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Conejos-Sánchez I, Đorđević S, Medel M, Vicent MJ. Polypeptides as building blocks for image-guided nanotherapies. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Atomic Resolution Electron Microscopy: A Key Tool for Understanding the Activity of Nano-Oxides for Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082073. [PMID: 34443904 PMCID: PMC8400361 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides constitute one of the most fruitful sources of materials with continuously increasing potential applications prompted by the expectations derived from the reduction of the particle size. The recent advances in transmission electron microscopy, because of the development of lenses, have made it possible to reach atomic resolution, which can provide answers regarding the performance of the transition metal nano-oxides. This critical information is related not only to the ability to study their microstructural characteristics but also their local composition and the oxidation state of the transition metal. Exploring these features is a well-known task in nano-oxides for energy and electronic technologies, but they are not so commonly used for elucidating the activity of these oxides for biomedical applications. Nevertheless, the identification at the atomic level of a certain dopant or the unambiguous determination of the oxidation state of a transition metal in a nano-oxide can be important questions to be answered in a certain biomedical application. In this work, we provide several examples in transition metal nano-oxides to show how atomic-resolution electron microscopy can be a key tool for its understanding.
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Pardali E, Schmitz T, Borgscheiper A, Iking J, Stegger L, Waltenberger J. Cryopreservation of primary human monocytes does not negatively affect their functionality or their ability to be labelled with radionuclides: basis for molecular imaging and cell therapy. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:77. [PMID: 27778311 PMCID: PMC5078113 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Circulating white blood cells crucially contribute to maintenance and repair of solid organs. Therefore, certain cell populations such as monocytes are attractive targets for use in molecular imaging and cell imaging, e.g. after labelling with radionuclides, as well as for cell therapies. However, the preparation of monocytes may require freezing and thawing to preserve cells for timely and standardised applications. Additional modifications of these cells such as radioisotope labelling are necessary prior to their application in vivo. We therefore tested the hypothesis whether cryopreservation of freshly isolated circulating human monocytes affects their functional phenotype or their suitability for radionuclide labelling. Results CD14+CD16− monocytes were isolated from human peripheral blood. They were either directly used for cellular assays and labelling or frozen down using cryoprotectants. In the latter case, cells were thawed prior to further use and analysed for survival, chemotactic responses to various growth factors and adhesion on endothelial cells. In addition, both fresh and cryopreserved monocytes were labelled with radiotracers followed by assessment of survival and chemotactic responses. In all functional assays performed, cryopreserved monocytes did not significantly differ from freshly isolated monocytes with regard to their functionality. Cryopreservation did not affect cell survival. There was no effect on the chemotactic response of monocytes towards different growth factors. Likewise, adhesion properties remained unchanged following cryopreservation. Moreover, the labelling efficiency was similar for freshly isolated and cryopreserved monocytes. Labelling did not negatively affect monocyte survival and function. Conclusions Our data indicate that cryopreservation of freshly isolated human primary monocytes is feasible and does not negatively affect their functionality when used for labelling and functional assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Pardali
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Schmitz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Borgscheiper
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Janette Iking
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Stegger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Waltenberger
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A1, 48149, Münster, Germany. .,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Almer G, Summers KL, Scheicher B, Kellner J, Stelzer I, Leitinger G, Gries A, Prassl R, Zimmer A, Mangge H. Interleukin 10-coated nanoparticle systems compared for molecular imaging of atherosclerotic lesions. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4211-22. [PMID: 25214785 PMCID: PMC4159402 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s66830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is one of the leading causes of mortality in high-income countries. Early diagnosis of vulnerable atherosclerotic lesions is one of the biggest challenges currently facing cardiovascular medicine. The present study focuses on developing targeted nanoparticles (NPs) in order to improve the detection of vulnerable atherosclerotic-plaques. Various biomarkers involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic-plaques have been identified and one of these promising candidates for diagnostic targeting is interleukin 10 (IL10). IL10 has been shown to be a key anti-inflammatory responding cytokine in the early stages of atherogenesis, and has already been used for therapeutic interventions in humans and mice. IL10, the targeting sequence, was coupled to two different types of NPs: protamine-oligonucleotide NPs (proticles) and sterically stabilized liposomes in order to address the question of whether the recognition and detection of atherosclerotic-lesions is primarily determined by the targeting sequence itself, or whether it depends on the NP carrier system to which the biomarker is coupled. Each IL10-targeted NP was assessed based on its sensitivity and selectivity toward characterizing atherosclerotic-plaque lesions using an apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse as the model of atherosclerosis. Aortas from apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high fat diet, were stained with either fluorescence-labeled IL10 or IL10-coupled NPs. Ex vivo imaging was performed using confocal laser-scanning microscopy. We found that IL10-targeted proticles generated a stronger signal by accumulating at the surface of atherosclerotic-plaques, while IL10-targeted, sterically stabilized liposomes showed a staining pattern deeper in the plaque compared to the fluorescence-labeled IL10 alone. Our results point to a promising route for enhanced in vivo imaging using IL10-targeted NPs. NPs allow a higher payload of signal emitting molecules to be delivered to the atherosclerotic-plaques, thus improving signal detection. Importantly, this allows for the opportunity to visualize different areas within the plaque scenario, depending on the nature of the applied nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kelli L Summers
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Kellner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Research Unit Electron Microscopic Techniques, Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; Center for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Gries
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria ; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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Peptide optimization and conjugation strategies in the development of molecularly targeted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1088:185-211. [PMID: 24146405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-673-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are highly selective, high-affinity ligands for a diverse array of disease targets, but suitably derivatizing them for application as diagnostic or therapeutic agents often presents a significant challenge. Covalent modification with metal chelates frequently results in decreased binding affinity, so a variety of strategies must be explored to find suitable locations for modification and facile peptide conjugation chemistries that maintain or enhance binding affinity. In this chapter, we present a paradigm for systematically optimizing peptide binding and determining the favorable sites and methods for peptide conjugation. This strategy is illustrated by two case studies of peptide-based targeted gadolinium contrast agents: EP-2104R for diagnosis of thrombosis and EP-3533 for diagnosis of cardiac perfusion and fibrosis. Two different architectures for the peptide-metal complex conjugation were designed: EP-2104R contains a total of four gadolinium (Gd) chelates linked at the N- and C-termini, whereas EP-3533 is derivatized with three Gd chelates, two on the N-terminus and one on a lysine side chain. Detailed protocols are provided for two Gd chelate conjugation methods.
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Lu T, Wen S, Cui Y, Ju SH, Li KC, Teng GJ. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging of murine atherosclerosis using an oxidized low density lipoprotein-targeted fluorochrome. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013; 30:221-31. [PMID: 24170262 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-013-0320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of detecting plaques using an NIR797 fluorochrome-labeled, anti-oxLDL antibody (anti-oxLDL-NIR797) and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Anti-mouse oxLDL polyclonal antibodies were conjugated to NIR797 dyes to synthesis oxLDL-targeted NIRF probe. In situ and ex vivo NIRF imaging of the high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerotic lesions of apoE-/- mice (baseline) as well as ex vivo NIRF imaging in the progression and regression group (without or with atorvastatin treatment for another 8 weeks) were performed 24 h after an intravenous injection of 1 mg/kg of anti-oxLDL-NIR797, while phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used for the controls. The plaque areas were investigated using Oil Red O (ORO) staining. Aortas isolated from the apoE-/- mice 24 h post-injection exhibited a selective, strong, heterogeneous NIRF signal enhancement in the aortic root, arch, and bifurcation, whereas the PBS and competitive inhibition groups had limited NIRF signal changes (p < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between ORO staining and NIRF in the atherosclerotic aortas that received anti-oxLDL-NIR797. Immunofluorescence studies confirmed the colocalization of the oxLDL/macrophages and NIR797 fluorochromes. Furthermore, the atherosclerotic lesions of atorvastatin-treated mice showed reduced anti-oxLDL-NIR797 uptake and oxLDL expression. These results indicate that NIRF plaque imaging is feasible with an oxLDL-targeted NIRF probe. Thus, oxLDL-based molecular imaging of atherosclerotic plaques is feasible and may provide important methods for characterizing vulnerable plaques and monitoring the response to therapeutic interventions for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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Dellinger A, Olson J, Link K, Vance S, Sandros MG, Yang J, Zhou Z, Kepley CL. Functionalization of gadolinium metallofullerenes for detecting atherosclerotic plaque lesions by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:7. [PMID: 23324435 PMCID: PMC3562260 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hallmark of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of plaque in vessel walls. This process is initiated when monocytic cells differentiate into macrophage foam cells under conditions with high levels of atherogenic lipoproteins. Vulnerable plaque can dislodge, enter the blood stream, and result in acute myocardial infarction and stroke. Imaging techniques such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides one strategy to identify patients with plaque accumulation. METHODS We synthesized an atherosclerotic-targeting contrast agent (ATCA) in which gadolinium (Gd)-containing endohedrals were functionalized and formulated into liposomes with CD36 ligands intercalated into the lipid bilayer. In vitro assays were used to assess the specificity of the ATCA for foam cells. The ability of ATCA to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in vivo was assessed using CMR. RESULTS The ATCA was able to detect scavenger receptor (CD36)-expressing foam cells in vitro and were specifically internalized via the CD36 receptor as determined by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and Western blotting analysis of CD36 receptor-specific signaling pathways. The ATCA exhibited time-dependent accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque lesions of ApoE -/- mice as determined using CMR. No ATCA accumulation was observed in vessels of wild type (C57/b6) controls. Non-targeted control compounds, without the plaque-targeting moieties, were not taken up by foam cells in vitro and did not bind plaque in vivo. Importantly, the ATCA injection was well tolerated, did not demonstrate toxicity in vitro or in vivo, and no accumulation was observed in the major organs. CONCLUSIONS The ATCA is specifically internalized by CD36 receptors on atherosclerotic plaque providing enhanced visualization of lesions under physiological conditions. These ATCA may provide new tools for physicians to non-invasively detect atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Dellinger
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - John Olson
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerry Link
- Center for Biomolecular Imaging, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Stephen Vance
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Marinella G Sandros
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Jijin Yang
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy, LLC, One Zeiss Drive, Thornwood, NY, 10594, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna Innovations Incorporated, Luna nanoWorks Division, 521 Bridge St, Danville, VA, 24541, USA
| | - Christopher L Kepley
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, 2907 E Lee St, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
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Almer G, Frascione D, Pali-Schöll I, Vonach C, Lukschal A, Stremnitzer C, Diesner SC, Jensen-Jarolim E, Prassl R, Mangge H. Interleukin-10: an anti-inflammatory marker to target atherosclerotic lesions via PEGylated liposomes. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:175-86. [PMID: 23176185 PMCID: PMC3558023 DOI: 10.1021/mp300316n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) causes cardiovascular disease, which leads to fatal clinical end points like myocardial infarction or stroke, the most prevalent causes of death in developed countries. An early, noninvasive method of detection and diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions is necessary to prevent and treat these clinical end points. Working toward this goal, we examined recombinant interleukin-10 (IL-10), stealth liposomes with nanocargo potency for NMRI relevant contrast agents, and IL-10 coupled to stealth liposomes in an ApoE-deficient mouse model using confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM). Through ex vivo incubation and imaging with CLSM, we showed that fluorescently labeled IL-10 is internalized by AS plaques, and a low signal is detected in both the less injured aortic surfaces and the arteries of wild-type mice. In vivo experiments included intravenous injections of (i) fluorescent IL-10, (ii) IL-10 targeted carboxyfluorescin (CF-) labeled stealth liposomes, and (iii) untargeted CF-labeled stealth liposomes. Twenty-four hours after injection the arteries were dissected and imaged ex vivo. Compared to free IL-10, we observed a markedly stronger fluorescence intensity with IL-10 targeted liposomes at AS plaque regions. Moreover, untargeted CF-labeled liposomes showed only weak, unspecific binding. Neither free IL-10 nor IL-10 targeted liposomes showed significant immune reaction when injected into wild-type mice. Thus, the combined use of specific anti-inflammatory proteins, high payloads of contrast agents, and liposome particles should enable current imaging techniques to better recognize and visualize AS plaques for research and prospective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Science, Graz, Austria
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Rümenapp C, Gleich B, Haase A. Magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imaging and diagnostics. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1165-79. [PMID: 22392330 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles are useful as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Paramagnetic contrast agents have been used for a long time, but more recently superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) have been discovered to influence MRI contrast as well. In contrast to paramagnetic contrast agents, SPIOs can be functionalized and size-tailored in order to adapt to various kinds of soft tissues. Although both types of contrast agents have a inducible magnetization, their mechanisms of influence on spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation of protons are different. A special emphasis on the basic magnetism of nanoparticles and their structures as well as on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance is made. Examples of different contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images are given. The potential use of magnetic nanoparticles as diagnostic tracers is explored. Additionally, SPIOs can be used in diagnostic magnetic resonance, since the spin relaxation time of water protons differs, whether magnetic nanoparticles are bound to a target or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rümenapp
- Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik, IMETUM, Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Almer G, Wernig K, Saba-Lepek M, Haj-Yahya S, Rattenberger J, Wagner J, Gradauer K, Frascione D, Pabst G, Leitinger G, Mangge H, Zimmer A, Prassl R. Adiponectin-coated nanoparticles for enhanced imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:1279-90. [PMID: 21753879 PMCID: PMC3131194 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s18739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world, and plaque diagnosis is still a challenge in cardiovascular medicine. The main focus of this study was to make atherosclerotic plaques visible using targeted nanoparticles for improved imaging. Today various biomarkers are known to be involved in the pathophysiologic scenario of atherosclerotic plaques. One promising new candidate is the globular domain of the adipocytokine adiponectin (gAd), which was used as a targeting sequence in this study. METHODS gAd was coupled to two different types of nanoparticles, namely protamine-oligonucleotide nanoparticles, known as proticles, and sterically stabilized liposomes. Both gAd-targeted nanoparticles were investigated for their potency to characterize critical scenarios within early and advanced atherosclerotic plaque lesions using an atherosclerotic mouse model. Aortic tissue from wild type and apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, both fed a high-fat diet, were stained with either fluorescent-labeled gAd or gAd-coupled nanoparticles. Ex vivo imaging was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS gAd-targeted sterically stabilized liposomes generated a strong signal by accumulating at the surface of atherosclerotic plaques, while gAd-targeted proticles became internalized and showed more spotted plaque staining. CONCLUSION Our results offer a promising perspective for enhanced in vivo imaging using gAd-targeted nanoparticles. By means of nanoparticles, a higher payload of signal emitting molecules could be transported to atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, the opportunity is opened up to visualize different regions in the plaque scenario, depending on the nature of the nanoparticle used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Graz, Austria
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Gupta AS. Nanomedicine approaches in vascular disease: a review. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 7:763-79. [PMID: 21601009 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine approaches have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and vascular diseases, where the limitations of rapid nonspecific clearance, poor biodistribution and harmful side effects associated with direct systemic drug administration can be overcome by packaging the agents within sterically stabilized, long-circulating nanovehicles that can be further surface-modified with ligands to actively target cellular/molecular components of the disease. With significant advancements in genetics, proteomics, cellular and molecular biology and biomaterials engineering, the nanomedicine strategies have become progressively refined regarding the modulation of surface and bulk chemistry of the nanovehicles, control of drug release kinetics, manipulation of nanoconstruct geometry and integration of multiple functionalities on single nanoplatforms. The current review aims to capture the various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades. Analysis of the promises and limitations of these approaches will help identify and optimize vascular nanomedicine systems to enhance their efficacy and clinical translation in the future. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Nanomedicine-based approaches have had a major impact on the treatment and diagnosis of malignancies and vascular diseases. This review discusses various nanomedicine approaches directed specifically toward vascular diseases during the past two decades, highlighting their advantages, limitations and offering new perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
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Uchida M, Kosuge H, Terashima M, Willits DA, Liepold LO, Young MJ, McConnell MV, Douglas T. Protein cage nanoparticles bearing the LyP-1 peptide for enhanced imaging of macrophage-rich vascular lesions. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2493-502. [PMID: 21391720 PMCID: PMC3082619 DOI: 10.1021/nn102863y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cage-like protein nanoparticles are promising platforms for cell- and tissue-specific targeted delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents. Here, we have successfully modified the 12 nm small heat shock protein from Methanococcus jannaschii (MjHsp) to detect atherosclerotic plaque lesions in a mouse model system. As macrophages are centrally involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, targeted imaging of macrophages is valuable to assess the biologic status of the blood vessel wall. LyP-1, a nine residue peptide, has been shown to target tumor-associated macrophages. Thus, LyP-1 was genetically incorporated onto the exterior surface of MjHsp, while a fluorescent molecule (Cy5.5) was conjugated on the interior cavity. This bioengineered protein cage, LyP-Hsp, exhibited enhanced affinity to macrophage in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo injection of LyP-Hsp allowed visualization of macrophage-rich murine carotid lesions by in situ and ex vivo fluorescence imaging. These results demonstrate the potential of LyP-1-conjugated protein cages as nanoscale platforms for delivery of imaging agents for the diagnosis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Hisanori Kosuge
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masahiro Terashima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A. Willits
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Lars O. Liepold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Mark J. Young
- Department of Plant Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
| | - Michael V. McConnell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Center for Bio-Inspired Nanomaterials (CBIN), Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, 59717
- Corresponding author: Trevor Douglas, Professor of Chemistry, Montana State University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, 113 Chemistry and Biochemistry Building, Bozeman, MT 59715, phone (406)994-6566, fax (406) 994-5407,
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Villa C, Erratico S, Razini P, Farini A, Meregalli M, Belicchi M, Torrente Y. In VivoTracking of Stem Cell by Nanotechnologies: Future Prospects for Mouse to Human Translation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:1-11. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Villa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Erratico
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Razini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Farini
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mirella Meregalli
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Belicchi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Torrente
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Neurological Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Centro Dino Ferrari, Università dėgli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Terashima M, Uchida M, Kosuge H, Tsao PS, Young MJ, Conolly SM, Douglas T, McConnell MV. Human ferritin cages for imaging vascular macrophages. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1430-7. [PMID: 21074263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. Macrophages are key components of vascular inflammation, which contributes to the development and complications of atherosclerosis. Ferritin, an iron storage and transport protein, has been found to accumulate in macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaques. We hypothesized that ferritin could serve as an intrinsic nano-platform to target delivery of imaging agents to vascular macrophages to detect high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. Here we show that engineered human ferritin protein cages, either conjugated to the fluorescent Cy5.5 molecule or encapsulating a magnetite nanoparticle, are taken up in vivo by macrophages in murine atherosclerotic carotid arteries and can be imaged by fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging. These results indicate that human ferritin can serve as a nanoparticle platform to image vascular inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Terashima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5233, USA
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15
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Hjortnaes J, Gottlieb D, Figueiredo JL, Melero-Martin J, Kohler RH, Bischoff J, Weissleder R, Mayer JE, Aikawa E. Intravital molecular imaging of small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts in mice: a feasibility study. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:597-607. [PMID: 19751103 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Creating functional small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels has not been successful to date. Moreover, the processes underlying the in vivo remodeling of these grafts and the fate of cells seeded onto scaffolds remain unclear. Here we addressed these unmet scientific needs by using intravital molecular imaging to monitor the development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVG) implanted in mouse carotid artery. METHODS AND RESULTS Green fluorescent protein-labeled human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells were seeded on polyglycolic acid-poly-L-lactic acid scaffolds to construct small-caliber TEVG that were subsequently implanted in the carotid artery position of nude mice (n = 9). Mice were injected with near-infrared agents and imaged using intravital fluorescence microscope at 0, 7, and 35 days to validate in vivo the TEVG remodeling capability (Prosense680; VisEn, Woburn, MA) and patency (Angiosense750; VisEn). Imaging coregistered strong proteolytic activity and blood flow through anastomoses at both 7 and 35 days postimplantation. In addition, image analyses showed green fluorescent protein signal produced from mesenchymal stem cell up to 35 days postimplantation. Comprehensive correlative histopathological analyses corroborated intravital imaging findings. CONCLUSIONS Multispectral imaging offers simultaneous characterization of in vivo remodeling enzyme activity, functionality, and cell fate of viable small-caliber TEVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research , Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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16
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Dall'Armellina E, Karamitsos TD, Neubauer S, Choudhury RP. CMR for characterization of the myocardium in acute coronary syndromes. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7:624-36. [PMID: 20856263 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) as a diagnostic technique is well established. CMR enables tissue characterization, distinction between myocardial scar tissue and viable tissue, and evaluation of myocardial perfusion and contractile function. To date, CMR has been mostly applied in the assessment of stable disease; however, a role for CMR in the acute setting is also emerging. An accurate appraisal of the myocardium with CMR in the first hours after the onset of chest pain could provide supporting information to standard diagnostic tools, such as electrocardiography and measurement of blood biomarkers, which could help guide the selection of appropriate treatment. The aims of this integrated approach include positive identification of an ischemic syndrome, estimation of downstream areas at risk of damage, evaluation of epicardial artery patency and small vessel integrity, quantification of infarct size, and determination of myocardial function. This Review critically evaluates both established and emerging CMR techniques, and relates the imaging findings to the underlying pathophysiological processes in acute coronary syndromes. A more thorough understanding of CMR techniques will clarify their potential clinical applications and limitations, and assess the practicality of CMR in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, where early intervention is crucial to save myocardium at risk of irreversible injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Dall'Armellina
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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17
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Intravital microscopy in window chambers: a unique tool to study tumor angiogenesis and delivery of nanoparticles. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:113-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Herck JL, Meyer GRY, Martinet W, Salgado RA, Shivalkar B, Mondt R, Ven H, Ludwig A, Veken P, Vaeck L, Bult H, Herman AG, Vrints CJ. Multi-slice computed tomography with N1177 identifies ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in rabbits. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 105:51-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Because of the development of gene knockout and transgenic technologies, small animals, such as mice and rats, have become the most widely used animals for cardiovascular imaging studies. Imaging can provide a method to serially evaluate the effect of a particular genetic mutation or pharmacologic therapy (1). In addition, imaging can be used as a noninvasive screening tool for particular cardiovascular phenotypes. Outcome measures of therapeutic efficacy, such as ejection fraction, left ventricular mass, and ventricular volume, can be determined noninvasively as well. Furthermore, small-animal imaging can be used to develop and test new molecular imaging probes (2,3). However, the small size of the heart and rapid heart rate of murine models create special challenges for cardiovascular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M W Tsui
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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20
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Alford JK, Rutt BK, Scholl TJ, Handler WB, Chronik BA. Delta relaxation enhanced MR: Improving activation-specificity of molecular probes throughR1dispersion imaging. Magn Reson Med 2009; 61:796-802. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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