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Yu S, Liao WT, Lee CH, Chai CY, Yu CL, Yu HS. Immunological dysfunction in chronic arsenic exposure: From subclinical condition to skin cancer. J Dermatol 2018; 45:1271-1277. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Yu
- Department of Dermatology; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; University of California Davis School of Medicine; Sacramento California USA
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Science; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology; Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Yu
- Department of International Medicine; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; College of Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Lu JH, Liao WT, Lee CH, Chang KL, Ke HL, Yu HS. ΔNp63 promotes abnormal epidermal proliferation in arsenical skin cancers. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:57-66. [PMID: 30026126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is known to perturb epidermal homeostasis and induce abnormal keratinocyte proliferation, leading to skin carcinogenesis. P63 and its isoforms are essential to regulate epidermal homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the role of p63 isoforms in abnormal epidermal proliferation induced by arsenic. Using arsenic-induced Bowen's disease (As-BD; an intraepidermal carcinoma) as a disease model, we found that in As-BD, the expression of proliferating basal keratinocytes marker cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and N-terminal truncated p63 isoform (ΔNp63; proliferation regulator) was increased, however, that of the differentiation marker cytokeratin 10 (CK10) and full-length p63 isoform (TAp63; differentiation regulator) was decreased in squamous cells as compared with healthy subjects. These observations were recapitulated in the arsenic-treated skin equivalents (SEs). The SEs showed that arsenic increased epidermal thickness, induced abnormal proliferation, and increased ΔNp63 expression in squamous cells as compared with the control. Treatment of cultured normal human epidermal keratinocytes (HKCs) with arsenic increased CK14 and △Np63 expressions, but decreased TAp63 and CK10 expressions. Furthermore, knockdown of ΔNp63 by RNA interference abrogated arsenic-induced CK14 expression and recovered the reduction of TAp63 and CK10 caused by arsenic. These findings indicated that ΔNp63 is a pivotal regulator in the abnormal cell proliferation in arsenical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-He Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lung Ke
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Liao WT, You HL, Chai CY, Lee CH, Lan CCE, Chang SJ, Yu CL, Yu HS. Cyclin D1 promoter -56 and -54bp CpG un-methylation predicts invasive progression in arsenic-induced Bowen's disease. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 89:191-197. [PMID: 29103775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with arsenic-induced Bowen's disease (As-BD) are at risk of developing invasive cancers in the skin, lung, and urinary bladder. However, a longitudinal follow-up study on the association between As-BD and invasive cancers is still lacking. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of this malignant progression in the skin and internal organs. METHODS This is a biopsy-based follow-up study. We tested the DNA histograms, Cyclin D1 (CCND1) protein expression and CCND1 promoter DNA methylation in 40 pathologically confirmed specimens from As-BD patients to correlate with individual's invasive cancer occurrence in the 5-year follow-up. RESULTS Flow cytometric DNA histogram analysis of skin specimens showed aneuploid (n=15), G2/M arrest (n=22), and normal (n=3) DNA histograms. No patients with normal DNA histograms developed invasive cancers, whereas 13 developed invasive cancers in the aneuploid group and 2 developed invasive cancers in the G2/M arrest group. The aneuploid group showed a high risk of invasive cancer development. In all assessed aneuploid specimens, the CCND1 promoter hypomethylation was observed. Statistically, percentage of un-methylation more than 55.85% among 17 detected CpG sites showed extremely high predictive power in the occurrence of invasive arsenical cancers. Furthermore, the un-methylation at -56 and -54bp CpG sites was statistically significantly associated with invasive arsenical cancer development (p=1.29×10-5). CONCLUSIONS As-BD lesions showing an aneuploid DNA histogram had a high risk of invasive cancer development. Un-methyaltion at -56 and -54bp CpG in the CCND1 promoter serves as a predictor for invasive progression in As-BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan(c)Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Jen Chang
- Department of Kinesiology, Health and Leisure Studies, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Ling Yu
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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An Interaction between Arsenic-Induced Epigenetic Modification and Inflammatory Promotion in a Skin Equivalent during Arsenic Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hong CH, Lee CH, Chen GS, Chang KL, Yu HS. STAT3-dependent VEGF production from keratinocytes abrogates dendritic cell activation and migration by arsenic: a plausible regional mechanism of immunosuppression in arsenical cancers. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 227:96-103. [PMID: 25559853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic remains an important environmental hazard that causes several human cancers. Arsenic-induced Bowen's disease (As-BD), a skin carcinoma in situ, is the most common arsenical cancer. While great strides have been made in our understanding of arsenic carcinogenesis, how host immunity contributes to this process remains unknown. Patients with As-BD have an impaired contact hypersensitivity response. Although impaired T cell activation has been well-documented in arsenical cancers, how dendritic cell (DC), the key cell regulating innate immunity, regulates the immune response in arsenical cancers remains unclear. Using myeloid derived DC (MDDC) from patients with As-BD and normal controls as well as bone marrow derived DC (BMDC) from mice fed with or without arsenic, we measured the migration of DC. As-BD patients showed an impaired CCL21-mediated MDDC migration in vitro. Arsenic-fed mice had defective DC migration toward popliteal lymph nodes when injected with allogenic BMDCs via foot pad. Using skin from As-BD and normal controls, we found an increased expression of STAT3, a transcriptional factor contributing to impaired DC activation. Arsenic induced STAT3 activation and the production of VEGF in keratinocytes. The increase in VEGF was blocked by inhibiting STAT3 with RNA interference or pharmaceutically with JSI-124. While VEGF by itself minimally induced the expression of CD86 and MHC-II in MDDC, arsenic induced-MDDC activation was abolished by VEGF pretreatment. We concluded that the STAT3-VEGF axis in keratinocytes inhibits DC migration in the microenvironment of As-BD, indicating that cellular interactions play an important role in regulating the disease course of arsenical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hui Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology and Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Shing Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Su Yu
- National Environmental Toxicology Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Lee CH, Hong CH, Yu CL, Wang LF, Clausen BE, Liao WT, Huang SK, Chen GS, Yu HS. Arsenic mobilizes Langerhans cell migration and induces Th1 response in epicutaneous protein sensitization via CCL21: A plausible cause of decreased Langerhans cells in arsenic-induced intraepithelial carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Age-related effects of sodium arsenite on splenocyte proliferation and Th1/Th2 cytokine production. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:375-82. [PMID: 22370793 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with immune dysfunction and conditions such as inflamm-aging and immunosuppression. Arsenic, an environmental contaminant distributed worldwide, affects the immune system. This study tested the hypothesis that arsenic has distinct effects on T cell proliferation and the production of cytokines by activated T cells. Murine splenocytes from young (2 months) and aged (24-26 months) C57BL/6 mice were exposed to arsenite (As(3+)), the most toxic form of inorganic arsenic, and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) or anti-CD3 antibody. T cell proliferation decreased significantly in response to Con A and anti-CD3 at subtoxic doses of arsenite in splenocytes from both young and aged mice. Arsenite, added concurrently with Con A or anti-CD3, significantly inhibited the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) by splenocytes from young mice and significantly reduced the production of IL-10 by splenocytes from aged mice. In contrast, the production of IL-2 and IL-4 by splenocytes from aged mice was only slightly affected by arsenite. The results show that arsenic exposure reduces the immune response in splenocytes. Moreover, this effect may be influenced by aging.
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Lee CH, Liao WT, Yu HS. Aberrant immune responses in arsenical skin cancers. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27:396-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Banerjee M, Bhattacharjee P, Giri AK. Arsenic-induced Cancers: A Review with Special Reference to Gene, Environment and Their Interaction. Genes Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.33.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Oxidative damage in lymphocytes of copper smelter workers correlated to higher levels of excreted arsenic. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:403830. [PMID: 21253489 PMCID: PMC3022209 DOI: 10.1155/2010/403830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic has been associated with multiple harmful effects at the cellular level. Indirectly these defects could be related to impairment
of the integrity of the immune system, in particular in lymphoid population. To characterize the effect of Arsenic on redox status on this
population, copper smelter workers and arsenic unexposed donors were recruited for this study. We analyzed urine samples
and lymphocyte enriched fractions from donors to determinate arsenic levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, we studied the
presence of oxidative markers MDA, vitamin E and SOD activity in donor plasma. Here we demonstrated that in human beings
exposed to high arsenic concentrations, lymphocyte MDA and arsenic urinary levels showed a positive correlation with SOD activity,
and a negative correlation with vitamin E serum levels. Strikingly, lymphocytes from the arsenic exposed population respond to
a polyclonal stimulator, phytohemaglutinin, with higher rates of thymidine incorporation than lymphocytes of a control population.
As well, similar in vitro responses to arsenic were observed using a T cell line. Our results suggest that chronic
human exposure to arsenic induces oxidative damage in lymphocytes and could be considered more relevant than evaluation of T cell
surveillance.
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Kozul CD, Hampton TH, Davey JC, Gosse JA, Nomikos AP, Eisenhauer PL, Weiss DJ, Thorpe JE, Ihnat MA, Hamilton JW. Chronic exposure to arsenic in the drinking water alters the expression of immune response genes in mouse lung. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1108-15. [PMID: 19654921 PMCID: PMC2717138 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to drinking water arsenic is a significant worldwide environmental health concern. Exposure to As is associated with an increased risk of lung disease, which may make it a unique toxicant, because lung toxicity is usually associated with inhalation rather than ingestion. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to examine mRNA and protein expression changes in the lungs of mice exposed chronically to environmentally relevant concentrations of As in the food or drinking water, specifically examining the hypothesis that As may preferentially affect gene and protein expression related to immune function as part of its mechanism of toxicant action. METHODS C57BL/6J mice fed a casein-based AIN-76A defined diet were exposed to 10 or 100 ppb As in drinking water or food for 5-6 weeks. RESULTS Whole genome transcriptome profiling of animal lungs revealed significant alterations in the expression of many genes with functions in cell adhesion and migration, channels, receptors, differentiation and proliferation, and, most strikingly, aspects of the innate immune response. Confirmation of mRNA and protein expression changes in key genes of this response revealed that genes for interleukin 1beta, interleukin 1 receptor, a number of toll-like receptors, and several cytokines and cytokine receptors were significantly altered in the lungs of As-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that chronic low-dose As exposure at the current U.S. drinking-water standard can elicit effects on the regulation of innate immunity, which may contribute to altered disease risk, particularly in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Kozul
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thomas H. Hampton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Davey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Athena P. Nomikos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Phillip L. Eisenhauer
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Jessica E. Thorpe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Michael A. Ihnat
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Joshua W. Hamilton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Address correspondence to J.W. Hamilton, Bay Paul Center in Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St., Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Telephone: (508) 289-7300. Fax: (508) 289-7934. E-mail:
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Liao WT, Yu CL, Lan CCE, Lee CH, Chang CH, Chang LW, You HL, Yu HS. Differential effects of arsenic on cutaneous and systemic immunity: focusing on CD4+ cell apoptosis in patients with arsenic-induced Bowen's disease. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1064-72. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Conde P, Acosta-Saavedra LC, Goytia-Acevedo RC, Calderon-Aranda ES. Sodium arsenite-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is related to inhibition of IL-2 mRNA expression in mouse activated T cells. Arch Toxicol 2006; 81:251-9. [PMID: 17009048 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-006-0152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A proposed mechanism for the As-induced inhibition of cell proliferation is the inhibition of IL-2 secretion. However, the effects of arsenite on IL-2 mRNA expression or on the ERK pathway in activated-T cells have not yet been described. We examined the effect of arsenite on IL-2 mRNA expression, cell activation and proliferation in PHA-stimulated murine lymphocytes. Arsenite (1 and 10 microM) decreased IL-2 mRNA expression, IL-2 secretion and cell proliferation. Arsenite (10 microM) strongly inhibited ERK-phosphorylation. However, the partial inhibition (50%) of IL-2 mRNA produced by 1 microM, consistent with the effects on IL-2 secretion and cell proliferation, could not be explained by the inhibition of ERK-phosphorylation, which was not affected at this concentration. The inhibition of IL-2 mRNA expression caused by 1 microM could be associated to effects on pathways located downstream or parallel to ERK. Arsenite also decreased early activation (surface CD69+ expression) in both CD4+ and CD8+, and decreased total CD8+ count without significantly affecting CD4+, supporting that the cellular immune response mediated by cytotoxic T cells is an arsenic target. Thus, our results suggest that arsenite decreases IL-2 mRNA levels and T-cell activation and proliferation. However, further studies on the effects of arsenite on IL-2 gene transcription and IL-2 mRNA stability are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Conde
- Sección Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, CINVESTAV, P.O. Box 14-740, Mexico, D.F., 07360, Mexico
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Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci 2006; 13:657-66. [PMID: 16807664 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-006-9092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic arsenic poisoning is a world public health issue. Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic (As) from drinking water has been documented to induce cancers in lung, urinary bladder, kidney, liver and skin in a dose-response relationship. Oxidative stress, chromosomal abnormality and altered growth factors are possible modes of action in arsenic carcinogenesis. Arsenic tends to accumulate in the skin. Skin hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratosis have long been known to be the hallmark signs of chronic As exposure. There are significant associations between these dermatological lesions and risk of skin cancer. The most common arsenic-induced skin cancers are Bowen's disease (carcinoma in situ), basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Arsenic-induced Bowen's disease (As-BD) is able to transform into invasive BCC and SCC. Individuals with As-BD are considered for more aggressive cancer screening in the lung and urinary bladder. As-BD provides an excellent model for studying the early stages of chemical carcinogenesis in human beings. Arsenic exposure is associated with G2/M cell cycle arrest and DNA aneuploidy in both cultured keratinocytes and As-BD lesions. These cellular abnormalities relate to the p53 dysfunction induced by arsenic. The characteristic clinical figures of arsenic-induced skin cancer are: (i) occurrence on sun-protected areas of the body; (ii) multiple and recrudescent lesions. Both As and UVB are able to induce skin cancer. Arsenic treatment enhances the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and clastogenicity of UV in mammalian cells. Both As and UVB induce apoptosis in keratinocytes by caspase-9 and caspase-8 signaling, respectively. Combined UVB and As treatments resulted in the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects by stimulating both caspase pathways in the keratinocytes. UVB irradiation inhibited mutant p53 and ki-67 expression, as well as increased in the number of apoptotic cells in As-BD lesions which resulted in an inhibitory effect on proliferation. As-UVB interaction provides a reasonable explanation for the rare occurrences of arsenical cancer in the sun-exposed skin. The multiple and recurrent skin lesions are associated with cellular immune dysfunction in chronic arsenism. A decrease in peripheral CD4+ cells was noticed in the inhabitants of arsenic exposure areas. There was a decrease in the number of Langerhans cells in As-BD lesion which results in an impaired immune function on the lesional sites. Since CD4+ cells are the target cell affected by As, the interaction between CD4+ cells and epidermal keratinocytes under As affection might be closely linked to the pathogenesis of multiple occurrence of arsenic-induced skin cancer. In this review, we provide and discuss the pathomechanisms of arsenic skin cancer and the relationship to its characteristic figures. Such information is critical for understanding the molecular mechanism for arsenic carcinogenesis in other internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tenorio EP, Saavedra R. Differential effect of sodium arsenite during the activation of human CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1853-69. [PMID: 16275621 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of water with arsenic is a problem affecting several regions of the world. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from chronically exposed individuals show a lower replicating activity than non-exposed individuals when stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). We have previously reported that PBMC from healthy donors treated in vitro with 1 muM sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and stimulated with PHA showed a reduction in proliferation by a delay in cell cycle entry and a decrease in the rounds of cell division. In this paper we tested the effect of 1-5 muM NaAsO2 on the proliferation, viability, blast transformation, expression of the CD4 and CD8 molecules, and during the activation and proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. We found a reduction in cell proliferation and an increase in non-dividing cells with higher concentrations of NaAsO2 (2-5 microM) when proliferation was studied by 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution. The use of 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) in CFSE-labeled cells allowed us to detect an increase in percentage of non-dividing cells, and an increase in apoptotic/dead cells mainly in non-proliferating cells. Analysis of the expression of CD4 and CD8 molecules on these cells showed that concentrations > or = 2 microM NaAsO2 reduced the expression of the CD8 molecule and induced apoptosis/death in CD4+ cells. Analysis of blast transformation by flow cytometry showed an accumulation of CD8+ resting cells in the presence of NaAsO2. Analysis of CD25 and CD69 expression in kinetics experiments in both subtypes showed a delay in the expression of CD25 and a delay in the downregulation of the CD69 molecule, in both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. However, in the case of CD8+ cells, we detected an accumulation of a CD25- CD69- population in the presence of increasing concentrations of NaAsO2. Altogether, our results show that NaAsO2 alters the expression kinetics of the early activation molecules CD25 and CD69 similarly in both subtypes. In addition, activated and non-activated CD4+ cells die by apoptotic mechanisms and although a percentage of CD8+ cells also die by apoptosis, a subpopulation of these cells is unable to activate and thus accumulates as resting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Patricia Tenorio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Cheng HY, Li P, David M, Smithgall TE, Feng L, Lieberman MW. Arsenic inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway. Oncogene 2004; 23:3603-12. [PMID: 15116095 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway is an essential cascade for mediating normal functions of different cytokines in the development of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Chronic exposure to arsenic has been found to cause immunotoxicity and has been associated with the suppression of hematopoiesis (anemia and leukopenia). Here, we report the novel finding of arsenic-mediated inactivation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway by its direct interaction with JAK tyrosine kinase. Pretreatment with sodium arsenite strongly inhibited IL-6-inducible STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in HepG2 cells and did not affect its serine phosphorylation. As a result, sodium arsenite completely abolished STAT activity-dependent expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS). Both cellular and subcelluar experiments showed that the inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling resulted from JAK tyrosine kinase's direct interaction with arsenite, and that arsenic's suppression of JAK tyrosine kinase activity also occurred in the interferon gamma (IFNgamma) pathway. The ligand-independent inhibition by arsenic indicates that JAK was the direct target of arsenic action. Other inflammatory stimulants, stress agents, and metal cadmium failed to induce similar effects on the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 as arsenic does. Our experiments also revealed that arsenic inactivation of the JAK-STAT pathway occurred independent of arsenic activation of MAP kinases. Taken together, our findings indicate that arsenic directly inhibits JAK tyrosine kinase activity and suggest that this direct interference in the JAK-STAT pathway may play a role in arsenic-associated pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Y Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Olazam Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chang KL, Liao WT, Yu CL, Lan CCE, Chang LW, Yu HS. Effects of gallium on immune stimulation and apoptosis induction in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 193:209-17. [PMID: 14644623 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gallium is commonly used in the semiconductor industry and medical field. Biologically, gallium is able to interrupt iron metabolism. Exposure to gallium has been shown to affect the human immune system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro biological effects of different gallium concentrations on cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in terms of cell growth, cytokine release, and apoptosis induction. In addition, the in vivo effects of gallium were analyzed by Wistar rat model. Our results revealed that low concentrations (1-10 microg/ml) of gallium promoted cells to enter the S phase of cell cycle and enhanced cellular release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interferon-gamma, both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, high concentrations of gallium (50-100 microg/ml) induced apoptosis. Furthermore, gallium-induced cytokine release and apoptosis could be inhibited by iron-saturated transferrin (Tf-Fe). These results suggest that the concentration-dependent effects of gallium on PBMCs are related to iron metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/toxicity
- Adult
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA/analysis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gallium/administration & dosage
- Gallium/toxicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Injections, Intravenous
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transferrin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee-Lung Chang
- Department and Institute of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaoshiung, Taiwan
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18
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Yu HS, Liao WT, Chang KL, Yu CL, Chen GS. Arsenic induces tumor necrosis factor alpha release and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling in T helper cell apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:812-9. [PMID: 12406325 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic induces arsenical cancers in human beings. Arsenic has been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell systems. Previous studies revealed that patients with arsenic-induced Bowen's disease showed a defective cell-mediated immunity and decreased percentages of T cell and T helper cell subpopulations in peripheral mononuclear cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of arsenic on T cell survival and function in mononuclear cells. Arsenic concentrations higher than 1 micro M induced tumor necrosis factor alpha release from mononuclear cells and caused a cytotoxic effect on T cells. When exposed to higher concentrations of arsenic, apoptosis was induced. CD4+ cells were the major apoptoic population in mononuclear cells. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression on CD4+ cells, but not Fas/FasL, was significantly enhanced by arsenic treatment compared to other mononuclear cells. Increased expressions of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 related death domain proteins and activated caspases were observed. These findings indicate that tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 signaling is the major pathway in arsenic-induced T helper cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Su Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Harrison MT, McCoy KL. Immunosuppression by arsenic: a comparison of cathepsin L inhibition and apoptosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:647-56. [PMID: 11357877 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenicals are toxicants and carcinogens to which large numbers of people risk exposure by contaminated water, air pollution or industrial contact. Several animal studies have determined that inorganic arsenicals are immunotoxic, but the mechanism of immune suppression is not clear. In this study, we show that trivalent arsenic inhibits enzymatic activity of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L (CathL) in the murine antigen-presenting B cell line TA3. CathL plays an important role in antigen processing, the mechanism by which antigen-presenting cells cleave foreign protein antigens to peptides for stimulating a T cell response. Deficient proteolysis may lead to diminished immune responses. Arsenite suppressed enzymatic activity within TA3 cells after 4 h exposure without affecting cell viability. Kinetic analyses revealed that the chemical was a reversible, partially noncompetitive inhibitor of CathL with a Ki of 120 microM. However, an 18 h arsenite exposure triggered massive cell death at concentrations that were substantially lower than those required for enzymatic inhibition. Morphological analysis and annexin V staining showed that arsenite-exposed TA3 cells underwent apoptosis within 18 h, and early stages of apoptosis began by 4 h. These findings suggest that apoptosis may be an important mechanism for arsenic-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298, USA.
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