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Nheu D, Petratos S. How does Nogo-A signalling influence mitochondrial function during multiple sclerosis pathogenesis? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105767. [PMID: 38885889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder that involves inflammation in the brain, spinal cord and optic nerve with key disabling neuropathological outcomes being axonal damage and demyelination. When degeneration of the axo-glial union occurs, a consequence of inflammatory damage to central nervous system (CNS) myelin, dystrophy and death can lead to large membranous structures from dead oligodendrocytes and degenerative myelin deposited in the extracellular milieu. For the first time, this review covers mitochondrial mechanisms that may be operative during MS-related neurodegenerative changes directly activated during accumulating extracellular deposits of myelin associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs), that include the potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth, Nogo-A. Axonal damage may occur when Nogo-A binds to and signals through its cognate receptor, NgR1, a multimeric complex, to initially stall axonal transport and limit the delivery of important growth-dependent cargo and subcellular organelles such as mitochondria for metabolic efficiency at sites of axo-glial disintegration as a consequence of inflammation. Metabolic efficiency in axons fails during active demyelination and progressive neurodegeneration, preceded by stalled transport of functional mitochondria to fuel axo-glial integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Nheu
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3004, Australia.
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2
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Berg RC, Menegaux A, Amthor T, Gilbert G, Mora M, Schlaeger S, Pongratz V, Lauerer M, Sorg C, Doneva M, Vavasour I, Mühlau M, Preibisch C. Comparing myelin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging measures and resulting g-ratios in healthy and multiple sclerosis brains. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119750. [PMID: 36379421 PMCID: PMC9931395 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelin concentration and the degree of myelination of nerve fibers can provide valuable information on the integrity of human brain tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of myelin-sensitive parameters can help to non-invasively evaluate demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Several different myelin-sensitive MRI methods have been proposed to determine measures of the degree of myelination, in particular the g-ratio. However, variability in underlying physical principles and different biological models influence measured myelin concentrations, and consequently g-ratio values. We therefore investigated similarities and differences between five different myelin-sensitive MRI measures and their effects on g-ratio mapping in the brains of both MS patients and healthy volunteers. We compared two different estimates of the myelin water fraction (MWF) as well as the inhomogeneous magnetization transfer ratio (ihMTR), magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat), and macromolecular tissue volume (MTV) in 13 patients with MS and 14 healthy controls. In combination with diffusion-weighted imaging, we derived g-ratio parameter maps for each of the five different myelin measures. The g-ratio values calculated from different myelin measures varied strongly, especially in MS lesions. While, compared to normal-appearing white matter, MTsat and one estimate of the MWF resulted in higher g-ratio values within lesions, ihMTR, MTV, and the second MWF estimate resulted in lower lesion g-ratio values. As myelin-sensitive measures provide rough estimates of myelin content rather than absolute myelin concentrations, resulting g-ratio values strongly depend on the utilized myelin measure and model used for g-ratio mapping. When comparing g-ratio values, it is, thus, important to utilize the same MRI methods and models or to consider methodological differences. Particular caution is necessary in pathological tissue such as MS lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja C. Berg
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany,Corresponding author at: Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, München, Germany. (R.C. Berg)
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Maria Mora
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Schlaeger
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Viola Pongratz
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Lauerer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Irene Vavasour
- University of British Columbia, Department of Radiology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark Mühlau
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Preibisch
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Munich, Germany,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, TUM Neuroimaging Center, Munich, Germany
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3
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Pashaei S, Yarani R, Mohammadi P, Emami Aleagha MS. The potential roles of amino acids and their major derivatives in the management of multiple sclerosis. Amino Acids 2022; 54:841-858. [PMID: 35471671 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reviewed the important role of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in different clinical aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. In the current paper, we aimed to review the contribution of amino acids and their major derivatives to different clinical outcomes of the disease, including etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In this line, Thr (threonine), Phe (phenylalanine), Glu (glutamate), Trp (tryptophan), and Sero (serotonin) are the main examples of biomolecules that have been suggested for MS therapy. It has been concluded that different amino acids and their derivatives might be considered prominent tools for the clinical management of MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Pashaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Sorkhe-Ligeh Street, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Sorkhe-Ligeh Street, Kermanshah, Iran.
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4
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Teuber-Hanselmann S, Worm K, Macha N, Junker A. MGMT-Methylation in Non-Neoplastic Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083845. [PMID: 33917711 PMCID: PMC8068191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation plays an essential role in assessing the potential efficacy of alkylating agents in the chemotherapy of malignant gliomas. MGMT promoter methylation is considered to be a characteristic of subgroups of certain malignancies but has also been described in various peripheral inflammatory diseases. However, MGMT promoter methylation levels have not yet been investigated in non-neoplastic brain diseases. This study demonstrates for the first time that one can indeed detect slightly enhanced MGMT promoter methylation in individual cases of inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis and progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy (PML), as well as in other demyelinating diseases such as central pontine and exptrapontine myelinolysis, and diseases with myelin damage such as Wallerian degeneration. In this context, we identified a reduction in the expression of the demethylase TET1 as a possible cause for the enhanced MGMT promoter methylation. Hence, we show for the first time that MGMT hypermethylation occurs in chronic diseases that are not strictly associated to distinct pathogens, oncogenic viruses or neoplasms but that lead to damage of the myelin sheath in various ways. While this gives new insights into epigenetic and pathophysiological processes involved in de- and remyelination, which might offer new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases in the future, it also reduces the specificity of MGMT hypermethylation as a tumor biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Teuber-Hanselmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (S.T.-H.); (N.M.)
| | - Karl Worm
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Nicole Macha
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (S.T.-H.); (N.M.)
| | - Andreas Junker
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany; (S.T.-H.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-201-723-3315
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5
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Muñoz U, Sebal C, Escudero E, Esiri M, Tzartos J, Sloan C, Sadaba MC. Main Role of Antibodies in Demyelination and Axonal Damage in Multiple Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1809-1827. [PMID: 33625628 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies and oxidative stress are hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions. We aimed to clarify the relation between them, their role in MS patients and to investigate their specificity, comparing MS with classical neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Brain samples from 14 MS cases, 6 with ND and 9 controls (without neurological diseases). Immunohistochemistry assays were used to detect oxidized lipids (EO6), IgG and IgM, oligodendrocytes (Olig2), axons (NF, neurofilament) and cellular (TUNEL) and axonal damage (APP, amyloid precursor protein). We did not observe EO6 in controls. All samples from MS patients showed EO6 in oligodendrocytes and axons within lesions. We did not detect co-localization between EO6 and antibodies. Neither did we between EO6 and TUNEL or APP. 94.4% of TUNEL-positive cells in normal appearing white matter were also stained for IgG and 75.5% for IgM. IgM, but not IgG, co-localized with APP. EO6 was associated with axonal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We did not observe association between antibodies and cellular or axonal damage in ND patients. MS patients showed a higher number of B cells and plasma cells in the lesions and meninges than controls. The number of B cells and plasma cells was associated with the presence of antibodies and with the activity of the lesions. We observed a main role of B lymphocytes in the development of MS lesions. Antibodies contribute to the oligodendrocyte and axonal damage in MS. Oxidative stress was associated with axonal damage in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Muñoz
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sebal
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Escudero
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margaret Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Carolyn Sloan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mari Cruz Sadaba
- Facultad de Medicina Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Liu ZH, Chen NY, Tu PH, Wu CT, Chiu SC, Huang YC, Lim SN, Yip PK. DHA Attenuates Cerebral Edema Following Traumatic Brain Injury via the Reduction in Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176291. [PMID: 32878052 PMCID: PMC7503959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) could result in edema and cause an increase in intracranial pressure of the brain resulting in mortality and morbidity. Although there is hyperosmolarity therapy available for this pathophysiological event, it remains controversial. Recently, several groups have shown docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to improve functional and histological outcomes following brain injury based on reduction of neuroinflammation and apoptosis. However, the effect of DHA on blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction after brain injury has not been fully studied. Here, a controlled cortical impact rat model was used to test the effect of a single dose of DHA administered 30 min post injury. Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and forelimb asymmetry were used to determine the functional outcomes. Neuroimaging and histology were used to characterize the edema and BBB dysfunction. The study showed that DHA-treated TBI rats had better mNSS and forelimb asymmetry score than vehicle-treated TBI rats. Temporal analysis of edema using MRI revealed a significant reduction in edema level with DHA treatment compared to vehicle in TBI rats. Histological analysis using immunoglobulin G (IgG) extravasation showed that there was less extravasation, which corresponded with a reduction in aquaporin 4 and astrocytic metalloprotease 9 expression, and greater endothelial occludin expression in the peri-contusional site of the TBI rat brain treated with DHA in comparison to vehicle treatment. In conclusion, the study shows that DHA can exert its functional improvement by prevention of the edema formation via prevention of BBB dysfunction after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
- Correspondence: (Z.-H.L.); (P.K.Y.)
| | - Nan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Po-hsun Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Chen-Te Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Shao-Chieh Chiu
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan; (P.-h.T.); (Y.-C.H.)
| | - Siew-Na Lim
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung Medical College and University, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ping K. Yip
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery & Trauma, London E1 2AT, UK
- Correspondence: (Z.-H.L.); (P.K.Y.)
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7
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Holman SP, Lobo AS, Novorolsky RJ, Nichols M, Fiander MDJ, Konda P, Kennedy BE, Gujar S, Robertson GS. Neuronal mitochondrial calcium uniporter deficiency exacerbates axonal injury and suppresses remyelination in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2020; 333:113430. [PMID: 32745471 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High-capacity mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uptake by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) is strategically positioned to support the survival and remyelination of axons in multiple sclerosis (MS) by undocking mitochondria, buffering Ca2+ and elevating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis at metabolically stressed sites. Respiratory chain deficits in MS are proposed to metabolically compromise axon survival and remyelination by suppressing MCU activity. In support of this hypothesis, clinical scores, mitochondrial dysfunction, myelin loss, axon damage and inflammation were elevated while remyelination was blocked in neuronal MCU deficient (Thy1-MCU Def) mice relative to Thy1 controls subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). At the first sign of walking deficits, mitochondria in EAE/Thy1 axons showed signs of activation. By contrast, cytoskeletal damage, fragmented mitochondria and large autophagosomes were seen in EAE/Thy1-MCU Def axons. As EAE severity increased, EAE/Thy1 axons were filled with massively swollen mitochondria with damaged cristae while EAE/Thy1-MCU Def axons were riddled with late autophagosomes. ATP concentrations and mitochondrial gene expression were suppressed while calpain activity, autophagy-related gene mRNA levels and autophagosome marker (LC3) co-localization in Thy1-expressing neurons were elevated in the spinal cords of EAE/Thy1-MCU Def compared to EAE/Thy1 mice. These findings suggest that MCU inhibition contributes to axonal damage that drives MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P Holman
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aurelio S Lobo
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robyn J Novorolsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Matthew Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Maximillian D J Fiander
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 1348 Summer Street, Life Sciences Research Institute, North Tower, Halifax B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, 5909 Veterans' Memorial Lane, 8th Floor, Abbie J. Lane Memorial Building, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax B3H 2E2, Canada.
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8
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Gorter RP, Baron W. Matrix metalloproteinases shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) during development and upon demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2020; 729:134980. [PMID: 32315713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oligodendrocyte lineage cell is crucial to proper brain function. During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate and proliferate to populate the entire brain and spinal cord, and subsequently differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes that wrap neuronal axons in an insulating myelin layer. When damage occurs to the myelin sheath, OPCs are activated and recruited to the demyelinated site, where they differentiate into oligodendrocytes that remyelinate the denuded axons. The process of OPC attraction and differentiation is influenced by a multitude of factors from the cell's niche. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are powerful and versatile enzymes that do not only degrade extracellular matrix proteins, but also cleave cell surface receptors, growth factors, signaling molecules, proteases and other precursor proteins, leading to their activation or degradation. MMPs are markedly upregulated during brain development and upon demyelinating injury, where their broad functions influence the behavior of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), OPCs and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we focus on the role of MMPs in (re)myelination. We will start out in the developing brain with describing the effects of MMPs on NPCs, OPCs and eventually oligodendrocytes. Then, we will outline their functions in oligodendrocyte process extension and developmental myelination. Finally, we will review their potential role in demyelination, describe their significance in remyelination and discuss the evidence for a role of MMPs in remyelination failure, focusing on multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, MMPs shape the oligodendrocyte (niche) both during development and upon demyelination, and thus are important players in directing the fate and behavior of oligodendrocyte lineage cells throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne P Gorter
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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9
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de Jong JM, Wang P, Oomkens M, Baron W. Remodeling of the interstitial extracellular matrix in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for remyelination (failure). J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1370-1397. [PMID: 31965607 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides protection, rigidity, and structure toward cells. It consists, among others, of a wide variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which act together to produce a complex and dynamic environment, most relevant in transmembrane events. In the brain, the ECM occupies a notable proportion of its volume and maintains the homeostasis of central nervous system (CNS). In addition, remodeling of the ECM, that is transient changes in ECM proteins regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is an important process that modulates cell behavior upon injury, thereby facilitating recovery. Failure of ECM remodeling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neurodegenerative demyelinating disease of the CNS with an inflammatory response against protective myelin sheaths that surround axons. Remyelination of denuded axons improves the neuropathological conditions of MS, but this regeneration process fails over time, leading to chronic disease progression. In this review, we uncover abnormal ECM remodeling in MS lesions by discussing ECM remodeling in experimental demyelination models, that is when remyelination is successful, and compare alterations in ECM components to the ECM composition and MMP expression in the parenchyma of demyelinated MS lesions, that is when remyelination fails. Inter- and intralesional differences in ECM remodeling in the distinct white matter MS lesions are discussed in terms of consequences for oligodendrocyte behavior and remyelination (failure). Hence, the review will aid to understand how abnormal ECM remodeling contributes to remyelination failure in MS lesions and assists in developing therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M de Jong
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peng Wang
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Oomkens
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wia Baron
- Section Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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10
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Sayeed I, Turan N, Stein DG, Wali B. Vitamin D deficiency increases blood-brain barrier dysfunction after ischemic stroke in male rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 312:63-71. [PMID: 30502340 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because vitamin D hormone deficiency (VDHdef) can worsen severity and outcome for ischemic stroke, we examined the role of VDH in maintaining blood-brain-barrier (BBB integrity) in a rat model of stroke. In most types of stroke, the BBB is markedly compromised, potentially leading to a cascade of injury processes and functional deficits, so we examined a number of biomarkers associated with BBB disruption to determine whether VDH deficiency would further compromise the BBB following a stroke. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of two diet cohorts, VDH-sufficient (VDHsuf) and VDHdef. The VDHsuf group was fed standard rat chow and the VDHdef group got a VDH-null version of the same diet for 8 weeks. Animals from both cohorts were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) surgery, killed at 72 h post-stroke, and their brains evaluated for BBB permeability and injury severity using expression of immunoglobulin (IgG), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity and alteration of tight junction (TJ) proteins as markers of BBB disruption. We also evaluated modulation of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), osteopontin (OPN), β-catenin and vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in VDHsuf and VDHdef subjects. At the time of MCAO, rats on the VDHdef diet had circulating VDH levels one-fourth that of rats fed control chow. IgG extravasation after MCAO, indicating more severe BBB injury, was significantly higher in the MCAO+VDHdef than the MCAO+VDHsuf rats. Following MCAO, expression of MMP-9, GLUT1, VDR and OPN increased and the TJ proteins occludin and claudin-5 decreased significantly in the VDHdef compared to the VDHsuf group. We also observed significantly lower expression of β-catenin in the MCAO group of both VDHsuf and VDHdef rats. Under these conditions, VDH deficiency itself can compromise the BBB. We think that low serum VDH levels are likely to complicate stroke severity and its chronic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nefize Turan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Bushra Wali
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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11
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DeMarshall C, Goldwaser EL, Sarkar A, Godsey GA, Acharya NK, Thayasivam U, Belinka BA, Nagele RG. Autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers for the detection and subtyping of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:51-57. [PMID: 28601288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this preliminary proof-of-concept study was to use human protein microarrays to identify blood-based autoantibody biomarkers capable of diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS). Using sera from 112 subjects, including 51 MS subjects, autoantibody biomarkers effectively differentiated MS subjects from age- and gender-matched normal and breast cancer controls with 95.0% and 100% overall accuracy, but not from subjects with Parkinson's disease. Autoantibody biomarkers were also useful in distinguishing subjects with the relapsing-remitting form of MS from those with the secondary progressive subtype. These results demonstrate that autoantibodies can be used as noninvasive blood-based biomarkers for the detection and subtyping of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra DeMarshall
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Eric L Goldwaser
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Abhirup Sarkar
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - George A Godsey
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - Nimish K Acharya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert G Nagele
- Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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12
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W. Smith A, K. Ray S, Das A, Nozaki K, Rohrer B, L. Banik N. Calpain inhibition as a possible new therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2017.4.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Griggs RB, Yermakov LM, Susuki K. Formation and disruption of functional domains in myelinated CNS axons. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:77-87. [PMID: 27717670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Communication in the central nervous system (CNS) occurs through initiation and propagation of action potentials at excitable domains along axons. Action potentials generated at the axon initial segment (AIS) are regenerated at nodes of Ranvier through the process of saltatory conduction. Proper formation and maintenance of the molecular structure at the AIS and nodes are required for sustaining conduction fidelity. In myelinated CNS axons, paranodal junctions between the axolemma and myelinating oligodendrocytes delineate nodes of Ranvier and regulate the distribution and localization of specialized functional elements, such as voltage-gated sodium channels and mitochondria. Disruption of excitable domains and altered distribution of functional elements in CNS axons is associated with demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and is likely a mechanism common to other neurological disorders. This review will provide a brief overview of the molecular structure of the AIS and nodes of Ranvier, as well as the distribution of mitochondria in myelinated axons. In addition, this review highlights important structural and functional changes within myelinated CNS axons that are associated with neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan B Griggs
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Leonid M Yermakov
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Keiichiro Susuki
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.
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14
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Serum Gelatinases Levels in Multiple Sclerosis Patients during 21 Months of Natalizumab Therapy. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:8434209. [PMID: 27340316 PMCID: PMC4909921 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8434209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background. Natalizumab is a highly effective treatment approved for multiple sclerosis (MS). The opening of the blood-brain barrier mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is considered a crucial step in MS pathogenesis. Our goal was to verify the utility of serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 as biomarkers in twenty MS patients treated with Natalizumab. Methods. Serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 and of specific tissue inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were determined before treatment and for 21 months of therapy. Results. Serum levels of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 and of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 did not differ during the treatment. The ratio between MMP-9 and MMP-2 was increased at the 15th month compared with the 3rd, 6th, and 9th months, greater at the 18th month than at the 3rd and 6th months, and higher at the 21st than at the 3rd and 6th months. Discussion. Our data indicate that an imbalance between active MMP-9 and active MMP-2 can occur in MS patients after 15 months of Natalizumab therapy; however, they do not support the use of serum active MMP-2 and active MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels as biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic response to Natalizumab.
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15
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Li N, Li X, Li L, Zhang P, Qiao M, Zhao Q, Song L, Yu Z. Original Research: The expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of newborn mice under maternal lead exposure. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1811-8. [PMID: 27190262 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216647808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study focused on the MMP2 and MMP9 expression in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of newborn mice under maternal lead exposure. Lead exposure was initiated from gestation to weaning. Lead acetate was dissolved in deionized water with concentration of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5% and was absorbed through daily drinking. On day 21 after birth, lead in blood and tissue levels was examined by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrum (GFAAS). The protein expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 in hippocampus and cerebral cortex tissues were tested by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Compared to the control group, blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus lead levels of newborn mice in 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5% lead exposure groups were markedly high (P < 0.05), and mice within the 0.2 and 0.5% lead exposure groups performed much worse than that of the control group in Water Maze test (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, MMP2 and MMP9 expressions in hippocampus were up-regulated in the lead exposure groups (P < 0.05), and the MMP2 and MMP9 expressions in cerebral cortex were also higher (P < 0.05). The increased expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex may lead to the neurotoxicity in the context of maternal lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xing Li
- Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Li
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Pingan Zhang
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhao
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Lianjun Song
- Food Science and Technology College, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zengli Yu
- Public Health College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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16
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Kemp K, Redondo J, Hares K, Rice C, Scolding N, Wilkins A. Oxidative injury in multiple sclerosis cerebellar grey matter. Brain Res 2016; 1642:452-460. [PMID: 27086975 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction is a significant contributor to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Both white matter (WM) and grey matter (GM) injury occurs within MS cerebellum and, within GM, demyelination, inflammatory cell infiltration and neuronal injury contribute to on-going pathology. The precise nature of cerebellar GM injury is, however, unknown. Oxidative stress pathways with ultimate lipid peroxidation and cell membrane injury occur extensively in MS and the purpose of this study was to investigate these processes in MS cerebellar GM. Post-mortem human cerebellar GM from MS and control subjects was analysed immunohistochemically, followed by semi-quantitative analysis of markers of cellular injury, lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzyme expression. We have shown evidence for reduction in myelin and neuronal markers in MS GM, coupled to an increase in expression of a microglial marker. We also show that the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal co-localises with myelin and its levels negatively correlate to myelin basic protein levels. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and 2) enzymes, localised within cerebellar neurons, are up-regulated, yet the activation of subsequent enzymes responsible for the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, catalase and glutathione peroxidase are relatively deficient. These studies provide evidence for oxidative injury in MS cerebellar GM and further help define disease mechanisms within the MS brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK.
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Kelly Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Claire Rice
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Neil Scolding
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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17
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James RE, Hillis J, Adorján I, Gration B, Mundim MV, Iqbal AJ, Majumdar MM, Yates RL, Richards MMH, Goings GE, DeLuca GC, Greaves DR, Miller SD, Szele FG. Loss of galectin-3 decreases the number of immune cells in the subventricular zone and restores proliferation in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2015; 64:105-21. [PMID: 26337870 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently starts near the lateral ventricles, which are lined by subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells that can migrate to lesions and contribute to repair. Because MS-induced inflammation may decrease SVZ proliferation and thus limit repair, we studied the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3), a proinflammatory protein. Gal-3 expression was increased in periventricular regions of human MS in post-mortem brain samples and was also upregulated in periventricular regions in a murine MS model, Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection. Whereas TMEV increased SVZ chemokine (CCL2, CCL5, CCL, and CXCL10) expression in wild type (WT) mice, this was inhibited in Gal-3(-/-) mice. Though numerous CD45+ immune cells entered the SVZ of WT mice after TMEV infection, their numbers were significantly diminished in Gal-3(-/-) mice. TMEV also reduced neuroblast and proliferative SVZ cell numbers in WT mice but this was restored in Gal-3(-/-) mice and was correlated with increased numbers of doublecortin+ neuroblasts in the corpus callosum. In summary, our data showed that loss of Gal-3 blocked chemokine increases after TMEV, reduced immune cell migration into the SVZ, reestablished SVZ proliferation and increased the number of progenitors in the corpus callosum. These results suggest Gal-3 plays a central role in modulating the SVZ neurogenic niche's response to this model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E James
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - James Hillis
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Betty Gration
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Mayara V Mundim
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Moon-Moon Majumdar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Maureen M H Richards
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gwendolyn E Goings
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Francis G Szele
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3HS, United Kingdom
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18
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Liu J, Tian D, Murugan M, Eyo UB, Dreyfus CF, Wang W, Wu LJ. Microglial Hv1 proton channel promotes cuprizone-induced demyelination through oxidative damage. J Neurochem 2015; 135:347-56. [PMID: 26173779 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in inflammatory cells including microglia plays an important role in demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism underlying microglial ROS production and demyelination remains largely unknown. The voltage-gated proton channel, Hv1, is selectively expressed in microglia and is required for NOX-dependent ROS generation in the brain. In the present study, we sought to determine the role of microglial Hv1 proton channels in a mouse model of cuprizone-induced demyelination, a model for MS. Following cuprizone exposure, wild-type mice presented obvious demyelination, decreased myelin basic protein expression, loss of mature oligodendrocytes, and impaired motor coordination in comparison to mice on a normal chow diet. However, mice lacking Hv1 (Hv1(-/-) ) are partially protected from demyelination and motor deficits compared with those in wild-type mice. These rescued phenotypes in Hv1(-/-) mice in cuprizone-induced demyelination is accompanied by reduced ROS production, ameliorated microglial activation, increased oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (NG2) proliferation, and increased number of mature oligodendrocytes. These results demonstrate that the Hv1 proton channel is required for cuprizone-induced microglial oxidative damage and subsequent demyelination. Our study suggests that the microglial Hv1 proton channel is a unique target for controlling NOX-dependent ROS production in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Liu
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Daishi Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Cancer center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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19
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Activity, but not mRNA expression of gelatinases correlates with susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroscience 2015; 292:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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DeLuca GC, Yates RL, Beale H, Morrow SA. Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: clinical, radiologic and pathologic insights. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:79-98. [PMID: 25521179 PMCID: PMC8029470 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common and debilitating feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) that has only recent gained considerable attention. Clinical neuropsychological studies have made apparent the multifaceted nature of cognitive troubles often encountered in MS and continue to broaden our understanding of its complexity. Radiographic studies have started to decipher the neuroanatomic substrate of MS-related cognitive impairment and have shed light onto its pathogenesis. Where radiographic studies have been limited by inadequate resolution or non-specificity, pathological studies have come to the fore. This review aims to provide an overview of the nature of cognitive impairment typically seen in MS and to explore the literature on imaging and pathological studies relevant to its evolution. In particular, the relative contributions of gray (i.e., cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and basal ganglia) and white matter to MS-related cognitive impairment will be discussed and the importance of interconnectivity between structures highlighted. The pressing need for longitudinal studies combining standardized neuropsychometric, paraclinical and radiographic outcomes obtained during life with post-mortem tissue analysis after death is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele C. DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Richard L. Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Harry Beale
- Oxford Medical SchoolUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah A. Morrow
- Department of Clinical Neurological SciencesThe University of Western OntarioLondonCanada
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21
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Albertsson AM, Zhang X, Leavenworth J, Bi D, Nair S, Qiao L, Hagberg H, Mallard C, Cantor H, Wang X. The effect of osteopontin and osteopontin-derived peptides on preterm brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:197. [PMID: 25465048 PMCID: PMC4266908 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteopontin (OPN) is a highly phosphorylated sialoprotein and a soluble cytokine that is widely expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain. OPN and OPN-derived peptides have been suggested to have potential neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury, but their role in preterm brain injury is unknown. Methods We used a hypoxia-ischemia (HI)-induced preterm brain injury model in postnatal day 5 mice. OPN and OPN-derived peptides were given intracerebroventricularly and intranasally before HI. Brain injury was evaluated at 7 days after the insults. Results There was a significant increase in endogenous OPN mRNA and OPN protein in the mouse brain after the induction of HI at postnatal day 5. Administration of full-length OPN protein and thrombin-cleaved OPN did not affect preterm brain injury. This was demonstrated with both intracerebroventricular and intranasal administration of OPN as well as in OPN-deficient mice. Interestingly, both N134–153 and C154–198 OPN-derived peptides increased the severity of brain injury in this HI-induced preterm brain injury model. Conclusions The neuroprotective effects of OPN are age-dependent, and, in contrast to the more mature brain, OPN-derived peptides potentiate injury in postnatal day 5 mice. Intranasal administration is an efficient way of delivering drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) in neonatal mice and is likely to be an easy and noninvasive method of drug delivery to the CNS in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maj Albertsson
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Jianmei Leavenworth
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Dan Bi
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Syam Nair
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Lili Qiao
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, Song Jiang Central Hospital, 746 Songjiang Zhongshan West Rd, 201600, Shanghai, China.
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Perinatal Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Journalvägen 6, 41685, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Perinatal Imaging and Health, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Carina Mallard
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Harvey Cantor
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Ave Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Perinatal Center, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Front St, 450052, Zhengzhou, China.
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22
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DeLuca GC, Joseph A, George J, Yates RL, Hamard M, Hofer M, Esiri MM. Olfactory Pathology in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:543-51. [PMID: 25230202 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis (MS). Olfactory bulb and tract pathology in MS and other demyelinating diseases remain unexplored. A human autopsy cohort of pathologically confirmed cases encompassing the spectrum of demyelinating disease (MS; n = 17), neuromyelitis optica [(NMO); n = 3] and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis [(ADEM); n = 7] was compared to neuroinflammatory [herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE); n = 3], neurodegenerative [Alzheimer's disease (AD); n = 4] and non-neurologic (n = 8) controls. For each case, olfactory bulbs and/or tracts were stained for myelin, axons and inflammation. Inferior frontal cortex and hippocampus were stained for myelin in a subset of MS and ADEM cases. Olfactory bulb/tract demyelination was frequent in all demyelinating diseases [MS 12/17 (70.6%); ADEM 3/7 (42.9%); NMO 2/3 (66.7%)] but was absent in HSE, AD and non-neurologic controls. Inflammation was greater in the demyelinating diseases compared to non-neurologic controls. Olfactory bulb/tract axonal loss was most severe in MS where it correlated significantly with the extent of demyelination (r = 0.610, P = 0.009) and parenchymal inflammation (r = 0.681, P = 0.003). The extent of olfactory bulb/tract demyelination correlated with that found in the adjacent inferior frontal cortex but not hippocampus. We provide unequivocal evidence that olfactory bulb/tract demyelination is frequent, can occur early and is highly inflammatory, and is specific to demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Albert Joseph
- Oxford Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jithin George
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard L Yates
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marie Hamard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Monika Hofer
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret M Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jennings AR, Carroll WM. Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells in Chronic Demyelination of Multiple Sclerosis Optic Nerve. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:517-30. [PMID: 25175564 PMCID: PMC8028859 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports that chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis brain and spinal cord lesions contained immature oligodendrocyte lineage cells have generated major interest aimed at the potential for promotion of endogenous repair. Despite the prominence of the optic nerve as a lesion site and its importance in clinical disease assessment, no detailed studies of multiple sclerosis‐affected optic nerve exist. This study aims to provide insight into the cellular pathology of chronic demyelination in multiple sclerosis through direct morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of optic nerve in conjunction with observations from an experimental cat optic nerve model of successful remyelination. Myelin staining was followed by immunohistochemistry to differentially label neuroglia. Digitally immortalized sections were then analyzed to generate quantification data and antigenic phenotypes including maturational stages within the oligodendrocyte lineage. It was found that some chronically demyelinated multiple sclerosis optic nerve lesions contained oligodendroglial cells and that heterogeneity existed in the presence of myelin sheaths, oligodendrocyte maturational stages and extent of axonal investment. The findings advance our understanding of oligodendrocyte activity in chronically demyelinated human optic nerve and may have implications for studies aimed at enhancement of endogenous repair in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Ruth Jennings
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Franco MC, Estévez AG. Tyrosine nitration as mediator of cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3939-50. [PMID: 24947321 PMCID: PMC11113622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrotyrosine is used as a marker for the production of peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species. For over 20 years the presence of nitrotyrosine was associated with cell death in multiple pathologies. Filling the gap between correlation and causality has proven to be a difficult task. Here, we discuss the evidence supporting tyrosine nitration as a specific posttranslational modification participating in the induction of cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Franco
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
| | - Alvaro G. Estévez
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
- 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827 USA
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25
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Pathology of multiple sclerosis and related inflammatory demyelinating diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 122:15-58. [PMID: 24507512 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52001-2.00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive overview of the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS), including recent insights into its molecular neuropathology and immunology. It shows that all clinical manifestations of relapsing and progressive MS display the same basic features of pathology, such as chronic inflammation, demyelination in the white and gray matter, and diffuse neurodegeneration within the entire central nervous system. However, the individual components of the pathological spectrum vary quantitatively between early relapsing and late progressive MS. Widespread confluent and plaque-like demyelination with oligodendrocyte destruction is the unique pathological hallmark of the disease, but axonal injury and neurodegeneration are additionally present and in part extensive. Remyelination of existing lesions may occur in MS brains; it is extensive in a subset of patients, while it fails in others. Active tissue injury in MS is always associated with inflammation, consistent with T-cell and macrophage infiltration and microglia activation. Recent data suggest that oxidative injury and subsequent mitochondrial damage play a major pathogenetic role in neurodegeneration. Finally we discuss similarities and differences of the pathology between classical MS and other inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as neuromyelitis optica, concentric sclerosis, or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
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26
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Minagar A. Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview of Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, Neuroimaging, and Treatment Options. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4199/c00116ed1v01y201408isp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Trager N, Smith A, Wallace Iv G, Azuma M, Inoue J, Beeson C, Haque A, Banik NL. Effects of a novel orally administered calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 on immunomodulation and neurodegeneration in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2014; 130:268-79. [PMID: 24447070 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology is marked by the massive infiltration of myelin-specific T cells into the CNS. Hallmarks of T helper (Th) cells during active disease are pro-inflammatory Th1/Th17 cells that predominate over immunoregulatory Th2/Treg cells. Neurodegeneration, a major factor in progressive MS, is often overlooked when considering drug prescription. Here, we show that oral dosing with SNJ-1945, a novel water-soluble calpain inhibitor, reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis clinical scores in vivo and has a two pronged effect via anti-inflammation and protection against neurodegeneration. We also show that SNJ-1945 treatment down-regulates Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses, and promotes regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in vivo, which are known to have the capacity to suppress helper as well as cytotoxic T cell functions. Through analysis of spinal cord samples, we show a reduction in calpain expression, decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells, and signs of inhibition of neurodegeneration. We also show a marked reduction in neuronal cell death in spinal cord (SC) sections. These results suggest that calpain inhibition attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathology by reducing both inflammation and neurodegeneration, and could be used in clinical settings to augment the efficacy of standard immunomodulatory agents used to treat MS. Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology is marked by inflammation and infiltration of myelin-specific T cells into the central nervous system. Inflammation leads to neurodegeneration in progressive MS which also leads to epitope spreading, feedback looping to more inflammation. Calpain can play a role in both arms of the disease. Here, oral dosing with SNJ-1945, a novel water-soluble calpain inhibitor, reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis clinical scores in vivo and has a two-pronged effect via anti-inflammation and protection against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Trager
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Mirshafiey A, Asghari B, Ghalamfarsa G, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Azizi G. The significance of matrix metalloproteinases in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2014; 14:e13-25. [PMID: 24516744 DOI: 10.12816/0003332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The major pathological outcomes of the disease are the loss of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and the development of reactive astrogliosis and MS plaque. For the disease to occur, the non-resident cells must enter into the immune-privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable BBB. It has been demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, in part through the disruption of the BBB and the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the CNS. Moreover, MMPs can also enhance the cleavage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and the demyelination process. Regarding the growing data on the roles of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in the pathogenesis of MS, this review discusses the role of different types of MMPs, including MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -12 and -25, in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Asghari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Park S, Nozaki K, Smith JA, Krause JS, Banik NL. Cross-talk between IGF-1 and estrogen receptors attenuates intracellular changes in ventral spinal cord 4.1 motoneuron cells because of interferon-gamma exposure. J Neurochem 2013; 128:904-18. [PMID: 24188094 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a neuroprotective growth factor that promotes neuronal survival by inhibition of apoptosis. To examine whether IGF-1 exerts cytoprotective effects against extracellular inflammatory stimulation, ventral spinal cord 4.1 (VSC4.1) motoneuron cells were treated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Our data demonstrated apoptotic changes, increased calpain:calpastatin and Bax:Bcl-2 ratios, and expression of apoptosis-related proteases (caspase-3 and -12) in motoneurons rendered by IFN-γ in a dose-dependent manner. Post-treatment with IGF-1 attenuated these changes. In addition, IGF-1 treatment of motoneurons exposed to IFN-γ decreased expression of inflammatory markers (cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B:inhibitor of kappa B ratio). Furthermore, IGF-1 attenuated the loss of expression of IGF-1 receptors (IGF-1Rα and IGF-1Rβ) and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) induced by IFN-γ. To determine whether the protective effects of IGF-1 are associated with ERs, ERs antagonist ICI and selective siRNA targeted against ERα and ERβ were used in VSC4.1 motoneurons. Distinctive morphological changes were observed following siRNA knockdown of ERα and ERβ. In particular, apoptotic cell death assessed by TUNEL assay was enhanced in both ERα and ERβ-silenced VSC4.1 motoneurons following IFN-γ and IGF-1 exposure. These results suggest that IGF-1 protects motoneurons from inflammatory insult by a mechanism involving pivotal interactions with ERα and ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyoung Park
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neurology, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is pathologically characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Axonal damage, along with neuronal loss, occurs from disease onset and may lead to progressive and permanent disability. In contrast with the inflammatory pathways, the molecular mechanisms leading to MS neurodegeneration remain largely elusive. With improved understanding of these mechanisms, new potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection have emerged. We review the current understanding of neurodegenerative processes at play in MS and discuss potential outcome measures and targets for neuroprotection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 675 Nelson Rising Lane, 2nd floor, Room 221F, Box 3206, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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The role of microglia and matrix metalloproteinases involvement in neuroinflammation and gliomas. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:914104. [PMID: 24023566 PMCID: PMC3759277 DOI: 10.1155/2013/914104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases (such as multiple sclerosis) as well as in the expansion of malignant gliomas because they facilitate penetration of anatomical barriers (such as the glia limitans) and migration within the neuropil. This review elucidates pathomechanisms and summarizes the current knowledge of the involvement of MMPs in neuroinflammation and glioma, invasion highlighting microglia as major sources of MMPs. The induction of expression, suppression, and multiple pathways of function of MMPs in these scenarios will also be discussed. Understanding the induction and action of MMPs might provide valuable information and reveal attractive targets for future therapeutic strategies.
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Tsutsui S, Stys PK. Metabolic injury to axons and myelin. Exp Neurol 2013; 246:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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DeLuca GC, Alterman R, Martin JL, Mittal A, Blundell S, Bird S, Beale H, Hong LS, Esiri MM. Casting light on multiple sclerosis heterogeneity: the role of HLA-DRB1 on spinal cord pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:1025-34. [PMID: 23485854 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis is the rule. Evidence suggests that HLA-DRB1*15 may play a role in clinical outcome. Spinal cord pathology is common and contributes significantly to disability in the disease. The influence of HLA-DRB1*15 on multiple sclerosis spinal cord pathology is unknown. A post-mortem cohort of pathologically confirmed cases with multiple sclerosis (n = 108, 34 males) with fresh frozen material available for genetic analyses and fixed material for pathology was used. HLA-DRB1 alleles were genotyped to select a subset of age- and sex-matched HLA-DRB1*15-positive (n = 21) and negative (n = 26) cases for detailed pathological analyses. For each case, transverse sections from three spinal cord levels (cervical, thoracic and lumbar) were stained for myelin, axons and inflammation. The influence of HLA-DRB1*15 on pathological outcome measures was evaluated. Carriage of HLA-DRB1*15 significantly increased the extent of demyelination (global measure 15+: 23.7% versus 15-: 12.16%, P = 0.004), parenchymal (cervical, P < 0.01; thoracic, P < 0.05; lumbar, P < 0.01) and lesional inflammation (border, P = 0.001; periplaque white matter, P < 0.05) in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord. HLA-DRB1*15 influenced demyelination through controlling the extent of parenchymal inflammation. Meningeal inflammation correlated significantly with small fibre axonal loss in the lumbar spinal cord (r = -0.832, P = 0.003) only in HLA-DRB1*15-positive cases. HLA-DRB1*15 significantly influences pathology in the multiple sclerosis spinal cord. This study casts light on the role of HLA-DRB1*15 in disease outcome and highlights the powerful approach of using microscopic pathology to clarify the way in which genes and clinical phenotypes of neurological diseases are linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele C DeLuca
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Neuropathology) Level 1, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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34
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Latronico T, Branà MT, Gramegna P, Fasano A, Di Bari G, Liuzzi GM. Inhibition of myelin-cleaving poteolytic activities by interferon-beta in rat astrocyte cultures. Comparative analysis between gelatinases and calpain-II. PLoS One 2013; 8:e49656. [PMID: 23390485 PMCID: PMC3563665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Proteolytic enzymes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) for both their ability to degrade myelin proteins and for their presence in MS plaques.In this study we investigated whether interferon-beta (IFN-β) could differently modulate the activity and the expression of proteolytic activities against myelin basic protein (MBP) present in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated astrocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Rat astrocyte cultures were activated with LPS and simultaneously treated with different doses of IFN-β. To assess the presence of MBP-cleaving proteolytic activity, culture supernatants and cellular extracts collected from astrocytes were incubated with exogenous MBP. A MBP-degrading activity was found in both lysates and supernatants from LPS-activated astrocytes and was dose-dependently inhibited by IFN-β. The use of protease inhibitors as well as the zymographic analysis indicated the presence of calpain II (CANP-2) in cell lysates and gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) in cell supernatants. RT-PCR revealed that the expression of CANP-2 as well as of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was increased in LPS-activated astrocytes and was dose-dependently inhibited by IFN-β treatment. The expression of calpastatin, the natural inhibitor of CANPs, was not affected by IFN-β treatment. By contrast, decreased expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, the natural inhibitors of MMP-9 and MMP-2, respectively, was observed in IFN-β-treated astrocytes compared to LPS-treated cells. The ratio enzyme/inhibitor indicated that the effect of IFN-β treatment is more relevant to CANP-2 than on MMPs. Conclusions/ Significance These results suggest that the neuroinflammatory damage during MS involves altered balance between multiple proteases and their inhibitors and indicate that IFN-β is effective in regulating different enzymatic systems involved in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Latronico
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Branà
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Gramegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Fasano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Bari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Maria Liuzzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Fischer MT, Sharma R, Lim JL, Haider L, Frischer JM, Drexhage J, Mahad D, Bradl M, van Horssen J, Lassmann H. NADPH oxidase expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions in relation to oxidative tissue damage and mitochondrial injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:886-99. [PMID: 22366799 PMCID: PMC3286337 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, associated with demyelination and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms of tissue injury are poorly understood, but recent data suggest that mitochondrial injury may play an important role in this process. Mitochondrial injury can be triggered by reactive oxygen and nitric oxide species, and we recently provided evidence for oxidative damage of oligodendrocytes and dystrophic axons in early stages of active multiple sclerosis lesions. In this study, we identified potential sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through gene expression in carefully staged and dissected lesion areas and by immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression. Genome-wide microarrays confirmed mitochondrial injury in active multiple sclerosis lesions, which may serve as an important source of reactive oxygen species. In addition, we found differences in the gene expression levels of various nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits between initial multiple sclerosis lesions and control white matter. These results were confirmed at the protein level by means of immunohistochemistry, showing upregulation of the subunits gp91phox, p22phox, p47phox, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase organizer 1 in activated microglia in classical active as well as slowly expanding lesions. The subunits gp91phox and p22phox were constitutively expressed in microglia and were upregulated in the initial lesion. In contrast, p47phox, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 1 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase organizer 1 expression were more restricted to the zone of initial damage or to lesions from patients with acute or early relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Double labelling showed co-expression of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase subunits in activated microglia and infiltrated macrophages, suggesting the assembly of functional complexes. Our data suggest that the inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Fischer
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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36
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McMahon JM, McQuaid S, Reynolds R, FitzGerald UF. Increased expression of ER stress- and hypoxia-associated molecules in grey matter lesions in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1437-47. [PMID: 22354737 DOI: 10.1177/1352458512438455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis multiple sclerosis (MS), and while ER stress-associated molecules have been demonstrated in white matter (WM) lesions, these have not been analysed in grey matter (GM) demyelination. OBJECTIVE The objective was to characterise the type and frequency of GM lesions and establish expression profiles of ER stress- and hypoxia-associated markers. METHODS Sections from 16 MS cases and 12 non-MS controls were stained for ER stress molecules (BiP and CHOP) and hypoxia-associated D110 antigen. RESULTS Of the GM lesions analysed, 24% were type 1 (continuous between GM and WM), 22% were type 2 (entirely within GM) and the majority (54%) were type 3 (extending from pia mater). Comparison of GM lesions, MS normal-appearing grey matter (NAGM) and non-MS control tissue showed that NAGM, type 1 and type 3 lesions all had significantly increased levels of CHOP compared to controls. According to morphological and dual-labelling criteria, the majority of CHOP-positive cells were microglia. Approximately 50% of GM lesions contained D110-positive cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that ER stress plays an important role in GM lesion development and may be critical in activation of microglia in pre-lesional NAGM. The high number of lesions containing D110-positive cells suggests a role for hypoxic-like insult in GM lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M McMahon
- MS and Stroke Research Group, NCBES, National University of Ireland, Ireland
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37
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Human matrix metalloproteinases: an ubiquitarian class of enzymes involved in several pathological processes. Mol Aspects Med 2011; 33:119-208. [PMID: 22100792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to the M10 family of the MA clan of endopeptidases. They are ubiquitarian enzymes, structurally characterized by an active site where a Zn(2+) atom, coordinated by three histidines, plays the catalytic role, assisted by a glutamic acid as a general base. Various MMPs display different domain composition, which is very important for macromolecular substrates recognition. Substrate specificity is very different among MMPs, being often associated to their cellular compartmentalization and/or cellular type where they are expressed. An extensive review of the different MMPs structural and functional features is integrated with their pathological role in several types of diseases, spanning from cancer to cardiovascular diseases and to neurodegeneration. It emerges a very complex and crucial role played by these enzymes in many physiological and pathological processes.
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38
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Lassmann H. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration shared between multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:747-52. [PMID: 21373761 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease are fundamentally different diseases. However, recent data suggest that certain mechanisms of neurodegeneration may be shared between the two diseases. Inflammation drives the disease in multiple sclerosis. It is also present in Alzheimer's disease lesions, where it may have dual functions in amyloid clearance as well as in the propagation of neurodegeneration. In both diseases, degeneration of neurons, axons, and synapses occur on the background of profound mitochondrial injury. Reactive oxygen and nitric oxide intermediates are major candidates for the induction of mitochondrial injury. Radicals are produced through the induction of the respiratory burst in activated microglia, which are present in the lesions of both diseases. In addition, liberation of toxic iron from intracellular stores may augment radical formation. Finally reactive oxygen species are also produced in the course of mitochondrial injury itself. Anti-oxidant and mitochondria protective therapeutic strategies may be beneficial both in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease in particular in early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Wien, Austria.
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40
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van Horssen J, Witte ME, Schreibelt G, de Vries HE. Radical changes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Shin YJ, Lim Kim H, Choi JS, Choi JY, Cha JH, Lee MY. Osteopontin: Correlation with phagocytosis by brain macrophages in a rat model of stroke. Glia 2010; 59:413-23. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Guyton MK, Das A, Samantaray S, Wallace GC, Butler JT, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpeptin attenuated inflammation, cell death, and axonal damage in animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2398-408. [PMID: 20623621 PMCID: PMC3164817 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). Calpain has been implicated in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability in EAE and MS. Thus, treating EAE animals with calpain inhibitors may block these events and ameliorate disability. To test this hypothesis, acute EAE Lewis rats were treated dose dependently with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50-250 microg/kg). Calpain activity, gliosis, loss of myelin, and axonal damage were attenuated by calpeptin therapy, leading to improved clinical scores. Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death were also decreased, with down-regulation of proapoptotic proteins, suggesting that decreases in cell death were due to decreases in the expression or activity of proapoptotic proteins. These results indicate that calpain inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kelly Guyton
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gerald C. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jonathan T. Butler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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Goncalves DaSilva A, Liaw L, Yong VW. Cleavage of osteopontin by matrix metalloproteinase-12 modulates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease in C57BL/6 mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:1448-58. [PMID: 20651245 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A role for osteopontin (OPN) in promoting disease activity of multiple sclerosis or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has recently been suggested. As the biological activity of OPN is heavily influenced by posttranslational processing, we investigated the capacity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 to cleave OPN and determined whether this influenced disease activity. We found that OPN mRNA and protein expression in the spinal cord increased with EAE disease in C57BL/6 mice concurrently with MMP-12 expression. A Western blot of EAE and control spinal cords revealed different OPN-immunoreactive bands, with a pattern that was similar to MMP-12 cleavage of recombinant OPN in vitro. In addition, OPN fragments in the spinal cord of EAE-afflicted mice were reduced in MMP-12(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls. However, examination of OPN(-/-) mice in short- and long-term experiments revealed no difference in EAE outcomes from wild-type animals. OPN/MMP-12 double null mice were generated, and it was revealed that MMP-12(-/-) mice had a worsening of disease compared with wild-type mice, which returned to wild-type levels in the OPN/MMP-12 double null mice. These results suggest that EAE disease activity may be modulated by the cleavage of OPN by MMP-12.
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Pomeroy IM, Jordan EK, Frank JA, Matthews PM, Esiri MM. Focal and diffuse cortical degenerative changes in a marmoset model of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2010; 16:537-48. [PMID: 20194580 DOI: 10.1177/1352458509360362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degenerative features, such as neuronal, glial, synaptic and axonal loss, have been identified in neocortical and other grey matter structures in patients with multiple sclerosis, but mechanisms for neurodegeneration are unclear. Cortical demyelinating lesions are a potential cause of this degeneration, but the pathological and clinical significance of these lesions is uncertain as they remain difficult to identify and study in vivo. In this study we aimed to describe and quantify cellular and subcellular pathology in the cortex of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using quantitative immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS We found evidence of diffuse axonal damage occurring throughout cortical grey matter with evidence for synaptic loss and gliosis and a 13.6% decrease in neuronal size and occurring in deep cortical layers. Evidence of additional axonal damage and a 29.6-36.5% loss of oligodendrocytes was found in demyelinated cortical lesions. Leucocortical lesions also showed neuronal loss of 22.2% and a 15.8% increase in oligodendrocyte size. CONCLUSIONS The marmoset experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, therefore, shows both focal and generalized neurodegeneration. The generalized changes cannot be directly related to focal lesions, suggesting that they are either a consequence of diffusible inflammatory factors or secondary to remote lesions acting through trans-synaptic or retrograde degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Pomeroy
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Van der Walt A, Butzkueven H, Kolbe S, Marriott M, Alexandrou E, Gresle M, Egan G, Kilpatrick T. Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis: a therapeutic challenge for the next decade. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:82-93. [PMID: 20122960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the commonest cause of progressive neurological disability amongst young, Caucasian adults. MS is considered to be an auto-immune disease that results from an attack against myelin, the layer which surrounds axons. The pathophysiology of MS is complex, with both demyelination and axonal degeneration contributing to what is essentially an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease. Axonal loss is increasingly being accepted as the histopathological correlate of neurological disability. Currently, the underpinnings of neurodegeneration in MS, and how to promote neuroprotection are only partly understood. No established treatments that directly reduce nervous system damage or enhance its repair are currently available. Moreover, the ability of currently available immunomodulatory therapies used to treat MS, such as interferon-beta, to prevent long-term disability is uncertain. Results from short-term randomized-controlled trials suggest a partial benefit with regards to disability outcomes, but this is yet to be established in long-term studies. Novel neuroprotective agents have been identified in preclinical studies but their development is being hampered by the absence of appropriate clinical platforms to test them. In this article, we will discuss some of the principal therapeutic candidates that could provide neuroprotection in MS and emerging methodologies by which to test them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Van der Walt
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan St. Parkville, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Australia.
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46
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Szklarczyk A, Conant K. Matrix metalloproteinases, synaptic injury, and multiple sclerosis. Front Psychiatry 2010; 1:130. [PMID: 21423441 PMCID: PMC3059646 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system in which immune mediated damage to myelin is characteristic. For an overview of this condition and its pathophysiology, please refer to one of many excellent published reviews (Sorensen and Ransohoff, 1998; Weiner, 2009). To follow, is a discussion focused on the possibility that synaptic injury occurs in at least a subset of patients, and that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in such.
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Abstract
Two thirds of patients with multiple sclerosis have the relapsing-remitting form, which often progresses to more debilitating disease. Striking clinical recovery, termed remission, often follows these periodic neurological defects, termed relapses. Recent work has revealed the role of three key molecules in relapse and remission: alpha4beta1 integrin (also known as VLA4) is an adhesion molecule that mediates T cell migration from the blood into the brain; osteopontin binds to alpha4beta1 integrin, stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting apoptosis; and alphaB crystallin inhibits inflammation in the brain. This Review discusses how this molecular trio interacts to initiate relapses (in the case of osteopontin and alpha4beta1 integrin) and then to terminate them as remissions in multiple sclerosis (in the case of alphaB crystallin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Interdepartmental Program in Immunology, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Guyton MK, Brahmachari S, Das A, Samantaray S, Inoue J, Azuma M, Ray SK, Banik NL. Inhibition of calpain attenuates encephalitogenicity of MBP-specific T cells. J Neurochem 2009; 110:1895-907. [PMID: 19627443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS, possessing both immune and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability. Adoptive transfer (AT) of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells into naïve female SJL/J mice results in a relapsing-remitting (RR) form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Blocking the mechanisms by which MBP-specific T cells are activated before AT may help characterize the immune arm of MS and offer novel targets for therapy. One such target is calpain, which is involved in activation of T cells, migration of immune cells into the CNS, degradation of axonal and myelin proteins, and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the hypothesis that inhibiting calpain in MBP-specific T cells would diminish their encephalitogenicity in RR-EAE mice was tested. Incubating MBP-specific T cells with the calpain inhibitor SJA6017 before AT markedly suppressed the ability of these T cells to induce clinical symptoms of RR-EAE. These reductions correlated with decreases in demyelination, inflammation, axonal damage, and loss of oligodendrocytes and neurons. Also, calpain : calpastatin ratio, production of truncated Bid, and Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, and activities of calpain and caspases, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were attenuated. Thus, these data suggest calpain as a promising target for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Guyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Brylev LV, Nelkina EN, Yakovlev AA, Onufriev MV, Shabalina AA, Kostyreva MV, Zakharova MN, Zavalishin IA, Gulyaeva NV. Modulators of cystein proteases and cell-death markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712409020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fainardi E, Castellazzi M, Tamborino C, Trentini A, Manfrinato MC, Baldi E, Tola MR, Dallocchio F, Granieri E, Bellini T. Potential relevance of cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels and intrathecal synthesis of active matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) as markers of disease remission in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2009; 15:547-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458509102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and its tissue inhibitor TIMP-2 in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective To elucidate the actual implication of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in MS. Methods Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum levels of active MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were measured by activity assay system and ELISA, respectively, in 67 patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), categorized according clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and in 129 controls. Results Cerebrospinal fluid and serum active MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio mean values and an intrathecal active MMP-2 production were more increased in RRMS than in non-inflammatory conditions ( P < 0.001, P < 0.05, and P < 0.0001, respectively) and in MRI inactive than in MRI active RRMS ( P < 0.02, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). An intrathecal synthesis of active MMP-2 was more frequent in RRMS than in inflammatory disorders ( P < 0.01). Serum active MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio and MS disease duration were positively correlated ( P < 0.02). Conclusion These findings suggest a potential role for MMP-2 activity in the termination of MS neuroinflammation related to remission of the disease and seem to indicate that serum MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio may represent a useful biomarker for monitoring MS recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - M Castellazzi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - C Tamborino
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Communication and Behaviour, University of Ferrara, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - A Trentini
- Section of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - MC Manfrinato
- Section of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - E Baldi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - MR Tola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - F Dallocchio
- Section of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - E Granieri
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
| | - T Bellini
- Section of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, via Luigi Borsari 46, Ferrara I-44100, Italy
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