1
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Wirth S, Schlößer A, Beiersdorfer A, Schweizer M, Woo MS, Friese MA, Lohr C, Grochowska KM. Astrocytic uptake of posttranslationally modified amyloid-β leads to endolysosomal system disruption and induction of pro-inflammatory signaling. Glia 2024; 72:1451-1468. [PMID: 38629411 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The disruption of astrocytic catabolic processes contributes to the impairment of amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance, neuroinflammatory signaling, and the loss of synaptic contacts in late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). While it is known that the posttranslational modifications of Aβ have significant implications on biophysical properties of the peptides, their consequences for clearance impairment are not well understood. It was previously shown that N-terminally pyroglutamylated Aβ3(pE)-42, a significant constituent of amyloid plaques, is efficiently taken up by astrocytes, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α and synapse loss. Here we report that Aβ3(pE)-42, but not Aβ1-42, gradually accumulates within the astrocytic endolysosomal system, disrupting this catabolic pathway and inducing the formation of heteromorphous vacuoles. This accumulation alters lysosomal kinetics, lysosome-dependent calcium signaling, and upregulates the lysosomal stress response. These changes correlate with the upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and increased activity of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Treatment with a lysosomal protease inhibitor, E-64, rescues GFAP upregulation, NF-κB activation, and synapse loss, indicating that abnormal lysosomal protease activity is upstream of pro-inflammatory signaling and related synapse loss. Collectively, our data suggest that Aβ3(pE)-42-induced disruption of the astrocytic endolysosomal system leads to cytoplasmic leakage of lysosomal proteases, promoting pro-inflammatory signaling and synapse loss, hallmarks of AD-pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wirth
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika Schlößer
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Beiersdorfer
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Core Facility of Electron Microscopy, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel S Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Lohr
- Institute of Cell and Systems Biology of Animals, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grochowska
- Leibniz Group 'Dendritic Organelles and Synaptic Function', Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
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2
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Davidson DS, Lemkul JA. Pyroglutamylation modulates electronic properties and the conformational ensemble of the amyloid β-peptide. Proteins 2024; 92:842-853. [PMID: 38436541 PMCID: PMC11147713 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the formation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. The underlying cause of AD is unknown, however, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Aβ have been found in AD patients and are thought to play a role in protein aggregation. One such PTM is pyroglutamylation, which can occur at two sites in Aβ, Glu3 and Glu11. This modification of Aβ involves the truncation and charge-neutralization of N-terminal glutamate, causing Aβ to become more hydrophobic and prone to aggregation. The molecular mechanism by which the introduction of pyroglutamate (pE) promotes aggregation has not been determined. To gain a greater understanding of the role that charge neutralization and truncation of the N-terminus plays on Aβ conformational sampling, we used the Drude polarizable force field (FF) to perform molecular dynamics simulations on AβpE3-42 and AβpE11-42 and comparing their properties to previous simulations of Aβ1-42. The Drude polarizable FF allows for a more accurate representation of electrostatic interactions, therefore providing novel insights into the role that charge plays in protein dynamics. Here, we report the parametrization of pE in the Drude polarizable FF and the effect of pyroglutamylation on Aβ. We found that AβpE3-42 and AβpE11-42 alter the permanent and induced dipoles of the peptide. Specifically, we found that AβpE3-42 and AβpE11-42 have modification-specific backbone and sidechain polarization response and perturbed solvation properties that shift the Aβ conformational ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy S Davidson
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Justin A Lemkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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3
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Neven J, Issayama LK, Dewachter I, Wilson DM. Genomic stress and impaired DNA repair in Alzheimer disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 139:103678. [PMID: 38669748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prominent form of dementia and has received considerable attention due to its growing burden on economic, healthcare and basic societal infrastructures. The two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, i.e., extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, have been the focus of much research, with an eye on understanding underlying disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic avenues. One often overlooked aspect of AD is how Aβ and Tau may, through indirect and direct mechanisms, affect genome integrity. Herein, we review evidence that Aβ and Tau abnormalities induce excessive genomic stress and impair genome maintenance mechanisms, events that can promote DNA damage-induced neuronal cell loss and associated brain atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Neven
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - David M Wilson
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt 3500, Belgium.
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4
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Babalola JA, Stracke A, Loeffler T, Schilcher I, Sideromenos S, Flunkert S, Neddens J, Lignell A, Prokesch M, Pazenboeck U, Strobl H, Tadic J, Leitinger G, Lass A, Hutter-Paier B, Hoefler G. Effect of astaxanthin in type-2 diabetes -induced APPxhQC transgenic and NTG mice. Mol Metab 2024; 85:101959. [PMID: 38763496 PMCID: PMC11153249 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aggregation and misfolding of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins, suggested to arise from post-translational modification processes, are thought to be the main cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Additionally, a plethora of evidence exists that links metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dyslipidemia to the pathogenesis of AD. We thus investigated the combinatory effect of T2D and human glutaminyl cyclase activity (pyroglutamylation), on the pathology of AD and whether astaxanthin (ASX) treatment ameliorates accompanying pathophysiological manifestations. METHODS Male transgenic AD mice, APPxhQC, expressing human APP751 with the Swedish and the London mutation and human glutaminyl cyclase (hQC) enzyme and their non-transgenic (NTG) littermates were used. Both APPxhQC and NTG mice were allocated to 3 groups, control, T2D-control, and T2D-ASX. Mice were fed control or high fat diet ± ASX for 13 weeks starting at an age of 11-12 months. High fat diet fed mice were further treated with streptozocin for T2D induction. Effects of genotype, T2D induction, and ASX treatment were evaluated by analysing glycemic readouts, lipid concentration, Aβ deposition, hippocampus-dependent cognitive function and nutrient sensing using immunosorbent assay, ELISA-based assays, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and behavioral testing via Morris water maze (MWM), respectively. RESULTS APPxhQC mice presented a higher glucose sensitivity compared to NTG mice. T2D-induced brain dysfunction was more severe in NTG compared to the APPxhQC mice. T2D induction impaired memory functions while increasing hepatic LC3B, ABCA1, and p65 levels in NTG mice. T2D induction resulted in a progressive shift of Aβ from the soluble to insoluble form in APPxhQC mice. ASX treatment reversed T2D-induced memory dysfunction in NTG mice and in parallel increased hepatic pAKT while decreasing p65 and increasing cerebral p-S6rp and p65 levels. ASX treatment reduced soluble Aβ38 and Aβ40 and insoluble Aβ40 levels in T2D-induced APPxhQC mice. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that T2D induction in APPxhQC mice poses additional risk for AD pathology as seen by increased Aβ deposition. Although ASX treatment reduced Aβ expression in T2D-induced APPxhQC mice and rescued T2D-induced memory impairment in NTG mice, ASX treatment alone may not be effective in cases of T2D comorbidity and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anika Stracke
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Spyridon Sideromenos
- QPS Austria GmbH, Grambach, Austria; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Ute Pazenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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5
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Mardanyan S, Sharoyan S, Antonyan A. Diversity of amyloid beta peptide actions. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:387-398. [PMID: 38281140 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Fibril formation by amyloidogenic proteins and peptides is considered the cause of a number of incurable diseases. One of the most known amyloid diseases is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditionally, amyloidogenic beta peptides Aβ40 and Aβ42 (Aβs) are considered as main causes of AD and the foremost targets in AD fight. The main efforts in pharmacology are aimed at reducing Aβs concentration to prevent their accumulation, aggregation, formation of senile plaques, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. However, a number of publications have demonstrated certain beneficial physiological effects of Aβs. Simultaneously, it is indicated that the effects of Aβs turn into pathological due to the development of certain diseases in the body. The accumulation of C- and N-terminal truncated Aβs under diverse conditions is supposed to play a role in AD development. The significance of transformation of glutamate residue at positions 3 or 11 of Aβs catalyzed by glutaminyl cyclase making them more degradation resistant, hydrophobic, and prone to aggregation, as well as the participation of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in these transformations are discussed. The experimental data presented confirm the maintenance of physiological, nonaggregated state of Aβs by plant preparations. In conclusion, this review suggests that in the fight against AD, instead of removing Aβs, preference should be given to the treatment of common diseases. Glutaminyl cyclase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV can be considered as targets in AD treatment. Flavonoids and plant preparations that possess antiamyloidogenic propensity are proposed as beneficial neuroprotective, anticancer, and antidiabetic food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Mardanyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
| | - Svetlana Sharoyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
| | - Alvard Antonyan
- H. Buniatian Institute of Biochemistry of Armenian National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan 0014, Republic of Armenia
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6
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Enzlein T, Lashley T, Sammour DA, Hopf C, Chávez-Gutiérrez L. Integrative Single-Plaque Analysis Reveals Signature Aβ and Lipid Profiles in the Alzheimer's Brain. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9799-9807. [PMID: 38830618 PMCID: PMC11190877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) initiates molecular and cellular cascades that lead to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, amyloid deposition does not invariably lead to dementia. Amyloid-positive but cognitively unaffected (AP-CU) individuals present widespread amyloid pathology, suggesting that molecular signatures more complex than the total amyloid burden are required to better differentiate AD from AP-CU cases. Motivated by the essential role of Aβ and the key lipid involvement in AD pathogenesis, we applied multimodal mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and machine learning (ML) to investigate amyloid plaque heterogeneity, regarding Aβ and lipid composition, in AP-CU versus AD brain samples at the single-plaque level. Instead of focusing on a population mean, our analytical approach allowed the investigation of large populations of plaques at the single-plaque level. We found that different (sub)populations of amyloid plaques, differing in Aβ and lipid composition, coexist in the brain samples studied. The integration of MSI data with ML-based feature extraction further revealed that plaque-associated gangliosides GM2 and GM1, as well as Aβ1-38, but not Aβ1-42, are relevant differentiators between the investigated pathologies. The pinpointed differences may guide further fundamental research investigating the role of amyloid plaque heterogeneity in AD pathogenesis/progression and may provide molecular clues for further development of emerging immunotherapies to effectively target toxic amyloid assemblies in AD therapy. Our study exemplifies how an integrative analytical strategy facilitates the unraveling of complex biochemical phenomena, advancing our understanding of AD from an analytical perspective and offering potential avenues for the refinement of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Enzlein
- Center
for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, Mannheim 68163, Germany
- KU
Leuven-VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department
of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Department
of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen
Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, U.K.
| | - Denis Abu Sammour
- Center
for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, Mannheim 68163, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center
for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack Str. 10, Mannheim 68163, Germany
- Mannheim
Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lucía Chávez-Gutiérrez
- KU
Leuven-VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- Department
of Neurosciences, Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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7
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Fruhwürth S, Zetterberg H, Paludan SR. Microglia and amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease - Evidence, possible mechanisms, and future challenges. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578342. [PMID: 38640827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive decline that severely affects patients and their families. Genetic and environmental risk factors, such as viral infections, synergize to accelerate the aging-associated neurodegeneration. Genetic risk factors for late-onset AD (LOAD), which accounts for most AD cases, are predominantly implicated in microglial and immune cell functions. As such, microglia play a major role in formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, the major pathological hallmark of AD. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the role of microglia in Aβ plaque formation, as well as their impact on morphological and functional diversity of Aβ plaques. Based on this discussion, we seek to identify challenges and opportunities in this field with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Fruhwürth
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammatory Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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8
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Strausbaugh Hjelmstad A, Pushie MJ, Ruth K, Escobedo M, Kuter K, Haas KL. Investigating Cu(I) binding to model peptides of N-terminal Aβ isoforms. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 253:112480. [PMID: 38309203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and copper (Cu) ions are each involved in critical biological processes including antimicrobial activity, regulation of synaptic function, angiogenesis, and others. Aβ binds to Cu and may play a role in Cu trafficking. Aβ peptides exist in isoforms that vary at their C-and N-termini; variation at the N-terminal sequence affects Cu binding affinity, structure, and redox activity by providing different sets of coordinating groups to the metal ion. Several N-terminal isoforms have been detected in human brain tissues including Aβ1-40/42, Aβ3-42, pEAβ3-42, Aβ4-42, Aβ11-40 and pEAβ11-40 (where pE denotes an N-terminal pyroglutamic acid). Several previous works have individually investigated the affinity and structure of Cu(I) bound to some of these isoforms' metal binding domains. However, the disparately reported values are apparent constants collected under different sets of conditions, and thus an integrated comparison cannot be made. The work presented here provides the Cu(I) coordination structure and binding affinities of these six biologically relevant Aβ isoforms determined in parallel using model peptides of the Aβ metal binding domains (Aβ1-16, Aβ3-16, pEAβ3-16, Aβ4-16, Aβ11-16 and pEAβ11-16). The binding affinities of Cu(I)-Aβ complexes were measured using solution competition with ferrozine (Fz) and bicinchoninic acid (BCA), two colorimetric Cu(I) indicators in common use. The Cu(I) coordination structures were characterized by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The data presented here facilitate comparison of the isoforms' Cu-binding interactions and contribute to our understanding of the role of Aβ peptides as copper chelators in healthy and diseased brains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Kaylee Ruth
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maria Escobedo
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Kristin Kuter
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Saint Mary's College, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Kathryn L Haas
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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9
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Rulmont C, Stigliani JL, Hureau C, Esmieu C. Rationally Designed Cu(I) Ligand to Prevent CuAβ-Generated ROS Production in the Alzheimer's Disease Context. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2340-2351. [PMID: 38243896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
In the context of Alzheimer's disease, copper (Cu) can be loosely bound to the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, leading to the formation of CuAβ, which can catalytically generate reactive oxygen species that contribute to oxidative stress. To fight against this phenomenon, the chelation therapy approach has been developed and consists of using a ligand able to remove Cu from Aβ and to redox-silence it, thus stopping the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A large number of Cu(II) chelators has been studied, allowing us to define and refine the properties required to design a "good" ligand, but without strong therapeutic outcomes to date. Those chelators targeted the Cu(II) redox state. Herein, we explore a parallel and relevant alternative pathway by designing a chelator able to target the Cu(I) redox state. To that end, we designed LH2 ([1N3S] binding set) and demonstrated that (i) it is perfectly able to extract Cu(I) from Cu(I)Aβ even in the presence of an excess of Zn(II) and (ii) it redox-silences the Cu, preventing the formation of ROS. We showed that LH2 that is sensitive to oxidation can efficiently replace the [Zn(II)L] complex without losing its excellent ability to stop the ROS production while increasing its resistance to oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Rulmont
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | | | | | - Charlène Esmieu
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse 31077, France
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10
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Głowacz K, Drozd M, Tokarska W, Wezynfeld NE, Ciosek-Skibińska P. Quantum dots-based "chemical tongue" for the discrimination of short-length Aβ peptides. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:95. [PMID: 38224352 PMCID: PMC10789672 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A "chemical tongue" is proposed based on thiomalic acid-capped quantum dots (QDs) with signal enrichment provided by excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for the determination of close structural analogs-short-length amyloid β (Aβ) peptides related to Alzheimer's disease. Excellent discrimination is obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) for seven derivatives: Aβ1-16, Aβ4-16, Aβ4-9, Aβ5-16, Aβ5-12, Aβ5-9, Aβ12-16. Detection of Aβ4-16, Aβ4-16, and Aβ5-9 in binary and ternary mixtures performed by QDs-based chemical tongue using partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) provided perfect 100% accuracy for the two studied peptides (Aβ4-16 and Aβ4-16), while for the third one (Aβ5-9) it was slightly lower (97.9%). Successful detection of Aβ4-16 at 1 pmol/mL (1.6 ng/mL) suggests that the detection limit of the proposed method for short-length Aβ peptides can span nanomolar concentrations. This result is highly promising for the development of simple and efficient methods for sequence recognition in short-length peptides and better understanding of mechanisms at the QD-analyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Głowacz
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Drozd
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Poleczki 19, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Weronika Tokarska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nina E Wezynfeld
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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de Oliveira AP, Chase W, Confer MP, Walker S, Baghel D, Ghosh A. Colocalization of β-Sheets and Carotenoids in Aβ Plaques Revealed with Multimodal Spatially Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:33-44. [PMID: 38124262 PMCID: PMC10851346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid β(Aβ) peptides is at the heart of Alzheimer's disease development and progression. As a result, amyloid aggregates have been studied extensively in vitro, and detailed structural information on fibrillar amyloid aggregates is available. However, forwarding these structural models to amyloid plaques in the human brain is still a major challenge. The chemistry of amyloid plaques, particularly in terms of the protein secondary structure and associated chemical moieties, remains poorly understood. In this report, we use Raman microspectroscopy to identify the presence of carotenoids in amyloid plaques and demonstrate that the abundance of carotenoids is correlated with the overall protein secondary structure of plaques, specifically to the population of β-sheets. While the association of carotenoids with plaques has been previously identified, their correlation with the β structure has never been identified. To further validate these findings, we have used optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) spectroscopy, which is a spatially resolved technique that yields complementary infrared contrast to Raman. O-PTIR unequivocally demonstrates the presence of elevated β-sheets in carotenoid-containing plaques and the lack of β structure in noncarotenoid plaques. Our findings underscore the potential link between anti-inflammatory species as carotenoids to specific secondary structural motifs within Aβ plaques and highlight the possible role of chemically distinct plaques in neuroinflammation, which can uncover new mechanistic insights and lead to new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Chase
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Matthew P. Confer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Savannah Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Divya Baghel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Ayanjeet Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
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12
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Guan Y, Li Y, Gao W, Mei J, Xu W, Wang C, Ai H. Aggregation Dynamics Characteristics of Seven Different Aβ Oligomeric Isoforms-Dependence on the Interfacial Interaction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:155-168. [PMID: 38109178 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides has been confirmed to be associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the three phases of Aβ aggregation, the lag phase has been considered to be the best time for early Aβ pathological deposition clinical intervention and prevention for potential patients with normal cognition. Aβ peptide exists in various lengths in vivo, and Aβ oligomer in the early lag phase is neurotoxic but polymorphous and metastable, depending on Aβ length (isoform), molecular weight, and specific phase, and therefore hardly characterized experimentally. To cope with the problem, molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the aggregation process of five monomers for each of the seven common Aβ isoforms during the lag phase. Results showed that Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-38) monomers aggregated faster than their truncated analogues Aβ(4-40) and Aβ(4-38), respectively. However, the aggregation rate of Aβ(1-42) was slower than that of its truncated analogues Aβ(4-42) rather than that of Aβpe(3-42). More importantly, Aβ(1-38) is first predicted as more likely to form stable hexamer than the remaining five Aβ isoforms, as Aβ(1-42) does. It is hydrophobic interaction mainly (>50%) from the interfacial β1 and β2 regions of two reactants, pentamer and monomer, aggregated by Aβ(1-38)/Aβ(1-42) rather than by other Aβ isoforms, that drives the hexamer stably as a result of the formation of the effective hydrophobic collapse. This paper provides new insights into the aggregation characteristics of Aβ with different lengths and the conditions necessary for Aβ to form oligomers with a high molecular weight in the early lag phase, revealing the dependence of Aβ hexamer formation on the specific interfacial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvning Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinfei Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongqi Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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13
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Aljassabi A, Zieneldien T, Kim J, Regmi D, Cao C. Alzheimer's Disease Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Future Prospects. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:755-772. [PMID: 38489183 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely complex and heterogeneous pathology influenced by many factors contributing to its onset and progression, including aging, amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, tau fibril accumulation, inflammation, etc. Despite promising advances in drug development, there is no cure for AD. Although there have been substantial advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of AD, there have been over 200 unsuccessful clinical trials in the past decade. In recent years, immunotherapies have been at the forefront of these efforts. Immunotherapy alludes to the immunological field that strives to identify disease treatments via the enhancement, suppression, or induction of immune responses. Interestingly, immunotherapy in AD is a relatively new approach for non-infectious disease. At present, antibody therapy (passive immunotherapy) that targets anti-Aβ aimed to prevent the fibrillization of Aβ peptides and disrupt pre-existing fibrils is a predominant AD immunotherapy due to the continuous failure of active immunotherapy for AD. The most rational and safe strategies will be those targeting the toxic molecule without triggering an abnormal immune response, offering therapeutic advantages, thus making clinical trial design more efficient. This review offers a concise overview of immunotherapeutic strategies, including active and passive immunotherapy for AD. Our review encompasses approved methods and those presently under investigation in clinical trials, while elucidating the recent challenges, complications, successes, and potential treatments. Thus, immunotherapies targeting Aβ throughout the disease progression using a mutant oligomer-Aβ stimulated dendritic cell vaccine may offer a promising therapy in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Aljassabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tarek Zieneldien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janice Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Deepika Regmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chuanhai Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Taneja College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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14
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Posadas Y, Sánchez-López C, Quintanar L. Copper binding and protein aggregation: a journey from the brain to the human lens. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:974-985. [PMID: 38033729 PMCID: PMC10685798 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00145h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal ions have been implicated in several proteinopathies associated to degenerative and neurodegenerative diseases. While the molecular mechanisms for protein aggregation are still under investigation, recent findings from Cryo-EM point out to polymorphisms in aggregates obtained from patients, as compared to those formed in vitro, suggesting that several factors may impact aggregation in vivo. One of these factors could be the direct binding of metal ions to the proteins engaged in aggregate formation. In this opinion article, three case studies are discussed to address the question of how metal ion binding to a peptide or protein may impact its conformation, folding, and aggregation, and how this may be relevant in understanding the polymorphic nature of the aggregates related to disease. Specifically, the impact of Cu2+ ions in the amyloid aggregation of amyloid-β and amylin (or IAPP- islet amyloid polypeptide) are discussed and then contrasted to the case of Cu2+-induced non-amyloid aggregation of human lens γ-crystallin proteins. For the intrinsically disordered peptides amyloid-β and IAPP, the impact of Cu2+ ion binding is highly dependent on the relative location of the metal binding site and the hydrophobic regions involved in β-sheet folding and amyloid formation. Further structural studies of how Cu2+ binding impacts amyloid aggregation pathways and the molecular structure of the final amyloid fibril, both, in vitro and in vivo, will certainly shed light into the molecular origins of the polymorphisms observed in diseased tissue. Finally, contrasting these cases to that of Cu2+-induced non-amyloid aggregation of γ-crystallins, it is evident that, although the impact in aggregation - and the nature of the aggregate - may differ in each system, at the molecular level there is a competition between metal ion coordination and the stability of β-sheet structures. Considering the importance of the β-sheet fold in biology, it is fundamental to understand the energetics and molecular details behind such competition. This opinion article aims to highlight future research directions in the field that can help tackle the important question of how metal ion binding may impact protein folding and aggregation and how this relates to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanahi Posadas
- Center for Research in Aging, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) Mexico City 14330 Mexico
| | - Carolina Sánchez-López
- Center for Research in Aging, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) Mexico City 14330 Mexico
| | - Liliana Quintanar
- Center for Research in Aging, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) Mexico City 14330 Mexico
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) Mexico City 07350 Mexico
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15
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Kandi S, Cline EN, Rivera BM, Viola KL, Zhu J, Condello C, LeDuc RD, Klein WL, Kelleher NL, Patrie SM. Amyloid β Proteoforms Elucidated by Quantitative LC/MS in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3475-3488. [PMID: 37847596 PMCID: PMC10840081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Numerous Aβ proteoforms, identified in the human brain, possess differential neurotoxic and aggregation propensities. These proteoforms contribute in unknown ways to the conformations and resultant pathogenicity of oligomers, protofibrils, and fibrils in Alzheimer's disease (AD) manifestation owing to the lack of molecular-level specificity to the exact chemical composition of underlying protein products with widespread interrogating techniques, like immunoassays. We evaluated Aβ proteoform flux using quantitative top-down mass spectrometry (TDMS) in a well-studied 5xFAD mouse model of age-dependent Aβ-amyloidosis. Though the brain-derived Aβ proteoform landscape is largely occupied by Aβ1-42, 25 different forms of Aβ with differential solubility were identified. These proteoforms fall into three natural groups defined by hierarchical clustering of expression levels in the context of mouse age and proteoform solubility, with each group sharing physiochemical properties associated with either N/C-terminal truncations or both. Overall, the TDMS workflow outlined may hold tremendous potential for investigating proteoform-level relationships between insoluble fibrils and soluble Aβ, including low-molecular-weight oligomers hypothesized to serve as the key drivers of neurotoxicity. Similarly, the workflow may also help to validate the utility of AD-relevant animal models to recapitulate amyloidosis mechanisms or possibly explain disconnects observed in therapeutic efficacy in animal models vs humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kandi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Erika N Cline
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brianna M Rivera
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kirsten L Viola
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiuhe Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Carlo Condello
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Richard D LeDuc
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven M Patrie
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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16
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Holcombe B, Foes A, Banerjee S, Yeh K, Wang SHJ, Bhargava R, Ghosh A. Intermediate Antiparallel β Structure in Amyloid β Plaques Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3794-3803. [PMID: 37800883 PMCID: PMC10662787 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides into extracellular plaques is a hallmark of the molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid aggregates have been extensively studied in vitro, and it is well-known that mature amyloid fibrils contain an ordered parallel β structure. The structural evolution from unaggregated peptide to fibrils can be mediated through intermediate structures that deviate significantly from mature fibrils, such as antiparallel β-sheets. However, it is currently unknown if these intermediate structures exist in plaques, which limits the translation of findings from in vitro structural characterizations of amyloid aggregates to AD. This arises from the inability to extend common structural biology techniques to ex vivo tissue measurements. Here we report the use of infrared (IR) imaging, wherein we can spatially localize plaques and probe their protein structural distributions with the molecular sensitivity of IR spectroscopy. Analyzing individual plaques in AD tissues, we demonstrate that fibrillar amyloid plaques exhibit antiparallel β-sheet signatures, thus providing a direct connection between in vitro structures and amyloid aggregates in the AD brain. We further validate results with IR imaging of in vitro aggregates and show that the antiparallel β-sheet structure is a distinct structural facet of amyloid fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Holcombe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Abigail Foes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Siddhartha Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Kevin Yeh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shih-Hsiu J. Wang
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Departments of Bioengineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ayanjeet Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
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17
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Noormägi A, Golubeva T, Berntsson E, Wärmländer SK, Tõugu V, Palumaa P. Direct Competition of ATCUN Peptides with Human Serum Albumin for Copper(II) Ions Determined by LC-ICP MS. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:33912-33919. [PMID: 37744839 PMCID: PMC10515390 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an indispensable biometal, primarily serving as a redox-competent cofactor in numerous proteins. Apart from preformed copper-binding sites within the protein structures, small peptide motifs exist called ATCUN, which are composed of an N-terminal tripeptide XZH, able to bind Cu(II) ions in exchangeable form. These motifs are common for serum albumin, but they are also present in a wide range of proteins and peptides. These proteins and peptides can be involved in copper metabolism, and copper ions can affect their biological role. The distribution of copper between the ATCUN peptides, including truncated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides Aβ4-42 and Aβ11-42, which may be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, is mainly determined by their concentrations and relative Cu(II)-binding affinities. The Cu(II)-binding affinity (log Kd) of several ATCUN peptides, determined by different methods and authors, varies by more than three orders of magnitude. This variation may be attributed to the chemical properties of peptides but can also be influenced by the differences in methods and experimental conditions used for the determination of Kd. In the current study, we performed direct competition experiments between selected ATCUN peptides and HSA by using an LC-ICP MS-based approach. We demonstrated that ATCUN and truncated Aβ peptides Aβ4-16 and Aβ11-15 bind Cu(II) ions with an affinity similar to that for HSA. Our results demonstrate that ATCUN motifs cannot compete with excess HSA for the binding of Cu(II) ions in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Noormägi
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn
University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Golubeva
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn
University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Elina Berntsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn
University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Chemistry
Section, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Vello Tõugu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn
University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Peep Palumaa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn
University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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18
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Ikegawa M, Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Toyama Y, Nirasawa T, Minta K, Hanrieder J. Mass Spectrometry Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Connect 2023; 13:319-333. [PMID: 36905365 PMCID: PMC10494909 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2022.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology is the precipitating histopathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the formation of amyloid plaques in human brains is suggested to be a key factor in initiating AD pathogenesis, it is still not fully understood the upstream events that lead to Aβ plaque formation and its metabolism inside the brains. Methods: Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has been successfully introduced to study AD pathology in brain tissue both in AD mouse models and human samples. By using MALDI-MSI, a highly selective deposition of Aβ peptides in AD brains with a variety of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) involvement was observed. Results: MALDI-MSI visualized depositions of shorter peptides in AD brains; Aβ1-36 to Aβ1-39 were quite similarly distributed with Aβ1-40 as a vascular pattern, and deposition of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 was visualized with a distinct senile plaque pattern distributed in parenchyma. Moreover, how MALDI-MSI covered in situ lipidomics of plaque pathology has been reviewed, which is of interest as aberrations in neuronal lipid biochemistry have been implicated in AD pathogenesis. Discussion: In this study, we introduce the methodological concepts and challenges of MALDI-MSI for the studies of AD pathogenesis. Diverse Aβ isoforms including various C- and N-terminal truncations in AD and CAA brain tissues will be visualized. Despite the close relationship between vascular and plaque Aβ deposition, the current strategy will define cross talk between neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular processes at the level of Aβ metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ikegawa
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuto Kakuda
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyasaka
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yumiko Toyama
- Department of Life and Medical Systems, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Karolina Minta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Zagorski K, King O, Hovakimyan A, Petrushina I, Antonyan T, Chailyan G, Ghazaryan M, Hyrc KL, Chadarevian JP, Davtyan H, Blurton-Jones M, Cribbs DH, Agadjanyan MG, Ghochikyan A. Novel Vaccine against Pathological Pyroglutamate-Modified Amyloid Beta for Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9797. [PMID: 37372944 PMCID: PMC10298272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translationally modified N-terminally truncated amyloid beta peptide with a cyclized form of glutamate at position 3 (pE3Aβ) is a highly pathogenic molecule with increased neurotoxicity and propensity for aggregation. In the brains of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) cases, pE3Aβ represents a major constituent of the amyloid plaque. The data show that pE3Aβ formation is increased at early pre-symptomatic disease stages, while tau phosphorylation and aggregation mostly occur at later stages of the disease. This suggests that pE3Aβ accumulation may be an early event in the disease pathogenesis and can be prophylactically targeted to prevent the onset of AD. The vaccine (AV-1986R/A) was generated by chemically conjugating the pE3Aβ3-11 fragment to our universal immunogenic vaccine platform MultiTEP, then formulated in AdvaxCpG adjuvant. AV-1986R/A showed high immunogenicity and selectivity, with endpoint titers in the range of 105-106 against pE3Aβ and 103-104 against the full-sized peptide in the 5XFAD AD mouse model. The vaccination showed efficient clearance of the pathology, including non-pyroglutamate-modified plaques, from the mice brains. AV-1986R/A is a novel promising candidate for the immunoprevention of AD. It is the first late preclinical candidate which selectively targets a pathology-specific form of amyloid with minimal immunoreactivity against the full-size peptide. Successful translation into clinic may offer a new avenue for the prevention of AD via vaccination of cognitively unimpaired individuals at risk of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zagorski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Olga King
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Armine Hovakimyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Irina Petrushina
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Tatevik Antonyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Gor Chailyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Manush Ghazaryan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Krzysztof L. Hyrc
- The Hope Center of Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Jean Paul Chadarevian
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - David H. Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (I.P.); (J.P.C.); (H.D.); (M.B.-J.); (D.H.C.)
| | - Michael G. Agadjanyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
| | - Anahit Ghochikyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA; (K.Z.); (O.K.); (A.H.); (T.A.); (G.C.); (M.G.); (M.G.A.)
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20
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Bader AS, Gnädig MU, Fricke M, Büschgens L, Berger LJ, Klafki HW, Meyer T, Jahn O, Weggen S, Wirths O. Brain Region-Specific Differences in Amyloid-β Plaque Composition in 5XFAD Mice. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13041053. [PMID: 37109582 PMCID: PMC10145597 DOI: 10.3390/life13041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Senile plaques consisting of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptides are heterogeneous regarding the exact length of their amino- and carboxy-termini. Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are often considered to represent canonical "full-length" Aβ species. Using immunohistochemistry, we analyzed the distribution of Aβ1-x, Aβx-42 and Aβ4-x species in amyloid deposits in the subiculum, hippocampus and cortex in 5XFAD mice during aging. Overall plaque load increased in all three brain regions, with the subiculum being the area with the strongest relative plaque coverage. In the subiculum, but not in the other brain regions, the Aβ1-x load peaked at an age of five months and decreased thereafter. In contrast, the density of plaques positive for N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x species increased continuously over time. We hypothesize that ongoing plaque remodeling takes place, leading to a conversion of deposited Aβ1-x peptides into Aβ4-x peptides in brain regions with a high Aβ plaque burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Sabine Bader
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius-Uwe Gnädig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Merle Fricke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luca Büschgens
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Josefine Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Neuroproteomics Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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21
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Maity D. Recent advances in the modulation of amyloid protein aggregation using the supramolecular host-guest approaches. Biophys Chem 2023; 297:107022. [PMID: 37058879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding of proteins is associated with many incurable diseases in human beings. Understanding the process of aggregation from monomers to fibrils, the characterization of all intermediate species, and the origin of toxicity is very challenging. Extensive research including computational and experimental shed some light on these tricky phenomena. Non-covalent interactions between amyloidogenic domains of proteins play a major role in their self-assembly which can be disrupted by designed chemical tools. This will lead to the development of inhibitors of detrimental amyloid formations. In supramolecular host-guest chemistry approaches, different macrocycles function as hosts for encapsulating hydrophobic guests, i.e. phenylalanine residues of proteins, in their hydrophobic cavities via non-covalent interactions. In this way, they can disrupt the interactions between adjacent amyloidogenic proteins and prevent their self-aggregation. This supramolecular approach has also emerged as a prospective tool to modify the aggregation of several amyloidogenic proteins. In this review, we discussed recent supramolecular host-guest chemistry-based strategies for the inhibition of amyloid protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Maity
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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22
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Advances in sample preparation and HPLC-MS/MS methods for determining amyloid-β peptide in biological samples: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9. [PMID: 36877264 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, is a major public health concern and the most common form of dementia. Its typical symptoms include memory loss, confusion, changes in personality, and cognitive impairment, which result in patients gradually losing independence. Over the last decades, some studies have focused on searching for effective biomarkers as early diagnostic indicators of AD. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides have been consolidated as reliable AD biomarkers and have been incorporated into modern diagnostic research criteria. However, quantitative analysis of Aβ peptides in biological samples remains a challenge because both the sample and the physical-chemical properties of these peptides are complex. During clinical routine, Aβ peptides are measured in the cerebrospinal fluid by immunoassays, but the availability of a specific antibody is critical-in some cases, an antibody may not exist, or its specificity may be inadequate, leading to low sensitivity and false results. HPLC-MS/MS has been reported as a sensitive and selective method for determining different fragments of Aβ peptides in biological samples simultaneously. Developments in sample preparation techniques (preconcentration platforms) such as immunoprecipitation, 96-well plate SPME, online SPME, and fiber-in-tube SPME have enabled not only effective enrichment of Aβ peptides present at trace levels in biological samples, but also efficient exclusion of interferents from the sample matrix (sample cleanup). This high extraction efficiency has provided MS platforms with higher sensitivity. Recently, methods affording LLOQ values as low as 5 pg mL-1 have been reported. Such low LLOQ values are adequate for quantifying Aβ peptides in complex matrixes including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples. This review summarizes the advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for quantifying Aβ peptides and covers the period 1992-2022. Important considerations regarding the development of the HPLC-MS/MS method such as the sample preparation step, optimization of the HPLC-MS/MS parameters, and matrix effects are described. Clinical applications, difficulties related to analysis of plasma samples, and future trends of these MS/MS-based methods are also discussed.
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23
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Liepold T, Klafki HW, Kumar S, Walter J, Wirths O, Wiltfang J, Jahn O. Matrix Development for the Detection of Phosphorylated Amyloid-β Peptides by MALDI-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:505-512. [PMID: 36706152 PMCID: PMC9983008 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, including post-translationally modified variants thereof, are believed to play a key role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Suggested modified Aβ species with potential disease relevance include Aβ peptides phosphorylated at serine in position eight (pSer8-Aβ) or 26 (pSer26-Aβ). However, the published studies on those Aβ peptides essentially relied on antibody-based approaches. Thus, complementary analyses by mass spectrometry, as shown for other modified Aβ variants, will be necessary not only to unambiguously verify the existence of phosphorylated Aβ species in brain samples but also to reveal their exact identity as to phosphorylation sites and potential terminal truncations. With the aim of providing a novel tool for addressing this still-unresolved issue, we developed a customized matrix formulation, referred to as TOPAC, that allows for improved detection of synthetic phosphorylated Aβ species by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. When TOPAC was compared with standard matrices, we observed higher signal intensities but minimal methionine oxidation and phosphate loss for intact pSer8-Aβ(1-40) and pSer26-Aβ(1-40). Similarly, TOPAC also improved the mass spectrometric detection and sequencing of the proteolytic cleavage products pSer8-Aβ(1-16) and pSer26-Aβ(17-28). We expect that TOPAC will facilitate future efforts to detect and characterize endogenous phosphorylated Aβ species in biological samples and that it may also find its use in phospho-proteomic approaches apart from applications in the Aβ field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liepold
- Neuroproteomics
Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sathish Kumar
- Department
of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department
of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Neuroproteomics
Group, Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
- Department
of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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24
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Berntsson E, Vosough F, Svantesson T, Pansieri J, Iashchishyn IA, Ostojić L, Dong X, Paul S, Jarvet J, Roos PM, Barth A, Morozova-Roche LA, Gräslund A, Wärmländer SKTS. Residue-specific binding of Ni(II) ions influences the structure and aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3341. [PMID: 36849796 PMCID: PMC9971182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. AD brains display deposits of insoluble amyloid plaques consisting mainly of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, and Aβ oligomers are likely a toxic species in AD pathology. AD patients display altered metal homeostasis, and AD plaques show elevated concentrations of metals such as Cu, Fe, and Zn. Yet, the metal chemistry in AD pathology remains unclear. Ni(II) ions are known to interact with Aβ peptides, but the nature and effects of such interactions are unknown. Here, we use numerous biophysical methods-mainly spectroscopy and imaging techniques-to characterize Aβ/Ni(II) interactions in vitro, for different Aβ variants: Aβ(1-40), Aβ(1-40)(H6A, H13A, H14A), Aβ(4-40), and Aβ(1-42). We show for the first time that Ni(II) ions display specific binding to the N-terminal segment of full-length Aβ monomers. Equimolar amounts of Ni(II) ions retard Aβ aggregation and direct it towards non-structured aggregates. The His6, His13, and His14 residues are implicated as binding ligands, and the Ni(II)·Aβ binding affinity is in the low µM range. The redox-active Ni(II) ions induce formation of dityrosine cross-links via redox chemistry, thereby creating covalent Aβ dimers. In aqueous buffer Ni(II) ions promote formation of beta sheet structure in Aβ monomers, while in a membrane-mimicking environment (SDS micelles) coil-coil helix interactions appear to be induced. For SDS-stabilized Aβ oligomers, Ni(II) ions direct the oligomers towards larger sizes and more diverse (heterogeneous) populations. All of these structural rearrangements may be relevant for the Aβ aggregation processes that are involved in AD brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Berntsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Faraz Vosough
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teodor Svantesson
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Pansieri
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Igor A. Iashchishyn
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucija Ostojić
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suman Paul
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jüri Jarvet
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.177284.f0000 0004 0410 6208The National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Per M. Roos
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 13, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Clinical Physiology, Capio St. Göran Hospital, St. Göransplan 1, 112 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Barth
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludmilla A. Morozova-Roche
- grid.12650.300000 0001 1034 3451Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gräslund
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian K. T. S. Wärmländer
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Chemistry Section, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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ADAMTS4 is involved in the production of the Alzheimer disease amyloid biomarker APP669-711. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1802-1812. [PMID: 36721026 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-01946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain parenchyma is one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). We have previously identified amyloid precursor protein (APP)669-711 (a.k.a. Aβ(-3)-40) in human plasma using immunoprecipitation combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IP-MALDI-MS). Furthermore, we found that the level of a composite biomarker, i.e., a combination of APP669-711/Aβ1-42 ratio and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 ratio in human plasma, correlates with the amyloid PET status of AD patients. However, the production mechanism of APP669-711 has remained unclear. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, we identified A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with a Thrombospondin type 1 motif, type 4 (ADAMTS4) as a responsible enzyme for APP669-711 production. ADAMTS4 cleaves APP directly to generate the C-terminal stub c102, which is subsequently proteolyzed by γ-secretase to release APP669-711. Genetic knockout of ADAMTS4 reduced the production of endogenous APP669-711 by 30% to 40% in cultured cells as well as mouse plasma, irrespectively of Aβ levels. Finally, we found that the endogenous murine APP669-711/Aβ1-42 ratio was increased in aged AD model mice, which shows Aβ deposition as observed in human patients. These data suggest that ADAMTS4 is involved in the production of APP669-711, and a plasma biomarker determined by IP-MALDI-MS can be used to estimate the level of Aβ deposition in the brain of mouse models.
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26
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Stazi M, Zampar S, Klafki HW, Meyer T, Wirths O. A Combination of Caffeine Supplementation and Enriched Environment in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032155. [PMID: 36768476 PMCID: PMC9916825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of factors has been associated with healthy brain aging, and epidemiological studies suggest that physical activity and nutritional supplements such as caffeine may reduce the risk of developing dementia and, in particular, Alzheimer's disease (AD) in later life. Caffeine is known to act as a cognitive enhancer but has been also shown to positively affect exercise performance in endurance activities. We have previously observed that chronic oral caffeine supplementation and a treatment paradigm encompassing physical and cognitive stimulation by enriched environment (EE) housing can improve learning and memory performance and ameliorate hippocampal neuron loss in the Tg4-42 mouse model of AD. Here, we investigated whether these effects were synergistic. To that end, previous findings on individual treatments were complemented with unpublished, additional data and analyzed in depth by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post tests. We further evaluated whether plasma neurofilament light chain levels reflect neuropathological and behavioral changes observed in the experimental groups. While a treatment combining physical activity and caffeine supplementation significantly improved learning and memory function compared to standard-housed vehicle-treated Tg4-42 in tasks such as the Morris water maze, no major additive effect outperforming the effects of the single interventions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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27
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Solid-phase synthesis and pathological evaluation of pyroglutamate amyloid-β 3-42 peptide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:505. [PMID: 36627316 PMCID: PMC9831997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26616-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyroglutamate amyloid-β3-42 (AβpE3-42) is an N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamate-modified Aβ peptide retaining highly hydrophobic, amyloidogenic, and neurotoxic properties. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, AβpE3-42 peptides accumulate into oligomers and induce cellular toxicity and synaptic dysfunction. AβpE3-42 aggregates further seed the formation of amyloid plaques, which are the pathological hallmarks of AD. Given that AβpE3-42 peptides play critical roles in the development of neurodegeneration, a reliable and reproducible synthetic access to these peptides may support pathological and medicinal studies of AD. Here, we synthesized AβpE3-42 peptides through the microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Utilizing thioflavin T fluorescence assay and dot blotting analysis with anti-amyloid oligomer antibody, the amyloidogenic activity of synthesized AβpE3-42 peptides was confirmed. We further observed the cytotoxicity of AβpE3-42 aggregates in cell viability test. To examine the cognitive deficits induced by synthetic AβpE3-42 peptides, AβpE3-42 oligomers were intracerebroventricularly injected into imprinting control region mice and Y-maze and Morris water maze tests were performed. We found that AβpE3-42 aggregates altered the expression level of postsynaptic density protein 95 in cortical lysates. Collectively, we produced AβpE3-42 peptides in the microwave-assisted SPPS and evaluated the amyloidogenic and pathological function of the synthesized peptides.
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28
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Tobolska A, Głowacz K, Ciosek-Skibińska P, Bal W, Wróblewski W, Wezynfeld NE. Dual mode of voltammetric studies on Cu(II) complexes of His2 peptides: phosphate and peptide sequence recognition. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18143-18151. [PMID: 36385190 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes of peptides with a histidine residue at the second position (His2 peptides) provide a unique profile of electrochemical behavior, offering signals of both Cu(II) reduction and Cu(II) oxidation. Furthermore, their structures with vacant positions in the equatorial coordination plane could facilitate interactions with other biomolecules. In this work, we designed a library of His2 peptides based on the sequence of Aβ5-9 (RHDSG), an amyloid beta peptide derivative. The changes in the Aβ5-9 sequence highly affect the Cu(II) oxidation signals, altered further by anionic species. As a result, Cu(II) complexes of Arg1 peptides without Asp residues were chosen as the most promising peptide-based molecular receptors for phosphates. The voltammetric data on Cu(II) oxidation for binary Cu(II)-His2 peptide complexes and ternary Cu(II)-His2 peptide/phosphate systems were also tested for His2 peptide recognition. We achieved a highly promising identification of subtle modifications in the peptide sequence. Thus, we introduce voltammetric measurement as a potential novel tool for peptide sequence recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tobolska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland. .,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Głowacz
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Bal
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wróblewski
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nina E Wezynfeld
- Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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29
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Amyloid β, Lipid Metabolism, Basal Cholinergic System, and Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012092. [PMID: 36292947 PMCID: PMC9603563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of insoluble aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) in the form of neuritic plaques (NPs) is one of the main features that define Alzheimer’s disease. Studies have suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the brain significantly contributes to extensive neuronal loss. Furthermore, the content and distribution of cholesterol in the membrane have been shown to have an important effect on the production and subsequent accumulation of Aβ peptides in the plasma membrane, contributing to dysfunction and neuronal death. The monomeric forms of these membrane-bound peptides undergo several conformational changes, ranging from oligomeric forms to beta-sheet structures, each presenting different levels of toxicity. Aβ peptides can be internalized by particular receptors and trigger changes from Tau phosphorylation to alterations in cognitive function, through dysfunction of the cholinergic system. The goal of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the role of lipids in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship with the basal cholinergic system, as well as potential disease-modifying therapies.
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30
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Roy R, Bhattacharya P, Borah A. Targeting the Pathological Hallmarks of Alzheimer's Disease Through Nanovesicleaided Drug Delivery Approach. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:693-707. [PMID: 35619248 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220526094802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanovesicle technology is making a huge contribution to the progress of treatment studies for various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the leading neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe cognitive impairment. Despite the prevalence of several forms of anti-AD drugs, the accelerating pace of AD incidence cannot becurbed, and for rescue, nanovesicle technology has grabbed much attention. METHODOLOGY Comprehensive literature search was carried out using relevant keywords and online database platforms. The main concepts that have been covered included a complex pathomechanism underlying increased acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, β-amyloid aggregation, and tau-hyperphosphorylation forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain, which are amongst the major hallmarks of AD pathology. Therapeutic recommendations exist in the form of AchE inhibitors, along with anti-amyloid and anti-tau therapeutics, which are being explored at a high pace. The degree of the therapeutic outcome, however, gets restricted by the pharmacological limitations. Susceptibility to peripheral metabolism and rapid elimination, inefficiency to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach the target brain site are the factors that lower the biostability and bioavailability of anti-AD drugs. The nanovesicle technology has emerged as a route to preserve the therapeutic efficiency of the anti-AD drugs and promote AD treatment. The review hereby aims to summarize the developments made by the nanovesicle technology in aiding the delivery of synthetic and plant-based therapeutics targeting the molecular mechanism of AD pathology. CONCLUSION Nanovesicles appear to efficiently aid in target-specific delivery of anti-AD therapeutics and nullify the drawbacks posed by free drugs, besides reducing the dosage requirement and the adversities associated. In addition, the nanovesicle technology also appears to uplift the therapeutic potential of several phyto-compounds with immense anti-AD properties. Furthermore, the review also sheds light on future perspectives to mend the gaps that prevail in the nanovesicle-mediated drug delivery in AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar- 788011, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad - 382355, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar- 788011, Assam, India
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31
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Hook G, Reinheckel T, Ni J, Wu Z, Kindy M, Peters C, Hook V. Cathepsin B Gene Knockout Improves Behavioral Deficits and Reduces Pathology in Models of Neurologic Disorders. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:600-629. [PMID: 35710131 PMCID: PMC9553114 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB) is a powerful lysosomal protease. This review evaluated CTSB gene knockout (KO) outcomes for amelioration of brain dysfunctions in neurologic diseases and aging animal models. Deletion of the CTSB gene resulted in significant improvements in behavioral deficits, neuropathology, and/or biomarkers in traumatic brain injury, ischemia, inflammatory pain, opiate tolerance, epilepsy, aging, transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD), and periodontitis AD models as shown in 12 studies. One study found beneficial effects for double CTSB and cathepsin S KO mice in a multiple sclerosis model. Transgenic AD models using amyloid precursor protein (APP) mimicking common sporadic AD in three studies showed that CTSB KO improved memory, neuropathology, and biomarkers; two studies used APP representing rare familial AD and found no CTSB KO effect, and two studies used highly engineered APP constructs and reported slight increases in a biomarker. In clinical studies, all reports found that CTSB enzyme was upregulated in diverse neurologic disorders, including AD in which elevated CTSB was positively correlated with cognitive dysfunction. In a wide range of neurologic animal models, CTSB was also upregulated and not downregulated. Further, human genetic mutation data provided precedence for CTSB upregulation causing disease. Thus, the consilience of data is that CTSB gene KO results in improved brain dysfunction and reduced pathology through blockade of CTSB enzyme upregulation that causes human neurologic disease phenotypes. The overall findings provide strong support for CTSB as a rational drug target and for CTSB inhibitors as therapeutic candidates for a wide range of neurologic disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the extensive data on the effects of deleting the cathepsin B (CTSB) gene in neurological and aging mouse models of brain disorders. Mice lacking the CTSB gene display improved neurobehavioral deficits, reduced neuropathology, and amelioration of neuronal cell death and inflammatory biomarkers. The significance of the compelling CTSB evidence is that the data consilience validates CTSB as a drug target for discovery of CTSB inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating numerous neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Junjun Ni
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Zhou Wu
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Mark Kindy
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Christoph Peters
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
| | - Vivian Hook
- American Life Science Pharmaceuticals, La Jolla, California (G.H.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (T.R); Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (T.R.); Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China (J.N.); Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Z.W); Taneja College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); James A Haley VAMC, Research Service, Tampa, Florida (M.K.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany (C.P.); Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.); and Department of Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, CA (V.H.)
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Abrahamson EE, Kofler JK, Becker CR, Price JC, Newell KL, Ghetti B, Murrell JR, McLean CA, Lopez OL, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Villemagne VL, Ikonomovic MD. 11C-PiB PET can underestimate brain amyloid-β burden when cotton wool plaques are numerous. Brain 2022; 145:2161-2176. [PMID: 34918018 PMCID: PMC9630719 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations develop high cortical fibrillar amyloid-β load but often have lower cortical 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) retention than Individuals with sporadic Alzheimer's disease. We hypothesized this is influenced by limited interactions of Pittsburgh compound B with cotton wool plaques, an amyloid-β plaque type common in familial Alzheimer's disease but rare in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Histological sections of frontal and temporal cortex, caudate nucleus and cerebellum were obtained from 14 cases with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, 12 cases with familial Alzheimer's disease due to PSEN1 mutations, two relatives of a PSEN1 mutation carrier but without genotype information and three non-Alzheimer's disease cases. Sections were processed immunohistochemically using amyloid-β-targeting antibodies and the fluorescent amyloid stains cyano-PiB and X-34. Plaque load was quantified by percentage area analysis. Frozen homogenates from the same brain regions from five sporadic Alzheimer's disease and three familial Alzheimer's disease cases were analysed for 3H-PiB in vitro binding and concentrations of amyloid-β1-40 and amyloid-β1-42. Nine sporadic Alzheimer's disease, three familial Alzheimer's disease and three non-Alzheimer's disease participants had 11C-PiB PET with standardized uptake value ratios calculated using the cerebellum as the reference region. Cotton wool plaques were present in the neocortex of all familial Alzheimer's disease cases and one sporadic Alzheimer's disease case, in the caudate nucleus from four familial Alzheimer's disease cases, but not in the cerebellum. Cotton wool plaques immunolabelled robustly with 4G8 and amyloid-β42 antibodies but weakly with amyloid-β40 and amyloid-βN3pE antibodies and had only background cyano-PiB fluorescence despite labelling with X-34. Relative to amyloid-β plaque load, cyano-Pittsburgh compound B plaque load was similar in sporadic Alzheimer's disease while in familial Alzheimer's disease it was lower in the neocortex and the caudate nucleus. In both regions, insoluble amyloid-β1-42 and amyloid-β1-40 concentrations were similar in familial Alzheimer's disease and sporadic Alzheimer's disease groups, while 3H-PiB binding was lower in the familial Alzheimer's disease than the sporadic Alzheimer's disease group. Higher amyloid-β1-42 concentration associated with higher 3H-PiB binding in sporadic Alzheimer's disease but not familial Alzheimer's disease. 11C-PiB retention correlated with region-matched post-mortem amyloid-β plaque load; however, familial Alzheimer's disease cases with abundant cotton wool plaques had lower 11C-PiB retention than sporadic Alzheimer's disease cases with similar amyloid-β plaque loads. PiB has limited ability to detect amyloid-β aggregates in cotton wool plaques and may underestimate total amyloid-β plaque burden in brain regions with abundant cotton wool plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Abrahamson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julia K Kofler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Carl R Becker
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Julie C Price
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jill R Murrell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Victorian Brain Bank, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Oscar L Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x proteoforms and their relevance for Alzheimer's pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:30. [PMID: 35641972 PMCID: PMC9158284 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits extends well beyond the classic Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 dichotomy, substantially expanded by multiple post-translational modifications that increase the proteome diversity. Numerous truncated fragments consistently populate the brain Aβ peptidome, and their homeostatic regulation and potential contribution to disease pathogenesis are largely unknown. Aβ4-x peptides have been reported as major components of plaque cores and the limited studies available indicate their relative abundance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the topographic distribution of Aβ4-x species in well-characterized AD cases using custom-generated monoclonal antibody 18H6—specific for Aβ4-x species and blind for full-length Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42—in conjunction with thioflavin-S and antibodies recognizing Aβx-40 and Aβx-42 proteoforms. Circular dichroism, thioflavin-T binding, and electron microscopy evaluated the biophysical and aggregation/oligomerization properties of full-length and truncated synthetic homologues, whereas stereotaxic intracerebral injections of monomeric and oligomeric radiolabeled homologues in wild-type mice were used to evaluate their brain clearance characteristics. Results All types of amyloid deposits contained the probed Aβ epitopes, albeit expressed in different proportions. Aβ4-x species showed preferential localization within thioflavin-S-positive cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cored plaques, strongly suggesting poor clearance characteristics and consistent with the reduced solubility and enhanced oligomerization of their synthetic homologues. In vivo clearance studies demonstrated a fast brain efflux of N-terminally truncated and full-length monomeric forms whereas their oligomeric counterparts—particularly of Aβ4-40 and Aβ4-42—consistently exhibited enhanced brain retention. Conclusions The persistence of aggregation-prone Aβ4-x proteoforms likely contributes to the process of amyloid formation, self-perpetuating the amyloidogenic loop and exacerbating amyloid-mediated pathogenic pathways.
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Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. The interactions of these peptides with copper and zinc ions also seem to be crucial for this pathology. Although Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions binding by Aβ peptides has been scrupulously investigated, surprisingly, this phenomenon has not been so thoroughly elucidated for N-truncated Aβ4-x-probably the most common version of this biomolecule. This negligence also applies to mixed Cu-Zn complexes. From the structural in silico analysis presented in this work, it appears that there are two possible mixed Cu-Zn(Aβ4-x) complexes with different stoichiometries and, consequently, distinct properties. The Cu-Zn(Aβ4-x) complex with 1:1:1 stoichiometry may have a neuroprotective superoxide dismutase-like activity. On the other hand, another mixed 2:1:2 Cu-Zn(Aβ4-x) complex is perhaps a seed for toxic oligomers. Hence, this work proposes a novel research direction for our better understanding of AD development.
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Antman-Passig M, Wong E, Frost GR, Cupo C, Shah J, Agustinus A, Chen Z, Mancinelli C, Kamel M, Li T, Jonas LA, Li YM, Heller DA. Optical Nanosensor for Intracellular and Intracranial Detection of Amyloid-Beta. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7269-7283. [PMID: 35420796 PMCID: PMC9710299 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the early detection of Aβ is a persistent challenge. Herein, we engineered a near-infrared optical nanosensor capable of detecting Aβ intracellularly in live cells and intracranially in vivo. The sensor is composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with Aβ wherein Aβ-Aβ interactions drive the response. We found that the Aβ nanosensors selectively responded to Aβ via solvatochromic modulation of the near-infrared emission of the nanotube. The sensor tracked Aβ accumulation in live cells and, upon intracranial administration in a genetic model of AD, signaled distinct responses in aged mice. This technology enables the interrogation of molecular mechanisms underlying Aβ neurotoxicity in the development of AD in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Antman-Passig
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Eitan Wong
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Georgia R Frost
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christian Cupo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Janki Shah
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Albert Agustinus
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Program of Physiology, Biophysics, & Systems Biology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Chiara Mancinelli
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Maikel Kamel
- Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, CUNY School of Medicine, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Thomas Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Lauren A Jonas
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yue-Ming Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Neurosciences, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Daniel A Heller
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Program of Physiology, Biophysics, & Systems Biology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Lio CT, Kacprowski T, Klaedtke M, Jensen LR, Bouter Y, Bayer TA, Kuss AW. Small RNA Sequencing in the Tg4–42 Mouse Model Suggests the Involvement of snoRNAs in the Etiology of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1671-1681. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Tg4-42 mouse model for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has unique features, as the neuronal expression of wild type N-truncated Aβ4–42 induces an AD-typical neurological phenotype in the absence of plaques. It is one of the few models developing neuron death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. As such, it could serve as a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing and identification of the underlying molecular pathways that drive the pathology of AD. Objective: The aim of this study was to use a differential co-expression analysis approach for analyzing a small RNA sequencing dataset from a well-established murine model in order to identify potentially new players in the etiology of AD. Methods: To investigate small nucleolar RNAs in the hippocampus of Tg4-42 mice, we used RNA-Seq data from this particular tissue and, instead of analyzing the data at single gene level, employed differential co-expression analysis, which takes the comparison to gene pair level and thus affords a new angle to the interpretation of these data. Results: We identified two clusters of differentially correlated small RNAs, including Snord55, Snord57, Snord49a, Snord12, Snord38a, Snord99, Snord87, Mir1981, Mir106b, Mir30d, Mir598, and Mir99b. Interestingly, some of them have been reported to be functionally relevant in AD pathogenesis, as AD biomarkers, regulating tau phosphorylation, TGF-β receptor function or Aβ metabolism. Conclusion: The majority of snoRNAs for which our results suggest a potential role in the etiology of AD were so far not conspicuously implicated in the context of AD pathogenesis and could thus point towards interesting new avenues of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Tong Lio
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TechnicalUniversity of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Division Data Science in Biomedicine, Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Braunschweig, Germany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maik Klaedtke
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars R. Jensen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Kuss
- Department of Functional Genomics, Human Molecular Genetics Group, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Alawode DOT, Fox NC, Zetterberg H, Heslegrave AJ. Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers Revisited From the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis Standpoint. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:837390. [PMID: 35573283 PMCID: PMC9091905 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.837390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the proteins which aggregate in AD, and its key role in the disease pathogenesis is highlighted in the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which states that the deposition of Aβ in the brain parenchyma is a crucial initiating step in the future development of AD. The sensitivity of instruments used to measure proteins in blood and cerebrospinal fluid has significantly improved, such that Aβ can now successfully be measured in plasma. However, due to the peripheral production of Aβ, there is significant overlap between diagnostic groups. The presence of pathological Aβ within the AD brain has several effects on the cells and surrounding tissue. Therefore, there is a possibility that using markers of tissue responses to Aβ may reveal more information about Aβ pathology and pathogenesis than looking at plasma Aβ alone. In this manuscript, using the amyloid cascade hypothesis as a starting point, we will delve into how the effect of Aβ on the surrounding tissue can be monitored using biomarkers. In particular, we will consider whether glial fibrillary acidic protein, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light chain could be used to phenotype and quantify the tissue response against Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah O. T. Alawode
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Deborah O. T. Alawode,
| | - Nick C. Fox
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amanda J. Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Amanda J. Heslegrave,
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Hur JY. γ-Secretase in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:433-446. [PMID: 35396575 PMCID: PMC9076685 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain. One of the characteristic hallmarks of AD is senile plaques containing amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). Aβ is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by sequential proteolytic cleavages by β-secretase and γ-secretase, and the polymerization of Aβ into amyloid plaques is thought to be a key pathogenic event in AD. Since γ-secretase mediates the final cleavage that liberates Aβ, γ-secretase has been widely studied as a potential drug target for the treatment of AD. γ-Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex containing presenilin, nicastrin, Aph-1, and Pen-2, which are sufficient for γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase cleaves >140 substrates, including APP and Notch. Previously, γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) were shown to cause side effects in clinical trials due to the inhibition of Notch signaling. Therefore, more specific regulation or modulation of γ-secretase is needed. In recent years, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed. To modulate γ-secretase and to understand its complex biology, finding the binding sites of GSIs and GSMs on γ-secretase as well as identifying transiently binding γ-secretase modulatory proteins have been of great interest. In this review, decades of findings on γ-secretase in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeun Hur
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Curdt N, Schmitt FW, Bouter C, Iseni T, Weile HC, Altunok B, Beindorff N, Bayer TA, Cooke MB, Bouter Y. Search strategy analysis of Tg4-42 Alzheimer Mice in the Morris Water Maze reveals early spatial navigation deficits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5451. [PMID: 35361814 PMCID: PMC8971530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial disorientation is one of the earliest symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease and allocentric deficits can already be detected in the asymptomatic preclinical stages of the disease. The Morris Water Maze (MWM) is used to study spatial learning in rodent models. Here we investigated the spatial memory of female 3, 7 and 12 month-old Alzheimer Tg4-42 mice in comparison to wild-type control animals. Conventional behavior analysis of escape latencies and quadrant preference revealed spatial memory and reference memory deficits in female 7 and 12 month-old Tg4-42 mice. In contrast, conventional analysis of the MWM indicated an intact spatial memory in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice. However, a detailed analysis of the swimming strategies demonstrated allocentric-specific memory deficits in 3 month-old Tg4-42 mice before the onset of severe memory deficits. Furthermore, we could show that the spatial reference memory deficits in aged Tg4-42 animals are caused by the lack of allocentric and spatial strategies. Analyzing search strategies in the MWM allows to differentiate between hippocampus-dependent allocentric and hippocampus-independent egocentric search strategies. The spatial navigation impairments in young Tg4-42 mice are well in line with the hypometabolism and synaptic deficits in the hippocampus. Therefore, analyzing search strategies in the Tg4-42 model can be a powerful tool for preclinical drug testing and identifying early therapeutic successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Curdt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska W Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Bouter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Trendelina Iseni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna C Weile
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Berfin Altunok
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicola Beindorff
- Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas A Bayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yvonne Bouter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medicine Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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Zakharova NV, Kononikhin AS, Indeykina MI, Bugrova AE, Strelnikova P, Pekov S, Kozin SA, Popov IA, Mitkevich V, Makarov AA, Nikolaev EN. Mass spectrometric studies of the variety of beta-amyloid proteoforms in Alzheimer's disease. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21775. [PMID: 35347731 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the results of the application of mass spectrometric (MS) techniques to study the diversity of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides in human samples. Since Aβ is an important hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is a socially significant neurodegenerative disorder of the elderly worldwide, analysis of its endogenous variations is of particular importance for elucidating the pathogenesis of AD, predicting increased risks of the disease onset, and developing effective therapy. MS approaches have no alternative for the study of complex samples, including a wide variety of Aβ proteoforms, differing in length and modifications. Approaches based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem MS are most common in Aβ studies. However, Aβ forms with isomerized and/or racemized Asp and Ser residues require the use of special methods for separation and extra sensitive and selective methods for detection. Overall, this review summarizes current knowledge of Aβ species found in human brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood plasma; focuses on application of different MS approaches for Aβ studies; and considers the potential of MS techniques for further studies of Aβ-peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Zakharova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kononikhin
- CMCB, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria I Indeykina
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Bugrova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- CMCB, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Strelnikova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of ion and molecular physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Stanislav Pekov
- CMCB, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of ion and molecular physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey A Kozin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Popov
- Laboratory of ion and molecular physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- N.N. Semenov Federal Center of Chemical Physics, V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Mitkevich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Kettunen P, Bjerke M, Eckerström C, Jonsson M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Svensson J, Wallin A. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein-β in patients with subcortical small-vessel disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12296. [PMID: 35356486 PMCID: PMC8949877 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Subcortical small-vessel disease (SSVD) is the most common vascular cognitive disorder. However, because no disease-specific cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are available for SSVD, our aim was to identify such markers. Methods We included 170 healthy controls and patients from the Gothenburg Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) study clinically diagnosed with SSVD dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), or mixed AD/SSVD. We quantified CSF levels of amyloid-β (Aβ)x-38, Aβx-40, Aβx-42, as well as soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP)-α and sAPP-β. Results sAPP-β was lower in SSVD patients than in AD patients and controls. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analyses showed that sAPP-β moderately separated SSVD from AD and controls. Moreover, the CSF/serum albumin ratio was elevated exclusively in SSVD and could moderately separate SSVD from the other groups in ROC analyses. Discussion SSVD has a biomarker profile that differs from that of AD and controls, and to some extent also from mixed AD/SSVD, suggesting that signs of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and sAPP-β could be additional tools to diagnose SSVD. Highlights Patients with subcortical small-vessel disease (SSVD) exhibited reduced levels of sAPP-β and disturbances of the blood-brain barrier (BBB).This biochemical pattern is different from that of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to some degree from that of mixed AD/SSVD.Our findings are speaking in favor of the concept that SSVD is a distinct vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronella Kettunen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Maria Bjerke
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Clinical Biology and Center for NeurosciencesUniversitair Ziekenhuis BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Biomedical SciencesInstitute Born‐BungeUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Carl Eckerström
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion MedicineSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Michael Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseaseUCL Institute of NeurologyLondonUK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCLLondonUK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesHong KongChina
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry LaboratorySahlgrenska University HospitalMölndalSweden
| | - Johan Svensson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Internal MedicineSkaraborg Central HospitalSkövdeSweden
| | - Anders Wallin
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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42
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Song C, Shi J, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Xu J, Zhao L, Zhang R, Wang H, Chen H. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease: targeting β-amyloid and beyond. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:18. [PMID: 35300725 PMCID: PMC8932191 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly worldwide. However, the complexity of AD pathogenesis leads to discrepancies in the understanding of this disease, and may be the main reason for the failure of AD drug development. Fortunately, many ongoing preclinical and clinical studies will continually open up avenues to unravel disease mechanisms and guide strategies for AD diagnosis and drug development. For example, immunotherapeutic strategies targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau proteins were once deemed almost certainly effective in clinical treatment due to the excellent preclinical results. However, the repeated failures of clinical trials on vaccines and humanized anti-Aβ and anti-tau monoclonal antibodies have resulted in doubts on this strategy. Recently, a new anti-Aβ monoclonal antibody (Aducanumab) has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, which brings us back to the realization that immunotherapy strategies targeting Aβ may be still promising. Meanwhile, immunotherapies based on other targets such as tau, microglia and gut-brain axis are also under development. Further research is still needed to clarify the forms and epitopes of targeted proteins to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of immunotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we focus on the immunotherapies based on Aβ, tau and microglia and their mechanisms of action in AD. In addition, we present up-to-date advances and future perspectives on immunotherapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jiyun Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Pingao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lanxue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hongzhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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43
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Discovery of a novel pseudo β-hairpin structure of N-truncated amyloid-β for use as a vaccine against Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:840-848. [PMID: 34776512 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein in amyloid plaques in the brain. The Aβ peptide exists in several forms, including full-length Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40 - and the N-truncated species, pyroglutamate Aβ3-42 and Aβ4-42, which appear to play a major role in neurodegeneration. We previously identified a murine antibody (TAP01), which binds specifically to soluble, non-plaque N-truncated Aβ species. By solving crystal structures for TAP01 family antibodies bound to pyroglutamate Aβ3-14, we identified a novel pseudo β-hairpin structure in the N-terminal region of Aβ and show that this underpins its unique binding properties. We engineered a stabilised cyclic form of Aβ1-14 (N-Truncated Amyloid Peptide AntibodieS; the 'TAPAS' vaccine) and showed that this adopts the same 3-dimensional conformation as the native sequence when bound to TAP01. Active immunisation of two mouse models of AD with the TAPAS vaccine led to a striking reduction in amyloid-plaque formation, a rescue of brain glucose metabolism, a stabilisation in neuron loss, and a rescue of memory deficiencies. Treating both models with the humanised version of the TAP01 antibody had similar positive effects. Here we report the discovery of a unique conformational epitope in the N-terminal region of Aβ, which offers new routes for active and passive immunisation against AD.
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44
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Pyroglutamate Aβ cascade as drug target in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1880-1885. [PMID: 34880449 PMCID: PMC9126800 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01409-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the central aims in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research is the identification of clinically relevant drug targets. A plethora of potential molecular targets work very well in preclinical model systems both in vitro and in vivo in AD mouse models. However, the lack of translation into clinical settings in the AD field is a challenging endeavor. Although it is long known that N-terminally truncated and pyroglutamate-modified Abeta (AβpE3) peptides are abundantly present in the brain of AD patients, form stable and soluble low-molecular weight oligomers, and induce neurodegeneration in AD mouse models, their potential as drug target has not been generally accepted in the past. This situation has dramatically changed with the report that passive immunization with donanemab, an AβpE3-specific antibody, cleared aymloid plaques and stabilized cognitive deficits in a group of patients with mild AD in a phase II trial. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of generation of AβpE, its biochemical properties, and the intervention points as a drug target in AD.
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The Dynamics of β-Amyloid Proteoforms Accumulation in the Brain of a 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010027. [PMID: 35008451 PMCID: PMC8745018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by the deposition of a 39- to 42-amino acid long β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the form of senile plaques. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the N-terminal domain have been shown to increase the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ, and specific Aβ proteoforms (e.g., Aβ with isomerized D7 (isoD7-Aβ)) are abundant in the senile plaques of AD patients. Animal models are indispensable tools for the study of disease pathogenesis, as well as preclinical testing. In the presented work, the accumulation dynamics of Aβ proteoforms in the brain of one of the most widely used amyloid-based mouse models (the 5xFAD line) was monitored. Mass spectrometry (MS) approaches, based on ion mobility separation and the characteristic fragment ion formation, were applied. The results indicated a gradual increase in the Aβ fraction of isoD7-Aβ, starting from approximately 8% at 7 months to approximately 30% by 23 months of age. Other specific PTMs, in particular, pyroglutamylation, deamidation, and oxidation, as well as phosphorylation, were also monitored. The results for mice of different ages demonstrated that the accumulation of Aβ proteoforms correlate with the formation of Aβ deposits. Although the mouse model cannot be a complete analogue of the processes occurring in the human brain in AD, and several of the observed parameters differ significantly from human values supposedly due to the limited lifespan of the model animals, this dynamic study provides evidence on at least one of the possible mechanisms that can trigger amyloidosis in AD, i.e., the hypothesis on the relationship between the accumulation of isoD7-Aβ and the progression of AD-like pathology.
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46
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Matuszyk MM, Garwood CJ, Ferraiuolo L, Simpson JE, Staniforth RA, Wharton SB. Biological and methodological complexities of beta-amyloid peptide: Implications for Alzheimer's disease research. J Neurochem 2021; 160:434-453. [PMID: 34767256 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although controversial, the amyloid cascade hypothesis remains central to the Alzheimer's disease (AD) field and posits amyloid-beta (Aβ) as the central factor initiating disease onset. In recent years, there has been an increase in emphasis on studying the role of low molecular weight aggregates, such as oligomers, which are suggested to be more neurotoxic than fibrillary Aβ. Other Aβ isoforms, such as truncated Aβ, have also been implicated in disease. However, developing a clear understanding of AD pathogenesis has been hampered by the complexity of Aβ biochemistry in vitro and in vivo. This review explores factors contributing to the lack of consistency in experimental approaches taken to model Aβ aggregation and toxicity and provides an overview of the different techniques available to analyse Aβ, such as electron and atomic force microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dye-based assays, size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and SDS-PAGE. The review also explores how different types of Aβ can influence Aβ aggregation and toxicity, leading to variation in experimental outcomes, further highlighting the need for standardisation in Aβ preparations and methods used in current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna M Matuszyk
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Claire J Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Laura Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Julie E Simpson
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Joshi P, Riffel F, Kumar S, Villacampa N, Theil S, Parhizkar S, Haass C, Colonna M, Heneka MT, Arzberger T, Herms J, Walter J. TREM2 modulates differential deposition of modified and non-modified Aβ species in extracellular plaques and intraneuronal deposits. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:168. [PMID: 34663480 PMCID: PMC8522217 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive accumulation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits in the brain is a characteristic neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). During disease progression, extracellular Aβ plaques undergo specific changes in their composition by the sequential deposition of different modified Aβ species. Microglia are implicated in the restriction of amyloid deposits and play a major role in internalization and degradation of Aβ. Recent studies showed that rare variants of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) are associated with an increased risk for AD. Post-translational modifications of Aβ could modulate the interaction with TREM2, and the uptake by microglia. Here, we demonstrate that genetic deletion of TREM2 or expression of a disease associated TREM2 variant in mice lead to differential accumulation of modified and non-modified Aβ species in extracellular plaques and intraneuronal deposits. Human brains with rare TREM2 AD risk variants also showed altered deposition of modified Aβ species in the different brain lesions as compared to cases with the common variant of TREM2. These findings indicate that TREM2 plays a critical role in the development and the composition of Aβ deposits, not only in extracellular plaques, but also intraneuronally, that both could contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
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48
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Noor A, Zafar S, Shafiq M, Younas N, Siegert A, Mann FA, Kruss S, Schmitz M, Dihazi H, Ferrer I, Zerr I. Molecular Profiles of Amyloid-β Proteoforms in Typical and Rapidly Progressive Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:17-34. [PMID: 34618331 PMCID: PMC8786784 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The molecular determinants of atypical clinical variants of Alzheimer's disease, including the recently discovered rapidly progressive Alzheimer's disease (rpAD), are unknown to date. Fibrilization of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the most frequently studied candidate in this context. The Aβ peptide can exist as multiple proteoforms that vary in their post-translational processing, amyloidogenesis, and toxicity. The current study was designed to identify these variations in Alzheimer's disease patients exhibiting classical (sAD) and rapid progression, with the primary aim of establishing if these variants may constitute strains that underlie the phenotypic variability of Alzheimer's disease. We employed two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry to validate and identify the Aβ proteoforms extracted from targeted brain tissues. The biophysical analysis was conducted using RT-QuIC assay, confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Interactome analysis was performed by co-immunoprecipitation. We present a signature of 33 distinct pathophysiological proteoforms, including the commonly targeted Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ4-42, Aβ11-42, and provide insight into their synthesis and quantities. Furthermore, we have validated the presence of highly hydrophobic Aβ seeds in rpAD brains that seeded reactions at a slower pace in comparison to typical Alzheimer's disease. In vitro and in vivo analyses also verified variations in the molecular pathways modulated by brain-derived Aβ. These variations in the presence, synthesis, folding, and interactions of Aβ among sAD and rpAD brains constitute important points of intervention. Further validation of reported targets and mechanisms will aid in the diagnosis of and therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneeqa Noor
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering (SMME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Bolan Road, Islamabad, H-12, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Mohsin Shafiq
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neelam Younas
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Siegert
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian A Mann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Tammannstraße 6, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hassan Dihazi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Georg-August University, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of BarcelonaCIBERNEDBellvitge University Hospital (IDIBELL), Carrer de la Feixa Llarga, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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49
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Leite JP, Lete MG, Fowler SB, Gimeno A, Rocha JF, Sousa SF, Webster CI, Jiménez-Bar̀bero JJ, Gales L. Aβ 31-35 Decreases Neprilysin-Mediated Alzheimer's Amyloid-β Peptide Degradation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3708-3718. [PMID: 34505762 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with the deposition of extracellular senile plaques, made primarily of amyloid-β (Aβ), particularly peptides Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40. Neprilysin, or neutral endopeptidase (NEP), catalyzes proteolysis of the amyloid peptides (Aβ) and is recognized as one of the major regulators of the levels of these peptides in the brain, preventing Aβ accumulation and plaque formation. Here, we used a combination of techniques to elucidate the mechanism of Aβ binding and cleavage by NEP. Our findings indicate that the Aβ31-X cleavage products remain bound to the neprilysin active site, reducing proteolytic activity. Interestingly, it was already shown that this Aβ31-35 sequence is also critical for recognition of Aβ peptides by other targets, such as the serpin-enzyme complex receptor in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P. Leite
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta G. Lete
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, Derio 48170, Spain
| | - Susan B. Fowler
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Ana Gimeno
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, Derio 48170, Spain
| | - Juliana F. Rocha
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal
| | - Carl I. Webster
- Antibody Discovery & Protein Engineering R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB21 6GH, U.K
| | - Jesús J. Jiménez-Bar̀bero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, Derio 48170, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Luís Gales
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Mukherjee S, Perez KA, Dubois C, Nisbet RM, Li QX, Varghese S, Jin L, Birchall I, Streltsov VA, Vella LJ, McLean C, Barham KJ, Roberts BR, Masters CL. Citrullination of Amyloid-β Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3719-3732. [PMID: 34519476 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination (deimination of arginine residue) is a well-known biomarker of inflammation. Elevated protein citrullination has been shown to colocalize with extracellular amyloid plaques in postmortem AD patient brains. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides which aggregate and accumulate in the plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have sequential N-terminal truncations and multiple post-translational modifications (PTM) such as isomerization, pyroglutamate formation, phosphorylation, nitration, and dityrosine cross-linking. However, no conclusive biochemical evidence exists whether citrullinated Aβ is present in AD brains. In this study, using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we have identified citrullination of Aβ in sporadic and familial AD brains by characterizing the tandem mass spectra of endogenous N-truncated citrullinated Aβ peptides. Our quantitative estimations demonstrate that ∼ 35% of pyroglutamate3-Aβ pool was citrullinated in plaques in the sporadic AD temporal cortex and ∼ 22% in the detergent-insoluble frontal cortex fractions. Similarly, hypercitrullinated pyroglutamate3-Aβ (∼ 30%) was observed in both the detergent-soluble as well as insoluble Aβ pool in familial AD cases. Our results indicate that a common mechanism for citrullination of Aβ exists in both the sporadic and familial AD. We establish that citrullination of Aβ is a remarkably common PTM, closely associated with pyroglutamate3-Aβ formation and its accumulation in AD. This may have implications for Aβ toxicity, autoantigenicity of Aβ, and may be relevant for the design of diagnostic assays and therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mukherjee
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Keyla A. Perez
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Celine Dubois
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca M. Nisbet
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qiao-Xin Li
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shiji Varghese
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Liang Jin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian Birchall
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Victor A. Streltsov
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Laura J. Vella
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Barham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Blaine R. Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Colin L. Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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