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Louie AY, Drnevich J, Johnson JL, Woodard M, Kukekova AV, Johnson RW, Steelman AJ. Respiratory infection with influenza A virus delays remyelination and alters oligodendrocyte metabolism. iScience 2024; 27:110464. [PMID: 39104416 PMCID: PMC11298649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Peripheral viral infection disrupts oligodendrocyte (OL) homeostasis such that endogenous remyelination may be affected. Here, we demonstrate that influenza A virus infection perpetuated a demyelination- and disease-associated OL phenotype following cuprizone-induced demyelination that resulted in delayed OL maturation and remyelination in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, we assessed cellular metabolism ex vivo, and found that infection altered brain OL and microglia metabolism in a manner that opposed the metabolic profile induced by remyelination. Specifically, infection increased glycolytic capacity of OLs and microglia, an effect that was recapitulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of mixed glia cultures. In contrast, mitochondrial dependence was increased in OLs during remyelination, which was similarly observed in OLs of myelinating P14 mice compared to adult and aged mice. Collectively, our data indicate that respiratory viral infection is capable of suppressing remyelination, and suggest that metabolic dysfunction of OLs is implicated in remyelination impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y. Louie
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Meagan Woodard
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anna V. Kukekova
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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2
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Zveik O, Rechtman A, Ganz T, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. The interplay of inflammation and remyelination: rethinking MS treatment with a focus on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:53. [PMID: 38997755 PMCID: PMC11245841 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) therapeutic goals have traditionally been dichotomized into two distinct avenues: immune-modulatory-centric interventions and pro-regenerative strategies. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were regarded for many years solely in concern to their potential to generate oligodendrocytes and myelin in the central nervous system (CNS). However, accumulating data elucidate the multifaceted roles of OPCs, including their immunomodulatory functions, positioning them as cardinal constituents of the CNS's immune landscape. MAIN BODY In this review, we will discuss how the two therapeutic approaches converge. We present a model by which (1) an inflammation is required for the appropriate pro-myelinating immune function of OPCs in the chronically inflamed CNS, and (2) the immune function of OPCs is crucial for their ability to differentiate and promote remyelination. This model highlights the reciprocal interactions between OPCs' pro-myelinating and immune-modulating functions. Additionally, we review the specific effects of anti- and pro-inflammatory interventions on OPCs, suggesting that immunosuppression adversely affects OPCs' differentiation and immune functions. CONCLUSION We suggest a multi-systemic therapeutic approach, which necessitates not a unidimensional focus but a harmonious balance between OPCs' pro-myelinating and immune-modulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Zveik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Tal Ganz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein-Kerem P.O.B. 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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3
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Calabrese M, Preziosa P, Scalfari A, Colato E, Marastoni D, Absinta M, Battaglini M, De Stefano N, Di Filippo M, Hametner S, Howell OW, Inglese M, Lassmann H, Martin R, Nicholas R, Reynolds R, Rocca MA, Tamanti A, Vercellino M, Villar LM, Filippi M, Magliozzi R. Determinants and Biomarkers of Progression Independent of Relapses in Multiple Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2024; 96:1-20. [PMID: 38568026 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Clinical, pathological, and imaging evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that a smoldering inflammatory activity is present from the earliest stages of the disease and underlies the progression of disability, which proceeds relentlessly and independently of clinical and radiological relapses (PIRA). The complex system of pathological events driving "chronic" worsening is likely linked with the early accumulation of compartmentalized inflammation within the central nervous system as well as insufficient repair phenomena and mitochondrial failure. These mechanisms are partially lesion-independent and differ from those causing clinical relapses and the formation of new focal demyelinating lesions; they lead to neuroaxonal dysfunction and death, myelin loss, glia alterations, and finally, a neuronal network dysfunction outweighing central nervous system (CNS) compensatory mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art of neuropathological, immunological, and imaging knowledge about the mechanisms underlying the smoldering disease activity, focusing on possible early biomarkers and their translation into clinical practice. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:1-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Calabrese
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Scalfari
- Centre of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Elisa Colato
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Damiano Marastoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Absinta
- Translational Neuropathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Siena Imaging S.r.l., Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Owain W Howell
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
| | - Matilde Inglese
- Dipartimento di neuroscienze, riabilitazione, oftalmologia, genetica e scienze materno-infantili - DINOGMI, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Martin
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Therapeutic Design Unit, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Cellerys AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Richard Nicholas
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Burlington Danes, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamanti
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Vercellino
- Multiple Sclerosis Center & Neurologia I U, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Maria Villar
- Department of Immunology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital. IRYCIS. REI, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Magliozzi
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedicine and Movement, The Multiple Sclerosis Center of University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
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4
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Garton T, Gadani SP, Gill AJ, Calabresi PA. Neurodegeneration and demyelination in multiple sclerosis. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00372-6. [PMID: 38889714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) is an immune-initiated neurodegenerative condition that lacks effective therapies. Although peripheral immune infiltration is a hallmark of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), PMS is associated with chronic, tissue-restricted inflammation and disease-associated reactive glial states. The effector functions of disease-associated microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells are beginning to be defined, and recent studies have made significant progress in uncovering their pathologic implications. In this review, we discuss the immune-glia interactions that underlie demyelination, failed remyelination, and neurodegeneration with a focus on PMS. We highlight the common and divergent immune mechanisms by which glial cells acquire disease-associated phenotypes. Finally, we discuss recent advances that have revealed promising novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of PMS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garton
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sachin P Gadani
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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5
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Campo Garcia J, Bueno RJ, Salla M, Martorell-Serra I, Seeger B, Akbari N, Sperber P, Stachelscheid H, Infante-Duarte C, Paul F, Starossom SC. Establishment of a high-content compatible platform to assess effects of monocyte-derived factors on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12167. [PMID: 38806485 PMCID: PMC11133477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
During neuroinflammation, monocytes that infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) may contribute to regenerative processes depending on their activation status. However, the extent and mechanisms of monocyte-induced CNS repair in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases remain largely unknown, partly due to the lack of a fully human assay platform that can recapitulate monocyte-neural stem cell interactions within the CNS microenvironment. We therefore developed a human model system to assess the impact of monocytic factors on neural stem cells, establishing a high-content compatible assay for screening monocyte-induced neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The model combined monocytes isolated from healthy donors and human embryonic stem cell derived neural stem cells and integrated both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic properties. We identified CNS-mimicking culture media options that induced a monocytic phenotype resembling CNS infiltrating monocytes, while allowing adequate monocyte survival. Monocyte-induced proliferation, gliogenic fate and neurogenic fate of neural stem cells were affected by the conditions of monocytic priming and basal neural stem cell culture as extrinsic factors as well as the neural stem cell passage number as an intrinsic neural stem cell property. We developed a high-content compatible human in vitro assay for the integrated analysis of monocyte-derived factors on CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Campo Garcia
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Roemel Jeusep Bueno
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren Salla
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivette Martorell-Serra
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bibiane Seeger
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nilufar Akbari
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pia Sperber
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stachelscheid
- Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sarah C Starossom
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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6
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Ren R, Jiang J, Li X, Zhang G. Research progress of autoimmune diseases based on induced pluripotent stem cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349138. [PMID: 38720903 PMCID: PMC11076788 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can damage specific or multiple organs and tissues, influence the quality of life, and even cause disability and death. A 'disease in a dish' can be developed based on patients-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSCs-derived disease-relevant cell types to provide a platform for pathogenesis research, phenotypical assays, cell therapy, and drug discovery. With rapid progress in molecular biology research methods including genome-sequencing technology, epigenetic analysis, '-omics' analysis and organoid technology, large amount of data represents an opportunity to help in gaining an in-depth understanding of pathological mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic strategies for these diseases. This paper aimed to review the iPSCs-based research on phenotype confirmation, mechanism exploration, drug discovery, and cell therapy for autoimmune diseases, especially multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes using iPSCs and iPSCs-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guirong Zhang
- Shandong Yinfeng Academy of Life Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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Zveik O, Rechtman A, Brill L, Vaknin-Dembinsky A. Anti- and pro-inflammatory milieu differentially regulate differentiation and immune functions of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Immunology 2024; 171:618-633. [PMID: 38243672 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) were regarded for years solely for their regenerative role; however, their immune-modulatory roles have gained much attention recently, particularly in the context of multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite extensive studies on OPCs, there are limited data elucidating the interactions between their intrinsic regenerative and immune functions, as well as their relationship with the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) environment, a key factor in MS pathology. We examined the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines, represented by interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines, represented by interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, on OPC differentiation and immune characteristics. Using primary cultures, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence stainings, we assessed differentiation capacity, phagocytic activity, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II expression, and cytokine secretion. We observed that the anti-inflammatory milieu (IL4 and IL10) reduced both OPC differentiation and immune functions. Conversely, exposure to TNF-α led to intact differentiation, increased phagocytic activity, high levels of MHC-II expression, and cytokines secretion. Those effects were attributed to signalling via TNF-receptor-2 and counteracted the detrimental effects of IFN-γ on OPC differentiation. Our findings suggest that a pro-regenerative, permissive inflammatory environment is needed for OPCs to execute both regenerative and immune-modulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Zveik
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Rechtman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Livnat Brill
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Vaknin-Dembinsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, The Agnes-Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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8
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Mwema A, Gratpain V, Ucakar B, Vanvarenberg K, Perdaens O, van Pesch V, Muccioli GG, des Rieux A. Impact of calcitriol and PGD 2-G-loaded lipid nanocapsules on oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and remyelination. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01535-8. [PMID: 38366115 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in need of a curative treatment. MS research has recently focused on the development of pro-remyelinating treatments and neuroprotective therapies. Here, we aimed at favoring remyelination and reducing neuro-inflammation in a cuprizone mouse model of brain demyelination using nanomedicines. We have selected lipid nanocapsules (LNC) coated with the cell-penetrating peptide transactivator of translation (TAT), loaded with either a pro-remyelinating compound, calcitriol (Cal-LNC TAT), or an anti-inflammatory bioactive lipid, prostaglandin D2-glycerol ester (PGD2-G) (PGD2-G-LNC TAT). Following the characterization of these formulations, we showed that Cal-LNC TAT in combination with PGD2-G-LNC TAT increased the mRNA expression of oligodendrocyte differentiation markers both in the CG-4 cell line and in primary mixed glial cell (MGC) cultures. However, while the combination of Cal-LNC TAT and PGD2-G-LNC TAT showed promising results in vitro, no significant impact, in terms of remyelination, astrogliosis, and microgliosis, was observed in vivo in the corpus callosum of cuprizone-treated mice following intranasal administration. Thus, although calcitriol's beneficial effects have been abundantly described in the literature in the context of MS, here, we show that the different doses of calcitriol tested had a negative impact on the mice well-being and showed no beneficial effect in the cuprizone model in terms of remyelination and neuro-inflammation, alone and when combined with PGD2-G-LNC TAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Mwema
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Viridiane Gratpain
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Ucakar
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Océane Perdaens
- Cellular and Molecular Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 53, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Cellular and Molecular Division, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 53, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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9
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Shim G, Romero-Morales AI, Sripathy SR, Maher BJ. Utilizing hiPSC-derived oligodendrocytes to study myelin pathophysiology in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1322813. [PMID: 38273973 PMCID: PMC10808804 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1322813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes play a crucial role in our central nervous system (CNS) by myelinating axons for faster action potential conduction, protecting axons from degeneration, structuring the position of ion channels, and providing nutrients to neurons. Oligodendrocyte dysfunction and/or dysmyelination can contribute to a range of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Leukodystrophy (LD), Schizophrenia (SCZ), and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Common characteristics identified across these disorders were either an inability of oligodendrocytes to remyelinate after degeneration or defects in oligodendrocyte development and maturation. Unfortunately, the causal mechanisms of oligodendrocyte dysfunction are still uncertain, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. Many studies rely on the use of animal models to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these disorders, however, such studies face species-specific challenges and therefore lack translatability. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to model neurological diseases is becoming a powerful new tool, improving our understanding of pathophysiology and capacity to explore therapeutic targets. Here, we focus on the application of hiPSC-derived oligodendrocyte model systems to model disorders caused by oligodendrocyte dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Shim
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alejandra I. Romero-Morales
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Srinidhi R. Sripathy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brady J. Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, United States
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Kent SA, Miron VE. Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:49-63. [PMID: 37452201 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that have key functions in its development, homeostasis and response to damage and infection. Although microglia have been increasingly implicated in contributing to the pathology that underpins neurological dysfunction and disease, they also have crucial roles in neurological homeostasis and regeneration. This includes regulation of the maintenance and regeneration of myelin, the membrane that surrounds neuronal axons, which is required for axonal health and function. Myelin is damaged with normal ageing and in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Given the lack of approved therapies targeting myelin maintenance or regeneration, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which microglia support and restore myelin health to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate myelin loss or integrity are still being uncovered. In this Review, we discuss recent work that reveals the changes in white matter with ageing and neurodegenerative disease, how this relates to microglia dynamics during myelin damage and regeneration, and factors that influence the regenerative functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Kent
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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11
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Meinhardt J, Streit S, Dittmayer C, Manitius RV, Radbruch H, Heppner FL. The neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:30-42. [PMID: 38049610 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, over 694 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, with an estimated 55-60% of those infected developing COVID-19. Since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019, different variants of concern have appeared and continue to occur. With the emergence of different variants, an increasing rate of vaccination and previous infections, the acute neurological symptomatology of COVID-19 changed. Moreover, 10-45% of individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection experience symptoms even 3 months after disease onset, a condition that has been defined as 'post-COVID-19' by the World Health Organization and that occurs independently of the virus variant. The pathomechanisms of COVID-19-related neurological complaints have become clearer during the past 3 years. To date, there is no overt - that is, truly convincing - evidence for SARS-CoV-2 particles in the brain. In this Review, we put special emphasis on discussing the methodological difficulties of viral detection in CNS tissue and discuss immune-based (systemic and central) effects contributing to COVID-19-related CNS affection. We sequentially review the reported changes to CNS cells in COVID-19, starting with the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier - as systemic factors from the periphery appear to primarily influence barriers and conduits - before we describe changes in brain parenchymal cells, including microglia, astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes as well as cerebral lymphocytes. These findings are critical to understanding CNS affection in acute COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 in order to translate these findings into treatment options, which are still very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Meinhardt
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Streit
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Dittmayer
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina V Manitius
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank L Heppner
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Mwema A, Muccioli GG, des Rieux A. Innovative drug delivery strategies to the CNS for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Control Release 2023; 364:435-457. [PMID: 37926243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis (MS) represent a great emotional, financial and social burden. Despite intense efforts, great unmet medical needs remain in that field. MS is an autoimmune, chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease with no curative treatment up to date. The current therapies mostly act in the periphery and seek to modulate aberrant immune responses as well as slow down the progression of the disease. Some of these therapies are associated with adverse effects related partly to their administration route and show some limitations due to their rapid clearance and inability to reach the CNS. The scientific community have recently focused their research on developing MS therapies targeting different processes within the CNS. However, delivery of therapeutics to the CNS is mainly limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new drug delivery strategies that ensure CNS availability to capitalize on identified therapeutic targets. Several approaches have been developed to overcome or bypass the BBB and increase delivery of therapeutics to the CNS. Among these strategies, the use of alternative routes of administration, such as the nose-to-brain (N2B) pathway, offers a promising non-invasive option in the scope of MS, as it would allow a direct transport of the drugs from the nasal cavity to the brain. Moreover, the combination of bioactive molecules within nanocarriers bring forth new opportunities for MS therapies, allowing and/or increasing their transport to the CNS. Here we will review and discuss these alternative administration routes as well as the nanocarrier approaches useful to deliver drugs for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Mwema
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 72, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 72, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Wiggermann V, Endmayr V, Hernández‐Torres E, Höftberger R, Kasprian G, Hametner S, Rauscher A. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging reflects different levels of histologically determined myelin densities in multiple sclerosis, including remyelination in inactive multiple sclerosis lesions. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13150. [PMID: 36720269 PMCID: PMC10580011 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of focal or diffuse myelin damage or remyelination may provide important insights into disease progression and potential treatment efficacy in multiple sclerosis (MS). We performed post-mortem MRI and histopathological myelin measurements in seven progressive MS cases to evaluate the ability of three myelin-sensitive MRI scans to distinguish different stages of MS pathology, particularly chronic demyelinated and remyelinated lesions. At 3 Tesla, we acquired two different myelin water imaging (MWI) scans and magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR) data. Histopathology included histochemical stainings for myelin phospholipids (LFB) and iron as well as immunohistochemistry for myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), CD68 (phagocytosing microglia/macrophages) and BCAS1 (remyelinating oligodendrocytes). Mixed-effects modelling determined which histopathological metric best predicted MWF and MTR in normal-appearing and diffusely abnormal white matter, active/inactive, inactive, remyelinated and ischemic lesions. Both MWI measures correlated well with each other and histology across regions, reflecting the different stages of MS pathology. MTR data showed a considerable influence of components other than myelin and a strong dependency on tissue storage duration. Both MRI and histology revealed increased myelin densities in inactive compared with active/inactive lesions. Chronic inactive lesions harboured single scattered myelin fibres indicative of low-level remyelination. Mixed-effects modelling showed that smaller differences between white matter areas were linked to PLP densities and only to a small extent confounded by iron. MWI reflects differences in myelin lipids and proteins across various levels of myelin densities encountered in MS, including low-level remyelination in chronic inactive lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wiggermann
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCopenhagen University Hospital Amager & HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Verena Endmayr
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Enedino Hernández‐Torres
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic ResonanceCopenhagen University Hospital Amager & HvidovreCopenhagenDenmark
- Faculty of Medicine (Division Neurology)University of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image‐Guided TherapyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Simon Hametner
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of NeurologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Centre for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alexander Rauscher
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- BC Children's Hospital Research InstituteUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
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14
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Chen Y, Quan S, Patil V, Kunjamma RB, Tokars HM, Leisten ED, Joy G, Wills S, Chan JR, Wong YC, Popko B. Insights into the mechanism of oligodendrocyte protection and remyelination enhancement by the integrated stress response. Glia 2023; 71:2180-2195. [PMID: 37203250 PMCID: PMC10681276 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
central nervous system (CNS) inflammation triggers activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). We previously reported that prolonging the ISR protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination in the presence of inflammation. However, the exact mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether the ISR modulator Sephin1 in combination with the oligodendrocyte differentiation enhancing reagent bazedoxifene (BZA) is able to accelerate remyelination under inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms mediating this pathway. We find that the combined treatment of Sephin1 and BZA is sufficient to accelerate early-stage remyelination in mice with ectopic IFN-γ expression in the CNS. IFN-γ, which is a critical inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis (MS), inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in culture and triggers a mild ISR. Mechanistically, we further show that BZA promotes OPC differentiation in the presence of IFN-γ, while Sephin1 enhances the IFN-γ-induced ISR by reducing protein synthesis and increasing RNA stress granule formation in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Finally, pharmacological suppression of the ISR blocks stress granule formation in vitro and partially lessens the beneficial effect of Sephin1 on disease progression in a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Overall, our findings uncover distinct mechanisms of action of BZA and Sephin1 on oligodendrocyte lineage cells under inflammatory stress, suggesting that a combination therapy may effectively promote restoring neuronal function in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Songhua Quan
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vaibhav Patil
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rejani B. Kunjamma
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haley M. Tokars
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric D. Leisten
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Godwin Joy
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Samantha Wills
- Deptment of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Yvette C. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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15
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Baldassarro VA, Quadalti C, Runfola M, Manera C, Rapposelli S, Calzà L. Synthetic Thyroid Hormone Receptor-β Agonists Promote Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation in the Presence of Inflammatory Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1207. [PMID: 37765015 PMCID: PMC10534456 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and their precursors are the cells responsible for developmental myelination and myelin repair during adulthood. Their differentiation and maturation processes are regulated by a complex molecular machinery driven mainly by triiodothyronine (T3), the genomic active form of thyroid hormone, which binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), regulating the expression of target genes. Different molecular tools have been developed to mimic T3 action in an attempt to overcome the myelin repair deficit that underlies various central nervous system pathologies. In this study, we used a well-established in vitro model of neural stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to test the effects of two compounds: the TRβ1 ligand IS25 and its pro-drug TG68. We showed that treatment with TG68 induces OPC differentiation/maturation as well as both the natural ligand and the best-known TRβ1 synthetic ligand, GC-1. We then described that, unlike T3, TG68 can fully overcome the cytokine-mediated oligodendrocyte differentiation block. In conclusion, we showed the ability of a new synthetic compound to stimulate OPC differentiation and overcome inflammation-mediated pathological conditions. Further studies will clarify whether the compound acts as a pro-drug to produce the TRβ1 ligand IS25 or if its action is mediated by secondary mechanisms such as AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Corinne Quadalti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Runfola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.R.); (C.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Clementina Manera
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.R.); (C.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.R.); (C.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura Calzà
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBit), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- IRET Foundation, Ozzano Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy
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16
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Clayton BL, Barbar L, Sapar M, Rusielewicz T, Kalpana K, Migliori B, Paull D, Brenner K, Moroziewicz D, Sand IK, Casaccia P, Tesar PJ, Fossati V. Patient iPSC models reveal glia-intrinsic phenotypes in multiple sclerosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551553. [PMID: 37577713 PMCID: PMC10418164 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, typically resulting in significant neurological disability that worsens over time. While considerable progress has been made in defining the immune system's role in MS pathophysiology, the contribution of intrinsic CNS-cell dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we generated the largest reported collection of iPSC lines from people with MS spanning diverse clinical subtypes and differentiated them into glia-enriched cultures. Using single-cell transcriptomic profiling, we observed several distinguishing characteristics of MS cultures pointing to glia-intrinsic disease mechanisms. We found that iPSC-derived cultures from people with primary progressive MS contained fewer oligodendrocytes. Moreover, iPSC-oligodendrocyte lineage cells and astrocytes from people with MS showed increased expression of immune and inflammatory genes that match those of glial cells from MS postmortem brains. Thus, iPSC-derived MS models provide a unique platform for dissecting glial contributions to disease phenotypes independent of the peripheral immune system and identify potential glia-specific targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L.L. Clayton
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Lilianne Barbar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Maria Sapar
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Tomasz Rusielewicz
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Kriti Kalpana
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Bianca Migliori
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | | | - Daniel Paull
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Katie Brenner
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Dorota Moroziewicz
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
| | - Ilana Katz Sand
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10129, USA
| | | | - Paul J. Tesar
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Valentina Fossati
- The New York Stem Cell Foundation Research Institute, New York, NY 10019, USA
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17
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Gómez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu JA, Ojeda-Hernandez D, de la Fuente-Martin S, Kamal OMF, Benito-Martin MS, Selma-Calvo B, Montero-Escribano P, Matías-Guiu J. In Vitro Effects of Methylprednisolone over Oligodendroglial Cells: Foresight to Future Cell Therapies. Cells 2023; 12:1515. [PMID: 37296635 PMCID: PMC10252523 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells may be a useful therapeutic strategy for targeting remyelination. However, it is yet to be established how these cells behave after implantation and whether they retain the capacity to proliferate or differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. One essential issue is the creation of administration protocols and determining which factors need to be well established. There is controversy around whether these cells may be implanted simultaneously with corticosteroid treatment, which is widely used in many clinical situations. This study assesses the influence of corticosteroids on the capacity for proliferation and differentiation and the survival of human oligodendroglioma cells. Our findings show that corticosteroids reduce the capacity of these cells to proliferate and to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and decrease cell survival. Thus, their effect does not favour remyelination; this is consistent with the results of studies with rodent cells. In conclusion, protocols for the administration of oligodendrocyte lineage cells with the aim of repopulating oligodendroglial niches or repairing demyelinated axons should not include corticosteroids, given the evidence that the effects of these drugs may undermine the objectives of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Gómez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Jordi A. Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Denise Ojeda-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Sarah de la Fuente-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Ola Mohamed-Fathy Kamal
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Maria Soledad Benito-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Belen Selma-Calvo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
| | - Paloma Montero-Escribano
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Jorge Matías-Guiu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (D.O.-H.); (S.d.l.F.-M.); (O.M.-F.K.); (M.S.B.-M.); (B.S.-C.); (J.M.-G.)
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.M.-G.); (P.M.-E.)
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18
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Klotz L, Antel J, Kuhlmann T. Inflammation in multiple sclerosis: consequences for remyelination and disease progression. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:305-320. [PMID: 37059811 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large number of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments available to treat relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), treatment of the progressive phase of the disease has not yet been achieved. This lack of successful treatment approaches is caused by our poor understanding of the mechanisms driving disease progression. Emerging concepts suggest that a combination of persisting focal and diffuse inflammation within the CNS and a gradual failure of compensatory mechanisms, including remyelination, result in disease progression. Therefore, promotion of remyelination presents a promising intervention approach. However, despite our increasing knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating remyelination in animal models, therapeutic increases in remyelination remain an unmet need in MS, which suggests that mechanisms of remyelination and remyelination failure differ fundamentally between humans and demyelinating animal models. New and emerging technologies now allow us to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying remyelination failure in human tissue samples in an unprecedented way. The aim of this Review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding mechanisms of remyelination and remyelination failure in MS and in animal models of the disease, identify open questions, challenge existing concepts, and discuss strategies to overcome the translational roadblock in the field of remyelination-promoting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jack Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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19
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Yilmaz EN, Albrecht S, Groll K, Thomas C, Wallhorn L, Herold M, Hucke S, Klotz L, Kuhlmann T. Influx of T cells into corpus callosum increases axonal injury, but does not change the course of remyelination in toxic demyelination. Glia 2023; 71:991-1001. [PMID: 36511515 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a focal inflammatory and demyelinating disease. The inflammatory infiltrates consist of macrophages/microglia, T and B cells. Remyelination (RM) is an endogenous repair process which frequently fails in MS patients. In earlier studies, T cells either promoted or impaired RM. Here, we used the combined cuprizone/MOG-EAE model to further dissect the functional role of T cells for RM. The combination of MOG immunization with cuprizone feeding targeted T cells to the corpus callosum and increased the extent of axonal injury. Global gene expression analyses demonstrated significant changes in the inflammatory environment; however, additional MOG immunization did not alter the course of RM. Our results suggest that the inflammatory environment in the combined model affects axons and oligodendrocytes differently and that oligodendroglial lineage cells might be less susceptible to T cell mediated injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Yilmaz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Albrecht
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Groll
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lutz Wallhorn
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Herold
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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20
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Cashion JM, Young KM, Sutherland BA. How does neurovascular unit dysfunction contribute to multiple sclerosis? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 178:106028. [PMID: 36736923 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common non-traumatic cause of neurological disability in young adults. Multiple sclerosis clinical care has improved considerably due to the development of disease-modifying therapies that effectively modulate the peripheral immune response and reduce relapse frequency. However, current treatments do not prevent neurodegeneration and disease progression, and efforts to prevent multiple sclerosis will be hampered so long as the cause of this disease remains unknown. Risk factors for multiple sclerosis development or severity include vitamin D deficiency, cigarette smoking and youth obesity, which also impact vascular health. People with multiple sclerosis frequently experience blood-brain barrier breakdown, microbleeds, reduced cerebral blood flow and diminished neurovascular reactivity, and it is possible that these vascular pathologies are tied to multiple sclerosis development. The neurovascular unit is a cellular network that controls neuroinflammation, maintains blood-brain barrier integrity, and tightly regulates cerebral blood flow, matching energy supply to neuronal demand. The neurovascular unit is composed of vessel-associated cells such as endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes, however neuronal and other glial cell types also comprise the neurovascular niche. Recent single-cell transcriptomics data, indicate that neurovascular cells, particular cells of the microvasculature, are compromised within multiple sclerosis lesions. Large-scale genetic and small-scale cell biology studies also suggest that neurovascular dysfunction could be a primary pathology contributing to multiple sclerosis development. Herein we revisit multiple sclerosis risk factors and multiple sclerosis pathophysiology and highlight the known and potential roles of neurovascular unit dysfunction in multiple sclerosis development and disease progression. We also evaluate the suitability of the neurovascular unit as a potential target for future disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake M Cashion
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Brad A Sutherland
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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21
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Mwema A, Bottemanne P, Paquot A, Ucakar B, Vanvarenberg K, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG, des Rieux A. Lipid nanocapsules for the nose-to-brain delivery of the anti-inflammatory bioactive lipid PGD 2-G. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102633. [PMID: 36435364 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, prostaglandin D2-glycerol ester (PGD2-G) was selected to target neuroinflammation. As PGD2-G is reported to have a short plasmatic half-life, we propose to use lipid nanocapsules (LNC) as vehicle to safely transport PGD2-G to the central nervous system (CNS). PGD2-G-loaded LNC (PGD2-G-LNC) reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in activated microglial cells, even so after crossing a primary olfactory cell monolayer. A single nasal administration of PGD2-G-LNC in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the olfactory bulb. Coating LNC's surface with a cell-penetrating peptide, transactivator of transcription (TAT), increased its accumulation in the brain. Although TAT-coated PGD2-G-LNC modestly exerted its anti-inflammatory effect in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis similar to free PGD2-G after nasal administration, TAT-coated LNC surprisingly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines in the CNS. These data propose LNC as an interesting drug delivery tool and TAT-coated PGD2-G-LNC remains a good candidate, in need of further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Mwema
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Bottemanne
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrien Paquot
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernard Ucakar
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin Vanvarenberg
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Université catholique de Louvain, UCLouvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Avenue E. Mounier 73, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
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22
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Insights into the mechanism of oligodendrocyte protection and remyelination enhancement by the integrated stress response. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525156. [PMID: 36747743 PMCID: PMC9900777 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CNS inflammation triggers activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). We previously reported that prolonging the ISR protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination in the presence of inflammation (Chen et al., eLife , 2021). However, the exact mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. Here, we investigated whether the ISR modulator Sephin1 in combination with the oligodendrocyte differentiation enhancing reagent bazedoxifene (BZA) is able to accelerate remyelination under inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms mediating this pathway. We find that the combined treatment of Sephin1 and BZA is sufficient to accelerate early-stage remyelination in mice with ectopic IFN-γ expression in the CNS. IFN-γ, which is a critical inflammatory cytokine in multiple sclerosis (MS), inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation in culture and triggers a mild ISR. Mechanistically, we further show that BZA promotes OPC differentiation in the presence of IFN-γ, while Sephin1 enhances the IFN-γ-induced ISR by reducing protein synthesis and increasing RNA stress granule formation in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Finally, the ISR suppressor 2BAct is able to partially lessen the beneficial effect of Sephin1 on disease progression, in an MS mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Overall, our findings uncover distinct mechanisms of action of BZA and Sephin1 on oligodendrocyte lineage cells under inflammatory stress, suggesting that a combination therapy may effectively promote restoring neuronal function in MS patients.
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23
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Garton T, Gill AJ, Calabresi PA. Distinct mechanisms of oligodendrocyte injury inform therapeutic interventions in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2022; 145:4151-4153. [PMID: 36325693 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘Diverse injury responses of human oligodendrocytes to mediators implicated in multiple sclerosis’ by Pernin et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac075).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 212871, USA
| | - Alexander J Gill
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 212871, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 212871, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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24
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Spencer SA, Suárez-Pozos E, Verdugo JS, Wang H, Afshari FS, Li G, Manam S, Yasuda D, Ortega A, Lister JA, Ishii S, Zhang Y, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling via LPA 6 : A negative modulator of developmental oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurochem 2022; 163:478-499. [PMID: 36153691 PMCID: PMC9772207 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath formation is characterized by well-coordinated cellular activities ultimately ensuring rapid and synchronized neural communication. During this process, myelinating CNS cells, namely oligodendrocytes (OLGs), undergo distinct steps of differentiation, whereby the progression of earlier maturation stages of OLGs represents a critical step toward the timely establishment of myelinated axonal circuits. Given the complexity of functional integration, it is not surprising that OLG maturation is controlled by a yet fully to be defined set of both negative and positive modulators. In this context, we provide here first evidence for a role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor LPA6 as a negative modulatory regulator of myelination-associated gene expression in OLGs. More specifically, the cell surface accessibility of LPA6 was found to be restricted to the earlier maturation stages of differentiating OLGs, and OLG maturation was found to occur precociously in Lpar6 knockout mice. To further substantiate these findings, a novel small molecule ligand with selectivity for preferentially LPA6 and LPA6 agonist characteristics was functionally characterized in vitro in primary cultures of rat OLGs and in vivo in the developing zebrafish. Utilizing this approach, a negative modulatory role of LPA6 signaling in OLG maturation could be corroborated. During development, such a functional role of LPA6 signaling likely serves to ensure timely coordination of circuit formation and myelination. Under pathological conditions as seen in the major human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), however, persistent LPA6 expression and signaling in OLGs can be seen as an inhibitor of myelin repair. Thus, it is of interest that LPA6 protein levels appear elevated in MS brain samples, thereby suggesting that LPA6 signaling may represent a potential new druggable pathway suitable to promote myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jazmín Soto Verdugo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fatemah S Afshari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susmita Manam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daisuke Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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25
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Sutter PA, Crocker SJ. Glia as antigen-presenting cells in the central nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102646. [PMID: 36371828 PMCID: PMC10183975 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the cells within the central nervous system (CNS) toward adaptive immune responses is emerging and incompletely understood. Recent findings indicate important functional interactions between T-cells and glial cells within the CNS that may contribute to disease and neuropathology through antigen presentation. Although glia are not classically considered antigen-presenting cell (APC) types, there is growing evidence indicating that glial antigen presentation plays an important role in several neurological diseases. This review discusses these findings which incriminate microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocyte lineage cells as CNS-resident APC types with implications for understanding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl A Sutter
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Departments of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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26
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Miron VE, Antel JP. Chronic oligodendrocyte injury in central nervous system pathologies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1274. [PMID: 36402839 PMCID: PMC9675815 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin, the membrane surrounding neuronal axons, is critical for central nervous system (CNS) function. Injury to myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OL) in chronic neurological diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) ranges from sublethal to lethal, leading to OL dysfunction and myelin pathology, and consequent deleterious impacts on axonal health that drive clinical impairments. This is regulated by intrinsic factors such as heterogeneity and age, and extrinsic cellular and molecular interactions. Here, we discuss the responses of OLs to injury, and perspectives for therapeutic targeting. We put forward that targeting mature OL health in neurological disease is a promising therapeutic strategy to support CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.415502.7Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jack P. Antel
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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27
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Franklin RJM, Simons M. CNS remyelination and inflammation: From basic mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities. Neuron 2022; 110:3549-3565. [PMID: 36228613 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination, the myelin regenerative response that follows demyelination, restores saltatory conduction and function and sustains axon health. Its declining efficiency with disease progression in the chronic autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) contributes to the currently untreatable progressive phase of the disease. Although some of the bona fide myelin regenerative medicine clinical trials have succeeded in demonstrating proof-of-principle, none of these compounds have yet proceeded toward approval. There therefore remains a need to increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of remyelination so that existing targets can be refined and new ones discovered. Here, we review the role of inflammation, in particular innate immunity, in remyelination, describing its many and complex facets and discussing how our evolving understanding can be harnessed to translational goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Altos Labs - Cambridge Institute of Science, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Munich, Germany.
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28
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Voskuhl RR, MacKenzie-Graham A. Chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an excellent model to study neuroaxonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1024058. [PMID: 36340686 PMCID: PMC9629273 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1024058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS), specifically experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been used extensively to develop anti-inflammatory treatments. However, the similarity between MS and one particular EAE model does not end at inflammation. MS and chronic EAE induced in C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide 35-55 share many neuropathologies. Beyond both having white matter lesions in spinal cord, both also have widespread neuropathology in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, cerebellum, and retina/optic nerve. In this review, we compare neuropathologies in each of these structures in MS with chronic EAE in C57BL/6 mice, and find evidence that this EAE model is well suited to study neuroaxonal degeneration in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R. Voskuhl
- UCLA MS Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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29
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Liu R, Du S, Zhao L, Jain S, Sahay K, Rizvanov A, Lezhnyova V, Khaibullin T, Martynova E, Khaiboullina S, Baranwal M. Autoreactive lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis: Pathogenesis and treatment target. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996469. [PMID: 36211343 PMCID: PMC9539795 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of myelin leads to damage of a neuron’s axon and cell body, which is identified as brain lesions on magnetic resonance image (MRI). The pathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown. However, immune mechanisms, especially those linked to the aberrant lymphocyte activity, are mainly responsible for neuronal damage. Th1 and Th17 populations of lymphocytes were primarily associated with MS pathogenesis. These lymphocytes are essential for differentiation of encephalitogenic CD8+ T cell and Th17 lymphocyte crossing the blood brain barrier and targeting myelin sheath in the CNS. B-lymphocytes could also contribute to MS pathogenesis by producing anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. In later studies, aberrant function of Treg and Th9 cells was identified as contributing to MS. This review summarizes the aberrant function and count of lymphocyte, and the contributions of these cell to the mechanisms of MS. Additionally, we have outlined the novel MS therapeutics aimed to amend the aberrant function or counts of these lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzeng Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shushu Du
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Sahil Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Kritika Sahay
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Vera Lezhnyova
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Timur Khaibullin
- Neurological Department, Republican Clinical Neurological Center, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Svetlana Khaiboullina
- Gene and cell Department, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- *Correspondence: Svetlana Khaiboullina, ; Manoj Baranwal, ;
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
- *Correspondence: Svetlana Khaiboullina, ; Manoj Baranwal, ;
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30
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Gomez-Pinedo U, Matías-Guiu JA, Torre-Fuentes L, Montero-Escribano P, Hernández-Lorenzo L, Pytel V, Maietta P, Alvarez S, Sanclemente-Alamán I, Moreno-Jimenez L, Ojeda-Hernandez D, Villar-Gómez N, Benito-Martin MS, Selma-Calvo B, Vidorreta-Ballesteros L, Madrid R, Matías-Guiu J. Variant rs4149584 (R92Q) of the TNFRSF1A gene in patients with familial multiple sclerosis. Neurologia 2022:S2173-5808(22)00087-6. [PMID: 35963536 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genomic studies have identified numerous genetic variants associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis (MS); however, each one explains only a small percentage of the risk of developing the disease. These variants are located in genes involved in specific pathways, which supports the hypothesis that the risk of developing MS may be linked to alterations in these pathways, rather than in specific genes. We analyzed the role of the TNFRSF1A gene, which encodes one of the TNF-α receptors involved in a signaling pathway previously linked to autoimmune disease. METHODS We included 138 individuals from 23 families including at least 2 members with MS, and analyzed the presence of exonic variants of TNFRSF1A through whole-exome sequencing. We also conducted a functional study to analyze the pathogenic mechanism of variant rs4149584 (-g.6442643C > G, NM_001065.4:c.362 G > A, R92Q) by plasmid transfection into human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cells, which behave like oligodendrocyte lineage cells; protein labeling was used to locate the protein within cells. We also analyzed the ability of transfected HOG cells to proliferate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. RESULTS Variant rs4149584 was found in 2 patients with MS (3.85%), one patient with another autoimmune disease (7.6%), and in 5 unaffected individuals (7.46%). The 2 patients with MS and variant rs4149584 were homozygous carriers and belonged to the same family, whereas the remaining individuals presented the variant in heterozygosis. The study of HOG cells transfected with the mutation showed that the protein does not reach the cell membrane, but rather accumulates in the cytoplasm, particularly in the endoplasmic reticulum and near the nucleus; this suggests that, in the cells presenting the mutation, TNFRSF1 does not act as a transmembrane protein, which may alter its signaling pathway. The study of cell proliferation and differentiation found that transfected cells continue to be able to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and are probably still capable of producing myelin, although they present a lower rate of proliferation than wild-type cells. CONCLUSIONS Variant rs4149584 is associated with risk of developing MS. We analyzed its functional role in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and found an association with MS in homozygous carriers. However, the associated molecular alterations do not influence the differentiation into oligodendrocytes; we were therefore unable to confirm whether this variant alone is pathogenic in MS, at least in heterozygosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Gomez-Pinedo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J A Matías-Guiu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Torre-Fuentes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Montero-Escribano
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Hernández-Lorenzo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - V Pytel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - I Sanclemente-Alamán
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Moreno-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Ojeda-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Villar-Gómez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M S Benito-Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Selma-Calvo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Vidorreta-Ballesteros
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Matías-Guiu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Proteomics in Multiple Sclerosis: The Perspective of the Clinician. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095162. [PMID: 35563559 PMCID: PMC9100097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects approximately 2.8 million people worldwide. In the last decade, a new era was heralded in by a new phenotypic classification, a new diagnostic protocol and the first ever therapeutic guideline, making personalized medicine the aim of MS management. However, despite this great evolution, there are still many aspects of the disease that are unknown and need to be further researched. A hallmark of these research are molecular biomarkers that could help in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of the disease. Proteomics, a rapidly evolving discipline of molecular biology may fulfill this dire need for the discovery of molecular biomarkers. In this review, we aimed to give a comprehensive summary on the utility of proteomics in the field of MS research. We reviewed the published results of the method in case of the pathogenesis of the disease and for biomarkers of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, conversion of disease courses, disease activity, progression and immunological therapy. We found proteomics to be a highly effective emerging tool that has been providing important findings in the research of MS.
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Fortune AJ, Fletcher JL, Blackburn NB, Young KM. Using MS induced pluripotent stem cells to investigate MS aetiology. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 63:103839. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Creswell R, Dombrowski Y. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms regulating central nervous system remyelination. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wenzel N, Wittayer M, Weber CE, Schirmer L, Platten M, Gass A, Eisele P. MRI predictors for the conversion from contrast-enhancing to iron rim multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neurol 2022; 269:4414-4420. [PMID: 35332392 PMCID: PMC9293822 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), iron rim lesions (IRLs) are characterized by progressive tissue matrix damage. Therefore, early identification could represent an interesting target for therapeutic intervention to minimize evolving tissue damage. The aim of this study was to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters predicting the conversion from contrast-enhancing to IRLs. METHODS We retrospective identified MS patients scanned on the same 3 T MRI system presenting at least one supratentorial contrast-enhancing lesion (CEL) and a second MRI including susceptibility-weighted images after at least 3 months. On baseline MRI, pattern of contrast-enhancement was categorized as "nodular" or "ring-like", apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were assessed for the presence of a peripheral hypointense rim. Lesion localization, quantitative volumes (ADC, lesion volume) and the presence of a central vein were assessed. RESULTS Eighty-nine acute contrast-enhancing lesions in 54 MS patients were included. On follow-up, 16/89 (18%) initially CELs converted into IRLs. CELs that converted into IRLs were larger and demonstrated significantly more often a ring-like contrast-enhancement pattern and a peripheral hypointense rim on ADC maps. Logistic regression model including the covariables pattern of contrast-enhancement and presence of a hypointense rim on ADC maps showed the best predictive performance (area under the curve = 0.932). DISCUSSION The combination of a ring-like contrast-enhancement pattern and a peripheral hypointense rim on ADC maps has the ability to predict the evolution from acute to IRLs. This could be of prognostic value and become a target for early therapeutic intervention to minimize the associated tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wenzel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Wittayer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia E Weber
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Philipp Eisele
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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35
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Failed remyelination of the nonhuman primate optic nerve leads to axon degeneration, retinal damages, and visual dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115973119. [PMID: 35235463 PMCID: PMC8916013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115973119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Promotion of remyelination has become a new therapeutic avenue to prevent neuronal degeneration and promote recovery in white matter diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). To date most of these strategies have been developed in short-lived rodent models of demyelination, which spontaneously repair. Well-defined nonhuman primate models closer to man would allow us to efficiently advance therapeutic approaches. Here we present a nonhuman primate model of optic nerve demyelination that recapitulates several features of MS lesions. The model leads to failed remyelination, associated with progressive axonal degeneration and visual dysfunction, thus providing the missing link to translate emerging preclinical therapies to the clinic for myelin disorders such as MS. White matter disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), such as multiple sclerosis (MS), lead to failure of nerve conduction and long-lasting neurological disabilities affecting a variety of sensory and motor systems, including vision. While most disease-modifying therapies target the immune and inflammatory response, the promotion of remyelination has become a new therapeutic avenue to prevent neuronal degeneration and promote recovery. Most of these strategies have been developed in short-lived rodent models of demyelination, which spontaneously repair and do not reflect the size, organization, and biology of the human CNS. Thus, well-defined nonhuman primate models are required to efficiently advance therapeutic approaches for patients. Here, we followed the consequence of long-term toxin-induced demyelination of the macaque optic nerve on remyelination and axon preservation, as well as its impact on visual functions. Findings from oculomotor behavior, ophthalmic examination, electrophysiology, and retinal imaging indicate visual impairment involving the optic nerve and retina. These visual dysfunctions fully correlated at the anatomical level, with sustained optic nerve demyelination, axonal degeneration, and alterations of the inner retinal layers. This nonhuman primate model of chronic optic nerve demyelination associated with axonal degeneration and visual dysfunction, recapitulates several key features of MS lesions and should be instrumental in providing the missing link to translate emerging repair promyelinating/neuroprotective therapies to the clinic for myelin disorders, such as MS.
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Shamaeizadeh N, Varshosaz J, Mirian M, Aliomrani M. Glutathione targeted tragacanthic acid-chitosan as a non-viral vector for brain delivery of miRNA-219a-5P: An in vitro/in vivo study. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:543-556. [PMID: 35066026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive chronic demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease. The symptoms could only be diminished through stimulated remyelination. Although administration of microRNA-219a-5P (miR-219) seems to recover the damages, it is hampered by the challenging delivery of genes to the central nervous system across the blood-brain barrier. To enhance the CNS delivery of miR-219, a novel non-viral targeted vector was appraised by conjugating chitosan (Ch) to tragacanthic acid (TA) and glutathione (Glu). The nanoparticles were characterized and injected into the cuprizone model of MS mice to investigate the in vivo features of the resulting polyplex. Transmission electron microscopy, luxol fast blue staining, and proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) overexpression confirmed more compact myelin sheaths following the administration of the targeted miR-219 nanoparticles and positron emission tomography (PET) scan also demonstrated the reduced inflammation and higher cell regeneration in the brain. Fluorescence microscopy and in vivo imaging were employed to identify miR-219 accumulation patterns in mice. The polyplex led to miR-219 overexpression, crystallin alpha B upregulation, and apolipoprotein E downregulation. It was concluded that glutathione targeted Ch/TA nanoparticles could be exploited as a feasible non-viral vector for miR-219 specific targeting to the brain, miR-219 overexpression and inflammation abatement in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Shamaeizadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jaleh Varshosaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Novel Drug Delivery Systems Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Neurological Benefits, Clinical Challenges, and Neuropathologic Promise of Medical Marijuana: A Systematic Review of Cannabinoid Effects in Multiple Sclerosis and Experimental Models of Demyelination. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030539. [PMID: 35327341 PMCID: PMC8945692 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite current therapeutic strategies for immunomodulation and relief of symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination falls short due to dynamic neuropathologic deterioration and relapses, leading to accrual of disability and associated patient dissatisfaction. The potential of cannabinoids includes add-on immunosuppressive, analgesic, neuroprotective, and remyelinative effects. This study evaluates the efficacy of medical marijuana in MS and its experimental animal models. A systematic review was conducted by a literature search through PubMed, ProQuest, and EBSCO electronic databases for studies reported since 2007 on the use of cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in MS and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD), and toxin-induced demyelination models. Study selection and data extraction were performed by 3 reviewers, and 28 studies were selected for inclusion. The certainty of evidence was appraised using the Cochrane GRADE approach. In clinical studies, there was low- and moderate-quality evidence that treatment with ~1:1 CBD/THC mixtures as a nabiximols (Sativex®) oromucosal spray reduced numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for spasticity, pain, and sleep disturbance, diminished bladder overactivity, and decreased proinflammatory cytokine and transcription factor expression levels. Preclinical studies demonstrated decreases in disease severity, hindlimb stiffness, motor function, neuroinflammation, and demyelination. Other experimental systems showed the capacity of cannabinoids to promote remyelination in vitro and by electron microscopy. Modest short-term benefits were realized in MS responders to adjunctive therapy with CBD/THC mixtures. Future studies are recommended to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cannabinoid effects on MS lesions and to evaluate whether medical marijuana can accelerate remyelination and retard the accrual of disability over the long term.
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Del Giovane A, Russo M, Tirou L, Faure H, Ruat M, Balestri S, Sposato C, Basoli F, Rainer A, Kassoussi A, Traiffort E, Ragnini-Wilson A. Smoothened/AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Oligodendroglial Cell Maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:801704. [PMID: 35082605 PMCID: PMC8784884 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.801704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of myelin is known to restore axonal conduction velocity after a demyelinating event. Remyelination failure in the central nervous system contributes to the severity and progression of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Remyelination is controlled by many signaling pathways, such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, as shown by the canonical activation of its key effector Smoothened (Smo), which increases the proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via the upregulation of the transcription factor Gli1. On the other hand, the inhibition of Gli1 was also found to promote the recruitment of a subset of adult neural stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into oligodendrocytes. Since Smo is also able to transduce Shh signals via various non-canonical pathways such as the blockade of Gli1, we addressed the potential of non-canonical Smo signaling to contribute to oligodendroglial cell maturation in myelinating cells using the non-canonical Smo agonist GSA-10, which downregulates Gli1. Using the Oli-neuM cell line, we show that GSA-10 promotes Gli2 upregulation, MBP and MAL/OPALIN expression via Smo/AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) signaling, and efficiently increases the number of axonal contact/ensheathment for each oligodendroglial cell. Moreover, GSA-10 promotes the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitors into the demyelinated corpus callosum in vivo. Altogether, our data indicate that non-canonical signaling involving Smo/AMPK modulation and Gli1 downregulation promotes oligodendroglia maturation until axon engagement. Thus, GSA-10, by activation of this signaling pathway, represents a novel potential remyelinating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Del Giovane
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Russo
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Linda Tirou
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Hélène Faure
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Martial Ruat
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Sonia Balestri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carola Sposato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Basoli
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Rainer
- Department of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC), National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- INSERM, U1195, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Traiffort,
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Hao W, Luo Q, Menger MD, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Treatment With CD52 Antibody Protects Neurons in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice During the Recovering Phase. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792465. [PMID: 34975892 PMCID: PMC8716455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by T and B lymphocytes. The remyelination failure and neurodegeneration results in permanent clinical disability in MS patients. A desirable therapy should not only modulate the immune system, but also promote neuroprotection and remyelination. To investigate the neuroprotective effect of CD52 antibody in MS, both C57BL/6J and SJL mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were treated with CD52 antibody at the peak of disease. Treatment with CD52 antibody depleted T but not B lymphocytes in the blood, reduced the infiltration of T lymphocytes and microglia/macrophages in the spinal cord. Anti-CD52 therapy attenuated EAE scores during the recovery phase. It protected neurons immediately after treatment (within 4 days) as shown by reducing the accumulation of amyloid precursor proteins. It potentially promoted remyelination as it increased the number of olig2/CC-1-positive mature oligodendrocytes and prevented myelin loss in the following days (e.g., 14 days post treatment). In further experiments, EAE mice with a conditional knockout of BDNF in neurons were administered with CD52 antibodies. Neuronal deficiency of BDNF attenuated the effect of anti-CD52 treatment on reducing EAE scores and inflammatory infiltration but did not affect anti-CD52 treatment-induced improvement of myelin coverage in the spinal cord. In summary, anti-CD52 therapy depletes CD4-positive T lymphocytes, prevents myelin loss and protects neurons in EAE mice. Neuronal BDNF regulates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of CD52 antibody in EAE mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD52 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD52 Antigen/immunology
- CD52 Antigen/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Remyelination/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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Huitema MJD, Strijbis EMM, Luchicchi A, Bol JGJM, Plemel JR, Geurts JJG, Schenk GJ. Myelin Quantification in White Matter Pathology of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Post-Mortem Brain Samples: A New Approach for Quantifying Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312634. [PMID: 34884445 PMCID: PMC8657470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Repair through remyelination can be extensive, but quantification of remyelination remains challenging. To date, no method for standardized digital quantification of remyelination of MS lesions exists. This methodological study aims to present and validate a novel standardized method for myelin quantification in progressive MS brains to study myelin content more precisely. Fifty-five MS lesions in 32 tissue blocks from 14 progressive MS cases and five tissue blocks from 5 non-neurological controls were sampled. MS lesions were selected by macroscopic investigation of WM by standard histopathological methods. Tissue sections were stained for myelin with luxol fast blue (LFB) and histological assessment of de- or remyelination was performed by light microscopy. The myelin quantity was estimated with a novel myelin quantification method (MQM) in ImageJ. Three independent raters applied the MQM and the inter-rater reliability was calculated. We extended the method to diffusely appearing white matter (DAWM) and encephalitis to test potential wider applicability of the method. Inter-rater agreement was excellent (ICC = 0.96) and there was a high reliability with a lower- and upper limit of agreement up to −5.93% to 18.43% variation in myelin quantity. This study builds on the established concepts of histopathological semi-quantitative assessment of myelin and adds a novel, reliable and accurate quantitative measurement tool for the assessment of myelination in human post-mortem samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marije J. D. Huitema
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.J.D.H.); (A.L.); (J.G.J.M.B.); (J.J.G.G.)
| | - Eva M. M. Strijbis
- Department of Neurology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Antonio Luchicchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.J.D.H.); (A.L.); (J.G.J.M.B.); (J.J.G.G.)
| | - John G. J. M. Bol
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.J.D.H.); (A.L.); (J.G.J.M.B.); (J.J.G.G.)
| | - Jason R. Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Jeroen J. G. Geurts
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.J.D.H.); (A.L.); (J.G.J.M.B.); (J.J.G.G.)
| | - Geert J. Schenk
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.J.D.H.); (A.L.); (J.G.J.M.B.); (J.J.G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Mechanism-based criteria to improve therapeutic outcomes in progressive multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 18:40-55. [PMID: 34732831 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to the multiple disease-modifying therapies that are available for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the therapeutic options for progressive MS (PMS) are limited. Recent advances in our understanding of the neuroimmunology of PMS, including the mechanisms that drive slowly expanding lesions, have fuelled optimism for improved treatment of this condition. In this Review, we highlight the commonly observed neuropathology of PMS and discuss the associated mechanisms of CNS injury. We then apply this knowledge to formulate criteria for therapeutic efficacy in PMS, beginning with the need for early treatment owing to the substantial neuropathology that is already present at the initial clinical presentation. Other requirements include: antagonism of neuroaxonal injury mediators such as pro-inflammatory microglia and lymphocytes; remediation of oxidative stress resulting from iron deposition and mitochondrial dysfunction; and promotion of neuroprotection through remyelination. We consider whether current disease-modifying therapies for relapsing-remitting MS meet the criteria for successful therapeutics in PMS and suggest that the evidence favours the early introduction of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators. Finally, we weigh up emerging medications, including repurposed generic medications and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors, against these fundamental criteria. In this new therapeutic era in PMS, success depends collectively on understanding disease mechanisms, drug characteristics (including brain penetration) and rational use.
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42
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Positron emission tomography in multiple sclerosis - straight to the target. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:663-675. [PMID: 34545219 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Following the impressive progress in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), the major challenge ahead is the development of treatments to prevent or delay the irreversible accumulation of clinical disability in progressive forms of the disease. The substrate of clinical progression is neuro-axonal degeneration, and a deep understanding of the mechanisms that underlie this process is a precondition for the development of therapies for progressive MS. PET imaging involves the use of radiolabelled compounds that bind to specific cellular and metabolic targets, thereby enabling direct in vivo measurement of several pathological processes. This approach can provide key insights into the clinical relevance of these processes and their chronological sequence during the disease course. In this Review, we focus on the contribution that PET is making to our understanding of extraneuronal and intraneuronal mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of irreversible neuro-axonal damage in MS. We consider the major challenges with the use of PET in MS and the steps necessary to realize clinical benefits of the technique. In addition, we discuss the potential of emerging PET tracers and future applications of existing compounds to facilitate the identification of effective neuroprotective treatments for patients with MS.
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Martin E, Aigrot MS, Lamari F, Bachelin C, Lubetzki C, Nait Oumesmar B, Zalc B, Stankoff B. Teriflunomide Promotes Oligodendroglial 8,9-Unsaturated Sterol Accumulation and CNS Remyelination. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/6/e1091. [PMID: 34642237 PMCID: PMC8515201 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives To test whether low concentrations of teriflunomide (TF) could promote remyelination, we investigate the effect of TF on oligodendrocyte in culture and on remyelination in vivo in 2 demyelinating models. Methods The effect of TF on oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation was assessed in vitro in glial cultures derived from neonatal mice and confirmed on fluorescence-activated cell sorting–sorted adult OPCs. The levels of the 8,9-unsaturated sterols lanosterol and zymosterol were quantified in TF- and sham-treated cultures. In vivo, TF was administered orally, and remyelination was assessed both in myelin basic protein–GFP-nitroreductase (Mbp:GFP-NTR) transgenic Xenopus laevis demyelinated by metronidazole and in adult mice demyelinated by lysolecithin. Results In cultures, low concentrations of TF down to 10 nM decreased OPC proliferation and increased their differentiation, an effect that was also detected on adult OPCs. Oligodendrocyte differentiation induced by TF was abrogated by the oxidosqualene cyclase inhibitor Ro 48-8071 and was mediated by the accumulation of zymosterol. In the demyelinated tadpole, TF enhanced the regeneration of mature oligodendrocytes up to 2.5-fold. In the mouse demyelinated spinal cord, TF promoted the differentiation of newly generated oligodendrocytes by a factor of 1.7-fold and significantly increased remyelination. Discussion TF enhances zymosterol accumulation in oligodendrocytes and CNS myelin repair, a beneficial off-target effect that should be investigated in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Martin
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stephane Aigrot
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Brahim Nait Oumesmar
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Bernard Zalc
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- From the Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, CNRS, Inserm (E.M., M.-S.A., C.B., C.L., B.N.O., B.Z., B.S.); Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP (F.L., C.L.); and Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP (B.S.), Paris, France.
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Marangon D, Caporale N, Boccazzi M, Abbracchio MP, Testa G, Lecca D. Novel in vitro Experimental Approaches to Study Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:748849. [PMID: 34720882 PMCID: PMC8551863 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.748849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is the lipidic insulating structure enwrapping axons and allowing fast saltatory nerve conduction. In the central nervous system, myelin sheath is the result of the complex packaging of multilamellar extensions of oligodendrocyte (OL) membranes. Before reaching myelinating capabilities, OLs undergo a very precise program of differentiation and maturation that starts from OL precursor cells (OPCs). In the last 20 years, the biology of OPCs and their behavior under pathological conditions have been studied through several experimental models. When co-cultured with neurons, OPCs undergo terminal maturation and produce myelin tracts around axons, allowing to investigate myelination in response to exogenous stimuli in a very simple in vitro system. On the other hand, in vivo models more closely reproducing some of the features of human pathophysiology enabled to assess the consequences of demyelination and the molecular mechanisms of remyelination, and they are often used to validate the effect of pharmacological agents. However, they are very complex, and not suitable for large scale drug discovery screening. Recent advances in cell reprogramming, biophysics and bioengineering have allowed impressive improvements in the methodological approaches to study brain physiology and myelination. Rat and mouse OPCs can be replaced by human OPCs obtained by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from healthy or diseased individuals, thus offering unprecedented possibilities for personalized disease modeling and treatment. OPCs and neural cells can be also artificially assembled, using 3D-printed culture chambers and biomaterial scaffolds, which allow modeling cell-to-cell interactions in a highly controlled manner. Interestingly, scaffold stiffness can be adopted to reproduce the mechanosensory properties assumed by tissues in physiological or pathological conditions. Moreover, the recent development of iPSC-derived 3D brain cultures, called organoids, has made it possible to study key aspects of embryonic brain development, such as neuronal differentiation, maturation and network formation in temporal dynamics that are inaccessible to traditional in vitro cultures. Despite the huge potential of organoids, their application to myelination studies is still in its infancy. In this review, we shall summarize the novel most relevant experimental approaches and their implications for the identification of remyelinating agents for human diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Marangon
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicolò Caporale
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Boccazzi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P. Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Testa
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Intranasal Administration of Undifferentiated Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells as a Potential Approach to Deliver Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells into Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910738. [PMID: 34639079 PMCID: PMC8509516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) migration is a mechanism involved in remyelination; these cells migrate from niches in the adult CNS. However, age and disease reduce the pool of OPCs; as a result, the remyelination capacity of the CNS decreases over time. Several experimental studies have introduced OPCs to the brain via direct injection or intrathecal administration. In this study, we used the nose-to brain pathway to deliver oligodendrocyte lineage cells (human oligodendroglioma (HOG) cells), which behave similarly to OPCs in vitro. To this end, we administered GFP-labelled HOG cells intranasally to experimental animals, which were subsequently euthanised at 30 or 60 days. Our results show that the intranasal route is a viable route to the CNS and that HOG cells administered intranasally migrate preferentially to niches of OPCs (clusters created during embryonic development and adult life). Our study provides evidence, albeit limited, that HOG cells either form clusters or adhere to clusters of OPCs in the brains of experimental animals.
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Petersen MA, Tognatta R, Meyer-Franke A, Bushong EA, Mendiola AS, Yan Z, Muthusamy A, Merlini M, Meza-Acevedo R, Cabriga B, Zhou Y, Thomas R, Ryu JK, Lassmann H, Ellisman MH, Akassoglou K. BMP receptor blockade overcomes extrinsic inhibition of remyelination and restores neurovascular homeostasis. Brain 2021; 144:2291-2301. [PMID: 34426831 PMCID: PMC8418337 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic inhibitors at sites of blood–brain barrier disruption and neurovascular damage contribute to remyelination failure in neurological diseases. However, therapies to overcome the extrinsic inhibition of remyelination are not widely available and the dynamics of glial progenitor niche remodelling at sites of neurovascular dysfunction are largely unknown. By integrating in vivo two-photon imaging co-registered with electron microscopy and transcriptomics in chronic neuroinflammatory lesions, we found that oligodendrocyte precursor cells clustered perivascularly at sites of limited remyelination with deposition of fibrinogen, a blood coagulation factor abundantly deposited in multiple sclerosis lesions. By developing a screen (OPC-X-screen) to identify compounds that promote remyelination in the presence of extrinsic inhibitors, we showed that known promyelinating drugs did not rescue the extrinsic inhibition of remyelination by fibrinogen. In contrast, bone morphogenetic protein type I receptor blockade rescued the inhibitory fibrinogen effects and restored a promyelinating progenitor niche by promoting myelinating oligodendrocytes, while suppressing astrocyte cell fate, with potent therapeutic effects in chronic models of multiple sclerosis. Thus, abortive oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation by fibrinogen is refractory to known promyelinating compounds, suggesting that blockade of the bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway may enhance remyelinating efficacy by overcoming extrinsic inhibition in neuroinflammatory lesions with vascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Petersen
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Reshmi Tognatta
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anke Meyer-Franke
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew S Mendiola
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhaoqi Yan
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Abinaya Muthusamy
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mario Merlini
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rosa Meza-Acevedo
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Belinda Cabriga
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yungui Zhou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jae Kyu Ryu
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research on Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katerina Akassoglou
- Gladstone UCSF Center for Neurovascular Brain Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Psenicka MW, Smith BC, Tinkey RA, Williams JL. Connecting Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Multiple Sclerosis: Are Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells a Nexus of Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:654284. [PMID: 34234647 PMCID: PMC8255483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.654284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is often accompanied by inflammation. It is well-known that many cells within the central nervous system (CNS) also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, which can promote neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is both an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease in which there is a complex interplay between resident CNS cells to mediate myelin and axonal damage, and this communication network can vary depending on the subtype and chronicity of disease. Oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cell of the CNS, and their precursors, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), are often thought of as the targets of autoimmune pathology during MS and in several animal models of MS; however, there is emerging evidence that OPCs actively contribute to inflammation that directly and indirectly contributes to neurodegeneration. Here we discuss several contributors to MS disease progression starting with lesion pathology and murine models amenable to studying particular aspects of disease. We then review how OPCs themselves can play an active role in promoting neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, and how other resident CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, and neurons can impact OPC function. Further, we outline the very complex and pleiotropic role(s) of several inflammatory cytokines and other secreted factors classically described as solely deleterious during MS and its animal models, but in fact, have many neuroprotective functions and promote a return to homeostasis, in part via modulation of OPC function. Finally, since MS affects patients from the onset of disease throughout their lifespan, we discuss the impact of aging on OPC function and CNS recovery. It is becoming clear that OPCs are not simply a bystander during MS progression and uncovering the active roles they play during different stages of disease will help uncover potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W. Psenicka
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Brandon C. Smith
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Rachel A. Tinkey
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Jessica L. Williams
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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The Distribution of GPR17-Expressing Cells Correlates with White Matter Inflammation Status in Brain Tissues of Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094574. [PMID: 33925469 PMCID: PMC8123849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recruited to the site of injury to remyelinate damaged axons; however, in patients this process is often ineffective due to defects in OPC maturation. The membrane receptor GPR17 timely regulates the early stages of OPC differentiation; however, after reaching its highest levels in immature oligodendrocytes, it has to be downregulated to allow terminal maturation. Since, in several animal models of disease GPR17 is upregulated, the aim of this work was to characterize GPR17 alterations in MS patients. We developed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence procedures for the detection of GPR17 in human tissues and stained post-mortem MS brain lesions from patients with secondary progressive MS and control subjects. The inflammatory activity in each lesion was evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the myelin protein MOG and the HLA antigen to classify them as active, chronic inactive or chronic active. Hence, we assessed the distribution of GPR17-positive cells in these lesions compared to normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and white matter (WM) of control subjects. Our data have shown a marked increase of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells accumulating at NAWM, in which moderate inflammation was also found. Furthermore, we identified two distinct subpopulations of GPR17-expressing oligodendroglial cells, characterized by either ramified or rounded morphology, that differently populate the WM of healthy controls and MS patients. We concluded that the coordinated presence of GPR17 in OPCs at the lesion sites and inflamed NAWM areas suggests that GPR17 could be exploited to support endogenous remyelination through advanced pharmacological approaches.
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Chen Y, Kunjamma RB, Weiner M, Chan JR, Popko B. Prolonging the integrated stress response enhances CNS remyelination in an inflammatory environment. eLife 2021; 10:65469. [PMID: 33752802 PMCID: PMC7987340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory environment of demyelinated lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients contributes to remyelination failure. Inflammation activates a cytoprotective pathway, the integrated stress response (ISR), but it remains unclear whether enhancing the ISR can improve remyelination in an inflammatory environment. To examine this possibility, the remyelination stage of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as well as a mouse model that incorporates cuprizone-induced demyelination along with CNS delivery of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ were used here. We demonstrate that either genetic or pharmacological ISR enhancement significantly increased the number of remyelinating oligodendrocytes and remyelinated axons in the inflammatory lesions. Moreover, the combined treatment of the ISR modulator Sephin1 with the oligodendrocyte differentiation enhancing reagent bazedoxifene increased myelin thickness of remyelinated axons to pre-lesion levels. Taken together, our findings indicate that prolonging the ISR protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination in the presence of inflammation, suggesting that ISR enhancement may provide reparative benefit to MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Rejani B Kunjamma
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Molly Weiner
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Brian Popko
- Department of Neurology, Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
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Balestri S, Del Giovane A, Sposato C, Ferrarelli M, Ragnini-Wilson A. The Current Challenges for Drug Discovery in CNS Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062891. [PMID: 33809224 PMCID: PMC8001072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The myelin sheath wraps around axons, allowing saltatory currents to be transmitted along neurons. Several genetic, viral, or environmental factors can damage the central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath during life. Unless the myelin sheath is repaired, these insults will lead to neurodegeneration. Remyelination occurs spontaneously upon myelin injury in healthy individuals but can fail in several demyelination pathologies or as a consequence of aging. Thus, pharmacological intervention that promotes CNS remyelination could have a major impact on patient’s lives by delaying or even preventing neurodegeneration. Drugs promoting CNS remyelination in animal models have been identified recently, mostly as a result of repurposing phenotypical screening campaigns that used novel oligodendrocyte cellular models. Although none of these have as yet arrived in the clinic, promising candidates are on the way. Many questions remain. Among the most relevant is the question if there is a time window when remyelination drugs should be administrated and why adult remyelination fails in many neurodegenerative pathologies. Moreover, a significant challenge in the field is how to reconstitute the oligodendrocyte/axon interaction environment representative of healthy as well as disease microenvironments in drug screening campaigns, so that drugs can be screened in the most appropriate disease-relevant conditions. Here we will provide an overview of how the field of in vitro models developed over recent years and recent biological findings about how oligodendrocytes mature after reactivation of their staminal niche. These data have posed novel questions and opened new views about how the adult brain is repaired after myelin injury and we will discuss how these new findings might change future drug screening campaigns for CNS regenerative drugs.
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