1
|
Gerovska D, Irizar H, Otaegi D, Ferrer I, López de Munain A, Araúzo-Bravo MJ. Genealogy of the neurodegenerative diseases based on a meta-analysis of age-stratified incidence data. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18923. [PMID: 33144621 PMCID: PMC7609593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75014-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While the central common feature of the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is the accumulation of misfolded proteins, they share other pathogenic mechanisms. However, we miss an explanation for the onset of the NDs. The mechanisms through which genetic mutations, present from conception are expressed only after several decades of life are unknown. We aim to find clues on the complexity of the disease onset trigger of the different NDs expressed in the number of steps of factors related to a disease. We collected brain autopsies on diseased patients with NDs, and found a dynamic increase of the ND multimorbidity with the advance of age. Together with the observation that the NDs accumulate multiple misfolded proteins, and the same misfolded proteins are involved in more than one ND, motivated us to propose a model for a genealogical tree of the NDs. To collect the dynamic data needed to build the tree, we used a Big-data approach that searched automatically epidemiological datasets for age-stratified incidence of NDs. Based on meta-analysis of over 400 datasets, we developed an algorithm that checks whether a ND follows a multistep model, finds the number of steps necessary for the onset of each ND, finds the number of common steps with other NDs and the number of specific steps of each ND, and builds with these findings a parsimony tree of the genealogy of the NDs. The tree discloses three types of NDs: the stem NDs with less than 3 steps; the trunk NDs with 5 to 6 steps; and the crown NDs with more than 7 steps. The tree provides a comprehensive understanding of the relationship across the different NDs, as well as a mathematical framework for dynamic adjustment of the genealogical tree of the NDs with the appearance of new epidemiological studies and the addition of new NDs to the model, thus setting the basis for the search for the identity and order of these steps. Understanding the complexity, or number of steps, of factors related to disease onset trigger is important prior deciding to study single factors for a multiple steps disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gerovska
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Beguiristain S/N, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
- Computational Biomedicine Data Analysis Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Beguiristain S/N, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Haritz Irizar
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Beguiristain S/N, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain
- Icahn Institute for Genomics & Multiscale Biology and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Otaegi
- Instituto Biodonostia-Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Departamento de Patología y Terapéutica Experimental, Universidad de Barcelona, CIBERNED, Hospitalet de LLobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Beguiristain S/N, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.
- Computational Biomedicine Data Analysis Platform, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Calle Doctor Beguiristain S/N, 20014, San Sebastián, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Calle María Díaz Harokoa 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERfes), Madrid, Spain.
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jang YK, Lyoo CH, Park S, Oh SJ, Cho H, Oh M, Ryu YH, Choi JY, Rabinovici GD, Kim HJ, Moon SH, Jang H, Lee JS, Jagust WJ, Na DL, Kim JS, Seo SW. Head to head comparison of [ 18F] AV-1451 and [ 18F] THK5351 for tau imaging in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 45:432-442. [PMID: 29143870 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tau accumulation is a core pathologic change in various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration-tau. Recently, tau positron emission tomography tracers such as [18F] AV-1451 and [18F] THK5351 have been developed to detect tau deposition in vivo. In the present study, we performed a head to head comparison of these two tracers in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia cases and aimed to investigate which tracers are better suited to image tau in these disorders. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using a hospital-based sample at a tertiary referral center. We recruited eight participants (two Alzheimer's disease, four frontotemporal dementia and two normal controls) who underwent magnetic resonance image, amyloid positron emission tomography with [18F]-Florbetaben and tau positron emission tomography with both THK5351 and AV-1451. To measure regional AV1451 and THK5351 uptakes, we used the standardized uptake value ratios by dividing mean activity in target volume of interest by mean activity in the cerebellar hemispheric gray matter. RESULTS Although THK5351 and AV-1451 uptakes were highly correlated, cortical uptake of AV-1451 was more striking in Alzheimer's disease, while cortical uptake of THK5351 was more prominent in frontotemporal dementia. THK5351 showed higher off-target binding than AV-1451 in the white matter, midbrain, thalamus, and basal ganglia. CONCLUSIONS AV-1451 is more sensitive and specific to Alzheimer's disease type tau and shows lower off-target binding, while THK5351 may mirror non-specific neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Kyoung Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Hyoung Lyoo
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Park
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Neurology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gil D Rabinovici
- Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin San Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - William J Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Center of Functional Imaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-736, South Korea.
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Kangnam-ku, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Overexpression of 14-3-3z promotes tau phosphorylation at Ser262 and accelerates proteosomal degradation of synaptophysin in rat primary hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84615. [PMID: 24367683 PMCID: PMC3868614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid peptide accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and synapse loss are characteristic neuropathological symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau hyperphosphorylation is suggested to inhibit the association of tau with microtubules, making microtubules unstable and causing neurodegeneration. The mechanism of tau phosphorylation in AD brain, therefore, is of considerable significance. Although PHF-tau is phosphorylated at over 40 Ser/Thr sites, Ser262 phosphorylation was shown to mediate β-amyloid neurotoxicity and formation of toxic tau lesions in the brain. In vitro, PKA is one of the kinases that phosphorylates tau at Ser262, but the mechanism by which it phosphorylates tau in AD brain is not very clear. 14-3-3ζ is associated with neurofibrillary tangles and is upregulated in AD brain. In this study, we show that 14-3-3ζ promotes tau phosphorylation at Ser262 by PKA in differentiating neurons. When overexpressed in rat hippocampal primary neurons, 14-3-3ζ causes an increase in Ser262 phosphorylation, a decrease in the amount of microtubule-bound tau, a reduction in the amount of polymerized microtubules, as well as microtubule instability. More importantly, the level of pre-synaptic protein synaptophysin was significantly reduced. Downregulation of synaptophysin in 14-3-3ζ overexpressing neurons was mitigated by inhibiting the proteosome, indicating that 14-3-3ζ promotes proteosomal degradation of synaptophysin. When 14-3-3ζ overexpressing neurons were treated with the microtubule stabilizing drug taxol, tau Ser262 phosphorylation decreased and synaptophysin level was restored. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of 14-3-3ζ accelerates proteosomal turnover of synaptophysin by promoting the destabilization of microtubules. Synaptophysin is involved in synapse formation and neurotransmitter release. Our results suggest that 14-3-3ζ may cause synaptic pathology by reducing synaptophysin levels in the brains of patients suffering from AD.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the main component of the brain extracellular space and participates in the exchange of many biochemical products in the CNS. Consequently, CSF contains a dynamic and complex mixture of proteins that reflect the physiological or pathological state of the CNS. Changes in the CSF proteome have been described in various neurodegenerative disorders. These alterations are also thought to reflect pathological changes in the brain, and thus understanding them will contribute to a better awareness of the pathophysiology that underlies these disorders. Proteomics offers a new methodology for the analysis of pathological changes and mechanisms occurring in neurodegenerative processes and provides the possibility of novel biomarker discovery in order to supplement faster, earlier and more precise diagnosis. In general, the following criteria have to be applied in order to qualify a protein or a gene as a potential biomarker: the selected parameters have to be sensitive (able to detect the abnormalities at early stage of disease), specific (to allow differential diagnosis), reproducible with a high positive predictive value, and should allow for disease monitoring as well as a potential therapeutic response. In Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, two major approaches have been followed that aim to detect the pathological form of the prion protein (PrPSc) in various peripheral tissues, while other approaches look for surrogate parameters that are a consequence of the neurodegenerative process. While the amount of abnormal disease-related PrPSc in CSF and blood in human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies appears to be extremely low, the development of a PrPSc-based biomarker was hampered by technical problems and detection limits. However, a variety of other proteins have been investigated in the CSF, and recently a variety of potential biomarkers have been reported that contribute to clinical diagnosis. Already established markers are 14-3-3, β-amyloid, tau-protein and phosphorylated isoforms, S100b, as well as neuron-specific enolase. Since some of these markers display certain limitations, the search continues. This review summarizes current knowledge of biomarker development in prion diseases and discusses perspectives for new approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gawinecka
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- National TSE Reference Center, Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sihlbom C, Wilhelmsson U, Li L, Nilsson CL, Pekny M. 14-3-3 Expression in Denervated Hippocampus after Entorhinal Cortex Lesion Assessed by Culture-Derived Isotope Tags in Quantitative Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3491-500. [PMID: 17663576 DOI: 10.1021/pr070108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activation of astrocytes accompanies many brain pathologies. Reactive astrocytes have a beneficial role in acute neurotrauma but later on might inhibit regeneration. 2D-gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were applied to study the proteome difference in denervated hippocampus in wildtype mice and mice lacking intermediate filament proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (GFAP-/-Vim-/-) that show attenuated reactive gliosis and enhanced posttraumatic regeneration. Proteomic data and immunohistochemical analyses showed upregulation of the adapter protein 14-3-3 four days postlesion and suggested that 14-3-3 upregulation after injury is triggered by reactive gliosis. Culture-derived isotope tags (CDIT) and mass spectrometry demonstrated that 14-3-3 epsilon was the major isoform upregulated in denervated hippocampus and that its upregulation was attenuated in GFAP-/-Vim-/- mice and thus most likely connected to reactive gliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Sihlbom
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation (CBR), Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Di Fede G, Giaccone G, Limido L, Mangieri M, Suardi S, Puoti G, Morbin M, Mazzoleni G, Ghetti B, Tagliavini F. The ε Isoform of 14-3-3 Protein Is a Component of the Prion Protein Amyloid Deposits of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66:124-30. [PMID: 17278997 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3180302060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved, ubiquitous molecules involved in a variety of biologic events, such as transduction pathway modulation, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. Seven isoforms have been identified that are abundant in the brain, preferentially localized in neurons. Remarkable increases in 14-3-3 are seen in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), and it has been found in pathologic inclusions of several neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the zeta isoform has been detected in prion protein (PrP) amyloid deposits of CJD patients. To further investigate the cerebral distribution of 14-3-3 in prion-related encephalopathies, we carried out an immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis of brain tissue from patients with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) and sporadic, familial and acquired forms of CJD, using specific antibodies against the seven 14-3-3 isoforms. The study showed a strong immunoreactivity of PrP amyloid plaques of GSS patients for the 14-3-3 epsilon isoform, but not for the other isoforms. The epsilon isoform of 14-3-3 was not found in PrP deposits of CJD. These results indicate that the epsilon isoform of 14-3-3 is a component of PrP amyloid deposits of GSS and suggest that this is the sole 14-3-3 isoform specifically involved in the neuropathologic changes associated with this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Fede
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurology, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boesenberg-Grosse C, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Bodemer M, Ciesielczyk B, Meissner B, Krasnianski A, Bartl M, Heinemann U, Varges D, Eigenbrod S, Kretzschmar HA, Green A, Zerr I. Brain-derived proteins in the CSF: do they correlate with brain pathology in CJD? BMC Neurol 2006; 6:35. [PMID: 16989662 PMCID: PMC1592107 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-6-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain derived proteins such as 14-3-3, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S 100b, tau, phosphorylated tau and Abeta1-42 were found to be altered in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to these abnormalities are not known, but a relation to rapid neuronal damage is assumed. No systematic analysis on brain-derived proteins in the CSF and neuropathological lesion profiles has been performed. METHODS CSF protein levels of brain-derived proteins and the degree of spongiform changes, neuronal loss and gliosis in various brain areas were analyzed in 57 CJD patients. RESULTS We observed three different patterns of CSF alteration associated with the degree of cortical and subcortical changes. NSE levels increased with lesion severity of subcortical areas. Tau and 14-3-3 levels increased with minor pathological changes, a negative correlation was observed with severity of cortical lesions. Levels of the physiological form of the prion protein (PrPc) and Abeta1-42 levels correlated negatively with cortical pathology, most clearly with temporal and occipital lesions. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the alteration of levels of brain-derived proteins in the CSF does not only reflect the degree of neuronal damage, but it is also modified by the localization on the brain pathology. Brain specific lesion patterns have to be considered when analyzing CSF neuronal proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Boesenberg-Grosse
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter J Schulz-Schaeffer
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Monika Bodemer
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ciesielczyk
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Meissner
- Dept. of Neuropathology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Krasnianski
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mario Bartl
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uta Heinemann
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Varges
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sabina Eigenbrod
- Institute of Neuropathology, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Hans A Kretzschmar
- Institute of Neuropathology, LMU München, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Alison Green
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, The University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Inga Zerr
- National Reference Center for TSE Surveillance at the Dept. of Neurology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kawamoto Y, Akiguchi I, Tomimoto H, Shirakashi Y, Honjo Y, Budka H. Upregulated expression of 14-3-3 proteins in astrocytes from human cerebrovascular ischemic lesions. Stroke 2006; 37:830-5. [PMID: 16424378 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000202587.63936.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Several types of chaperone proteins, such as heat shock proteins, have been reported to be associated with brain ischemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an abnormal expression of 14-3-3 proteins, a novel type of molecular chaperones, occurs in human gray and white matter ischemic lesions. METHODS We prepared formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 33 autopsied brains, consisting of 7 normal controls, 4 cases with cerebral thrombosis, 5 cases with cerebral embolism, 8 cases with multiple lacunar infarctions, and 9 cases with Binswanger disease. Deparaffinized sections from all cases were immunostained with anti-14-3-3 antibodies using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method, and some sections were also double-immunostained for 14-3-3 and glial markers. RESULTS In the normal control brains, 14-3-3 immunoreactivity was mainly localized to the neuronal somata and processes. Strongly 14-3-3-immunopositive astrocytes were distributed in the infarct lesions and were particularly abundant in infarcts at the chronic stage. Intensely 14-3-3-immunolabeled astrocytes were also observed in the ischemic white matter lesions, and in the severely affected white matter lesions from patients with Binswanger disease, dense 14-3-3 immunoreactivity was found in clasmatodendritic astroglia as well as in reactive astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 14-3-3 proteins may be induced mainly in astrocytes from human cerebrovascular ischemic lesions, and that the upregulated expression of 14-3-3 proteins in astrocytes may be involved in the formation of astrogliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kawamoto
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|