oxidative stress by H2O2. In the pink1 morpholino oliogonucleotide-injected larvae, the reduction in the expression of th1 and th2 was partially rescued by LGR. The pink1 gene is a sensitive marker of oxidative stress in zebrafish, and LGR effectively normalizes the consequences of mild oxidative stress, suggesting that the neuroprotective effects of pink1 and LGR may be significant and useful in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Priyadarshini
- Neuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lori A. Orosco
- Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Embryology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pertti J. Panula
- Neuroscience Center and Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Petersen CL, Timothy M, Kim DS, Bhandiwad AA, Mohr RA, Sisneros JA, Forlano PM. Exposure to advertisement calls of reproductive competitors activates vocal-acoustic and catecholaminergic neurons in the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70474. [PMID: 23936438 PMCID: PMC3735598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the neural circuitry and physiology of the auditory system is well studied among vertebrates, far less is known about how the auditory system interacts with other neural substrates to mediate behavioral responses to social acoustic signals. One species that has been the subject of intensive neuroethological investigation with regard to the production and perception of social acoustic signals is the plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, in part because acoustic communication is essential to their reproductive behavior. Nesting male midshipman vocally court females by producing a long duration advertisement call. Females localize males by their advertisement call, spawn and deposit all their eggs in their mate’s nest. As multiple courting males establish nests in close proximity to one another, the perception of another male’s call may modulate individual calling behavior in competition for females. We tested the hypothesis that nesting males exposed to advertisement calls of other males would show elevated neural activity in auditory and vocal-acoustic brain centers as well as differential activation of catecholaminergic neurons compared to males exposed only to ambient noise. Experimental brains were then double labeled by immunofluorescence (-ir) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), an enzyme necessary for catecholamine synthesis, and cFos, an immediate-early gene product used as a marker for neural activation. Males exposed to other advertisement calls showed a significantly greater percentage of TH-ir cells colocalized with cFos-ir in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the dopaminergic periventricular posterior tuberculum, as well as increased numbers of cFos-ir neurons in several levels of the auditory and vocal-acoustic pathway. Increased activation of catecholaminergic neurons may serve to coordinate appropriate behavioral responses to male competitors. Additionally, these results implicate a role for specific catecholaminergic neuronal groups in auditory-driven social behavior in fishes, consistent with a conserved function in social acoustic behavior across vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L. Petersen
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Miky Timothy
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - D. Spencer Kim
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashwin A. Bhandiwad
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Mohr
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Sisneros
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Virginia Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Forlano
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Aquatic Research and Environmental Assessment Center, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- Programs in Neuroscience, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Fan Y, Huang J, Duffourc M, Kao RL, Ordway GA, Huang R, Zhu MY. Transcription factor Phox2 upregulates expression of norepinephrine transporter and dopamine β-hydroxylase in adult rat brains. Neuroscience 2011; 192:37-53. [PMID: 21763404 PMCID: PMC3166407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) in aging and neurodegenerative diseases is well documented. Slowing or reversing this effect may have therapeutic implications. Phox2a and Phox2b are homeodomain transcriptional factors that function as determinants of the noradrenergic phenotype during embryogenesis. In the present study, recombinant lentiviral eGFP-Phox2a and -Phox2b (vPhox2a and vPhox2b) were constructed to study the effects of Phox2a/2b over-expression on dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine transporter (NET) levels in central noradrenergic neurons. Microinjection of vPhox2 into the LC of adult rats significantly increased Phox2 mRNA levels in the LC region. Over-expression of either Phox2a or Phox2b in the LC was paralleled by significant increases in mRNA and protein levels of DBH and NET in the LC. Similar increases in DBH and NET protein levels were observed in the hippocampus following vPhox2 microinjection. In the frontal cortex, only NET protein levels were significantly increased by vPhox2 microinjection. Over-expression of Phox2 genes resulted in a significant increase in BrdU-positive cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The present study demonstrates an upregulatory effect of Phox2a and Phox2b on the expression of DBH and NET in noradrenergic neurons of rat brains, an effect not previously shown in adult animals. Phox2 genes may play an important role in maintaining the function of the noradrenergic neurons after birth, and regulation of Phox2 gene expression may have therapeutic utility in aging or disorders involving degeneration of noradrenergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Michelle Duffourc
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Race L. Kao
- Department of Surgery, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Gregory A. Ordway
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Soochow University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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