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Everett J, Brooks J, Tjendana Tjhin V, Lermyte F, Hands-Portman I, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G, Sadler PJ, O’Connor PB, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Label-Free In Situ Chemical Characterization of Amyloid Plaques in Human Brain Tissues. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1469-1483. [PMID: 38501754 PMCID: PMC10995949 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid plaques and increased brain redox burdens are neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Altered metabolism of essential biometals is another feature of Alzheimer's, with amyloid plaques representing sites of disturbed metal homeostasis. Despite these observations, metal-targeting disease treatments have not been therapeutically effective to date. A better understanding of amyloid plaque composition and the role of the metals associated with them is critical. To establish this knowledge, the ability to resolve chemical variations at nanometer length scales relevant to biology is essential. Here, we present a methodology for the label-free, nanoscale chemical characterization of amyloid plaques within human Alzheimer's disease tissue using synchrotron X-ray spectromicroscopy. Our approach exploits a C-H carbon absorption feature, consistent with the presence of lipids, to visualize amyloid plaques selectively against the tissue background, allowing chemical analysis to be performed without the addition of amyloid dyes that alter the native sample chemistry. Using this approach, we show that amyloid plaques contain elevated levels of calcium, carbonates, and iron compared to the surrounding brain tissue. Chemical analysis of iron within plaques revealed the presence of chemically reduced, low-oxidation-state phases, including ferromagnetic metallic iron. The zero-oxidation state of ferromagnetic iron determines its high chemical reactivity and so may contribute to the redox burden in the Alzheimer's brain and thus drive neurodegeneration. Ferromagnetic metallic iron has no established physiological function in the brain and may represent a target for therapies designed to lower redox burdens in Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, ferromagnetic metallic iron has magnetic properties that are distinct from the iron oxide forms predominant in tissue, which might be exploitable for the in vivo detection of amyloid pathologies using magnetically sensitive imaging. We anticipate that this label-free X-ray imaging approach will provide further insights into the chemical composition of amyloid plaques, facilitating better understanding of how plaques influence the course of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive,Stoke-on-Trent,Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K.
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Jake Brooks
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Vindy Tjendana Tjhin
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School
of Engineering, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ian Hands-Portman
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department
of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - George Perry
- Department
of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Neil D. Telling
- School
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive,Stoke-on-Trent,Staffordshire ST4 7QB, U.K.
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Orlowski A, Karippaparambil J, Paumier JM, Ghanta S, Pallares E, Tandukar J, Gao R, Gowrishankar S. Axonal organelle buildup from loss of AP-4 complex function causes exacerbation of amyloid plaque pathology and gliosis in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.31.587499. [PMID: 38617351 PMCID: PMC11014495 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.31.587499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes and related precursor organelles robustly build up in swollen axons that surround amyloid plaques and disrupted axonal lysosome transport has been implicated in worsening Alzheimer's pathology. Our prior studies have revealed that loss of Adaptor protein-4 (AP-4) complex function, linked primarily to Spastic Paraplegia (HSP), leads to a similar build of lysosomes in structures we term "AP-4 dystrophies". Surprisingly, these AP-4 dystrophies were also characterized by enrichment of components of APP processing machinery, β-site cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and Presenilin 2. Our studies examining whether the abnormal axonal lysosome build up resulting from AP-4 loss could lead to amyloidogenesis revealed that the loss of AP-4 complex function in an Alzheimer's disease model resulted in a strong increase in size and abundance of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus and corpus callosum as well as increased microglial association with the plaques. Interestingly, we found a further increase in enrichment of the secretase, BACE1, in the axonal swellings of the plaques of Alzheimer model mice lacking AP-4 complex compared to those having normal AP-4 complex function, suggestive of increased amyloidogenic processing under this condition. Additionally, the exacerbation of plaque pathology was region-specific as it did not increase in the cortex. The burden of the AP-4 linked axonal dystrophies/AP-4 dystrophies was higher in the corpus callosum and hippocampus compared to the cortex, establishing the critical role of AP-4 -dependent axonal lysosome transport and maturation in regulating amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Orlowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joseph Karippaparambil
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jean-Michel Paumier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Shraddha Ghanta
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Eduardo Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jamuna Tandukar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
| | - Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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3
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Bøgh N, Sørensen CB, Alstrup AKO, Hansen ESS, Andersen OM, Laustsen C. Mice and minipigs with compromised expression of the Alzheimer's disease gene SORL1 show cerebral metabolic disturbances on hyperpolarized [1- 13C]pyruvate and sodium MRI. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae114. [PMID: 38650831 PMCID: PMC11034025 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) gene, encoding the cellular endosomal sorting-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORLA), is now established as a causal gene for Alzheimer's disease. As the latest addition to the list of causal genes, the pathophysiological effects and biomarker potential of SORL1 variants remain relatively undiscovered. Metabolic dysfunction is, however, well described in patients with Alzheimer's disease and is used as an imaging biomarker in clinical diagnosis settings. To understand the metabolic consequences of loss-of-function SORL1 mutations, we applied two metabolic MRI technologies, sodium (23Na) MRI and MRI with hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate, in minipigs and mice with compromised expression of SORL1. At the age analysed here, both animal models display no conventional imaging evidence of neurodegeneration but show biochemical signs of elevated amyloid production, thus representing the early preclinical disease. With hyperpolarized MRI, the exchange from [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate and 13C-bicarbonate was decreased by 32 and 23%, respectively, in the cerebrum of SORL1-haploinsufficient minipigs. A robust 11% decrease in the sodium content was observed with 23Na-MRI in the same minipigs. Comparably, the brain sodium concentration gradually decreased from control to SORL1 haploinsufficient (-11%) to SORL1 knockout mice (-23%), suggesting a gene dose dependence in the metabolic dysfunction. The present study highlights that metabolic MRI technologies are sensitive to the functional, metabolic consequences of Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease-linked genotypes. Further, the study suggests a potential avenue of research into the mechanisms of metabolic alterations by SORL1 mutations and their potential role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bøgh
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- A&E, Gødstrup Hospital, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | | | - Aage K O Alstrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben S S Hansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olav M Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Bader AS, Gnädig MU, Fricke M, Büschgens L, Berger LJ, Klafki HW, Meyer T, Jahn O, Weggen S, Wirths O. Brain Region-Specific Differences in Amyloid-β Plaque Composition in 5XFAD Mice. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041053. [PMID: 37109582 PMCID: PMC10145597 DOI: 10.3390/life13041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques consisting of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides are heterogeneous regarding the exact length of their amino- and carboxy-termini. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are often considered to represent canonical "full-length" Aβ species. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of Aβ1-x, Aβx-42 and Aβ4-x species in amyloid deposits in the subiculum, hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD mice during aging. Overall plaque load increased in all three brain regions, with the subiculum being the area with the strongest relative plaque coverage. In the subiculum, but not in the other brain regions, the Aβ1-x load peaked at an age of five months and decreased thereafter. In contrast, the density of plaques positive for N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x species increased continuously over time. We hypothesize that ongoing plaque remodeling takes place, leading to a conversion of deposited Aβ1-x peptides into Aβ4-x peptides in brain regions with a high Aβ plaque burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Sabine Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius-Uwe Gnädig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merle Fricke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Büschgens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Josefine Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Lin NH, Goh A, Lin SH, Chuang KA, Chang CH, Li MH, Lu CH, Chen WY, Wei PH, Pan IH, Perng MD, Wen SF. Neuroprotective Effects of a Multi-Herbal Extract on Axonal and Synaptic Disruption in Vitro and Cognitive Impairment in Vivo. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:51-76. [PMID: 36777330 PMCID: PMC9912829 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial disorder characterized by cognitive decline. Current available therapeutics for AD have limited clinical benefit. Therefore, preventive therapies for interrupting the development of AD are critically needed. Molecules targeting multifunction to interact with various pathlogical components have been considered to improve the therapeutic efficiency of AD. In particular, herbal medicines with multiplicity of actions produce cognitive benefits on AD. Bugu-M is a multi-herbal extract composed of Ganoderma lucidum (Antler form), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Ziziphus jujuba Mill., and Dimocarpus longan, with the ability of its various components to confer resilience to cognitive deficits. Objective To evaluate the potential of Bugu-M on amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity and its in vitro mechanisms and on in vivo cognitive function. Methods We illustrated the effect of Bugu-M on Aβ25-35-evoked toxicity as well as its possible mechanisms to diminish the pathogenesis of AD in rat cortical neurons. For cognitive function studies, 2-month-old female 3×Tg-AD mice were administered 400 mg/kg Bugu-M for 30 days. Behavioral tests were performed to assess the efficacy of Bugu-M on cognitive impairment. Results In primary cortical neuronal cultures, Bugu-M mitigated Aβ-evoked toxicity by reducing cytoskeletal aberrations and axonal disruption, restoring presynaptic and postsynaptic protein expression, suppressing mitochondrial damage and apoptotic signaling, and reserving neurogenic and neurotrophic factors. Importantly, 30-day administration of Bugu-M effectively prevented development of cognitive impairment in 3-month-old female 3×Tg-AD mice. Conclusion Bugu-M might be beneficial in delaying the progression of AD, and thus warrants consideration for its preventive potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Angela Goh
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Horng Lin
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kai-An Chuang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Chang
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Li
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsun Lu
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yin Chen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Wei
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - I-Hong Pan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Perng
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,
School of Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Correspondence to: Shu-Fang Wen, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, 321, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 35743946; E-mail: and Ming-Der Perng, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 35742024; E-mail:
| | - Shu-Fang Wen
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Correspondence to: Shu-Fang Wen, Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, 321, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 35743946; E-mail: and Ming-Der Perng, College of Life Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan. Tel.: +886 35742024; E-mail:
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6
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Wu DD, Cheng J, Zheng YN, Liu YT, Hou SX, Liu LF, Huang L, Yuan QL. Neuroplastin 65 deficiency reduces amyloid plaque formation and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1129773. [PMID: 37213217 PMCID: PMC10196121 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1129773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by increasing cognitive dysfunction, progressive cerebral amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, and neurofibrillary tangle aggregation. However, the molecular mechanisms of AD pathologies have not been completely understood. As synaptic glycoprotein neuroplastin 65 (NP65) is related with synaptic plasticity and complex molecular events underlying learning and memory, we hypothesized that NP65 would be involved in cognitive dysfunction and Aβ plaque formation of AD. For this purpose, we examined the role of NP65 in the transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) mouse model of AD. Methods Neuroplastin 65-knockout (NP65-/-) mice crossed with APP/PS1 mice to get the NP65-deficient APP/PS1 mice. In the present study, a separate cohort of NP65-deficient APP/PS1 mice were used. First, the cognitive behaviors of NP65-deficient APP/PS1 mice were assessed. Then, Aβ plaque burden and Aβ levels in NP65-deficient APP/PS1 mice were measured by immunostaining and western blot as well as ELISA. Thirdly, immunostaining and western blot were used to evaluate the glial response and neuroinflammation. Finally, protein levels of 5-hydroxytryptamin (serotonin) receptor 3A and synaptic proteins and neurons were measured. Results We found that loss of NP65 alleviated the cognitive deficits of APP/PS1 mice. In addition, Aβ plaque burden and Aβ levels were significantly reduced in NP65-deficient APP/PS1 mice compared with control animals. NP65-loss in APP/PS1 mice resulted in a decrease in glial activation and the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-4) as well as protective matrix YM-1 and Arg-1, but had no effect on microglial phenotype. Moreover, NP65 deficiency significantly reversed the increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3A (Htr3A) expression levels in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Discussion These findings identify a previously unrecognized role of NP65 in cognitive deficits and Aβ formation of APP/PS1 mice, and suggest that NP65 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ni Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Tong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shuang-Xin Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Lan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qiong-Lan Yuan,
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7
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Xie X, Wan J, Zheng X, Pan W, Yuan J, Hu B, Feng M, Liu Z, Cai S. Synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate and l-theanine in nerve repair and regeneration by anti-amyloid damage, promoting metabolism, and nourishing nerve cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:951415. [PMID: 36034895 PMCID: PMC9399931 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.951415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has significant protective activity on nerve cells, but the mechanism of action is unclear. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and N-ethyl-L-glutamine (L-theanine) are the representative functional components of green tea (Camellia sinensis). In this study, an AD model of Aβ25–35-induced differentiated neural cell line PC12 cells was established to study the synergistic effect of EGCG and L-theanine in protecting neural cells. The results showed that under Aβ25–35 stress conditions, mitochondria and axons degenerated, and the expression of cyclins was up-regulated, showing the gene and protein characteristics of cellular hyperfunction. EGCG + L-theanine inhibited inflammation and aggregate formation pathways, significantly increased the percentage of G0/G1 in the cell cycle, downregulated the expression of proteins such as p-mTOR, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin B1, upregulated the expression of GAP43, Klotho, p-AMPK, and other proteins, promoted mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism, and had repair and regeneration effects on differentiated nerve cells. The synergistic mechanism study showed that under the premise that EGCG inhibits amyloid stress and inflammation and promotes metabolism, L-theanine could play a nourish nerve effect. EGCG + L-theanine keeps differentiated nerve cells in a quiescent state, which is beneficial to the repair and regeneration of nerve cells. In addition, EGCG + L-theanine maintains the high-fidelity structure of cellular proteins. This study revealed for the first time that the synergistic effect of EGCG with L-theanine may be an effective way to promote nerve cell repair and regeneration and slow down the progression of AD. Our findings provide a new scientific basis for the relationship between tea drinking and brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Xie
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Wan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Baozhu Hu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiyan Feng
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuxian Cai
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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8
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Sanchez-Varo R, Mejias-Ortega M, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Nuñez-Diaz C, Caceres-Palomo L, Vegas-Gomez L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Leon JA, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Vizuete M, Vitorica J, Baglietto-Vargas D, Gutierrez A. Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5404. [PMID: 35628216 PMCID: PMC9142061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the most prominent form of dementia among elderly individuals worldwide. Disease modeling using murine transgenic mice was first initiated thanks to the discovery of heritable mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS) genes. However, due to the repeated failure of translational applications from animal models to human patients, along with the recent advances in genetic susceptibility and our current understanding on disease biology, these models have evolved over time in an attempt to better reproduce the complexity of this devastating disease and improve their applicability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview about the major pathological elements of human AD (plaques, tauopathy, synaptic damage, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction), discussing the knowledge that available mouse models have provided about the mechanisms underlying human disease. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons of current models, and the revolution offered by the concomitant use of transgenic mice and omics technologies that may lead to a more rapid improvement of the present modeling battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Caceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Vegas-Gomez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
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9
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Anjum F, Shahwan M, Alhumaydhi FA, Sharaf SE, Al Abdulmonem W, Shafie A, Bilgrami AL, Shamsi A, Md Ashraf G. Mechanistic insight into the binding between Ferritin and Serotonin: Possible implications in neurodegenerative diseases. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Streit WJ, Rotter J, Winter K, Müller W, Khoshbouei H, Bechmann I. Droplet Degeneration of Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons Signifies the Beginning of Neuritic Plaque Formation. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1701-1720. [PMID: 34958037 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuritic plaques contain neural and microglial elements, and amyloid-β protein (Aβ), but their pathogenesis remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Elucidate neuritic plaque pathogenesis. METHODS Histochemical visualization of hyperphosphorylated-tau positive (p-tau+) structures, microglia, Aβ, and iron. RESULTS Disintegration of large projection neurons in human hippocampus and neocortex presents as droplet degeneration: pretangle neurons break up into spheres of numerous p-tau+ droplets of various sizes, which marks the beginning of neuritic plaques. These droplet spheres develop in the absence of colocalized Aβ deposits but once formed become encased in diffuse Aβ with great specificity. In contrast, neurofibrillary tangles often do not colocalize with Aβ. Double-labelling for p-tau and microglia showed a lack of microglial activation or phagocytosis of p-tau+ degeneration droplets but revealed massive upregulation of ferritin in microglia suggesting presence of high levels of free iron. Perl's Prussian blue produced positive staining of microglia, droplet spheres, and Aβ plaque cores supporting the suggestion that droplet degeneration of pretangle neurons in the hippocampus and cortex represents ferroptosis, which is accompanied by the release of neuronal iron extracellularly. CONCLUSION Age-related iron accumulation and ferroptosis in the CNS likely trigger at least two endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotective iron sequestration and chelation, microglial ferritin expression and Aβ deposition, respectively, both contributing to the formation of neuritic plaques. Since neurofibrillary tangles and Aβ deposits colocalize infrequently, tangle formation likely does not involve release of neuronal iron extracellularly. In human brain, targeted deposition of Aβ occurs specifically in response to ongoing ferroptotic droplet degeneration thereby producing neuritic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Streit
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonas Rotter
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolf Müller
- Department of Neuropathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Liang YY, Zhang LD, Luo X, Wu LL, Chen ZW, Wei GH, Zhang KQ, Du ZA, Li RZ, So KF, Li A. All roads lead to Rome - a review of the potential mechanisms by which exerkines exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1210-1227. [PMID: 34782555 PMCID: PMC8643060 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.325012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have become a critical public health issue due to the significantly extended human lifespan, leading to considerable economic and social burdens. Traditional therapies for AD such as medicine and surgery remain ineffective, impractical, and expensive. Many studies have shown that a variety of bioactive substances released by physical exercise (called “exerkines”) help to maintain and improve the normal functions of the brain in terms of cognition, emotion, and psychomotor coordination. Increasing evidence suggests that exerkines may exert beneficial effects in AD as well. This review summarizes the neuroprotective effects of exerkines in AD, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanism and the dynamic expression of exerkines after physical exercise. The findings described in this review will help direct research into novel targets for the treatment of AD and develop customized exercise therapy for individuals of different ages, genders, and health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yao Liang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Li Wu
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhao-Wei Chen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Hao Wei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai-Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-An Du
- Department of Clinical Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ren-Zhi Li
- International Department of the Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University; Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education; Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Everett J, Lermyte F, Brooks J, Tjendana-Tjhin V, Plascencia-Villa G, Hands-Portman I, Donnelly JM, Billimoria K, Perry G, Zhu X, Sadler PJ, O'Connor PB, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Biogenic metallic elements in the human brain? SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf6707. [PMID: 34108207 PMCID: PMC8189590 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of copper and iron plays a critical role in normal brain function. A variety of enzymes and proteins containing positively charged Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ control key processes, catalyzing oxidative metabolism and neurotransmitter and neuropeptide production. Here, we report the discovery of elemental (zero-oxidation state) metallic Cu0 accompanying ferromagnetic elemental Fe0 in the human brain. These nanoscale biometal deposits were identified within amyloid plaque cores isolated from Alzheimer's disease subjects, using synchrotron x-ray spectromicroscopy. The surfaces of nanodeposits of metallic copper and iron are highly reactive, with distinctly different chemical and magnetic properties from their predominant oxide counterparts. The discovery of metals in their elemental form in the brain raises new questions regarding their generation and their role in neurochemistry, neurobiology, and the etiology of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jake Brooks
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Vindy Tjendana-Tjhin
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Ian Hands-Portman
- School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jane M Donnelly
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kharmen Billimoria
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Joanna F Collingwood
- School of Engineering, Library Road, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Neil D Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Thornburrow Drive, Keele University, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK.
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13
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Ngo MT, Harley BAC. Progress in mimicking brain microenvironments to understand and treat neurological disorders. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:020902. [PMID: 33869984 PMCID: PMC8034983 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders including traumatic brain injury, stroke, primary and metastatic brain tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Disease progression is accompanied by changes in the brain microenvironment, but how these shifts in biochemical, biophysical, and cellular properties contribute to repair outcomes or continued degeneration is largely unknown. Tissue engineering approaches can be used to develop in vitro models to understand how the brain microenvironment contributes to pathophysiological processes linked to neurological disorders and may also offer constructs that promote healing and regeneration in vivo. In this Perspective, we summarize features of the brain microenvironment in normal and pathophysiological states and highlight strategies to mimic this environment to model disease, investigate neural stem cell biology, and promote regenerative healing. We discuss current limitations and resulting opportunities to develop tissue engineering tools that more faithfully recapitulate the aspects of the brain microenvironment for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai T. Ngo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: (217) 244-7112. Fax: (217) 333-5052
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14
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Everett J, Brooks J, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Nanoscale chemical speciation of β-amyloid/iron aggregates using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01304h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale resolution X-ray spectromicroscopy shows the co-incubation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and iron(iii) to result in aggregate structures displaying nanoscale heterogeneity in Aβ and iron chemistry, including the formation of potentially cytotoxic Fe0.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Thornburrow Drive
- Keele University
- Staffordshire
| | - Jake Brooks
- School of Engineering
- Library Road
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | | | - Neil D. Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering
- Guy Hilton Research Centre
- Thornburrow Drive
- Keele University
- Staffordshire
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15
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Shi YB, Tu T, Jiang J, Zhang QL, Ai JQ, Pan A, Manavis J, Tu E, Yan XX. Early Dendritic Dystrophy in Human Brains With Primary Age-Related Tauopathy. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:596894. [PMID: 33364934 PMCID: PMC7750631 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.596894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophic neurites (DNs) are found in many neurological conditions such as traumatic brain injury and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) specifically, senile plaques containing silver-stained DNs were already described in the original literature defining this disease. These DNs could be both axonal and dendritic in origin, while axonal dystrophy relative to plaque formation has been more extensively studied. Here, we demonstrate an early occurrence of dendritic dystrophy in the hippocampal CA1 and subicular regions in human brains (n = 23) with primary age-related tauopathy (PART), with neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) burden ranging from Braak stages I to III in the absence of cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. In Bielschowsky's silver stain, segmented fusiform swellings on the apical dendrites of hippocampal and subicular pyramidal neurons were observed in all the cases, primarily over the stratum radiatum (s.r.). The numbers of silver-stained neuronal somata and dendritic swellings counted over CA1 to subiculum were positively correlated among the cases. Swollen dendritic processes were also detected in sections immunolabeled for phosphorylated tau (pTau) and sortilin. In aged and AD brains with both Aβ and pTau pathologies, silver- and immunolabeled dystrophic-like dendritic profiles occurred around and within individual neuritic plaques. These findings implicate that dendritic dystrophy can occur among hippocampal pyramidal neurons in human brains with PART. Therefore, as with the case of axonal dystrophy reported in literature, dendritic dystrophy can develop prior to Alzheimer-type plaque and tangle formation in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bin Shi
- Medical Doctor Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Tu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi-Lei Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Qi Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ewen Tu
- Department of Neurology, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Intracisternal injection of beta-amyloid seeds promotes cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:628-640. [PMID: 32739364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta amyloid (Aβ) is a key component of parenchymal Aβ plaques and vascular Aβ fibrils, which lead to cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have revealed that Aβ contained in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can re-enter into brain through paravascular spaces. However, whether Aβ in CSF may act as a constant source of pathogenic Aβ in AD is still unclear. This study aimed to examine whether Aβ pathology could be worsened when CSF Aβ level was enhanced by intra-cisternal infusion of aged brain extract containing abundant Aβ in TgCRND8 host mice. TgCRND8 mouse is an AD animal model which develops predominant parenchymal Aβ plaques in the brain at as early as 3 months of age. Here, we showed that single intracisternal injection of Aβ seeds into TgCRND8 mice before the presence of Aβ pathology induced robust prion-like propagation of CAA within 90 days. The induced CAA is mainly distributed in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and thalamus of TgCRND8 mice. Surprisingly, despite the robust increase in CAA levels, the TgCRND8 mice had a marked decrease in parenchymal Aβ plaques and the plaques related neuroinflammation in the brains compared with the control mice. These results amply indicate that Aβ in CSF may act as a source of Aβ contributing to the growth of vascular Aβ deposits in CAA. Our findings provide experimental evidence to unravel the mechanisms of CAA formation and the potential of targeting CSF Aβ for CAA.
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17
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Everett J, Brooks J, Lermyte F, O'Connor PB, Sadler PJ, Dobson J, Collingwood JF, Telling ND. Iron stored in ferritin is chemically reduced in the presence of aggregating Aβ(1-42). Sci Rep 2020; 10:10332. [PMID: 32587293 PMCID: PMC7316746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical low-oxidation-state iron phases in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are implicated in disease pathogenesis, as they may promote elevated redox activity and convey toxicity. However, the origin of low-oxidation-state iron and the pathways responsible for its formation and evolution remain unresolved. Here we investigate the interaction of the AD peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) with the iron storage protein ferritin, to establish whether interactions between these two species are a potential source of low-oxidation-state iron in AD. Using X-ray spectromicroscopy and electron microscopy we found that the co-aggregation of Aβ and ferritin resulted in the conversion of ferritin's inert ferric core into more reactive low-oxidation-states. Such findings strongly implicate Aβ in the altered iron handling and increased oxidative stress observed in AD pathogenesis. These amyloid-associated iron phases have biomarker potential to assist with disease diagnosis and staging, and may act as targets for therapies designed to lower oxidative stress in AD tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Jake Brooks
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Lermyte
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Dobson
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | | | - Neil D Telling
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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18
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Wang L, Jin GF, Yu HH, Lu XH, Zou ZH, Liang JQ, Yang H. Protective effects of tenuifolin isolated from Polygala tenuifolia Willd roots on neuronal apoptosis and learning and memory deficits in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Food Funct 2019; 10:7453-7460. [PMID: 31664284 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd have a long history of being used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of insomnia, forgetfulness, sorrow and depression. Tenuifolin (TEN) has been isolated from Polygala tenuifolia Willd roots, and this study was carried out to investigate the potential beneficial effects of TEN on neuronal apoptosis and memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). TEN treatment reversed spatial learning and memory deficits, as well as neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal areas, in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. TEN treatment protected against Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis, loss of mitochondria-membrane potential, and activation of caspases-3 and -9 in SH-SY5Y cells. TEN has potential benefit in treating learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice, and its effects may be associated with reversing AD pathology-induced neuronal apoptosis. These insights pave the way for further analysis of the potential of TEN as an AD therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gui Fang Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - He Han Yu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Xiao Hua Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhen Hua Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Qi Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Yang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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19
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Carosi JM, Sargeant TJ. Rapamycin and Alzheimer disease: a double-edged sword? Autophagy 2019; 15:1460-1462. [PMID: 31066320 PMCID: PMC6613906 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1615823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that inhibition of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) clearly reduces Alzheimer disease neuropathological hallmarks in mouse models. This has resulted in calls for the use of the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin for the treatment of dementia in humans. Unfortunately, intervention with rapamycin in these mouse studies commenced before or early in the appearance of these pathological hallmarks. Later in Alzheimer disease, when dementia actually manifests, the brain's lysosomal system is severely damaged and treatment with rapamycin is likely to exacerbate this damage. We reassess literature described by a recent perspective article calling for the use of MTOR inhibition in dementia and conclude that rapamycin could be useful, but only in people who are in the earliest stages of Alzheimer disease. We contend that our interpretation of preclinical data concerning use of rapamycin in Alzheimer disease models is necessary if we are to avoid another failed Alzheimer disease drug trial. Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; APP: amyloid beta precursor protein; MAPT: microtubule associated protein tau; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Carosi
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Wang L, Jin G, Yu H, Li Q, Yang H. Protective effect of Tenuifolin against Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:195-201. [PMID: 31039426 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), an age-related neurodegenerative ailment. Emerging evidence suggests that Tenuifolin (TEN) significantly decreases Aβ secretion and relieves cellular inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of this activity has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigate the effect of TEN on autophagy, a process that plays an important role in the generation and metabolism of Aβ, in the presence or absence of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. The obtained results show that TEN prevents Aβ25-35-induced inflammation and decreases Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels by decreasing BACE1 in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, TEN decreases the mRNA levels of BACE1 but has no impact on the gene expressions of amyloid precursor proteins (APP). 3-MA, the most widely used autophagy inhibitor, reverses the effects of TEN in Aβ25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells. The association between TEN and autophagy was further investigated by examining the levels of autophagy markers LC3 II and Beclin 1, as well as the protein levels of mTOR, AMPK, and ULK1. The results showed that TEN increases LC3 II, Beclin 1, and mTOR, inhibits the degradation of AMPK, and increases the expression of ULK1. This suggests that TEN protects against Aβ25-35-induced cellular inflammation in an AD cell model through the regulation of autophagy, which, in part, is mediated by the activation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Guifang Jin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hehan Yu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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21
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Smith AJ, Duan T, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-4 reduces neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by remodeling peri-plaque astrocyte structure. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:74. [PMID: 31068220 PMCID: PMC6506955 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Redistribution of the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) away from astrocyte endfeet and into parenchymal processes is a striking histological feature in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurological conditions with prominent astrogliosis. AQP4 redistribution has been proposed to impair bulk Aβ clearance in AD, resulting in increased amyloid deposition in the brain; however, this finding is controversial. Here, we provide evidence in support of a different and novel role of AQP4 in AD. We found that Aqp4 deletion significantly increased amyloid deposition in cerebral cortex of 5xFAD mice, with an increase in the relative number of fibrillar vs. dense core plaques. AQP4 deficient 5xFAD mice also showed a significant reduction in the density of GFAP labeled peri-plaque astrocyte processes. Microglial plaque coverage was also significantly reduced, suggesting astrocyte involvement in organizing the peri-plaque glial response. The alterations in peri-plaque glial structure were accompanied by increased neuronal uptake of Aβ and an increase in the number of dystrophic neurites surrounding plaques. On the basis of these findings, we propose that redistribution of AQP4 into the parenchymal processes facilitates astrocyte structural plasticity and the formation of a reactive glial net around plaques that protects neurons from the deleterious effects of Aβ aggregates. AQP4 redistribution may thus facilitate plaque containment and reduce neuropathology in AD.
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22
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Yuan Q, Zhang H, Zhang X, Huang P, Liu R, Song YQ, Wu W, Lin ZX. Association Between Axonopathy and Amyloid Plaques in the Spinal Cord of the Transgenic Mice of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscience 2019; 409:152-161. [PMID: 31034974 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Axonopathy manifested by axon swellings might constitute one of the earliest pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. It has been proposed that axonopathy might be associated with the origin of Aβ plaques. However, how axonopathy leads to Aβ plaque pathogenesis remains elusive. Our previous studies have shown that Aβ neuropathology (mainly diffuse plaques) selectively occurred in the regions of corticospinal tract (CST) pathway and its innervated region in the spinal cord of TgCRND8 mice. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and progression of axonopathy and the possible implication in Aβ plaque pathogenesis in the spinal cord of TgCRND8 mice. By anterograde labeling of CST system with a neuroanatomical tracer, we found that dilated corticospinal axons started to appear at 7 months, then exhibited an age-dependent increase. These abnormal structures appear before any plaque deposits are visible in the spinal cord of the mice. Importantly, they colocalized with Aβ plaques in either the white matter or gray matter of the spinal cord at later stages, suggesting that these axonal swellings might represent the initial stages of Aβ plaque formation, and could play a role in Aβ plaque pathogenesis. Furthermore, using ultrastructural analysis we demonstrated that intracellular contents in the axonal dystrophies such as various dense vesicles leaked out into the extracellular matrix under a condition of axon swelling rupture in CST pathways of spinal cord. This provided precise structural evidence that how the Aβ leaks out from the axonal dystrophies into extracellular matrix and how an axonal swelling might serve as a nidus of amyloid plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Xie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Pengyun Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wutian Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; GHM Institute of CNS regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
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23
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Matschke J, Sehner S, Gallinat J, Siegers J, Murroni M, Püschel K, Glatzel M. No difference in the prevalence of Alzheimer-type neurodegenerative changes in the brains of suicides when compared with controls: an explorative neuropathologic study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:509-517. [PMID: 29383449 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Suicide ranks among the leading causes of death for individuals of all ages with highest rates in the elderly. The cause of suicide is considered a multifactorial phenomenon. A variety of neurodegenerative diseases, notably Alzheimer's disease, or, more recently, tauopathies as frontotemporal lobar degeneration or chronic traumatic encephalopathy, has been suggested as risk factor for suicide. Accordingly, we hypothesized that neurodegenerative changes typical of these diseases should be more prevalent in the brains of suicides when compared with controls. Suicides from the German federal state of Hamburg (n = 162) were compared with age- and sex-matched controls who died of other cause. Neuropathological assessment included semiquantitative analysis of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles visualized with silver stains; in addition, quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of β-amyloid load and counts of tau-positive neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads was done. Univariate analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression models did not show an effect of any parameter associated with the odds of committing suicide. On the contrary, after stratification for age, older suicide victims (over 48 years) showed lower β-amyloid loads when compared to controls in the univariate analysis (suicides: 4.7 ± 12.9; controls: 9.9 ± 20.9; p = 0.031; r = - 0.17). In conclusion, neuropathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease and common tauopathies associated with age seem to be of limited relevance for suicides. However, intact cognition when planning and carrying out complex acts may be of importance in the context of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Matschke
- Forensic Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. .,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Susanne Sehner
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Siegers
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Murroni
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Ovsepian SV, O'Leary VB, Zaborszky L, Ntziachristos V, Dolly JO. Amyloid Plaques of Alzheimer's Disease as Hotspots of Glutamatergic Activity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:288-297. [PMID: 30051750 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418791128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid plaques in limbic and associative cortices is amongst the most recognized histopathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Despite decades of research, there is a lack of consensus over the impact of plaques on neuronal function, with their role in cognitive decline and memory loss undecided. Evidence has emerged suggesting complex and localized axonal pathology around amyloid plaques, with a significant fraction of swellings and dystrophies becoming enriched with putative synaptic vesicles and presynaptic proteins normally colocalized at hotspots of transmitter release. In the absence of hallmark active zone proteins and postsynaptic receptive elements, the axonal swellings surrounding amyloid plaques have been suggested as sites for ectopic release of glutamate, which under reduced clearance can lead to elevated local excitatory drive. Throughout this review, we consider the emerging data suggestive of amyloid plaques as hotspots of compulsive glutamatergic activity. Evidence for local and long-range effects of nonsynaptic glutamate is discussed in the context of circuit dysfunctions and neurodegenerative changes of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Vasilis Ntziachristos
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Yang J, Zhang R, Shi C, Mao C, Yang Z, Suo Z, Torp R, Xu Y. AQP4 Association with Amyloid Deposition and Astrocyte Pathology in the Tg-ArcSwe Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 57:157-169. [PMID: 28222512 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β deposition in senile plaques is one of the main pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously reported that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is redistributed within the astrocytes in cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the tg-ArcSwe mouse model of AD, suggesting that AQP4 may participate in amyloid-β deposition. However, the role of AQP4 in plaque formation is not currently clear. The objective of the current study was to explore the AQP4 distribution within plaques in the tg-ArcSwe mice in more depth by the combined application of immunofluorescence cytochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy. In addition, the astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was studied in association with AQP4. We demonstrated a robust upregulation of AQP4 expression in areas of plaques. Compared to GFAP, AQP4 appeared predominantly at later stages of plaque formation, in older mice, and within the processes of astrocytes. In combination with GFAP, AQP4 differentiated plaques into three progression stages under light microscopy. This suggests that AQP4 expression was associated with amyloid deposition and astrocyte pathology in the Tg-ArcSwe mouse model of AD. This provides novel proof for the involvement of AQP4 in the process of amyloid deposition in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pathology, The Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Torp
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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26
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Krishtal J, Bragina O, Metsla K, Palumaa P, Tõugu V. In situ fibrillizing amyloid-beta 1-42 induces neurite degeneration and apoptosis of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186636. [PMID: 29065138 PMCID: PMC5655426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer’s disease is causatively linked to the accumulation of amyloid-β aggregates in the brain, however, it is not clear how the amyloid aggregates initiate the death of neuronal cells. The in vitro toxic effects of amyloid peptides are most commonly examined using the human neuroblastoma derived SH-SY5Y cell line and here we show that differentiated neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells are more sensitive to amyloid peptides than non-differentiated cells, because the latter lack long neurites. Exogenous soluble amyloid-β 1–42 covered cell bodies and whole neurites in differentiated cells with dense fibrils, causing neurite beading and fragmentation, whereas preformed amyloid-β 1–42 fibrils had no toxic effects. Importantly, spontaneously fibrillizing amyloid-β 1–42 peptide exhibited substantially higher cellular toxicity than amyloid-β 1–40, which did not form fibrils under the experimental conditions. These results support the hypothesis that peptide toxicity is related to the active fibrillization process in the incubation mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekaterina Krishtal
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Olga Bragina
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Metsla
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peep Palumaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vello Tõugu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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27
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Gowrishankar S, Wu Y, Ferguson SM. Impaired JIP3-dependent axonal lysosome transport promotes amyloid plaque pathology. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3291-3305. [PMID: 28784610 PMCID: PMC5626538 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201612148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal lysosomes accumulate abnormally in Alzheimer’s disease brains. However, whether and how such lysosomes contribute to disease pathology has been unclear. Gowrishankar et al. show that the JIP3-dependent transport of axonal lysosomes negatively regulates amyloid precursor protein processing into amyloidogenic peptides. Lysosomes robustly accumulate within axonal swellings at Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid plaques. However, the underlying mechanisms and disease relevance of such lysosome accumulations are not well understood. Motivated by these problems, we identified JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3) as an important regulator of axonal lysosome transport and maturation. JIP3 knockout mouse neuron primary cultures accumulate lysosomes within focal axonal swellings that resemble the dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques. These swellings contain high levels of amyloid precursor protein processing enzymes (BACE1 and presenilin 2) and are accompanied by elevated Aβ peptide levels. The in vivo importance of the JIP3-dependent regulation of axonal lysosomes was revealed by the worsening of the amyloid plaque pathology arising from JIP3 haploinsufficiency in a mouse model of AD. These results establish the critical role of JIP3-dependent axonal lysosome transport in regulating amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing and support a model wherein Aβ production is amplified by plaque-induced axonal lysosome transport defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Gowrishankar
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yumei Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Shawn M Ferguson
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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28
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Blazquez-Llorca L, Valero-Freitag S, Rodrigues EF, Merchán-Pérez Á, Rodríguez JR, Dorostkar MM, DeFelipe J, Herms J. High plasticity of axonal pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2017; 5:14. [PMID: 28173876 PMCID: PMC5296955 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal dystrophies (AxDs) are swollen and tortuous neuronal processes that are associated with extracellular depositions of amyloid β (Aβ) and have been observed to contribute to synaptic alterations occurring in Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the temporal course of this axonal pathology is of high relevance to comprehend the progression of the disease over time. We performed a long-term in vivo study (up to 210 days of two-photon imaging) with two transgenic mouse models (dE9xGFP-M and APP-PS1xGFP-M). Interestingly, AxDs were formed only in a quarter of GFP-expressing axons near Aβ-plaques, which indicates a selective vulnerability. AxDs, especially those reaching larger sizes, had long lifetimes and appeared as highly plastic structures with large variations in size and shape and axonal sprouting over time. In the case of the APP-PS1 mouse only, the formation of new long axonal segments in dystrophic axons (re-growth phenomenon) was observed. Moreover, new AxDs could appear at the same point of the axon where a previous AxD had been located before disappearance (re-formation phenomenon). In addition, we observed that most AxDs were formed and developed during the imaging period, and numerous AxDs had already disappeared by the end of this time. This work is the first in vivo study analyzing quantitatively the high plasticity of the axonal pathology around Aβ plaques. We hypothesized that a therapeutically early prevention of Aβ plaque formation or their growth might halt disease progression and promote functional axon regeneration and the recovery of neural circuits.
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29
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Vickers JC, Mitew S, Woodhouse A, Fernandez-Martos CM, Kirkcaldie MT, Canty AJ, McCormack GH, King AE. Defining the earliest pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2016; 13:281-7. [PMID: 26679855 PMCID: PMC4917817 DOI: 10.2174/1567205013666151218150322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The prospects for effectively treating well-established dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), are slim, due to the destruction of key brain pathways that underlie higher cognitive function. There has been a substantial shift in the field towards detecting conditions such as AD in their earliest stages, which would allow preventative or therapeutic approaches to substantially reduce risk and/or slow the progression of disease. AD is characterized by hallmark pathological changes such as extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary pathology, which selectively affect specific subclasses of neurons and brain circuits. Current evidence indicates that Aβ plaques begin to form many years before overt dementia, a gradual and progressive pathology which offers a potential target for early intervention. Early Aβ changes in the brain result in localized damage to dendrites, axonal processes and synapses, to which excitatory synapses and the processes of projection neurons are highly vulnerable. Aβ pathology is replicated in a range of transgenic models overexpressing mutant human familial AD genes (e.g. APP and presenilin 1). Studying the development of aberrant regenerative and degenerative changes in neuritic processes associated with Aβ plaques may represent the best opportunity to understand the relationship between the pathological hallmarks of AD and neuronal damage, and to develop early interventions to prevent, slow down or mitigate against Aβ pathology and/or the neuronal alterations that leads to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Vickers
- Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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30
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. Potential Pathways of Abnormal Tau and α-Synuclein Dissemination in Sporadic Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2016; 8:a023630. [PMID: 27580631 PMCID: PMC5088528 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental data indicate that transneuronal propagation of abnormal protein aggregates in neurodegenerative proteinopathies, such as sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), is capable of a self-propagating process that leads to a progression of neurodegeneration and accumulation of prion-like particles. The mechanisms by which misfolded tau and α-synuclein possibly spread from one involved nerve cell to the next in the neuronal chain to induce abnormal aggregation are still unknown. Based on findings from studies of human autopsy cases, we review potential pathways and mechanisms related to axonal and transneuronal dissemination of tau (sporadic AD) and α-synuclein (sporadic PD) aggregates between anatomically interconnected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Braak
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kelly Del Tredici
- Clinical Neuroanatomy Section/Department of Neurology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 8/1, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Labour MN, Vigier S, Lerner D, Marcilhac A, Belamie E. 3D compartmented model to study the neurite-related toxicity of Aβ aggregates included in collagen gels of adaptable porosity. Acta Biomater 2016; 37:38-49. [PMID: 27057929 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Insoluble deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) are associated to neurodegenerative pathologies, in particular Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The toxicity of synthetic amyloid-like peptides has been largely demonstrated and shown to depend upon their aggregation state. However, standard 2D cell culture conditions are not well suited to study the role of the close vicinity of Aβ aggregates and growing neurites in the degenerative process. Here, we have designed a compartmented set-up where model neural cells are differentiated on the surface of Aβ-containing collagen matrices. The average pore size can be modulated, from below 0.2μm to more than 0.5μm by simple treatment with collagenase, to respectively hamper or permit neurite outgrowth towards the depth of the matrix. Dense Aβ aggregates (Congo red and ThT-positive) were obtained inside the collagen matrix with a homogeneous distribution and dimensions similar to those observed in post-mortem brain slices from Alzheimer's patients. The aggregates are not toxic to cells when the pore size is small, in spite of relatively high concentrations of 0.05-0.62mg of peptide per gram of collagen (equivalent to 11.3-113μM). In contrast, on Aβ-containing matrices with large pores, massive neural death is observed when the cells are seeded in the same conditions. It is the first time to our knowledge that Aβ aggregates with a typical morphology of dense plaques are obtained within a porous biomimetic matrix, and are shown to be toxic only when accessible to differentiating cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Insoluble deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) are associated to neurodegenerative pathologies, in particular Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this study, we have formed Aβ aggregates directly inside a biomimetic collagen matrix loaded with growth factors to induce the differentiation of PC12 or SH-SY6Y cells. For the first time, we show that when the contact between cells and Aβ aggregates is allowed by opening up the matrix porosity, the close vicinity with aggregates induces neurite dystrophy. The compartmented 3D culture model developed and used in this study is a valuable tool to study the cytotoxicity of preformed dense Aβ aggregates and proves that contact between the aggregates and neurons is required to induce neurodegenerative processes.
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PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K Pathway Is Involved in Aβ25-35-Induced Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:161020. [PMID: 26583091 PMCID: PMC4637023 DOI: 10.1155/2015/161020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruption or deregulation of the autophagy system has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ plays an important role in this autophagic system. In many cases, autophagy is regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K) signaling pathway. However, whether this signaling pathway is involved in Aβ-induced autophagy in neuronal cells is not known. Here, we studied whether Aβ25-35 induces autophagy in HT22 cells and C57 mice and investigated whether PI3K is involved in the autophagy induction. We found that Aβ25-35 inhibited HT22 cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Aβ25-35 induced autophagosome formation, the conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), and the suppression of the mTOR pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Aβ25-35 impaired the learning abilities of C57 mice. Our study suggests that Aβ25-35 induces autophagy and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K pathway is involved in the process, which improves our understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and provides an additional model for AD research.
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Hama H, Hioki H, Namiki K, Hoshida T, Kurokawa H, Ishidate F, Kaneko T, Akagi T, Saito T, Saido T, Miyawaki A. ScaleS: an optical clearing palette for biological imaging. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1518-29. [PMID: 26368944 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical clearing methods facilitate deep biological imaging by mitigating light scattering in situ. Multi-scale high-resolution imaging requires preservation of tissue integrity for accurate signal reconstruction. However, existing clearing reagents contain chemical components that could compromise tissue structure, preventing reproducible anatomical and fluorescence signal stability. We developed ScaleS, a sorbitol-based optical clearing method that provides stable tissue preservation for immunochemical labeling and three-dimensional (3D) signal rendering. ScaleS permitted optical reconstructions of aged and diseased brain in Alzheimer's disease models, including mapping of 3D networks of amyloid plaques, neurons and microglia, and multi-scale tracking of single plaques by successive fluorescence and electron microscopy. Human clinical samples from Alzheimer's disease patients analyzed via reversible optical re-sectioning illuminated plaque pathogenesis in the z axis. Comparative benchmarking of contemporary clearing agents showed superior signal and structure preservation by ScaleS. These findings suggest that ScaleS is a simple and reproducible method for accurate visualization of biological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hama
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kana Namiki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Hoshida
- Biotechnological Optics Research Team, Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fumiyoshi Ishidate
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kaneko
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Akagi
- Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan.,Biotechnological Optics Research Team, Center for Advanced Photonics, RIKEN, Wako-city, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article was to review the current role of brain PET in the diagnosis of Alzheimer dementia. The characteristic patterns of glucose metabolism on brain FDG-PET can help in differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other causes of dementia such as frontotemporal dementia and dementia of Lewy body. Amyloid brain PET may exclude significant amyloid deposition and thus Alzheimer's disease in appropriate clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS FDG-PET and amyloid PET imaging are valuable in the assessment of patients with Alzheimer's disease.
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Braak H, Del Tredici K. The preclinical phase of the pathological process underlying sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Brain 2015; 138:2814-33. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Iwase T, Yoshida M, Mizuno T, Sato S, Nokura K. An autopsy case of hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome manifesting as cerebral hemiatrophy in an elderly man. Neuropathology 2015; 35:592-8. [PMID: 26179932 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an autopsy case of hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy (HHE) syndrome in a 79-year-old man. HHE syndrome usually occurs in children younger than 4 years of age. Although most HHE syndrome patients live into adult life, only a few cases of the syndrome have been reported in the elderly. In our case, cerebral hemiatrophy, left mesial temporal sclerosis and crossed cerebellar atrophy were observed. Because this is the oldest case ever reported, we further investigated age-related neuropathological changes and found an interhemispheric difference in amyloid-β-related neuropathologic changes. There were almost no senile plaques or amyloid-laden vessels in the left hemisphere. As far as we know, this is the first report of age-related neuropathology in a brain manifesting HHE syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Iwase
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City Koseiin Medical Welfare Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya City Koseiin Medical Welfare Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nokura
- Department of Neurology, Ban Buntane Hotokukai Hospital, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
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Massive accumulation of luminal protease-deficient axonal lysosomes at Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E3699-708. [PMID: 26124111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1510329112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a comprehensive analysis of organellar markers in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, we document a massive accumulation of lysosome-like organelles at amyloid plaques and establish that the majority of these organelles reside within swollen axons that contact the amyloid deposits. This close spatial relationship between axonal lysosome accumulation and extracellular amyloid aggregates was observed from the earliest stages of β-amyloid deposition. Notably, we discovered that lysosomes that accumulate in such axons are lacking in multiple soluble luminal proteases and thus are predicted to be unable to efficiently degrade proteinaceous cargos. Of relevance to Alzheimer's disease, β-secretase (BACE1), the protein that initiates amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein and which is a substrate for these proteases, builds up at these sites. Furthermore, through a comparison between the axonal lysosome accumulations at amyloid plaques and neuronal lysosomes of the wild-type brain, we identified a similar, naturally occurring population of lysosome-like organelles in neuronal processes that is also defined by its low luminal protease content. In conjunction with emerging evidence that the lysosomal maturation of endosomes and autophagosomes is coupled to their retrograde transport, our results suggest that extracellular β-amyloid deposits cause a local impairment in the retrograde axonal transport of lysosome precursors, leading to their accumulation and a blockade in their further maturation. This study both advances understanding of Alzheimer's disease brain pathology and provides new insights into the subcellular organization of neuronal lysosomes that may have broader relevance to other neurodegenerative diseases with a lysosomal component to their pathology.
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Fonteh AN, Ormseth C, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Sphingolipid metabolism correlates with cerebrospinal fluid Beta amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125597. [PMID: 25938590 PMCID: PMC4418746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, while the supernatant fluid allows study of brain interstitial metabolism. Our objective was to characterize sphingolipids in nanoparticles representative of membrane vesicle metabolism, and in supernatant fluid representative of interstitial metabolism from study participants with varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. We recently described the recruitment, diagnosis, and CSF collection from cognitively normal or impaired study participants. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we report that cognitively normal participants had measureable levels of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and dihydroceramide species, but that their distribution differed between nanoparticles and supernatant fluid, and further differed in those with cognitive impairment. In CSF from AD compared with cognitively normal participants: a) total sphingomyelin levels were lower in nanoparticles and supernatant fluid; b) levels of ceramide species were lower in nanoparticles and higher in supernatant fluid; c) three sphingomyelin species were reduced in the nanoparticle fraction. Moreover, three sphingomyelin species in the nanoparticle fraction were lower in mild cognitive impairment compared with cognitively normal participants. The activity of acid, but not neutral sphingomyelinase was significantly reduced in the CSF from AD participants. The reduction in acid sphingomylinase in CSF from AD participants was independent of depression and psychotropic medications. Acid sphingomyelinase activity positively correlated with amyloid β42 concentration in CSF from cognitively normal but not impaired participants. In dementia, altered sphingolipid metabolism, decreased acid sphingomyelinase activity and its lost association with CSF amyloid β42 concentration, underscores the potential of sphingolipids as disease biomarkers, and acid sphingomyelinase as a target for AD diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Matthew Cipolla
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
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Adlard PA, Tran BA, Finkelstein DI, Desmond PM, Johnston LA, Bush AI, Egan GF. A review of β-amyloid neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:327. [PMID: 25400539 PMCID: PMC4215612 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. As advancing age is the greatest risk factor for developing AD, the number of those afflicted is expected to increase markedly with the aging of the world's population. The inability to definitively diagnose AD until autopsy remains an impediment to establishing effective targeted treatments. Neuroimaging has enabled in vivo visualization of pathological changes in the brain associated with the disease, providing a greater understanding of its pathophysiological development and progression. However, neuroimaging biomarkers do not yet offer clear advantages over current clinical diagnostic criteria for them to be accepted into routine clinical use. Nonetheless, current insights from neuroimaging combined with the elucidation of biochemical and molecular processes in AD are informing the ongoing development of new imaging techniques and their application. Much of this research has been greatly assisted by the availability of transgenic mouse models of AD. In this review we summarize the main efforts of neuroimaging in AD in humans and in mouse models, with a specific focus on β-amyloid, and discuss the potential of new applications and novel approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Adlard
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Bob A. Tran
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia M. Desmond
- Department of Radiology, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Radiology, The Royal Melbourne HospitalParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leigh A. Johnston
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Division of Mental Health, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary F. Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash UniversityClayton, VIC, Australia
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Yan XX, Ma C, Gai WP, Cai H, Luo XG. Can BACE1 inhibition mitigate early axonal pathology in neurological diseases? J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:705-18. [PMID: 24081378 DOI: 10.3233/jad-131400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
β-Secretase-1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the genesis of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, the main constituents of the amyloid plaques in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. BACE1 is being evaluated as an anti-Aβ target for AD therapy. Recent studies indicate that BACE1 elevation is associated with axonal and presynaptic pathology during plaque development. Evidence also points to a biological role for BACE1 in axonal outgrowth and synapse formation during development. Axonal, including presynaptic, pathology exists in AD as well as many other neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke, and trauma. In this review, we discuss pharmaceutical BACE1 inhibition as a therapeutic option for axonal pathogenesis, in addition to amyloid pathology. We first introduce the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid-β protein precursor and describe the normal expression pattern of the amyloidogenic proteins in the brain, with an emphasis on BACE1. We then address BACE1 elevation relative to amyloid plaque development, followed by updating recent understanding of a neurotrophic role of BACE1 in axon and synapse development. We further elaborate the occurrence of axonal pathology in some other neurological conditions. Finally, we propose pharmacological inhibition of excessive BACE1 activity as an option to mitigate early axonal pathology occurring in AD and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Everett J, Céspedes E, Shelford LR, Exley C, Collingwood JF, Dobson J, van der Laan G, Jenkins CA, Arenholz E, Telling ND. Ferrous iron formation following the co-aggregation of ferric iron and the Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid (1-42). J R Soc Interface 2014; 11:20140165. [PMID: 24671940 PMCID: PMC4006257 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, a link between increased levels of iron and areas of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has been recognized, including AD lesions comprised of the peptide β-amyloid (Aβ). Despite many observations of this association, the relationship between Aβ and iron is poorly understood. Using X-ray microspectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electron microscopy and spectrophotometric iron(II) quantification techniques, we examine the interaction between Aβ(1–42) and synthetic iron(III), reminiscent of ferric iron stores in the brain. We report Aβ to be capable of accumulating iron(III) within amyloid aggregates, with this process resulting in Aβ-mediated reduction of iron(III) to a redox-active iron(II) phase. Additionally, we show that the presence of aluminium increases the reductive capacity of Aβ, enabling the redox cycling of the iron. These results demonstrate the ability of Aβ to accumulate iron, offering an explanation for previously observed local increases in iron concentration associated with AD lesions. Furthermore, the ability of iron to form redox-active iron phases from ferric precursors provides an origin both for the redox-active iron previously witnessed in AD tissue, and the increased levels of oxidative stress characteristic of AD. These interactions between Aβ and iron deliver valuable insights into the process of AD progression, which may ultimately provide targets for disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Everett
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, , Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, UK
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42
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Accumulation of amyloid-like Aβ1-42 in AEL (autophagy-endosomal-lysosomal) vesicles: potential implications for plaque biogenesis. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:AN20130044. [PMID: 24521233 PMCID: PMC4379859 DOI: 10.1042/an20130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of Aβ (amyloid β) within AEL (autophagy-endosomal-lysosomal) vesicles is a prominent neuropathological feature of AD (Alzheimer's disease), but the mechanism of accumulation within vesicles is not clear. We express secretory forms of human Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42 in Drosophila neurons and observe preferential localization of Aβ1-42 within AEL vesicles. In young animals, Aβ1-42 appears to associate with plasma membrane, whereas Aβ1-40 does not, suggesting that recycling endocytosis may underlie its routing to AEL vesicles. Aβ1-40, in contrast, appears to partially localize in extracellular spaces in whole brain and is preferentially secreted by cultured neurons. As animals become older, AEL vesicles become dysfunctional, enlarge and their turnover appears delayed. Genetic inhibition of AEL function results in decreased Aβ1-42 accumulation. In samples from older animals, Aβ1-42 is broadly distributed within neurons, but only the Aβ1-42 within dysfunctional AEL vesicles appears to be in an amyloid-like state. Moreover, the Aβ1-42-containing AEL vesicles share properties with AD-like extracellular plaques. They appear to be able to relocate to extracellular spaces either as a consequence of age-dependent neurodegeneration or a non-neurodegenerative separation from host neurons by plasma membrane infolding. We propose that dysfunctional AEL vesicles may thus be the source of amyloid-like plaque accumulation in Aβ1-42-expressing Drosophila with potential relevance for AD.
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Everett J, Céspedes E, Shelford LR, Exley C, Collingwood JF, Dobson J, van der Laan G, Jenkins CA, Arenholz E, Telling ND. Evidence of redox-active iron formation following aggregation of ferrihydrite and the Alzheimer's disease peptide β-amyloid. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2803-9. [PMID: 24559299 DOI: 10.1021/ic402406g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated increased levels of redox-active iron biominerals in Alzheimer's disease (AD) tissue. However, the origin, nature, and role of iron in AD pathology remains unclear. Using X-ray absorption, X-ray microspectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques, we examined interactions between the AD peptide β-amyloid (Aβ) and ferrihydrite, which is the ferric form taken when iron is stored in humans. We report that Aβ is capable of reducing ferrihydrite to a pure iron(II) mineral where antiferromagnetically ordered Fe(2+) cations occupy two nonequivalent crystal symmetry sites. Examination of these iron(II) phases following air exposure revealed a material consistent with the iron(II)-rich mineral magnetite. These results demonstrate the capability of Aβ to induce the redox-active biominerals reported in AD tissue from natural iron precursors. Such interactions between Aβ and ferrihydrite shed light upon the processes of AD pathogenesis, while providing potential targets for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Everett
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University , Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire ST4 7QB, United Kingdom
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The Beta-amyloid protein of Alzheimer's disease: communication breakdown by modifying the neuronal cytoskeleton. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 2013:910502. [PMID: 24416616 PMCID: PMC3876695 DOI: 10.1155/2013/910502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent severe neurological disorders afflicting our aged population. Cognitive decline, a major symptom exhibited by AD patients, is associated with neuritic dystrophy, a degenerative growth state of neurites. The molecular mechanisms governing neuritic dystrophy remain unclear. Mounting evidence indicates that the AD-causative agent, β-amyloid protein (Aβ), induces neuritic dystrophy. Indeed, neuritic dystrophy is commonly found decorating Aβ-rich amyloid plaques (APs) in the AD brain. Furthermore, disruption and degeneration of the neuronal microtubule system in neurons forming dystrophic neurites may occur as a consequence of Aβ-mediated downstream signaling. This review defines potential molecular pathways, which may be modulated subsequent to Aβ-dependent interactions with the neuronal membrane as a consequence of increasing amyloid burden in the brain.
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A, Ojala J, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:33-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Im W, Chung JY, Bhan J, Lim J, Lee ST, Chu K, Kim M. Sun ginseng protects endothelial progenitor cells from senescence associated apoptosis. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:78-85. [PMID: 23717107 PMCID: PMC3659567 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are a population of cells that circulate in the blood stream. They play a role in angiogenesis and, therefore, can be prognostic markers of vascular repair. Ginsenoside Rg3 prevents endothelial cell apoptosis through the inhibition of the mitochondrial caspase pathway. It also affects estrogen activity, which reduces EPC senescence. Sun ginseng (SG), which is heat-processed ginseng, has a high content of ginsenosides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of SG on senescence-associated apoptosis in EPCs. In order to isolate EPCs, mononuclear cells of human blood buffy coats were cultured and characterized by their uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (acLDL) and their binding of Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (ulex-lectin). Flow cytometry with annexin-V staining was performed in order to assess early and late apoptosis. Senescence was determined by β-galactosidase (β-gal) staining. Staining with 4′-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole verified that most adherent cells (93±2.7%) were acLDL-positive and ulex-lectin-positive. The percentage of β-gal-positive EPCs was decreased from 93.8±2.0% to 62.5±3.6% by SG treatment. A fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis showed that 4.9% of EPCs were late apoptotic in controls. Sun ginseng decreased the apoptotic cell population by 39% in the late stage of apoptosis from control baseline levels. In conclusion, these results show antisenescent and antiapoptotic effects of SG in human-derived EPCs, indicating that SG can enhance EPC-mediated repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wooseok Im
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, SNUMC, 101 Daehakro, Chongno-ku, Seoul, Korea, 110-744
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47
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Yuan Q, Su H, Zhang Y, Chau WH, Ng CT, Wu W, Lin ZX. Existence of different types of senile plaques between brain and spinal cord of TgCRND8 mice. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:211-20. [PMID: 23333593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting findings exist regarding the formation of diffuse and dense-core β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the present study, we characterized Aβ plaque types in the brain and spinal cord of TgCRND8 mice, which express a transgene incorporating both the Indiana mutation (V717F) and the Swedish mutations (K670N/M671L) in the human amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) gene. By combining immunohistochemistry and thioflavin S staining, we were able to define dense-core and diffuse plaques in neocortex of the brain and spinal cord of 9 week-, 5 month-, 10 month- and 20-month-old TgCRND8 mice. The senile plaques in the neocortex were predominantly dense-core plaques, even in the youngest mice. However, diffuse plaques were instead detected in spinal cord of the mice, regardless of age. Our results that relative predominance of dense-core plaques in the neocortex and diffuse plaques in the spinal cord of TgCNRD8 mice of all disease durations argue against the notion that diffuse plaques may represent an early stage in the evolution of dense-core plaques. Furthermore, we also found that the ratio of Aβ42/Aβ40 of the brain was much higher than that of the spinal cord by Aβ ELISA assay. Our findings strongly indicate that diffuse and dense-core plaques may form via independent processes in AD and Aβ42 is more prone to form dense-core plaques than is Aβ40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Yuan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
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48
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Comparative docking and ADMET study of some curcumin derivatives and herbal congeners targeting β-amyloid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13721-012-0021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Riemer J, Kins S. Axonal Transport and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 12:111-24. [DOI: 10.1159/000342020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Youmans KL, Tai LM, Nwabuisi-Heath E, Jungbauer L, Kanekiyo T, Gan M, Kim J, Eimer WA, Estus S, Rebeck GW, Weeber EJ, Bu G, Yu C, LaDu MJ. APOE4-specific changes in Aβ accumulation in a new transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41774-86. [PMID: 23060451 PMCID: PMC3516726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
APOE4 is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and synergistic effects with amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) suggest interactions among apoE isoforms and different forms of Aβ accumulation. However, it remains unclear how the APOE genotype affects plaque morphology, intraneuronal Aβ, soluble Aβ42, and oligomeric Aβ (oAβ), particularly in vivo. As the introduction of human APOE significantly delays amyloid deposition in transgenic mice expressing familial AD (FAD) mutations (FAD-Tg), 5xFAD-Tg mice, which exhibit amyloid deposition by age 2 months, were crossed with apoE-targeted replacement mice to produce the new EFAD-Tg mice. Compared with 5xFAD mice, Aβ deposition was delayed by ∼4 months in the EFAD mice, allowing detection of early changes in Aβ accumulation from 2-6 months. Although plaque deposition is generally greater in E4FAD mice, E2/E3FAD mice have significantly more diffuse and E4FAD more compact plaques. As a first report in FAD-Tg mice, the APOE genotypes had no effect on intraneuronal Aβ accumulation in EFAD mice. In E4FAD mice, total apoE levels were lower and total Aβ levels higher than in E2FAD and E3FAD mice. Profiles from sequential three-step extractions (TBS, detergent, and formic acid) demonstrated that the lower level of total apoE4 is reflected only in the detergent-soluble fraction, indicating that less apoE4 is lipoprotein-associated, and perhaps less lipidated, compared with apoE2 and apoE3. Soluble Aβ42 and oAβ levels were highest in E4FAD mice, although soluble apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 levels were comparable, suggesting that the differences in soluble Aβ42 and oAβ result from functional differences among the apoE isoforms. Thus, APOE differentially regulates multiple aspects of Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Youmans
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Leon M. Tai
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Evelyn Nwabuisi-Heath
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Lisa Jungbauer
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Ming Gan
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Jungsu Kim
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - William A. Eimer
- the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Steve Estus
- the Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - G. William Rebeck
- the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. 20057, and
| | - Edwin J. Weeber
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613
| | - Guojun Bu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- From the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
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