1
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Ding C, Wang Z, Dou X, Yang Q, Ning Y, Kao S, Sang X, Hao M, Wang K, Peng M, Zhang S, Han X, Cao G. Farnesoid X receptor: From Structure to Function and Its Pharmacology in Liver Fibrosis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1508-1536. [PMID: 37815898 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, plays a crucial role in regulating bile acid metabolism within the enterohepatic circulation. Beyond its involvement in metabolic disorders and immune imbalances affecting various tissues, FXR is implicated in microbiota modulation, gut-to-brain communication, and liver disease. The liver, as a pivotal metabolic and detoxification organ, is susceptible to damage from factors such as alcohol, viruses, drugs, and high-fat diets. Chronic or recurrent liver injury can culminate in liver fibrosis, which, if left untreated, may progress to cirrhosis and even liver cancer, posing significant health risks. However, therapeutic options for liver fibrosis remain limited in terms of FDA-approved drugs. Recent insights into the structure of FXR, coupled with animal and clinical investigations, have shed light on its potential pharmacological role in hepatic fibrosis. Progress has been achieved in both fundamental research and clinical applications. This review critically examines recent advancements in FXR research, highlighting challenges and potential mechanisms underlying its role in liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zeping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Dou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Ning
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Kao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuilong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuosheng Zhang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Jinhua, China
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2
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Zißler J, Rothhammer V, Linnerbauer M. Gut-Brain Interactions and Their Impact on Astrocytes in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond. Cells 2024; 13:497. [PMID: 38534341 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to physical and cognitive impairment in young adults. The increasing prevalence of MS underscores the critical need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advances in neuroimmunology have highlighted the significant role of the gut microbiome in MS pathology, unveiling distinct alterations in patients' gut microbiota. Dysbiosis not only impacts gut-intrinsic processes but also influences the production of bacterial metabolites and hormones, which can regulate processes in remote tissues, such as the CNS. Central to this paradigm is the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract to the brain and spinal cord. Via specific routes, bacterial metabolites and hormones can influence CNS-resident cells and processes both directly and indirectly. Exploiting this axis, novel therapeutic interventions, including pro- and prebiotic treatments, have emerged as promising avenues with the aim of mitigating the severity of MS. This review delves into the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and the brain in the context of MS, summarizing current knowledge on the key signals of cross-organ crosstalk, routes of communication, and potential therapeutic relevance of the gut microbiome. Moreover, this review places particular emphasis on elucidating the influence of these interactions on astrocyte functions within the CNS, offering insights into their role in MS pathophysiology and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zißler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Veit Rothhammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Linnerbauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Xie S, Wei S, Ma X, Wang R, He T, Zhang Z, Yang J, Wang J, Chang L, Jing M, Li H, Zhou X, Zhao Y. Genetic alterations and molecular mechanisms underlying hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1173542. [PMID: 37324459 PMCID: PMC10264785 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1173542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary cholestatic liver disease caused by a class of autosomal gene mutations results in jaundice, which involves the abnormality of the synthesis, secretion, and other disorders of bile acids metabolism. Due to the existence of a variety of gene mutations, the clinical manifestations of children are also diverse. There is no unified standard for diagnosis and single detection method, which seriously hinders the development of clinical treatment. Therefore, the mutated genes of hereditary intrahepatic cholestasis were systematically described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Pharmacy, 5th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju Yang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Ladakis DC, Bhargava P. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis and Potential Approaches to Target the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:117-132. [PMID: 36690786 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It has now been established that a perturbation in gut microbiome composition exists in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its interplay with the immune system and brain could potentially contribute to the development of the disease and influence its course. The effects of the gut microbiota on the disease may be mediated by direct interactions between bacteria and immune cells or through interactions of products of bacterial metabolism with immune and CNS cells. In this review article we summarize the ways in which the gut microbiome of people with MS differs from controls and how bacterial metabolites can potentially play a role in MS pathogenesis, and examine approaches to alter the composition of the gut microbiota potentially alleviating gut dysbiosis and impacting the course of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios C Ladakis
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St, Pathology 627, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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5
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Zhang T, Zhang F, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhu G, Weng T, Huang C, Wang P, He Y, Hu J, Ge G. The roles of serine hydrolases and serum albumin in alisol B 23-acetate hydrolysis in humans. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1160665. [PMID: 37089921 PMCID: PMC10117764 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1160665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Alisol B 23-acetate (AB23A), a major bioactive constituent in the Chinese herb Zexie (Rhizoma Alismatis), has been found with multiple pharmacological activities. AB23A can be readily hydrolyzed to alisol B in mammals, but the hydrolytic pathways of AB23A in humans and the key enzymes responsible for AB23A hydrolysis are still unrevealed. This study aims to reveal the metabolic organs and the crucial enzymes responsible for AB23A hydrolysis in human biological systems, as well as to decipher the impact of AB23A hydrolysis on its biological effects. Methods: The hydrolytic pathways of AB23A in human plasma and tissue preparations were carefully investigated by using Q-Exactive quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and LC-UV, while the key enzymes responsible for AB23A hydrolysis were studied via performing a set of assays including reaction phenotyping assays, chemical inhibition assays, and enzyme kinetics analyses. Finally, the agonist effects of both AB23A and its hydrolytic metabolite(s) on FXR were tested at the cellular level. Results: AB23A could be readily hydrolyzed to form alisol B in human plasma, intestinal and hepatic preparations, while human butyrylcholinesterase (hBchE) and human carboxylesterases played key roles in AB23A hydrolysis in human plasma and tissue preparations, respectively. It was also found that human serum albumin (hSA) could catalyze AB23A hydrolysis, while multiple lysine residues of hSA were covalently modified by AB23A, suggesting that hSA catalyzed AB23A hydrolysis via its pseudo-esterase activity. Biological tests revealed that both AB23A and alisol B exhibited similar FXR agonist effects, indicating AB23A hydrolysis did not affect its FXR agonist effect. Discussion: This study deciphers the hydrolytic pathways of AB23A in human biological systems, which is very helpful for deep understanding of the metabolic rates of AB23A in humans, and useful for developing novel prodrugs of alisol B with desirable pharmacokinetic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanghao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Taotao Weng
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guangbo Ge, ; Jing Hu,
| | - Guangbo Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Guangbo Ge, ; Jing Hu,
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6
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Bile acids and neurological disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108311. [PMID: 36400238 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will focus on how bile acids are being used in clinical trials to treat neurological diseases due to their central involvement with the gut-liver-brain axis and their physiological and pathophysiological roles in both normal brain function and multiple neurological diseases. The synthesis of primary and secondary bile acids species and how the regulation of the bile acid pool may differ between the gut and brain is discussed. The expression of several bile acid receptors in brain and their currently known functions along with the tools available to manipulate them pharmacologically are examined, together with discussion of the interaction of bile acids with the gut microbiome and their lesser-known effects upon brain glucose and lipid metabolism. How dysregulation of the gut microbiome, aging and sex differences may lead to disruption of bile acid signalling and possible causal roles in a number of neurological disorders are also considered. Finally, we discuss how pharmacological treatments targeting bile acid receptors are currently being tested in an array of clinical trials for several different neurodegenerative diseases.
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7
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Zhou M, Wang D, Li X, Cao Y, Yi C, Wiredu Ocansey DK, Zhou Y, Mao F. Farnesoid-X receptor as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1016836. [PMID: 36278234 PMCID: PMC9583386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1016836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid-X receptor (FXR), as a nuclear receptor activated by bile acids, is a vital molecule involved in bile acid metabolism. Due to its expression in immune cells, FXR has a significant effect on the function of immune cells and the release of chemokines when immune cells sense changes in bile acids. In addition to its regulation by ligands, FXR is also controlled by post-translational modification (PTM) activities such as acetylation, SUMOylation, and methylation. Due to the high expression of FXR in the liver and intestine, it significantly influences intestinal homeostasis under the action of enterohepatic circulation. Thus, FXR protects the intestinal barrier, resists bacterial infection, reduces oxidative stress, inhibits inflammatory reactions, and also acts as a tumor suppressor to impair the multiplication and invasion of tumor cells. These potentials provide new perspectives on the treatment of intestinal conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its associated colorectal cancer (CRC). Moreover, FXR agonists on the market have certain organizational heterogeneity and may be used in combination with other drugs to achieve a greater therapeutic effect. This review summarizes current data on the role of FXR in bile acid metabolism, regulation of immune cells, and effects of the PTM of FXR. The functions of FXR in intestinal homeostasis and potential application in the treatment of IBD and CRC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengxue Yi
- School of Medical Technology, Zhenjiang College, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Yuling Zhou
- Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Zhou, ; Fei Mao,
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Zhou, ; Fei Mao,
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8
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Rebeaud J, Peter B, Pot C. How Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Link the Gut to the Brain during Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710128. [PMID: 36077526 PMCID: PMC9456539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-derived metabolites are important molecules connecting the gut to the brain. Over the last decade, several studies have highlighted the importance of gut-derived metabolites in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, microbiota-derived metabolites modulate the immune system and affect demyelination. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about microbiota-derived metabolites implications in MS and in different mouse models of neuroinflammation. We focus on the main families of microbial metabolites that play a role during neuroinflammation. A better understanding of the role of those metabolites may lead to new therapeutical avenues to treat neuroinflammatory diseases targeting the gut–brain axis.
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Nikpayam O, Safaei E, Bahreyni N, Sadra V, Saghafi-Asl M, Fakhr L. The effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L. (Okra) extract supplementation on dietary intake, appetite, anthropometric measures, and body composition in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Health Promot Perspect 2022; 12:169-177. [PMID: 36276416 PMCID: PMC9508394 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2022.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease because it induces nephropathy. Okra is a rich source of antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fibers, of which favorable effects in diabetes have been reported in many animal studies. The present trial aimed to investigate the effect of dried okra extract (DOE) supplementation on anthropometric measures, body composition, appetite, and dietary intake in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. Methods: In this triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 64 DN patients were randomly allocated to receive a 125-mg capsule of DOE (n=32) or placebo (n=32) for 10 weeks. At baseline and endpoint of the trial, anthropometric variables, body composition indices, dietary intake, and appetite scores were evaluated. Results: The results showed that energy (P=0.047, CI: -425.87, -3.25, ES: 0.539) and carbohydrate (P=0.038, CI: -85.64, -2.53, ES: 0.555) intake as well as desire to eat salty food (P=0.023) were reduced in DOE group at the endpoint, compared to the baseline values. However, anthropometric measures, body composition, and appetite score were not significantly different between the two study groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present clinical trial showed that DOE could significantly decrease energy intake and carbohydrate consumption in the DN patients. Further clinical trials are needed to determine the effects of this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Nikpayam
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Safaei
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazgol Bahreyni
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahideh Sadra
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laleh Fakhr
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Wu S, Romero-Ramírez L, Mey J. Taurolithocholic acid but not tauroursodeoxycholic acid rescues phagocytosis activity of bone marrow-derived macrophages under inflammatory stress. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1455-1470. [PMID: 34705285 PMCID: PMC9297999 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes cell death and consequently the breakdown of axons and myelin. The accumulation of myelin debris at the lesion site induces inflammation and blocks axonal regeneration. Hematogenous macrophages contribute to the removal of myelin debris. In this study, we asked how the inflammatory state of macrophages affects their ability to phagocytose myelin. Bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDM) and Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or interferon gamma (IFNγ), which induce inflammatory stress, and the endocytosis of myelin was examined. We found that activation of the TLR4‐NFκB pathway reduced myelin uptake by BMDM, while IFNγ‐Jak/STAT1 signaling did not. Since bile acids regulate lipid metabolism and in some cases reduce inflammation, our second objective was to investigate whether myelin clearance could be improved with taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauroursodeoxycholic acid or hyodeoxycholic acid. In BMDM only TLCA rescued myelin phagocytosis, when this activity was suppressed by LPS. Inhibition of protein kinase A blocked the effect of TLCA, while an agonist of the farnesoid X receptor did not rescue phagocytosis, implicating TGR5‐PKA signaling in the effect of TLCA. To shed light on the mechanism, we measured whether TLCA affected the expression of CD36, triggering receptor on myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2), and Gas6, which are known to be involved in phagocytosis and affected by inflammatory stimuli. Concomitant with an increase in expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha, LPS reduced expression of TREM2 and Gas6 in BMDM, and TLCA significantly diminished this downregulation. These findings suggest that activation of bile acid receptors may be used to improve myelin clearance in neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Unidad de Investigación, Laboratorio LRNI, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience and EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Unidad de Investigación, Laboratorio LRNI, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jörg Mey
- Unidad de Investigación, Laboratorio LRNI, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain.,School of Mental Health and Neuroscience and EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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11
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Fleck AK, Hucke S, Teipel F, Eschborn M, Janoschka C, Liebmann M, Wami H, Korn L, Pickert G, Hartwig M, Wirth T, Herold M, Koch K, Falk-Paulsen M, Dobrindt U, Kovac S, Gross CC, Rosenstiel P, Trautmann M, Wiendl H, Schuppan D, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid links reduced intestinal inflammation to amelioration of CNS autoimmunity. Brain 2021; 144:1152-1166. [PMID: 33899089 PMCID: PMC8105041 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A close interaction between gut immune responses and distant organ-specific autoimmunity including the CNS in multiple sclerosis has been established in recent years. This so-called gut–CNS axis can be shaped by dietary factors, either directly or via indirect modulation of the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Here, we report that dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid, a mixture of linoleic acid isomers, ameliorates CNS autoimmunity in a spontaneous mouse model of multiple sclerosis, accompanied by an attenuation of intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation as well as an increase in intestinal myeloid-derived suppressor-like cells. Protective effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid were not abrogated upon microbiota eradication, indicating that the microbiome is dispensable for these conjugated linoleic acid-mediated effects. Instead, we observed a range of direct anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid on murine myeloid cells including an enhanced IL10 production and the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation. Finally, in a human pilot study in patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 15, under first-line disease-modifying treatment), dietary conjugated linoleic acid-supplementation for 6 months significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory profiles as well as functional signatures of circulating myeloid cells. Together, our results identify conjugated linoleic acid as a potent modulator of the gut–CNS axis by targeting myeloid cells in the intestine, which in turn control encephalitogenic T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Flavio Teipel
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Janoschka
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Haleluya Wami
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisanne Korn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Geethanjali Pickert
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marvin Hartwig
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Wirth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute for Hygiene, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stjepana Kovac
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcel Trautmann
- Division of Translational Pathology, Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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12
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The pathophysiological function of non-gastrointestinal farnesoid X receptor. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 226:107867. [PMID: 33895191 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) influences bile acid homeostasis and the progression of various diseases. While the roles of hepatic and intestinal FXR in enterohepatic transport of bile acids and metabolic diseases were reviewed previously, the pathophysiological functions of FXR in non-gastrointestinal cells and tissues have received little attention. Thus, the roles of FXR in the liver, immune system, nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidney, and pancreas beyond the gastrointestinal system are reviewed herein. Gain of FXR function studies in non-gastrointestinal tissues reveal that FXR signaling improves various experimentally-induced metabolic and immune diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, primary biliary cholangitis, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, multiple sclerosis, and diabetic nephropathy, while loss of FXR promotes regulatory T cells production, protects the brain against ischemic injury, atherosclerosis, and inhibits pancreatic tumor progression. The downstream pathways regulated by FXR are diverse and tissue/cell-specific, and FXR has both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activities, all of which may explain why activation and inhibition of FXR signaling could produce paradoxical or even opposite effects in some experimental disease models. FXR signaling is frequently compromised by diseases, especially during the progressive stage, and rescuing FXR expression may provide a promising strategy for boosting the therapeutic effect of FXR agonists. Tissue/cell-specific modulation of non-gastrointestinal FXR could influence the treatment of various diseases. This review provides a guide for drug discovery and clinical use of FXR modulators.
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13
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Jia Y, Zhang D, Yin H, Li H, Du J, Bao H. Ganoderic Acid A Attenuates LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia by Activating Farnesoid X Receptor. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1725-1736. [PMID: 33821438 PMCID: PMC8187184 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation have been proved to be the main reason for causing the neurodegenerative diseases. Ganoderic acid A (GAA), isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, showed anti-inflammatory effect in metabolism diseases. However, little research has been focused on the effect of GAA in neuroinflammation and the related mechanism. In the present study, lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of GAA. Our data showed that GAA significantly suppressed LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells proliferation and activation in vitro. More strikingly, GAA promoted the conversion of BV2 microglial cells from M1 status induced by LPS to M2 status. Furthermore, GAA inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines release and promoted neurotrophic factor BDNF expression in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Finally, we found that the expression of farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) was prominently downregulated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells, antagonism of FXR with z-gugglesterone and FXR siRNA can reverse the effect of GAA in LPS-induced BV2 microglial cells. Taking together, our findings demonstrate that GAA can significantly inhibit LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells via activating FXR receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Yin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, 2 Cuihu North Road, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Fettig NM, Osborne LC. Direct and indirect effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104814. [PMID: 33775860 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are highly influenced by changes in the microbiota and of microbiota-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives. This review will discuss the effects of microbiota-derived metabolites on neuroinflammation driven by central nervous system-resident cells and peripheral immune cells, and their influence on outcomes of EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Fettig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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15
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Bhargava P, Smith MD, Mische L, Harrington E, Fitzgerald KC, Martin K, Kim S, Reyes AA, Gonzalez-Cardona J, Volsko C, Tripathi A, Singh S, Varanasi K, Lord HN, Meyers K, Taylor M, Gharagozloo M, Sotirchos ES, Nourbakhsh B, Dutta R, Mowry EM, Waubant E, Calabresi PA. Bile acid metabolism is altered in multiple sclerosis and supplementation ameliorates neuroinflammation. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3467-3482. [PMID: 32182223 DOI: 10.1172/jci129401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the CNS. Bile acids are cholesterol metabolites that can signal through receptors on cells throughout the body, including in the CNS and the immune system. Whether bile acid metabolism is abnormal in MS is unknown. Using global and targeted metabolomic profiling, we identified lower levels of circulating bile acid metabolites in multiple cohorts of adult and pediatric patients with MS compared with controls. In white matter lesions from MS brain tissue, we noted the presence of bile acid receptors on immune and glial cells. To mechanistically examine the implications of lower levels of bile acids in MS, we studied the in vitro effects of an endogenous bile acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), on astrocyte and microglial polarization. TUDCA prevented neurotoxic (A1) polarization of astrocytes and proinflammatory polarization of microglia in a dose-dependent manner. TUDCA supplementation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reduced the severity of disease through its effects on G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1). We demonstrate that bile acid metabolism was altered in MS and that bile acid supplementation prevented polarization of astrocytes and microglia to neurotoxic phenotypes and ameliorated neuropathology in an animal model of MS. These findings identify dysregulated bile acid metabolism as a potential therapeutic target in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew D Smith
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah Mische
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Harrington
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Kyle Martin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sol Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Christina Volsko
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ajai Tripathi
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonal Singh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kesava Varanasi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hannah-Noelle Lord
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Keya Meyers
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Taylor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elias S Sotirchos
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bardia Nourbakhsh
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ellen M Mowry
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Howlett-Prieto Q, Langer C, Rezania K, Soliven B. Modulation of immune responses by bile acid receptor agonists in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 349:577397. [PMID: 32979707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids bind to multiple receptors, including Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) and farnesoid-X-receptors alpha (FXRα). We compared the response of PBMCs to the activation of these receptors in healthy controls and myasthenic patients. We found that TGR5 is a more potent negative regulator of T cell cytokine response than FXRα in both groups. In contrast, TGR5 and FXRα agonists elicit distinct B cell responses in myasthenia compared to controls, specifically on the frequency of IL-6+ B cells and regulatory B cells, as well as IL-10 secretion from PBMCs. We propose that TGR5 is a potential therapeutic target in myasthenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Howlett-Prieto
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Collin Langer
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Kourosh Rezania
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Betty Soliven
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America.
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17
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Grant SM, DeMorrow S. Bile Acid Signaling in Neurodegenerative and Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5982. [PMID: 32825239 PMCID: PMC7503576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are commonly known as digestive agents for lipids. The mechanisms of bile acids in the gastrointestinal track during normal physiological conditions as well as hepatic and cholestatic diseases have been well studied. Bile acids additionally serve as ligands for signaling molecules such as nuclear receptor Farnesoid X receptor and membrane-bound receptors, Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2. Recent studies have shown that bile acid signaling may also have a prevalent role in the central nervous system. Some bile acids, such as tauroursodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, have shown neuroprotective potential in experimental animal models and clinical studies of many neurological conditions. Alterations in bile acid metabolism have been discovered as potential biomarkers for prognosis tools as well as the expression of various bile acid receptors in multiple neurological ailments. This review explores the findings of recent studies highlighting bile acid-mediated therapies and bile acid-mediated signaling and the roles they play in neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Grant
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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18
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Zhao L, Gimple RC, Yang Z, Wei Y, Gustafsson JÅ, Zhou S. Immunoregulatory Functions of Nuclear Receptors: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:93-106. [PMID: 31706690 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily serve as master regulators in signaling by either positively or negatively regulating gene expression. Accumulating evidence has suggested that nuclear receptors are actively involved in immune responses, with specific roles in different immune cell compartments that contribute to both normal function and to disease development. The druggable properties of nuclear receptors have made them ideal modulatory therapeutic targets. Here, we revisit nuclear receptor biology, summarize recent advances in our understanding of the immunological functions of nuclear receptors, describe cell-type-specific roles and specific nuclear receptors in disease pathogenesis, and explore their potential as novel therapeutic targets. These nuclear receptor-dependent alterations in the immune system are amenable to pharmacological manipulation and suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Medical Innovation, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shengtao Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.
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19
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You W, Li L, Sun D, Liu X, Xia Z, Xue S, Chen B, Qin H, Ai J, Jiang H. Farnesoid X Receptor Constructs an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Sensitizes FXR highPD-L1 low NSCLC to Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:990-1000. [PMID: 30975694 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates inflammation and immune responses in a subset of immune-mediated diseases. We previously reported that FXR expression promotes tumor cell proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here we study the relevance of FXR to the immune microenvironment of NSCLC. We found an inverse correlation between FXR and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 408 NSCLC specimens; from this, we identified a subgroup of FXRhighPD-L1low patients. We showed that FXR downregulates PD-L1 via transrepression and other mechanisms in NSCLC. Cocultured with FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC cell lines, effector function and proliferation of CD8+ T cell in vitro are repressed. We also detected downregulation of PD-L1 in FXR-overexpressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse syngeneic models, indicating an FXRhighPD-L1low subtype in which FXR suppresses tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Anti-PD-1 therapy was effective against FXRhighPD-L1low mouse LLC tumors. Altogether, our findings demonstrate an immunosuppressive role for FXR in the FXRhighPD-L1low NSCLC subtype and provide translational insights into therapeutic response in PD-L1low NSCLC patients treated with anti-PD-1. We recommend FXRhighPD-L1low as a biomarker to predict responsiveness to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie You
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Li
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiao Sun
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Xia
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Xue
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Handong Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Janakiraman M, Krishnamoorthy G. Emerging Role of Diet and Microbiota Interactions in Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2067. [PMID: 30254641 PMCID: PMC6141752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota exerts multifarious effects on intestinal and extra-intestinal immune homeostasis. A disruption in the microbial composition of the gut has been associated with many neurological disorders with inflammatory components. Here we review known associations between gut microbiota and neurological disorders. Further we highlight the emerging role of diet and microbiota interrelationship in regulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Janakiraman
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Mucosal Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Gurumoorthy Krishnamoorthy
- Research Group Neuroinflammation and Mucosal Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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21
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Lenalidomide regulates CNS autoimmunity by promoting M2 macrophages polarization. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:251. [PMID: 29445144 PMCID: PMC5833426 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and debilitating neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by infiltration of leukocytes into CNS and subsequent demyelination. Emerging evidences have revealed the beneficial roles of M2 macrophages in ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for MS. Here, we identify that lenalidomide alone could promote macrophages M2 polarization to prevent the progression of EAE, which is associated with subsequent inhibition of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells both in peripheral lymph system and CNS. Depletion of macrophages by pharmacology treatment of clodronate liposomes or transferring lenalidomide-induced BMDMs in EAE mice completely abolished the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide or prevented EAE development, respectively. The macrophages-derived IL10 was upregulated both in vivo and in vitro after lenalidomide treatment. Moreover, lenalidomide-treated IL10-dificient EAE mice had higher clinical scores and more severe CNS damage, and intravenous injection of lenalidomide-treated IL10−/− BMDMs into mice with EAE at disease onset did not reverse disease severity, implying IL10 may be essential in lenalidomide-ameliorated EAE. Mechanistically, lenalidomide significantly increased expression and autocrine secretion of IL10, subsequently activated STAT3-mediated expression of Ym1. These studies facilitate the development of potential novel therapeutic application of lenalidomide for the treatment of MS.
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22
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De Feo D, Merlini A, Brambilla E, Ottoboni L, Laterza C, Menon R, Srinivasan S, Farina C, Garcia Manteiga JM, Butti E, Bacigaluppi M, Comi G, Greter M, Martino G. Neural precursor cell-secreted TGF-β2 redirects inflammatory monocyte-derived cells in CNS autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3937-3953. [PMID: 28945200 DOI: 10.1172/jci92387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, the pathological interaction between autoreactive Th cells and mononuclear phagocytes in the CNS drives initiation and maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation. Here, we found that intrathecal transplantation of neural stem/precursor cells (NPCs) in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) impairs the accumulation of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MCs) in the CNS, leading to improved clinical outcome. Secretion of IL-23, IL-1, and TNF-α, the cytokines required for terminal differentiation of Th cells, decreased in the CNS of NPC-treated mice, consequently inhibiting the induction of GM-CSF-producing pathogenic Th cells. In vivo and in vitro transcriptome analyses showed that NPC-secreted factors inhibit MC differentiation and activation, favoring the switch toward an antiinflammatory phenotype. Tgfb2-/- NPCs transplanted into EAE mice were ineffective in impairing MC accumulation within the CNS and failed to drive clinical improvement. Moreover, intrathecal delivery of TGF-β2 during the effector phase of EAE ameliorated disease severity. Taken together, these observations identify TGF-β2 as the crucial mediator of NPC immunomodulation. This study provides evidence that intrathecally transplanted NPCs interfere with the CNS-restricted inflammation of EAE by reprogramming infiltrating MCs into antiinflammatory myeloid cells via secretion of TGF-β2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ramesh Menon
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Lab, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, and
| | - Sundararajan Srinivasan
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Lab, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, and
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Immunobiology of Neurological Disorders Lab, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, and
| | - Jose Manuel Garcia Manteiga
- Center for Translational Genomics and BioInformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Albrecht S, Fleck AK, Kirchberg I, Hucke S, Liebmann M, Klotz L, Kuhlmann T. Activation of FXR pathway does not alter glial cell function. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:66. [PMID: 28351411 PMCID: PMC5371249 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear receptor farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR; NR1H4) is expressed not only in the liver, gut, kidney and adipose tissue but also in the immune cells. FXR has been shown to confer protection in several animal models of inflammation, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). FXR agonists are currently tested in clinical trials for treatment of human metabolic diseases. The beneficial effect of FXR agonists in EAE suggests that FXR might represent a potential target in inflammatory-demyelinating CNS diseases, such as MS. In MS, oligodendrocytes not only undergo cell death but also contribute to remyelination. This repair mechanism is impaired due to a differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells. Activation of other nuclear receptors that heterodimerize with FXR promote oligodendroglial differentiation. Therefore, we wanted to address the functional relevance of FXR for glial cells, especially for oligodendroglial differentiation. METHODS We isolated primary murine oligodendrocytes from FXR-deficient (FXR Ko) and wild-type (WT) mice and determined the effect of FXR deficiency and activation on oligodendroglial differentiation by analysing markers of oligodendroglial progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) using qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Additionally, we determined whether FXR activation modulates the pro-inflammatory profile of astrocytes or microglia and whether this may subsequently modulate oligodendroglial differentiation. These in vitro studies were complemented by histological analyses of oligodendrocytes in FXR Ko mice. RESULTS FXR is expressed by OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes. However, lack of FXR did not affect oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro or in vivo. Furthermore, activation of FXR using the synthetic agonist GW4064 did not affect oligodendroglial differentiation, remyelination in an ex vivo model or the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in astrocytes or microglia. Concordantly, no effects of supernatants from macrophages cultured in the presence of GW4064 were observed regarding a possible indirect impact on oligodendroglial differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that FXR is dispensable for oligodendroglial differentiation and that FXR agonists, such as GW4064, represent a potential therapeutic approach for MS which specifically targets peripheral immune cells including macrophages but not brain-resident cells, such as oligodendrocytes, astrocytes or microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Fleck
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ina Kirchberg
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Pleasure D. Good Things Come in Threes: Genetically Engineered Neural Stem Cells Mitigate Chronic CNS Autoimmunity. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1338-9. [PMID: 27578282 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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