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Huang K, Cai C, He H, Yi B, Xu W, Lin Z, Lv X, Liu R, Zheng C, Zhou Y, Lin J. Promotion of Raf-1/ASK1 complex formation by corylin inhibits cell apoptosis in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112921. [PMID: 39133953 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Effective treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MIR) injury remains an unmet clinical need. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is common at this stage and poses a significant risk. Corylin, a flavonoid compound extracted from Psoralea corylifolia L., has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiatherosclerotic properties. However, whether and how corylin affects MIR injury remain unclear. In this study, we explored the mechanism of corylin as a potent therapeutic agent for MI/R injury, using a left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model in vivo and in vitro. TUNEL, Annexin-V/PI double staining,Ki67 immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence were used to validate cell apoptosis level and Raf-1/ASK1 complex activity. The interaction between corylin and Raf-1/ASK1 complex was detected using molecular docking, corylin-Raf-1 binding assays, and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP). Moreover, TTC staining, echocardiography, HE staining, Masson trichrome staining and serological testing were performed to assess the cardioprotective effects of corylin in vivo. These findings showed that corylin reduces MIR injury-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improves cardiac function. Mechanistically, corylin can interact with Raf-1 and promote the formation of the Raf-1/ASK1 complex, thus inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that corylin ameliorated cardiac dysfunction after MIR injury by reducing myocardial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenchen Cai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hualing He
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binghua Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wencai Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhonghao Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Huang LY, Zhang YD, Liu YN, Liang ZY, Chen J, Wang B, Yin QL, Wang PP, Wang W, Qi SH. Remote Ischemic Postconditioning-Mediated Neuroprotection against Stroke by Promoting Ketone Body-Induced Ferroptosis Inhibition. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2223-2232. [PMID: 38634698 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal death resulting from ischemic stroke is the primary cause of adult mortality and disability, and effective neuroprotective agents for poststroke intervention are still lacking. Remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPostC) has demonstrated significant protective effects against ischemia in various organs; however, the specific mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of RIPostC in the context of ischemic stroke. Using a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, we found that RIPostC mitigated neurological damage, improved movement in the open-field test, and protected against neuronal apoptosis. In terms of energy metabolism, RIPostC enhanced ATP levels, suppressed lactate content, and increased the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In the ferroptosis assay, RIPostC protected against lipoperoxidation, reversed the reduction of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and mitigated the excessive expression of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase family member 4 (ACSL4). In oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-treated HT22 cells, KBs maintained GPX4 levels, suppressed ACSL4 expression, and preserved the mitochondrial cristae number. However, the effect of KBs on the expression of GPX4, ACSL4, and the number of mitochondrial cristae was blocked by erastin. Moreover, both RIPostC and KBs reduced total iron and ferrous ion content by repressing iron transporters both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, KBs-induced mitigation of ferroptosis could represent a new therapeutic mechanism for RIPostC in treating stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yan Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
| | - Yi-de Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
- Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou 221000, P.R China
| | - Yi-Ning Liu
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
| | - Zhi-Yan Liang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221000, P.R China
| | - Qi-Long Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, No.99 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou 221000, P.R China
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P.R China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, P.R China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R China
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3
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Barrère-Lemaire S, Vincent A, Jorgensen C, Piot C, Nargeot J, Djouad F. Mesenchymal stromal cells for improvement of cardiac function following acute myocardial infarction: a matter of timing. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:659-725. [PMID: 37589393 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of cardiovascular death and remains the most common cause of heart failure. Reopening of the occluded artery, i.e., reperfusion, is the only way to save the myocardium. However, the expected benefits of reducing infarct size are disappointing due to the reperfusion paradox, which also induces specific cell death. These ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lesions can account for up to 50% of final infarct size, a major determinant for both mortality and the risk of heart failure (morbidity). In this review, we provide a detailed description of the cell death and inflammation mechanisms as features of I/R injury and cardioprotective strategies such as ischemic postconditioning as well as their underlying mechanisms. Due to their biological properties, the use of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) has been considered a potential therapeutic approach in AMI. Despite promising results and evidence of safety in preclinical studies using MSCs, the effects reported in clinical trials are not conclusive and even inconsistent. These discrepancies were attributed to many parameters such as donor age, in vitro culture, and storage time as well as injection time window after AMI, which alter MSC therapeutic properties. In the context of AMI, future directions will be to generate MSCs with enhanced properties to limit cell death in myocardial tissue and thereby reduce infarct size and improve the healing phase to increase postinfarct myocardial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Barrère-Lemaire
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Anne Vincent
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Christian Jorgensen
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Piot
- Département de Cardiologie Interventionnelle, Clinique du Millénaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Nargeot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Université de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Farida Djouad
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies, Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Montpellier, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Blanco-Blázquez V, Báez-Díaz C, Sánchez-Margallo FM, González-Bueno I, Martín H, Blázquez R, Casado JG, Usón A, Solares J, Palacios I, Steendam R, Crisóstomo V. Intracoronary Administration of Microencapsulated HGF in a Reperfused Myocardial Infarction Swine Model. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:86. [PMID: 36826582 PMCID: PMC9960949 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapy microencapsulation allows minimally invasive, safe, and effective administration. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrotic properties. Our objective was to evaluate the cardiac safety and effectiveness of intracoronary (IC) administration of HGF-loaded extended release microspheres in an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) swine model. An IC infusion of 5 × 106 HGF-loaded microspheres (MS+HGF, n = 7), 5 × 106 placebo microspheres (MS, n = 7), or saline (SAL, n = 7) was performed two days after AMI. TIMI flow and Troponin I (TnI) values were assessed pre- and post-treatment. Cardiac function was evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (cMR) before injection and at 10 weeks. Plasma cytokines were determined to evaluate the inflammatory profile and hearts were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Post-treatment coronary flow was impaired in five animals (MS+HGF and MS group) without significant increases in TnI. One animal (MS group) died during treatment. There were no significant differences between groups in cMR parameters at any time (p > 0.05). No statistically significant changes were found between groups neither in cytokines nor in histological analyses. The IC administration of 5 × 106 HGF-loaded-microspheres 48 h post-AMI did not improve cardiac function, nor did it decrease inflammation or cardiac fibrosis in this experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Blanco-Blázquez
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Báez-Díaz
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Irene González-Bueno
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Helena Martín
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rebeca Blázquez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier G. Casado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- Immunology Unit, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alejandra Usón
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | | - Rob Steendam
- Innocore Pharmaceuticals, 9713 GX Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Verónica Crisóstomo
- Cardiovascular Area, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, 10071 Cáceres, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares CIBERCV, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Xue Y, Fu W, Yu P, Li Y, Yu X, Xu H, Sui D. Ginsenoside Rc Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Reducing Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis: Role of SIRT1 Activation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1547-1561. [PMID: 36626267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury occurs when coronary blood supply is impaired and then re-established, leading to additional injury to the myocardial tissue, including mitochondria oxidative stress and apoptosis. Ginsenoside Rc is one of the main protopanaxadiol-type saponins, and there has been relatively little research on it. Despite research confirming that ginsenoside Rc regulates mitochondrial functions, its potential benefits against MI/R injury have not been explored. In this study, we examined the protective effects of ginsenoside Rc in MI/R injury, along with its underlying mechanisms, using an in vitro H9c2 cell model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and an in vivo rat model of MI/R injury. Prior to this, the H9c2 cells or rats were exposed to ginsenoside Rc with or without SIRT1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) or the selective SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. The results showed that after MI/R (or OGD/R) injury, ginsenoside Rc had a cardioprotective effect; improved cardiac function (or cell survival); reduced myocardial infarct size; decreased levels of creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum (or LDH release into culture medium); reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis; and attenuated mitochondrial oxidative damage. Ginsenoside Rc pre-treatment also upregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 while downregulating the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, the cardioprotective effect of ginsenoside Rc was concomitant with upregulated SIRT1 expression and downregulated Ac-FOXO1 expression. SIRT1 siRNA or SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 abolished the cardioprotective effects of ginsenoside Rc by inhibiting the SIRT1 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that ginsenoside Rc ameliorated MI/R injury by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis, at least in part, by activating SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xue
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuangeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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6
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Role of Mitophagy in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Chinese Medicine Treatment. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:81-88. [PMID: 34731432 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is one of the important targets for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Moderate mitophagy can remove damaged mitochondria, inhibit excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protect mitochondria from damage. However, excessive enhancement of mitophagy greatly reduces adenosine triphosphate production and energy supply for cell survival, and aggravates cell death. How dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively recognized and engulfed is related to the interaction of adaptors on the mitochondrial membrane, which mainly include phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced kinase 1/Parkin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α/Bcl-2 and adenovirus e1b19k Da interacting protein 3, FUN-14 domain containing protein 1 receptor-mediated mitophagy pathway and so on. In this review, the authors briefly summarize the main pathways currently studied on mitophagy and the relationship between mitophagy and MIRI, and incorporate and analyze research data on prevention and treatment of MIRI with Chinese medicine, thereby provide relevant theoretical basis and treatment ideas for clinical prevention of MIRI.
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7
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Meng WT, Xiao ZX, Li H, Wang YC, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Guo HD. Modified Taohong Siwu decoction improves cardiac function after myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in rats by promoting endogenous stem cell mobilization and regulating metabolites. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1721-1731. [PMID: 36086864 PMCID: PMC9467615 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2116054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Taohong Siwu decoction (THSWD) has been shown to promote heart repair in myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of modified THSWD (THSWD plus four ingredients) on myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the I/R group and three different modified THSWD dose groups (gavage administration, 1.215, 2.43, and 4.86 g, respectively). 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Evans blue staining were used to detect the infarct area at 24 h after treatment. The serum biochemical indexes and cell apoptosis were examined to determine myocardial injury. The number of endogenous stem cells, expression of stromal dell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and stem cell factor (SCF), and cardiac function were measured at 4 weeks. The serum was collected for metabolomic analysis. RESULTS The high-dose modified THSWD group presented a reduced infarction area (decreased by 21.3%), decreased levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase, attenuated cell apoptosis, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity in early stage I/R compared with other groups. The serum SCF and SDF-1 levels were higher in the high-dose group than in the I/R group. At 4 weeks, the infarct size and collagen content were the lowest, and the ejection fraction and fractional shortening values were the highest in the high-dose group. Moreover, high-dose modified THSWD affected the metabolism of phosphonate and phosphonate, taurine, and hypotaurine. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous stem cell mobilization and metabolic regulation were related to the cardioprotection of modified THSWD. We provided a new strategy and direction for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases with traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-ting Meng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Xin Xiao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-chao Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, The Second Rehabilitation Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-dong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Wu C, Liu R, Luo Z, Sun M, Qile M, Xu S, Jin S, Zhang L, Gross ER, Zhang Y, He S. Spinal cord astrocytes regulate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:56. [PMID: 36367592 PMCID: PMC10139732 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a key role in the response to injury and noxious stimuli, but its role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury remains largely unknown. Here we determined whether manipulation of spinal astrocyte activity affected myocardial I/R injury and the underlying mechanisms. By ligating the left coronary artery to establish an in vivo I/R rat model, we observed a 1.7-fold rise in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein level in spinal cord following myocardial I/R injury. Inhibition of spinal astrocytes by intrathecal injection of fluoro-citrate, an astrocyte inhibitor, decreased GFAP immunostaining and reduced infarct size by 29% relative to the I/R group. Using a Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) chemogenetic approach, we bi-directionally manipulated astrocyte activity employing GFAP promoter-driven Gq- or Gi-coupled signaling. The Gq-DREADD-mediated activation of spinal astrocytes caused transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) activation and neuropeptide release leading to a 1.3-fold increase in infarct size, 1.2-fold rise in serum norepinephrine level and higher arrhythmia score relative to I/R group. In contrast, Gi-DREADD-mediated inhibition of spinal astrocytes suppressed TRPV1-mediated nociceptive signaling, resulting in 35% reduction of infarct size and 51% reduction of arrhythmia score from I/R group, as well as lowering serum norepinephrine level from 3158 ± 108 to 2047 ± 95 pg/mL. Further, intrathecal administration of TRPV1 or neuropeptide antagonists reduced infarct size and serum norepinephrine level. These findings demonstrate a functional role of spinal astrocytes in myocardial I/R injury and provide a novel potential therapeutic approach targeting spinal cord astrocytes for the prevention of cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaofei Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muge Qile
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shijin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shiyun Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Shufang He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei, 230061, Anhui Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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9
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Bell RM, Basalay M, Bøtker HE, Beikoghli Kalkhoran S, Carr RD, Cunningham J, Davidson SM, England TJ, Giesz S, Ghosh AK, Golforoush P, Gourine AV, Hausenloy DJ, Heusch G, Ibanez B, Kleinbongard P, Lecour S, Lukhna K, Ntsekhe M, Ovize M, Salama AD, Vilahur G, Walker JM, Yellon DM. Remote ischaemic conditioning: defining critical criteria for success-report from the 11th Hatter Cardiovascular Workshop. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:39. [PMID: 35970954 PMCID: PMC9377667 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute biennial workshop, originally scheduled for April 2020 but postponed for 2 years due to the Covid pandemic, was organised to debate and discuss the future of Remote Ischaemic Conditioning (RIC). This evolved from the large multicentre CONDI-2-ERIC-PPCI outcome study which demonstrated no additional benefit when using RIC in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The workshop discussed how conditioning has led to a significant and fundamental understanding of the mechanisms preventing cell death following ischaemia and reperfusion, and the key target cyto-protective pathways recruited by protective interventions, such as RIC. However, the obvious need to translate this protection to the clinical setting has not materialised largely due to the disconnect between preclinical and clinical studies. Discussion points included how to adapt preclinical animal studies to mirror the patient presenting with an acute myocardial infarction, as well as how to refine patient selection in clinical studies to account for co-morbidities and ongoing therapy. These latter scenarios can modify cytoprotective signalling and need to be taken into account to allow for a more robust outcome when powered appropriately. The workshop also discussed the potential for RIC in other disease settings including ischaemic stroke, cardio-oncology and COVID-19. The workshop, therefore, put forward specific classifications which could help identify so-called responders vs. non-responders in both the preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bell
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - M Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - H E Bøtker
- Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Beikoghli Kalkhoran
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - R D Carr
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | | | - S M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - T J England
- Stroke, Division of Mental Health and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S Giesz
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - A K Ghosh
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - P Golforoush
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - A V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - D J Hausenloy
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
- CVMD, Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - G Heusch
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - B Ibanez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital & CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Kleinbongard
- Institute for Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - S Lecour
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - K Lukhna
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Ntsekhe
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Ovize
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Université de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bâtiment B13, F-69500, Bron, France
| | | | - G Vilahur
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, CIBERCV, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Walker
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - D M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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10
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Tobeiha M, Jafari A, Fadaei S, Mirazimi SMA, Dashti F, Amiri A, Khan H, Asemi Z, Reiter RJ, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Evidence for the Benefits of Melatonin in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:888319. [PMID: 35795371 PMCID: PMC9251346 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.888319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine gland which produces melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone with critical physiological roles in the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to possess anti-oxidant activity and neuroprotective properties. Numerous studies have shown that melatonin has significant functions in cardiovascular disease, and may have anti-aging properties. The ability of melatonin to decrease primary hypertension needs to be more extensively evaluated. Melatonin has shown significant benefits in reducing cardiac pathology, and preventing the death of cardiac muscle in response to ischemia-reperfusion in rodent species. Moreover, melatonin may also prevent the hypertrophy of the heart muscle under some circumstances, which in turn would lessen the development of heart failure. Several currently used conventional drugs show cardiotoxicity as an adverse effect. Recent rodent studies have shown that melatonin acts as an anti-oxidant and is effective in suppressing heart damage mediated by pharmacologic drugs. Therefore, melatonin has been shown to have cardioprotective activity in multiple animal and human studies. Herein, we summarize the most established benefits of melatonin in the cardiovascular system with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tobeiha
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Fadaei
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dashti
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Amiri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health. Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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11
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Chen C, Yu LT, Cheng BR, Xu JL, Cai Y, Jin JL, Feng RL, Xie L, Qu XY, Li D, Liu J, Li Y, Cui XY, Lu JJ, Zhou K, Lin Q, Wan J. Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:792592. [PMID: 35252368 PMCID: PMC8893235 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.792592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Tong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Lin Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Lin Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ru-Li Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yan Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qian Lin
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Jie Wan
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12
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Association of C5a/C5aR pathway to activate ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in acute kidney injury – a mouse model. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/rrlm-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acute inflammation is accompanied by complement system activation and inflammatory cell accumulation. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the common clinical symptoms, it is not clear whether complement system-mediated signaling pathway is involved. This study demonstrated that the expressions of complement C5a and C5a receptor (C5aR) protein in a mouse model with glycerol induced AKI were significantly increased, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, were significantly higher than those in the blank control group. While C5aR antagonist (C5aRa) was added, western analyses for C5a and C5aR were reduced, meanwhile, qPCR and ELISA data showed that inflammatory cytokines also decreased significantly. In addition, preliminarily explored, the Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) can be activated by the C5a/C5aR pathway in an AKI mouse model which showed that the C5a/C5aR pathway in a mouse model group activated ERK1/2 and p38, and the protein expression decreased when C5aRa was added. In conclusion, these results indicate that the C5a/C5aR pathway promotes renal pathogenesis by activating ERK1/2 and p38 expression and then affects the disease process, which has certain guiding significance for the subsequent clinical trial.
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13
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Xi H, He Z, Lv C. FOXG1 improves mitochondrial function and promotes the progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:651. [PMID: 34278485 PMCID: PMC8299199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead‑box gene 1 (FOXG1) has been reported to serve an important role in various malignancies, but its effects on nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the specific regulatory relationship between FOXG1 and NPC progression. Tumor tissues and matching para‑carcinoma tissues were obtained from patients with NPC. Small interfering (si)RNA‑FOXG1 and pcDNA3.1‑FOXG1 were transfected into SUNE‑1 and C666‑1 cells to knockdown and overexpress FOXG1 expression, respectively. FOXG1 expression was detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation was detected using MTT and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine assays. Transwell invasion assay, wound healing assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell invasion, migration and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of mitochondrial markers (succinate dehydrogenase complex flavoprotein subunit A, heat shock protein 60 and pyruvate dehydrogenase), epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) related proteins (N‑cadherin, Snail and E‑cadherin) and apoptosis‑related proteins [Bax, Bcl‑2, poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP), cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase‑3, cleaved caspase‑8, cleaved caspase‑9, caspase‑3, caspase‑8 and caspase‑9]. The mitochondrial membrane potential was detected via flow cytometry, while the ATP/ADP ratio was determined using the ADP/ATP ratio assay kit. The present results demonstrated that FOXG1 expression was upregulated in NPC tissues and cells, and was associated with distant metastasis and TNM stage. Moreover, knockdown of FOXG1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT and mitochondrial function of SUNE‑1 cells, as well as promoted cell apoptosis, while the opposite results were observed in C666‑1 cells. In conclusion, FOXG1 enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion, induced EMT and improved mitochondrial function in NPC cells. The current findings provide an adequate theoretical basis for the treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Xi
- Department of Otolaryngology and Stomatology, Shouguang People's Hospital, Shouguang, Shandong 262700, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxiang He
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wuwei People's Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu 733000, P.R. China
| | - Cao Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China
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14
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Zhou H, Ren J, Toan S, Mui D. Role of mitochondrial quality surveillance in myocardial infarction: From bench to bedside. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 66:101250. [PMID: 33388396 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible death of cardiomyocyte secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen or fresh blood supply. Historically considered as merely cardiomyocyte powerhouse that manufactures ATP and other metabolites, mitochondrion is recently being identified as a signal regulator that is implicated in the crosstalk and signal integration of cardiomyocyte contraction, metabolism, inflammation, and death. Mitochondria quality surveillance is an integrated network system modifying mitochondrial structure and function through the coordination of various processes including mitochondrial fission, fusion, biogenesis, bioenergetics, proteostasis, and degradation via mitophagy. Mitochondrial fission favors the elimination of depolarized mitochondria through mitophagy, whereas mitochondrial fusion preserves the mitochondrial network upon stress through integration of two or more small mitochondria into an interconnected phenotype. Mitochondrial biogenesis represents a regenerative program to replace old and damaged mitochondria with new and healthy ones. Mitochondrial bioenergetics is regulated by a metabolic switch between glucose and fatty acid usage, depending on oxygen availability. To maintain the diversity and function of mitochondrial proteins, a specialized protein quality control machinery regulates protein dynamics and function through the activity of chaperones and proteases, and induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms governing mitochondrial quality surveillance and highlight the most recent preclinical and clinical therapeutic approaches to restore mitochondrial fitness during both MI and post-MI heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - David Mui
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Pearce L, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Does remote ischaemic conditioning reduce inflammation? A focus on innate immunity and cytokine response. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:12. [PMID: 33629195 PMCID: PMC7904035 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) have been difficult to translate to humans, when considering traditional outcome measures, such as mortality and heart failure. This paper reviews the recent literature of the anti-inflammatory effects of RIC, with a particular focus on the innate immune response and cytokine inhibition. Given the current COVID-19 pandemic, the inflammatory hypothesis of cardiac protection is an attractive target on which to re-purpose such novel therapies. A PubMed/MEDLINE™ search was performed on July 13th 2020, for the key terms RIC, cytokines, the innate immune system and inflammation. Data suggest that RIC attenuates inflammation in animals by immune conditioning, cytokine inhibition, cell survival and the release of anti-inflammatory exosomes. It is proposed that RIC inhibits cytokine release via a reduction in nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB)-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome production. In vivo, RIC attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokine release in myocardial/cerebral infarction and LPS models of endotoxaemia. In the latter group, cytokine inhibition is associated with a profound survival benefit. Further clinical trials should establish whether the benefits of RIC in inflammation can be observed in humans. Moreover, we must consider whether uncomplicated MI and elective surgery are the most suitable clinical conditions in which to test this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pearce
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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16
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Wang M, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu H. Total Glucosides of Peony Protect Cardiomyocytes against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation by Reversing Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6632413. [PMID: 33354278 PMCID: PMC7735829 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6632413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Total glucosides of peony (TGP) are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. We explored the protective effects of TGP on cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and inflammation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics. Our study demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide significantly repressed cardiomyocyte viability and promoted cell apoptosis through induction of the mitochondrial death pathway. TGP treatment sustained cardiomyocyte viability, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and decreased inflammation and oxidative stress. Molecular investigation indicated that hydrogen peroxide caused mitochondrial dynamics disruption and bioenergetics reduction in cardiomyocytes, but this alteration could be normalized by TGP. We found that disruption of mitochondrial dynamics abolished the regulatory effects of TGP on mitochondrial bioenergetics; TGP modulated mitochondrial dynamics through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway; and inhibition of AMPK alleviated the protective effects of TGP on mitochondria. Our results showed that TGP treatment reduces cardiomyocyte oxidative stress and inflammation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by correcting mitochondrial dynamics and enhancing mitochondrial bioenergetics. Additionally, the regulatory effects of TGP on mitochondrial function seem to be mediated through the AMPK pathway. These findings are promising for myocardial injury in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunology, Tianjin First Central hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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17
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He Z, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. The importance of clinically relevant background therapy in cardioprotective studies. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:69. [PMID: 33188438 PMCID: PMC7666584 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-00830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute myocardial infarct patients (AMI) includes rapid restoration of coronary blood flow and pharmacological therapy aimed to prevent pain and maintain vessel patency. Many interventions have been investigated to offer additional protection. One such intervention is remote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) involving short-episodes of ischaemia of the arm with a blood pressure cuff, followed by reperfusion to protect the heart organs from subsequent severe ischaemia. However, the recent CONDI2-ERIC-PPCI multicentre study of RIC in STEMI showed no benefit in clinical outcome in low risk patients. It could also be argued that these patients were already in a partially protected state, highlighting the disconnect between animal- and clinical-based outcome studies. To improve potential translatability, we developed an animal model using pharmacological agents similar to those given to patients presenting with an AMI, prior to PPCI. Rats underwent MI on a combined background of an opioid agonist, heparin and a platelet-inhibitor thereby allowing us to assess whether additional cardioprotective strategies had any effect over and above this “cocktail”. We demonstrated that the “background drugs” were protective in their own right, reducing MI from 57.5 ± 3.7% to 37.3 ± 2.9% (n = 11, p < 0.001). On this background of drugs, RIC did not add any further protection (38.0 ± 3.4%). However, using a caspase inhibitor, which acts via a different mechanistic pathway to RIC, we were able to demonstrate additional protection (20.6 ± 3.3%). This concept provides initial evidence to develop models which can be used to evaluate future animal-to-clinical translation in cardioprotective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhe He
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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18
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Xin T, Lu C, Zhang J, Wen J, Yan S, Li C, Zhang F, Zhang J. Oxidized LDL Disrupts Metabolism and Inhibits Macrophage Survival by Activating a miR-9/Drp1/Mitochondrial Fission Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8848930. [PMID: 33204400 PMCID: PMC7655251 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8848930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with macrophage damage, but the role of mitochondrial fission in macrophage cholesterol metabolism is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the influences of miR-9 and mitochondrial fission on macrophage viability and cholesterol metabolism. Macrophages were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in vitro, after which mitochondrial fission, cell viability, and cholesterol metabolism were examined using qPCR, ELISAs, and immunofluorescence. ox-LDL treatment significantly increased Drp1-associated mitochondrial fission. Transfection of Drp1 siRNA significantly reduced cell death, attenuated oxidative stress, and inhibited inflammatory responses in ox-LDL-treated macrophages. Interestingly, inhibition of Drp1-related mitochondrial fission also improved cholesterol metabolism by balancing the transcription of cholesterol influx/efflux enzymes. We also found that miR-9 was downregulated in ox-LDL-treated macrophages, and administration of a miR-9 mimic decreased Drp1 transcription and mitochondrial fission, as well as its effects. These results indicate that signaling via the novel miR-9/Drp1/mitochondrial fission axis is a key determinant of macrophage viability and cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangbin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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19
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Hjortbak MV, Grønnebæk TS, Jespersen NR, Lassen TR, Seefeldt JM, Tonnesen PT, Jensen RV, Koch LG, Britton SL, Pedersen M, Jessen N, Bøtker HE. Differences in intrinsic aerobic capacity alters sensitivity to ischemia-reperfusion injury but not cardioprotective capacity by ischemic preconditioning in rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240866. [PMID: 33108389 PMCID: PMC7591019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Whether aerobic capacity influences myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury is unknown. PURPOSE To investigate the impact of intrinsic differences in aerobic capacity and the cardioprotective potential on IR injury. METHODS We studied hearts from rats developed by selective breeding for high (HCR) or low (LCR) capacity for treadmill running. The rats were randomized to: (1) control, (2) local ischemic preconditioning (IPC) or (3) remote ischemic preconditioning (RIC) followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion in an isolated perfused heart model. The primary endpoint was infarct size. Secondary endpoints included uptake of labelled glucose, content of selected mitochondrial proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and activation of AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). RESULTS At baseline, running distance was 203±7 m in LCR vs 1905±51 m in HCR rats (p<0.01). Infarct size was significantly lower in LCR than in HCR controls (49±5% vs 68±5%, p = 0.04). IPC reduced infarct size by 47% in LCR (p<0.01) and by 31% in HCR rats (p = 0.01). RIC did not modulate infarct size (LCR: 52±5, p>0.99; HCR: 69±6%, p>0.99, respectively). Phosphorylaion of AMPK did not differ between LCR and HCR controls. IPC did not modulate cardiac phosphorylation of AMPK. Glucose uptake during reperfusion was similar in LCR and HCR rats. IPC increased glucose uptake during reperfusion in LCR animals (p = 0.02). Mitochondrial protein content in skeletal muscle was lower in LCR than in HCR (0.77±0.10 arbitrary units (AU) vs 1.09±0.07 AU, p = 0.02), but not in cardiac muscle. CONCLUSION Aerobic capacity is associated with altered myocardial sensitivity to IR injury, but the cardioprotective effect of IPC is not. Glucose uptake, AMPK activation immediately prior to ischemia and basal mitochondrial protein content in the heart seem to be of minor importance as underlying mechanisms for the cardioprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vognstoft Hjortbak
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nichlas Riise Jespersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ravn Lassen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jacob Marthinsen Seefeldt
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tilma Tonnesen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rebekka Vibjerg Jensen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lauren Gerard Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aahus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Bøtker
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Tan Y, Mui D, Toan S, Zhu P, Li R, Zhou H. SERCA Overexpression Improves Mitochondrial Quality Control and Attenuates Cardiac Microvascular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:696-707. [PMID: 33230467 PMCID: PMC7585837 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, coronary circulation is a so far neglected target of cardioprotection. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying I/R injury to cardiac microcirculation. Using gene delivery, we analyzed microvascular protective effects of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) on the reperfused heart and examined the role of SERCA in regulating mitochondrial quality control in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Our data showed that SERCA overexpression attenuates lumen stenosis, inhibits microthrombus formation, reduces inflammation response, and improves endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SERCA overexpression improves endothelial viability, barrier integrity, and cytoskeleton assembly in CMECs. Mitochondrial quality control, including mitochondrial fusion, mitophagy, bioenergetics, and biogenesis, were disrupted by I/R injury but were restored by SERCA overexpression. SERCA overexpression also restored mitochondrial quality control by inhibiting calcium overload, inactivating xanthine oxidase (XO), and reducing intracellular/mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Administration of exogenous XO or a calcium channel agonist abolished the protective effects of SERCA overexpression on mitochondrial quality control and offset the beneficial effects of SERCA overexpression after cardiac microvascular I/R injury. These findings indicate that SERCA overexpression may be an effective approach to targeting cardiac microvascular I/R injury by regulating calcium/XO/ROS signaling and preserving mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - David Mui
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Pingjun Zhu
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ruibing Li
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Corresponding author Hao Zhou, Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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21
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Li C, Ma Q, Toan S, Wang J, Zhou H, Liang J. SERCA overexpression reduces reperfusion-mediated cardiac microvascular damage through inhibition of the calcium/MCU/mPTP/necroptosis signaling pathways. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101659. [PMID: 32738788 PMCID: PMC7395441 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, a susceptibility that is partially mediated by dysregulated intracellular calcium signals. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) functions to recycle calcium from the cytosol back to the endoplasmic reticulum. The purpose of this study is to explore the roles and mechanisms of SERCA in protecting microcirculation against cardiac I/R injury. Our data showed that overexpression of SERCA significantly reduced I/R-induced luminal stenosis and vascular wall edema, possibly through normalization of the ratio between eNOS and ET-1. I/R-induced erythrocyte morphological changes in micro-vessels could be reversed by SERCA overexpression through transcriptional inhibition of the expression of adhesive factors. In addition, SERCA-sustained endothelial barrier integrity reduced the likelihood of inflammatory cells infiltrating the myocardium. Furthermore, we found that SERCA overexpression attenuated intracellular calcium overload, suppressed mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) expression, and prevented the abnormal opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) in I/R-treated cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Interestingly, the administration of calcium activator or MCU agonist induced endothelial necroptosis in vitro and thus abolished the microvascular protection afforded by SERCA in reperfused heart tissue in vivo. In conclusion, by using gene delivery strategies to specifically target SERCA in vitro and in vivo, we identify a potential novel pathway by which SERCA overexpression protects microcirculation against cardiac I/R injury in a manner dependent on the calcium/MCU/necroptosis pathway. These findings should be taken into consideration in the development of pharmacological strategies for therapeutic interventions against cardiac microvascular I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghui Ma
- Department of Oncology Hematology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianqiu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
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Xin T, Lv W, Liu D, Jing Y, Hu F. Opa1 Reduces Hypoxia-Induced Cardiomyocyte Death by Improving Mitochondrial Quality Control. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:853. [PMID: 32984338 PMCID: PMC7483501 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to cardiovascular disorders, especially post-infarction cardiac injury, through incompletely characterized mechanisms. Among the latter, increasing evidence points to alterations in mitochondrial quality control, a range of adaptive responses regulating mitochondrial morphology and function. Optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) is a mitochondrial inner membrane GTPase known to promote mitochondrial fusion. In this study, hypoxia-mediated cardiomyocyte damage was induced to mimic post-infarction cardiac injury in vitro. Loss- and gain-of-function assays were then performed to evaluate the impact of Opa1 expression on mitochondrial quality control and cardiomyocyte survival and function. Hypoxic stress reduced cardiomyocyte viability, impaired contractile/relaxation functions, and augmented the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. These effects were exacerbated by Opa1 knockdown, and significantly attenuated by Opa1 overexpression. Mitochondrial quality control was disturbed by hypoxia, as reflected by multiple mitochondrial deficits; i.e., increased fission, defective fusion, impaired mitophagy, decreased biogenesis, increased oxidative stress, and blunted respiration. By contrast, overexpression of Opa1 normalized mitochondrial quality control and sustained cardiomyocyte function. We also found that ERK, AMPK, and YAP signaling can regulate Opa1 expression. These results identify Opa1 as a novel regulator of mitochondrial quality control and highlight a key role for Opa1 in protecting cardiomyocytes against post-infarction cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongle Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Xin T, Lu C. SirT3 activates AMPK-related mitochondrial biogenesis and ameliorates sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16224-16237. [PMID: 32721927 PMCID: PMC7485737 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin-3 (SirT3) and AMPK stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, which increases mitochondrial turnover and cardiomyocyte regeneration. We studied the effects of SirT3, AMPK, and mitochondrial biogenesis on sepsis-induced myocardial injury. Our data showed that after treating cardiomyocytes with lipopolysaccharide, SirT3 and AMPK levels decreased, and this was followed by mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiomyocyte death. Overexpression of SirT3 activated the AMPK pathway and improved mitochondrial biogenesis, which is required to sustain mitochondrial redox balance, maintain mitochondrial respiration, and suppress mitochondrial apoptosis. Inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis abolished SirT3/AMPK-induced cardioprotection by causing mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that SirT3 reduces sepsis-induced myocardial injury by activating AMPK-related mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, P.R. China
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24
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Qiliqiangxin reduced cardiomyocytes apotosis and improved heart function in infarcted heart through Pink1/Parkin -mediated mitochondrial autophagy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:203. [PMID: 32615967 PMCID: PMC7330946 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Qiliqiangxin (QLQX) is a preparation refined from a traditional Chinese medicine compound. It plays an important role in protecting cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the underline mechanism of QLQX action is not clear. The purpose of this study was to detect the effects of QLQX on mitophagy after MI. Methods Male FVB/NJ mice aged 8–10 weeks were underwent left coronary artery ligation and were orally administered either QLQX (0.25 g/kg/d) or saline. Twenty-eight days after surgical operation, the cardiac function of mice was detected by echocardiography. Electron Microscopy was used to observe the microstructure of cardiomyocytes. Myocardial apoptosis was examined by TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) and western blot. H9c2 cells were cultured in a hypoxic incubator chamber (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2) for 12 h and pretreated with or without QLQX (0.5 mg/mL). The cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophagy were detected. Results When compared to sham group, the cardiac function of MI mice decreased significantly, and their cardiomyocyte apoptosis and mitochondrial damage were more serious. These MI-induced cardiac changes could be reversed by QLQX treatment. In vitro experiments also confirmed that QLQX could protect cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial damage. Further study indicated that QLQX could increase the expression of Pink1 and Parkin in cardiomyocytes. Conclusion Qiliqiangxin could reduce cardiomyocytes apotosis and improved heart function in infarcted heart through Pink1-mediated mitochondrial autophagy.
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25
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Zhu H, Zhao M, Chen Y, Li D. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 overexpression attenuates catecholamine-induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:946-957. [PMID: 32583430 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 associated athanogene 5 (Bag5) is a novel endoplasmic reticulum (ER) regulator. However, its role in catecholamine-induced endothelial cells damage has not been fully understood. In our study, catecholamine was used to mimic hypertension-related endothelial cell damage. Then, western blots, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and pathway analysis were conducted to analyze the role of Bag5 in endothelial cell damage in response to catecholamine. Our results indicated that the endothelial cell viability was impaired by catecholamine. Interestingly, Bag5 overexpression significantly reversed endothelial cell viability. Mechanistically, Bag5 overexpression inhibited ER stress, attenuated oxidative stress and repressed inflammation in catecholamine-treated endothelial cells. These beneficial effects finally contributed to endothelial cell survival under catecholamine treatment. Pathway analysis demonstrated that Bag5 was under the control of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Reactivation of the MAPK-ERK pathway could upregulate Bag5 expression and thus promote endothelial cell survival through inhibiting oxidative stress, ER stress, and inflammation. Altogether, our results illustrate that Bag5 overexpression sustains endothelial cell survival in response to catecholamine treatment. This finding identifies Bag5 downregulation and the inactivated MAPK-ERK pathway as potential mechanisms underlying catecholamine-induced endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Maoxiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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26
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Abstract
Acute occlusion of a coronary artery can result in myocardial infarction-a leading cause of premature death. Prompt restoration of blood flow to the myocardium can prevent excessive death of cardiomyocytes and improve clinical outcome. Although the major mechanism of cell death after reperfusion is necrosis, it is now recognized that many other cell death pathways may be involved in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pyroptosis is one such cell death pathway that is caspase-1-dependent and induced in response to cellular insult. The activated caspase-1 protease cleaves and activates specific cellular targets including gasdermin D and the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. The N-terminal fragment of gasdermin D forms plasma membrane pores resulting in cytosolic leakage and cell rupture, releasing interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Evidence suggests that inflammation induced by I/R through the pyroptotic pathway contributes to cardiomyocyte death, excessive scar formation, and poor ventricular remodeling. For this reason, there is growing interest in targeting components of the pyroptotic pathway as a means of reducing I/R injury.
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27
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Zuurbier CJ, Abbate A, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Cohen MV, Collino M, De Kleijn DPV, Downey JM, Pagliaro P, Preissner KT, Takahashi M, Davidson SM. Innate immunity as a target for acute cardioprotection. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1131-1142. [PMID: 30576455 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial ischaemia and if prolonged, may result in an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). First-line treatment involves rapid reperfusion. However, a highly dynamic and co-ordinated inflammatory response is rapidly mounted to repair and remove the injured cells which, paradoxically, can further exacerbate myocardial injury. Furthermore, although cardiac remodelling may initially preserve some function to the heart, it can lead over time to adverse remodelling and eventually heart failure. Since the size of the infarct corresponds to the subsequent risk of developing heart failure, it is important to find ways to limit initial infarct development. In this review, we focus on the role of the innate immune system in the acute response to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and specifically its contribution to cell death and myocardial infarction. Numerous danger-associated molecular patterns are released from dying cells in the myocardium, which can stimulate pattern recognition receptors including toll like receptors and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) in resident cardiac and immune cells. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, caspase 1, and pyroptosis may ensue, particularly when the myocardium has been previously aggravated by the presence of comorbidities. Evidence will be discussed that suggests agents targeting innate immunity may be a promising means of protecting the hearts of STEMI patients against acute IR injury. However, the dosing and timing of such agents should be carefully determined because innate immunity pathways may also be involved in cardioprotection. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center and Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.,Department of Microbiology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation.,Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael V Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Dominique P V De Kleijn
- Department of Vascular Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
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Li P, Wang J, Zhao X, Ru J, Tian T, An Y, Tang L, Bai Y. PTEN inhibition attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis in coronary heart disease via modulating the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:4878-4889. [PMID: 31654396 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major pathogenic factor in patients with cardiovascular diseases, and endothelial dysfunction (ED) plays a primary role in the occurrence and development of AS. In our study, we attempted to evaluate the role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in endothelial cell apoptosis under oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) stimulation and identify the associated mechanisms. The results of our study demonstrated that ox-LDL induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) death via mitochondrial apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced mitochondrial potential, increased mitochondria permeability transition pore opening, cellular calcium overload, and caspase-9/-3 activation. In addition, ox-LDL also suppressed cellular energy production via downregulating the mitochondrial respiratory complex. Moreover, ox-LDL impaired HUVECs migration. Western blot analysis showed that PTEN expression was upregulated after exposure to ox-LDL and knockdown of PTEN could attenuate ox-LDL-mediated endothelial cell damage. Furthermore, we found that ox-LDL impaired mitophagy activity, whereas PTEN deletion could improve mitophagic flux and this effect relied on the activity of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2) axis. When the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2 pathway was inhibited, PTEN deletion-associated HUVECs protection was significantly reduced, suggesting that the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy axis is required for PTEN deletion-mediated endothelial cell survival under ox-LDL. Taken together, our results indicate that ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell damage is associated with PTEN overexpression, and inhibition of PTEN could promote endothelial survival via activating the AMPK-CREB-Mfn2-mitophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ru
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun An
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuzhi Bai
- Department of Geriatrics, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Fu Z, Jiao Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shen M, Reiter RJ, Xi Q, Chen Y. Cardioprotective Role of Melatonin in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:366. [PMID: 32411013 PMCID: PMC7201093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic, indole secreted, and synthesized by the human pineal gland. Melatonin has biological effects including anti-apoptosis, protecting mitochondria, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and stimulating target cells to secrete cytokines. Its protective effect on cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has caused widespread interest in the actions of this molecule. The effects of melatonin against oxidative stress, promoting autophagic repair of cells, regulating immune and inflammatory responses, enhancing mitochondrial function, and relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress, play crucial roles in protecting cardiomyocytes from infarction. Mitochondrial apoptosis and dysfunction are common occurrence in cardiomyocyte injury after myocardial infarction. This review focuses on the targets of melatonin in protecting cardiomyocytes in AMI, the main molecular signaling pathways that melatonin influences in its endogenous protective role in myocardial infarction, and the developmental prospect of melatonin in myocardial infarction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jihang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Qing Xi
- The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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30
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Qi X, Wang J. Melatonin improves mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK/PGC1α pathway to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7299-7312. [PMID: 32305957 PMCID: PMC7202489 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with reduced mitochondrial turnover and regeneration. There is currently no effective approach to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in the reperfused myocardium. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin could increase mitochondrial biogenesis and thus promote mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury with or without melatonin treatment, and various mitochondrial functions were measured. H/R injury repressed mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes, whereas melatonin treatment restored mitochondrial biogenesis through the 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) pathway. Melatonin enhanced mitochondrial metabolism, inhibited mitochondrial oxidative stress, induced mitochondrial fusion and prevented mitochondrial apoptosis in cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R injury. The melatonin-induced improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis was associated with increased cardiomyocyte survival during H/R injury. On the other hand, silencing of PGC1α attenuated the protective effects of melatonin on cardiomyocyte viability, thereby impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics, disrupting the mitochondrial morphology, and activating mitochondrial apoptosis. Thus, H/R injury suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis, while melatonin activated the AMPK/PGC1α pathway and restored mitochondrial biogenesis, ultimately protecting the reperfused heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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31
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Wang J, Toan S, Zhou H. New insights into the role of mitochondria in cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury. Angiogenesis 2020; 23:299-314. [PMID: 32246225 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-020-09720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As reperfusion therapies have become more widely used in acute myocardial infarction patients, ischemia-induced myocardial damage has been markedly reduced, but reperfusion-induced cardiac injury has become increasingly evident. The features of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury include microvascular perfusion defects, platelet activation and sequential cardiomyocyte death due to additional ischemic events at the reperfusion stage. Microvascular obstruction, defined as a no-reflow phenomenon, determines the infarct zone, myocardial function and peri-operative mortality. Cardiac microvascular endothelial cell injury may occur much earlier and with much greater severity than cardiomyocyte injury. Endothelial cells contain fewer mitochondria than other cardiac cells, and several of the pathological alterations during cardiac microvascular I/R injury involve mitochondria, such as increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels and disturbed mitochondrial dynamics. Although mROS are necessary physiological second messengers, high mROS levels induce oxidative stress, endothelial senescence and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission, fusion and mitophagy, determine the shape, distribution, size and function of mitochondria. These adaptive responses modify extracellular signals and orchestrate intracellular processes such as cell proliferation, migration, metabolism, angiogenesis, permeability transition, adhesive molecule expression, endothelial barrier function and anticoagulation. In this review, we discuss the involvement of mROS and mitochondrial morphofunction in cardiac microvascular I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China. .,Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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32
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Jiang H, Jia D, Zhang B, Yang W, Dong Z, Sun X, Cui X, Ma L, Wu J, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. Exercise improves cardiac function and glucose metabolism in mice with experimental myocardial infarction through inhibiting HDAC4 and upregulating GLUT1 expression. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:28. [PMID: 32236769 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effect of exercise on the cardiac function, metabolic profiles and related molecular mechanisms in mice with ischemic-induced heart failure (HF). HF was induced by myocardial infarction (MI) in C57BL6/N mice. Cardiac function and physical endurance were improved in HF mice after exercise. Micro-PET/CT scanning revealed enhanced myocardial glucose uptake in vivo in HF mice after exercise. Exercise reduced mitochondrial structural damage in HF mice. Cardiomyocytes isolated from HF + exercise mice showed increased glycolysis capacity, respiratory function and ATP production. Both mRNA and protein expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) were upregulated after exercise. Results of ChIP-PCR revealed a novel interaction between transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2a (MEF2a) and GLUT1 in hearts of HF + exercise mice. Exercise also activated myocardial AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which in turn phosphorylated histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), and thereby modulated the GLUT1 expression through reducing its inhibition on MEF2a in HF mice. Inhibition of HDAC4 also improved cardiac function in HF mice. Moreover, knockdown of GLUT1 impaired the systolic and diastolic function of isolated cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, exercise improves cardiac function and glucose metabolism in HF mice through inhibiting HDAC4 and upregulating GLUT1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Daile Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beijian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotong Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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33
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Wang J, Toan S, Zhou H. Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion injury: New insights into the mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104771. [PMID: 32234339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thrombolytic therapy and revascularization strategies create a complete recanalization of the occluded epicardial coronary artery in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). However, about 35 % of patients still experience an impaired myocardial reperfusion, which is termed a no-reflow phenomenon mainly caused by cardiac microvascular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondria are essential for microvascular endothelial cells' survival, both because of their roles as metabolic energy producers and as regulators of programmed cell death. Mitochondrial structure and function are regulated by a mitochondrial quality control (MQC) system, a series of processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics/mitophagy, mitochondrial proteostasis, and mitochondria-mediated cell death. Our review discusses the MQC mechanisms and how they are linked to cardiac microvascular I/R injury. Additionally, we will summarize the molecular basis that results in defective MQC mechanisms and present potential therapeutic interventions for improving MQC in cardiac microvascular I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
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34
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Xin T, Lu C. Irisin activates Opa1-induced mitophagy to protect cardiomyocytes against apoptosis following myocardial infarction. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:4474-4488. [PMID: 32155590 PMCID: PMC7093202 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is characterized by sudden ischemia and cardiomyocyte death. Mitochondria have critical roles in regulating cardiomyocyte viability and can sustain damage under ischemic conditions. Mitophagy is a mechanism by which damaged mitochondria are removed by autophagy to maintain mitochondrial structure and function. We investigated the role of the dynamin-like GTPase optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) in mitophagy following myocardial infarction. Opa1 expression was downregulated in infarcted hearts in vivo and in hypoxia-treated cardiomyocytes in vitro. We found that Opa1 overexpression protected cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced damage and enhanced cell viability by inducing mitophagy. Opa1-induced mitophagy was activated by treatment with irisin, which protected cardiomyocytes from further damage following myocardial infarction. Opa1 knockdown abolished the cardioprotective effects of irisin resulting in an enhanced inflammatory response, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes. Our data indicate that Opa1 plays an important role in maintaining cardiomyocyte viability and mitochondrial function following myocardial infarction by inducing mitophagy. Irisin can activate Opa1-induced mitophagy and protect against cardiomyocyte injury following myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xin
- The First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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35
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Davidson SM, Adameová A, Barile L, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Lazou A, Pagliaro P, Stensløkken KO, Garcia-Dorado D. Mitochondrial and mitochondrial-independent pathways of myocardial cell death during ischaemia and reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:3795-3806. [PMID: 32155321 PMCID: PMC7171390 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction causes lethal injury to cardiomyocytes during both ischaemia and reperfusion (IR). It is important to define the precise mechanisms by which they die in order to develop strategies to protect the heart from IR injury. Necrosis is known to play a major role in myocardial IR injury. There is also evidence for significant myocardial death by other pathways such as apoptosis, although this has been challenged. Mitochondria play a central role in both of these pathways of cell death, as either a causal mechanism is the case of mitochondrial permeability transition leading to necrosis, or as part of the signalling pathway in mitochondrial cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Autophagy may impact this process by removing dysfunctional proteins or even entire mitochondria through a process called mitophagy. More recently, roles for other programmed mechanisms of cell death such as necroptosis and pyroptosis have been described, and inhibitors of these pathways have been shown to be cardioprotective. In this review, we discuss both mitochondrial and mitochondrial‐independent pathways of the major modes of cell death, their role in IR injury and their potential to be targeted as part of a cardioprotective strategy. This article is part of a special Issue entitled ‘Mitochondria as targets of acute cardioprotection’ and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)‐CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Adriana Adameová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucio Barile
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Theranostics, Cardiocentro Ticino Foundation and Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Hector Alejandro Cabrera-Fuentes
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Cardiovascular Sciences Academic Clinical Programme and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, México.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Institute of Physiology, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.,National Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Section of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David Garcia-Dorado
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, Vascular Biology and Metabolism Area, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Xing J, Wang Z, Xu H, Liu C, Wei Z, Zhao L, Ren L. Pak2 inhibition promotes resveratrol-mediated glioblastoma A172 cell apoptosis via modulating the AMPK-YAP signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6563-6573. [PMID: 32017068 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As a polyphenolic compound, resveratrol (Res) is widely present in a variety of plants. Previous studies have shown that Res can inhibit various tumors. However, its role in c remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we first demonstrated that Res inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis of glioblastoma A172 cell. Further experiments showed that Res induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activated the activity of caspase-9. Functional studies have found that Res treatment is associated with an increase in the expression of Pak2. Interestingly, inhibition of Pak2 could further augment the proapoptotic effect of Res. Mechanistically, Pak2 inhibition induced reactive oxygen species overproduction, mitochondria-JNK pathway activation, and AMPK-YAP axis suppression. However, overexpression of YAP could abolish the anticancer effects of Res and Pak2 inhibition, suggesting a necessary role played by the AMPK-YAP pathway in regulating cancer-suppressive actions of Res and Pak2 inhibition. Altogether, our results indicated that Res in combination with Pak2 inhibition could further enhance the anticancer property of Res and this effect is mediated via the AMPK-YAP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaobo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilong Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Shanghai Fu Dan University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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37
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Abstract
Despite an increase in the rates of survival in patients suffering myocardial infarction, as yet there is no therapy specifically targeting ischaemia and reperfusion injury of the myocardium. With a greater understanding of immune activation during infarction, more potential treatment targets are now being identified. The innate immune system is believed to play an important role in the myocardium after ischaemia-driven cardiomyocyte death. The release of intracellular contents including DNA into the extracellular space during necrosis and cell rupture is now believed to create a pro-inflammatory milieu which propagates the inflammatory process. DNA and DNA fragments have been shown to activate the innate immune system by acting as Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs), which act as ligands on toll-like receptors (TLRs). Stimulation of TLRs, in turn, can activate intracellular cell death pathways such as pyroptosis. Here, we review the role of DNA fragments during ischaemia and reperfusion, and assess their potential as a target in the quest to preserve cardiomyocyte viability following myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shah
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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38
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Ouyang H, Li Q, Zhong J, Xia F, Zheng S, Lu J, Deng Y, Hu Y. Combination of melatonin and irisin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction through suppressing the Mst1-JNK pathways. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:6647-6659. [PMID: 31976559 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in therapies in past decades, the mortality rate of septic cardiomyopathy remains high. The aim of this study is to explore the therapeutic effects of combined treatment using melatonin and irisin in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated septic cardiomyopathy. Our data found that melatonin and irisin could further attenuate LPS-induced myocardial depression. Molecular investigation illustrated that melatonin and irisin cotreatment sustained cardiomyocyte viability and improved mitochondrial function under LPS stress. Pathway analysis demonstrated that macrophage-stimulating 1 (Mst1), which was significantly activated by LPS, was drastically inhibited by melatonin/irisin cotreatment. Mechanically, Mst1 activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway and the latter induced oxidative stress, adenosine triphosphate metabolism disorder, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, and cardiomyocyte death activation. Melatonin and irisin cotreatment effectively inhibited the Mst1-JNK pathway and, thus, promoted cardiomyocyte survival and mitochondrial homeostasis. Interestingly, Mst1 overexpression abolished the beneficial effects of melatonin and irisin in vivo and in vitro. Altogether, our results confirmed that melatonin and irisin combination treatment could protect heart against sepsis-induced myocardial depression via modulating the Mst1-JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichun Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiankai Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengfan Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sulin Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyan Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde Foshan), Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Pathological Roles of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cardiac Microvascular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010085. [PMID: 31948043 PMCID: PMC7023463 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key regulators of cell fate through controlling ATP generation and releasing pro-apoptotic factors. Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury to the coronary microcirculation has manifestations ranging in severity from reversible edema to interstitial hemorrhage. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cardiac microvascular I/R injury including edema, impaired vasomotion, coronary microembolization, and capillary destruction. In contrast to their role in cell types with higher energy demands, mitochondria in endothelial cells primarily function in signaling cellular responses to environmental cues. It is clear that abnormal mitochondrial signatures, including mitochondrial oxidative stress, mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, and mitophagy, play a substantial role in endothelial cell function. While the pathogenic role of each of these mitochondrial alterations in the endothelial cells I/R injury remains complex, profiling of mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dynamics in endothelial cell dysfunction may offer promising potential targets in the search for novel diagnostics and therapeutics in cardiac microvascular I/R injury. The objective of this review is to discuss the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on cardiac microvascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics, including mitochondrial fission and fusion, are critically discussed to understand their roles in endothelial cell survival. Finally, mitophagy, as a degradative mechanism for damaged mitochondria, is summarized to figure out its contribution to the progression of microvascular I/R injury.
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40
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Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Can glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues make neuroprotection a reality? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1852-1853. [PMID: 32246632 PMCID: PMC7513965 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.280313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, London, UK
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41
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Gao J, Wang H, Li Y, Li W. Resveratrol attenuates cerebral ischaemia reperfusion injury via modulating mitochondrial dynamics homeostasis and activating AMPK-Mfn1 pathway. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:337-349. [PMID: 31867811 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cerebral ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) has not been fully described. Accordingly, there is little effective drug available for the treatment of cerebral IRI. The aim of our study was to explore the exact role played by Mfn1-mediated mitochondrial protection in cerebral IRI and evaluate the beneficial action of resveratrol on reperfused brain. Our study demonstrated that hypoxia-reoxygenation (HR) injury caused N2a cell apoptosis and this process was highly affected by mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and an activated mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were noted in HR-treated N2a cells. Interestingly, resveratrol treatment could attenuate N2a cell apoptosis via sustaining mitochondrial homeostasis. Further, we found that resveratrol modulated mitochondrial performance via activating the Mfn1-related mitochondrial protective system. Knockdown of Mfn1 could abolish the beneficial effects of resveratrol on HR-treated N2a cells. Besides, we also report that resveratrol regulated Mfn1 expression via the AMPK pathway; inhibition of AMPK pathway also neutralized the anti-apoptotic effect of resveratrol on N2a cells in the setting of cerebral IRI. Taken together our results show that mitochondrial damage is closely associated with the progression of cerebral IRI. In addition we also demonstrate the protective action played by resveratrol on reperfused brain and show that this effect is achieved via activating the AMPK-Mfn1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Seventh Medical Center, the PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haijiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Seventh Medical Center, the PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yunjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Seventh Medical Center, the PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Seventh Medical Center, the PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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42
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Tian Y, Lv W, Lu C, Zhao X, Zhang C, Song H. LATS2 promotes cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells apoptosis via the Prx3-Mfn2-mitophagy pathways. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:470-478. [PMID: 31829064 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1701031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Context: The pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte death is closely associated with mitochondrial homeostasis via poorly understood mechanisms.Objective: The aim of our study is to explore the contribution of large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) to the apoptosis of cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells.Materials and Methods: Adenovirus-mediated LATS2 overexpression was carried out in H9C2 cells. The cell viability and apoptosis rate were measured via an MTT assay, TUNEL staining, western blotting, an ELISA, and an LDH release assay. Mitophagy was quantified using immunofluorescence and western blotting.Results: The overexpression of LATS2 in H9C2 cells drastically promoted cell death. Molecular investigations showed that LATS2 overexpression was associated with mitochondrial injury, as evidenced by increased mitochondrial ROS production, reduced antioxidant factor levels, increased cyt-c liberation into the nucleus and activated mitochondrial caspase-9-dependent apoptotic pathway activity. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that LATS2-mediated mitochondrial malfunction by repressing mitophagy and that the reactivation of mitophagy could sustain mitochondrial integrity and homeostasis in response to LATS2 overexpression. Furthermore, we found that LATS2 inhibited mitophagy by inactivating the Prx3-Mfn2 axis. The reactivation of Prx3-Mfn2 pathways abrogated the LATS2-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis in H9C2 cells.Conclusions: The overexpression of LATS2 induces mitochondrial stress by repressing protective mitophagy in a manner dependent on Prx3-Mfn2 pathways, thus reducing the survival of H9C2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Lv
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Chunguang Zhang
- North District Maternal and Child Health Family Planning Service Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Haoming Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Billah M, Ridiandries A, Rayner BS, Allahwala UK, Dona A, Khachigian LM, Bhindi R. Egr-1 functions as a master switch regulator of remote ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2019; 115:3. [PMID: 31823016 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-019-0763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved treatment options myocardial infarction (MI) is still a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a mechanistic process that reduces myocardial infarction size and protects against ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. The zinc finger transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) is integral to the biological response to I/R, as its upregulation mediates the increased expression of inflammatory and prothrombotic processes. We aimed to determine the association and/or role of Egr-1 expression with the molecular mechanisms controlling the cardioprotective effects of RIPC. This study used H9C2 cells in vitro and a rat model of cardiac ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. We silenced Egr-1 with DNAzyme (ED5) in vitro and in vivo, before three cycles of RIPC consisting of alternating 5 min hypoxia and normoxia in cells or hind-limb ligation and release in the rat, followed by hypoxic challenge in vitro and I/R injury in vivo. Post-procedure, ED5 administration led to a significant increase in infarct size compared to controls (65.90 ± 2.38% vs. 41.00 ± 2.83%, p < 0.0001) following administration prior to RIPC in vivo, concurrent with decreased plasma IL-6 levels (118.30 ± 4.30 pg/ml vs. 130.50 ± 1.29 pg/ml, p < 0.05), downregulation of the cardioprotective JAK-STAT pathway, and elevated myocardial endothelial dysfunction. In vitro, ED5 administration abrogated IL-6 mRNA expression in H9C2 cells subjected to RIPC (0.95 ± 0.20 vs. 6.08 ± 1.40-fold relative to the control group, p < 0.05), resulting in increase in apoptosis (4.76 ± 0.70% vs. 2.23 ± 0.34%, p < 0.05) and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (0.57 ± 0.11% vs. 1.0 ± 0.14%-fold relative to control, p < 0.05) in recipient cells receiving preconditioned media from the DNAzyme treated donor cells. This study suggests that Egr-1 functions as a master regulator of remote preconditioning inducing a protective effect against myocardial I/R injury through IL-6-dependent JAK-STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Billah
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Level 12, Royal North Shore Hospital, Cnr Reserve Rd and Westbourne, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- School of Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - A Ridiandries
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Level 12, Royal North Shore Hospital, Cnr Reserve Rd and Westbourne, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - B S Rayner
- Inflammation Group, Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - U K Allahwala
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Level 12, Royal North Shore Hospital, Cnr Reserve Rd and Westbourne, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - A Dona
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Level 12, Royal North Shore Hospital, Cnr Reserve Rd and Westbourne, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - L M Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Bhindi
- Department of Cardiology, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Level 12, Royal North Shore Hospital, Cnr Reserve Rd and Westbourne, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School Northern, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Basalay MV, Davidson SM, Yellon DM. Neuroprotection in Rats Following Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury by GLP-1 Analogues-Liraglutide and Semaglutide. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2019; 33:661-667. [PMID: 31721014 PMCID: PMC6994526 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-019-06915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A substantial number of ischaemic stroke patients who receive reperfusion therapy in the acute phase do not ever fully recover. This reveals the urgent need to develop new adjunctive neuroprotective treatment strategies alongside reperfusion therapy. Previous experimental studies demonstrated the potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to reduce acute ischaemic damage in the brain. Here, we examined the neuroprotective effects of two GLP-1 analogues, liraglutide and semaglutide. METHODS A non-diabetic rat model of acute ischaemic stroke involved 90, 120 or 180 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Liraglutide or semaglutide was administered either i.v. at the onset of reperfusion or s.c. 5 min before the onset of reperfusion. Infarct size and functional status were evaluated after 24 h or 72 h of reperfusion. RESULTS Liraglutide, administered as a bolus at the onset of reperfusion, reduced infarct size by up to 90% and improved neuroscore at 24 h in a dose-dependent manner, following 90-min, but not 120-min or 180-min ischaemia. Semaglutide and liraglutide administered s.c. reduced infarct size by 63% and 48%, respectively, and improved neuroscore at 72 h following 90-min MCAO. Neuroprotection by semaglutide was abolished by GLP1-R antagonist exendin(9-39). CONCLUSION Infarct-limiting and functional neuroprotective effects of liraglutide are dose-dependent. Neuroprotection by semaglutide is at least as strong as by liraglutide and is mediated by GLP-1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna V Basalay
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Derek M Yellon
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Dong Q, Jie Y, Ma J, Li C, Xin T, Yang D. Renal tubular cell death and inflammation response are regulated by the MAPK-ERK-CREB signaling pathway under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:383-391. [PMID: 31782334 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1698050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Context: Cell death and inflammation response have been found to the primary features of acute kidney injury.Objective: The aim of our study is to figure out the molecular mechanism by which hypoxia-reoxygenation injury affects the viability of tubular cell death.Materials and methods: HK2 cells were treated with hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in vitro. Pathway agonist was added into the medium of HK2 cell to activate MAPK-EEK-CREB axis.Results: Hypoxia-reoxygenation injury reduced HK2 cell viability and increased cell apoptosis rate in vitro. Besides, inflammation response has been found to be induced by hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in HK2 cells in vitro. In addition, MAPK-ERK-CREB pathway was deactivated during hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Interestingly, activation of MAPK-ERK-CREB pathway could attenuate hypoxia-reoxygenation injury-mediated HK2 cell apoptosis and inflammation. Mechanistically, MAPK-ERK-CREB pathway activation upregulated the transcription of anti-apoptotic genes and reduced the levels of pro-apoptotic factors under hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.Conclusions: Our results report a novel signaling pathway responsible for acute kidney injury-related tubular cell death. Activation of MAPK-ERK-CREB signaling could protect tubular cell against hypoxia-reoxygenation-related cell apoptosis and inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Jie
- Department of Emergency, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R.China
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Ma G, Liu Y. NURR1 inhibition reduces hypoxia-mediated cardiomyocyte necrosis via blocking Mst1-JNK-mPTP pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:350-358. [PMID: 31755334 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1690514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingwu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
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Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang P, Shen Y, Yuan K, Li M, Liang W, Que H. Sirt3 overexpression alleviates hyperglycemia-induced vascular inflammation through regulating redox balance, cell survival, and AMPK-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 39:341-349. [PMID: 31680596 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1684521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Context: Sirtuin-3 (Sirt3), a NAD-dependent deacetylase, has been reported to be involved in many biological processes.Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of Sirt3 on diabetic mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) under high glucose (HG) condition.Materials and methods: HUVECs were cultured under HG and inflammation pathway was determined via qPCR, western blots, and immunofluorescence.Results: Sirt3 expression was reduced in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Overexpression of Sirt3 sustains renal function and retard the development of diabetic nephropathy. Mechanistically, Sirt3 overexpression attenuated hyperglycemia-mediated endothelial cells apoptosis in kidney. Besides, Sirt3 overexpression repressed oxidative injury and blocked caspase-9-related apoptosis pathway. Moreover, we found that Sirt3 overexpression was associated with AMPK activation and the latter elevates PGC1α-related mitochondrial protective system, especially mitochondrial autophagy. Loss of opa1 and/or inhibition of AMPK could depress mitochondrial autophagy and exacerbates mitochondrial function, finally contributing to the death of human renal mesangial cells.Conclusions: Our results demonstrated the beneficial effects of Sirt3 in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Increased Sirt3-activated AMPK pathway, augments PGC1α-related mitochondrial protective system, sustained redox balance and closed caspase-9-involved apoptosis pathway in the setting of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maoran Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, South Campus, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huafa Que
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Surgery, Longhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Song J, Lu C, Zhao W, Shao X. Melatonin attenuates TNF-α-mediated hepatocytes damage via inhibiting mitochondrial stress and activating the Akt-Sirt3 signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20969-20979. [PMID: 31025320 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and its molecular mechanism in inflammation-induced acute liver failure (ALF) remain unknown. Despite the numerous studies performed to date, very few therapies are available for inflammation-induced ALF. Therefore, our study is aimed to explore the regulatory effects of mitochondrial stress and the Akt-Sirt3 pathway on the development of TNF-α-induced hepatocyte death and assess the therapeutic effects of melatonin on the damaged liver. Our results exhibited that TNF-α treatment induced hepatocyte damage in vitro; the effect of which was dose-dependently inhibited by melatonin. At the molecular level, TNF-α-treated hepatocytes expressed lower levels of Sirt3 and subsequently exhibited mitochondrial stress. Interestingly, melatonin treatment improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduced mitochondrial oxidative stress, reversed mitochondrial dynamics, and repressed mitochondrial apoptosis by reversing the decrease in Sirt3 expression after TNF-α challenge. In addition, we found that melatonin-regulated Sirt3 expression in a manner dependent on the Akt pathway. Blockade of the Akt pathway abolished the protective exerted by melatonin on mitochondria and hepatocyte under TNF-α treatment. In conclusion, TNF-α promotes hepatocyte apoptosis by inducing mitochondrial stress. However, melatonin significantly increases the activity of the Akt/Sirt3 axis and consequently maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, restoring hepatocyte viability in an inflammatory environment. Thus, the information compiled here might provide important perspectives for the use of melatonin in the clinic for preventive and therapeutic applications in patients with ALF based on its anti-inflammatory and mitochondria-protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Song
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Shao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Huang D, Jiang Y. MKP1 reduces neuroinflammation via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4316-4325. [PMID: 31612495 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP1) has been identified as an antiapoptotic protein via sustaining mitochondrial function. However, the role of MKP1 in neuroinflammation has not been fully understood. The aim of this study is to figure out the influence of MKP1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated microglia BV-2 cells and investigate whether MKP1 reduces BV-2 cell death via modulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The results of this study demonstrated that MKP1 was rapidly downregulated after exposure to LPS. However, the transfection of MKP1 adenovirus could reverse cell viability and attenuate LPS-mediated BV-2 cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, MKP1 overexpression alleviated ER stress and corrected LPS-induced calcium overloading. Besides, MKP1 adenovirus transfection also reversed mitochondrial bioenergetics, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential, and blocked mitochondria-initiated apoptosis signals. Furthermore, we found that MKP1 overexpression is associated with inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (MAPK-JNK) pathway. Interestingly, the activation of MAPK-JNK pathway could abolish the protective effects of MKP1 on BV-2 cells survival and mitochondrial function in the presence of LPS. Altogether, our results identified MKP1 as a primary defender of neuroinflammation via modulating ER stress and mitochondrial function in a manner dependent on MAPK-JNK pathway. These findings may open a new window for the treatment of neuroinflammation in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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