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Loizou P, Panagiotou G, Zanos P, Paraskevopoulos E. Exploring the neurofunctional impairments and cognitive biases concerning food and body related stimuli in anorexia nervosa: An integrated EEG and eye-tracking study protocol. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299529. [PMID: 38547188 PMCID: PMC10977685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) exhibit significant cognitive and neural disturbances compared to healthy individuals when processing food and body-related stimuli. These disturbances not only contribute to the manifestation and chronification of their pathological eating behaviour but also underscore the complex interplay of cognitive, emotional, and neurobiological factors in AN. However, the precise underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms of these disturbances remain a compelling area of investigation. METHODS This study presents a protocol developed for conducting a cross-sectional quasi-experimental study using a mixed model ANOVA approach with a crossover design. Our participants will consist of 20 patients with an active diagnosis of AN, 20 Overweight/obese individuals, and 20 Healthy Controls (HCs) with a normal BMI. An integrated eye-tracking and EEG methodology will be used in conjunction, with the primary aim of assessing participants' cognitive and neural processing towards high and low-calorie food stimuli. On an exploratory level, by utilizing the same methods, the present study will also investigate AN patients' responses towards high weight, normal weight, low weight, and self-body pictures, as well as towards images from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) characterized by elevated valence and arousal levels. Additionally, behavioural methods such as yes or no questions, and self-reported questionnaires will be administered. The EEG and eye-tracking data will be analysed at early (50-300 ms) and late (350-500 ms) time intervals. DISCUSSION The investigation of the underlying cognitive and neural processes employed by patients with AN during the processing of food and body-related stimuli can help us develop a better understanding of the cognitive and neural mechanisms that contribute to the manifestation and maintenance of the disorder and assist in the development of more effective screening methods. ETHICAL APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Ethical approval for the study has been obtained by the Cyprus National Bioethics Committee on 27.04.2023 (ΕΕΒΚ/ΕΠ/2023/19), and by the University of Cyprus (20.02.2023). Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Dumstorf K, Halbeisen G, Paslakis G. How evaluative pairings improve body dissatisfaction in adult women: evidence from a randomized-controlled online study. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:18. [PMID: 38268007 PMCID: PMC10809437 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-024-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many young women are dissatisfied with their bodies. This study investigated the effect on current body dissatisfaction levels of a newly developed evaluative conditioning procedure that paired self-similar and self-dissimilar images of bodies with positive and neutral affective images, respectively. We hypothesized that learning the contingency that self-similar bodies predict positive affectivity is one process that could aid in explaining how these procedures function. METHODS Adult women without disordered eating pathology participated in an online experiment with random assignment to an intervention or a control condition. All participants initially rated body images in self-similarity and were subsequently asked to categorize positive and neutral images by valence as quickly and accurately as possible. In the intervention condition, self-similar bodies systematically preceded positive images, and self-dissimilar images preceded neutral images, creating a similar body → positive contingency. Pairings in the control condition were unsystematic such that no contingency was present. We measured categorization latencies and accuracies to infer contingency learning as well as current body dissatisfaction immediately before and after exposure to the pairings. All participants further completed measures of trait body image concerns and disordered eating psychopathology at baseline, which we examined as moderators of an expected relation between condition assignment, contingency learning, and body dissatisfaction improvements. RESULTS We analyzed data from N = 173 women fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Moderated mediation analyses showed that assignment to the intervention (vs. control) condition predicted increased similar body → positive contingency learning, which in turn predicted improved body dissatisfaction post-intervention, but only among women with higher pre-existing trait body image concerns or disordered eating levels. CONCLUSIONS The findings point toward the relevancy of further exploring the utility of pairing procedures. Similar body → positive contingency learning predicted improved body dissatisfaction in individuals with normatively high body image concerns, which suggests pairing procedures could help inform future research on reducing body dissatisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dumstorf
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Virchowstr. 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
| | - Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Virchowstr. 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany.
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East-Westphalia, Ruhr-University Bochum, Virchowstr. 65, 32312, Luebbecke, Germany
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3
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Morina N, Meyer T, McCarthy PA, Hoppen TH, Schlechter P. Evaluation of the Scales for Social Comparison of Appearance and Social Comparison of Well-Being. J Pers Assess 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38215337 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2298887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
People constantly compare their appearance and well-being to that of other individuals. However, a measure of social comparison of well-being is lacking and existing appearance-related social comparison assessment is limited to comparison tendency using predefined social situations. This limits our understanding of the role of social comparison in appearance and well-being. Therefore, we developed the Scale for Social Comparison of Appearance (SSC-A) and the Scale for Social Comparison of Well-Being (SSC-W) to assess upward and downward social comparisons with regard to (a) frequency, (b) perceived discrepancy to the standard, and (c) engendered affective impact during the last 3 weeks. In one longitudinal and three cross-sectional studies (Ns = 500-1,121), we administered the SSC-A or SSC-W alongside measures of appearance social comparison, body satisfaction, self-concept, social rank, well-being, envy, rumination, depression, and anxiety. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the expected two-factor model representing upward and downward social comparison for both scales. Overall, upward comparison displayed the anticipated associations with the measured constructs, whereas downward comparison showed mostly small or nonsignificant correlations with the validators. The SSC-A and SSC-W are efficient measures of social comparison for appearance and well-being with good evidence for their reliability and validity in our samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nexhmedin Morina
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter A McCarthy
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thole H Hoppen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Oswald F, Samra SK. A scoping review and index of body stimuli in psychological science. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02278-z. [PMID: 38030921 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturalistic body stimuli are necessary for understanding many aspects of human psychology, yet there are no centralized databases of body stimuli. Furthermore, there are a high number of independently developed stimulus sets lacking in standardization and reproducibility potential, and a general lack of organization, contributing to issues of both replicability and generalizability in body-related research. We conducted a comprehensive scoping review to index and explore existing naturalistic whole-body stimuli. Our research questions were as follows: (1) What sets of naturalistic human whole-body stimuli are present in the literature? And (2) On what factors (e.g., demographics, emotion expression) do these stimuli vary? To be included, stimulus sets had to (1) include human bodies as stimuli; (2) be photographs, videos, or other depictions of real human bodies (not computer generated, drawn, etc.); (3) include the whole body (defined as torso, arms, and legs); and (4) could include edited images, but still had to be recognizable as human bodies. We identified a relatively large number of existing stimulus sets (N = 79) which offered relative variability in terms of main manipulated factors and the degree of visual information included (i.e., inclusion of heads and/or faces). However, stimulus sets were demographically homogenous, skewed towards White, young adult, and female bodies. We identified significant issues in reporting and availability practices, posing a challenge to the generalizability, reliability, and reproducibility of body-related research. Accordingly, we urge researchers to adopt transparent and accessible practices and to take steps to diversify body stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Oswald
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA.
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5
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Sfärlea A, Radix AK, Schulte-Körne G, Legenbauer T, Platt B. Attention Biases for Eating Disorder-Related Stimuli Versus Social Stimuli in Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa - An Eye-Tracking Study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:541-555. [PMID: 36418631 PMCID: PMC10017650 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00993-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by attention biases for eating disorder-related information as well as altered attentional processing of social information. However, little is known about the interplay between the altered attentional processing of these two types of information. The present study investigates attention biases for eating disorder-related information (pictures of bodies) versus social information (pictures of faces), in adolescents with AN. Attention biases were assessed via eye-tracking during a passive-viewing task in which female bodies and faces were presented simultaneously and thus competed directly for attention. Female adolescents (13-18 years) with AN (n = 28) were compared to a clinical comparison group (adolescents with major depression; n = 20) and a comparison group of adolescents with no mental illness (n = 24). All groups looked longer at bodies than at faces, i.e., showed attention biases for bodies in maintenance of attention. These biases were more pronounced in adolescents with AN than in both comparison groups, particularly for underweight bodies, at the expense of looking less at social stimuli. The results indicate "dual" attention biases in adolescents with AN (i.e., towards bodies and away from emotional faces) which could have a twofold negative impact on eating disorder psychopathology: increased attention to eating disorder-related information might directly influence eating disorder symptoms while less attention to social information might have an indirect influence through the amplification of interpersonal difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Sfärlea
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Research Department, Nussbaumstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Anne Kathrin Radix
- LWL-University Clinic of the RUB Bochum, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, Hamm, Germany
| | - Gerd Schulte-Körne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Research Department, Nussbaumstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Legenbauer
- LWL-University Clinic of the RUB Bochum, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics, Hamm, Germany
| | - Belinda Platt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Research Department, Nussbaumstr. 5, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Horndasch S, Sharon E, Eichler A, Graap H, Moll GH, Kratz O. Heart Rate as a Correlate for the Emotional Processing of Body Stimuli in Anorexia Nervosa. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030215. [PMID: 36975240 PMCID: PMC10045133 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In anorexia nervosa, aberrant emotional reactions toward body stimuli have been discussed. We investigated heart rate as a physiological marker when viewing body stimuli and hypothesized altered HR reactions toward those highly significant and emotional stimuli in anorexia nervosa. In total, 37 anorexia nervosa patients and 43 control participants viewed pictures of women of five different weight categories, while their cardiac activity was recorded. R-R intervals following picture onset were determined, and means were calculated for three distinct time periods. The overall change in HR relative to baseline across all picture categories was greater in the patient group than in the control group (significant effect of “group”, p = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.120). A significant decrease in HR 2 to 8 s after picture presentation was found for pictures of women of extreme weight in both participant groups (significant “category ∗ time segment interaction”, p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.037) and correlated with scores of sociocultural attitudes toward the appearance for the extremely underweight category (r = −0.33, p = 0.005). Therefore, differential HR reactions for anorexia nervosa patients and control participants were found for body stimuli in general. The highest HR decelerations in response to pictures of strongly underweight and overweight women may reflect emotional processes such as anxiety due to social comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Horndasch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8539123
| | - Elisabeth Sharon
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Eichler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holmer Graap
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H. Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Morina N, McCarthy P, Meyer T, Schlechter P. Measuring Appearance-Related Comparisons: Validation of the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-022-10337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Humans constantly compare their attributes to different reference frames. According to the theoretical framework of the general comparative-processing model, such comparisons may be perceived as aversive (i.e., appraised as threatening the motives of the comparer) or appetitive (i.e., appraised as consonant with, or positively challenging the motives). However, we lack a measure that adequately captures multi-standard comparisons.
Methods
Considering appearance-related comparisons as a relevant comparison domain, we introduce the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance (CSS-A) that assesses appearance-related social, temporal, counterfactual, criteria-based, and dimensional upward and downward comparisons regarding their (a) frequency, (b) perceived discrepancy, and (c) engendered affect. We administered the CSS-A to 1121 participants, along with measures of appearance social comparison, body satisfaction, physical self-concept, self-esteem, well-being, and depression.
Results
A two-factor model (aversive and appetitive comparisons) fit the data better than a bifactor model with an additional general domain-factor (comparative thinking). The validity of the CSS-A was supported by correlations with external validators beyond appearance, social comparison, and body satisfaction. Aversive comparisons displayed higher associations with most outcomes than appetitive comparisons.
Conclusions
Overall, the CSS-A offers a psychometrically sound and useful measure of multi-standard comparisons.
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Voges MM, Quittkat HL, Schöne B, Vocks S. Giving a Body a Different Face—How Men and Women Evaluate Their Own Body vs. That of Others. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853398. [PMID: 35586240 PMCID: PMC9108869 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating disorders affect women more than men. Women reportedly dislike their body shape more and appreciate it less than do men. One factor influencing body image might be the application of different standards for oneself than for other people when evaluating bodies. To investigate this possibility, we determined whether the application of double standards is different between men and women. We presented 57 women and 54 men (aged 18–30 and of average weight) with pictures of their own bodies and pictures of average weight, overweight, and “ideal” bodies attached to the participants’ own face and to another person’s face. Participants were instructed to evaluate their emotional reaction to the pictures and then rate the various pictures on aspects of attractiveness, body fat, and muscle mass. The degree of the double standard was defined as the difference between ratings of what appeared to be one’s own body and what appeared to be someone else’s according to the presented face. The analyses revealed, firstly, that both genders applied self-deprecating double standards when viewing overweight and average-weight bodies. Women, but not men, also showed self-deprecating double standards when viewing the ideal body and their own body. By contrast, men applied fewer double standards when viewing the ideal body and self-enhancing double standards when viewing their own body. The study suggests that young, average-weight men are more or less satisfied with their own bodies, whereas young, average-weight women tend to apply a stricter standard for themselves than for others, thus devaluing their own bodies. This vulnerability to body image is hypothesized as contributing to the prevalence of eating disorders in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Voges
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mona M. Voges,
| | - Hannah L. Quittkat
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schöne
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Leins J, Waldorf M, Suchan B, Diers M, Herpertz S, Paslakis G, Steins-Loeber S. Exposure to the thin beauty ideal: Are there subliminal priming effects? Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:506-515. [PMID: 33432706 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggested that exposure to the thin beauty ideal propagated by the media is associated with body dissatisfaction and the development of disordered eating. Given recent suggestions regarding the role of automatic processes, we aimed to enhance our understanding of automatic, unconscious responses to body pictures and the association with the internalization of the thin ideal and the severity of eating disorder symptoms. METHOD An affective priming task with body pictures of different weight as primes and a normal-weight body picture as target, which had to be evaluated with regard to attractiveness and desirability, was administered to healthy women with either subliminal prime presentation (Experiment 1) or conscious presentation (Experiment 2). RESULTS Subliminal presentation did not affect the evaluation of the normal-weight target, although strength of evaluative shifts was significantly associated with internalization of the thin ideal. In contrast, the conscious presentation of the ultra-thin prime decreased and of the obese prime increased desirability and attractiveness ratings of the target. DISCUSSION Prevention strategies focusing on the critical evaluation of the thin ideal are important. Future studies are warranted to enhance our understanding of automatic, unconscious processes in women experiencing eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Leins
- Department of Psychiatry, Ubbo-Emmius Hospital Norden, Norden, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Boris Suchan
- Clinical Neuropsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Diers
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Herpertz
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, LWL-University Hospital Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ruhr University Bochum, Lübbecke, Germany
| | - Sabine Steins-Loeber
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
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Dondzilo L, Basanovic J, Bell J, Mills C, Dinic R, Blechert J. Assessment of approach-avoidance tendencies in body image using a novel touchscreen paradigm. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2021; 70:101612. [PMID: 32920172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Approaching the thin-ideal and avoiding the stigma of fatness are motivational tendencies resulting from the internalisation of sociocultural appearance norms. Individual differences in subclinical levels of eating disorder symptomatology may be related to variation in motivational tendencies regarding thin vs. non-thin bodies. METHODS To empirically investigate this hypothesis, the current study employed a novel touchscreen approach-avoidance task with the capacity to effectively simulate compatible approach-avoidance movements. Eighty-four undergraduate females pulled closer or pushed away images depicting either bodies or objects, in response to weight category (underweight bodies vs. overweight bodies) and object category (kitchen items vs. office tools), by means of arm movements. RESULTS Unexpectedly, results revealed relatively faster approach of overweight bodies and relatively faster avoidance of underweight bodies. Moreover, speeded approach towards overweight bodies, relative to underweight bodies, correlated positively with elevated eating disorder symptomatology. LIMITATIONS The current sample was restricted to undergraduate women. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides initial evidence for the utility of a touchscreen-based measure of approach-avoidance tendencies in body image, albeit comparison with other bias assessments would be necessary. Moreover, our findings suggest that a greater tendency to approach overweight bodies is associated with elevated eating disorder symptomatology. Future extensions of the current work are necessary to clarify the function of motivational tendencies in the body image context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dondzilo
- Elizabeth Rutherford Memorial Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Julian Basanovic
- Elizabeth Rutherford Memorial Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Bell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caitlin Mills
- Elizabeth Rutherford Memorial Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Radomir Dinic
- Department of MultiMediaTechnology, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, Puch, Austria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Xhakollari V, Canavari M, Osman M. Why people follow a gluten-free diet? An application of health behaviour models. Appetite 2021; 161:105136. [PMID: 33513415 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand factors affecting adherence to GFD by celiac and non-celiac people through the application of behavioural theories, Integrative Model (IM) and Multi Theory Model (MTM). METHODS Analyses were conducted for a sample of 308 subjects, majority females, celiac and non-celiac. Adherence to GFD was measured considering two scales, self-declared adherence and scored adherence, in order to discern possible inconsistencies between what subjects believe and what they really do. Subsequently, adherence to GFD was modelled by considering constructs of MTM and IM. Moreover, the constructs were designed based on literature review. Ordered logit (OL) model was used to test the IM and MTM theoretical models. RESULTS The findings show that adherence to GFD is affected mainly by attitudes towards GFD, self-efficacy, injunctive norms, knowledge about GFD and health conditions. Between the two models, IM and MTM, results show that all constructs of IM explain the behaviour. Contrary, for MTM, results indicate only some constructs of the MTM explain adherence to GFD. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study should be considered for improving the adherence to GFD for celiac people. Furthermore, it is important to consider the non-celiac people's perceptions for GFD and GF products. In other words an accurate information about the diet and products it is relevant for supporting people to make healthier food choices. Finally, as the results show, IM explain adherence to GFD better than MTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Xhakollari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Canavari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 50, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Magda Osman
- Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Matthews KN, Psihogios M, Dettmer E, Steinegger C, Toulany A. "I am the embodiment of an anorexic patient's worst fear": Severe obesity and binge eating disorder on a restrictive eating disorder ward. Clin Obes 2020; 10:e12398. [PMID: 32911574 PMCID: PMC7685105 DOI: 10.1111/cob.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents who have been diagnosed with an eating disorder commonly have comorbid mental health conditions which have a significant impact on illness trajectory and may even limit access to effective treatment. Current models of eating disorder care focus mainly on treatment for patients diagnosed with restrictive eating disorders with fewer options available for those with binge eating disorder. We describe a case of an adolescent living with severe, complex obesity and binge eating disorder, presenting in a mental health crisis, admitted to an in-patient unit primarily for patients being treated for restrictive eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. This case report describes multiple challenges that arose in admitting such a patient on a ward specializing in the treatment of restrictive eating disorders and highlights the need for equitable and more accessible care for patients living with all types of eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Psihogios
- Department of PaediatricsMichael Garron HospitalTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Cathleen Steinegger
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Adolescent MedicineHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Alene Toulany
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Adolescent MedicineHospital for Sick ChildrenTorontoOntarioCanada
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Parent MC, Garos S, Branscome E, Piper M. What Is Bad From the Gander Is Bad From the Goose: Development and Validation of the Women's Objectification of Women Scale. Assessment 2020; 27:941-958. [PMID: 29441793 PMCID: PMC10732149 DOI: 10.1177/1073191117754138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existing measures of experiences of sexualization and objectification of women focus on behaviors that men do toward women. However, women may also contribute to the objectification of other women. The aim of the present study was to develop the Women's Objectification of Women Scale (WOWS). Through a series of four studies using samples of college women and samples obtained through MTurk, we (a) established that existing measures of objectification focus on behaviors that men perform, (b) gathered qualitative data on women's experiences of objectification by women, (c) developed models of the WOWS using classical test theory methods and item response theory, and (d) subjected the WOWS to confirmatory factor analysis and validity testing. The WOWS is a psychometrically sound, brief assessment of women's experiences of objectification by other women and may help further research on women's interpersonal experiences as they pertain to body image concerns, mental health, and well-being.
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14
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Wang K, Liang R, Yu X, Shum DHK, Roalf D, Chan RCK. The thinner the better: Evidence on the internalization of the slimness ideal in Chinese college students. Psych J 2020; 9:544-552. [PMID: 32043314 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Internalization of the "thin ideal" is a risk factor for eating pathology. It is unclear how pervasive the thin ideal is among young Chinese. In the current study, 97 participants reported their subjective willingness to be thin and their eating-disorder-related weight-controlling behaviors, and then finished a picture judgment task to implicitly detect their perception of the importance of thinness to attractiveness. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the data. Among female participants, 79.59% wanted a thinner body. Participants' level of willingness to be thin correlated positively with frequency of eating-disorder-related weight-controlling behaviors, r = .47, p < .05. In the implicit task, the judgment of others' attractiveness correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI) evaluation, and this relationship was stronger for women's pictures than for men's pictures. Additionally, an individual's willingness to be thin enhanced the relationship between BMI evaluation and attractiveness judgment. The notion "the thinner the better" seems to be widely accepted among young Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Yu
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - David H K Shum
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymond C K Chan
- Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Translational Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Centre, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Horndasch S, Rösch J, Kratz O, Vogel A, Heinrich H, Graap H, Moll GH, Dörfler A, Forster C. Neural mechanisms of perceptive and affective processing of body stimuli in anorexia nervosa - are there developmental effects? Psychiatry Res 2020; 286:112853. [PMID: 32114206 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Different components of body image processing seem to be reflected by different neural mechanisms. A core symptom of Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disturbance of body image with correlates found on a neural level. The present study focuses on the neural processing of visual body stimuli of different weight categories in adolescent and adult AN patients. Thirty-three adolescents aged 12-18 years (15 AN patients, 18 control participants) and 36 adult women (19 AN patients, 17 control participants) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a perceptive and an affective body image task involving photographic stimuli of women belonging to different BMI categories. Differential effects on activation, depending on the BMI of the women shown in the pictures, were found in frontal brain regions, the thalamus, the caudate and the fusiform gyrus. Group effects differentiating between AN patients and control participants were seen mainly in the caudate and insula. No significant developmental effect was seen. During a perceptive task, diminished activation of regions involved in perceptive and evaluative functions as well as emotional reasoning was seen in AN. During an affective task there was a tendency towards activation differences reflecting reduced ability of size estimation and impaired integration of visual and body perception with emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Horndasch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julie Rösch
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anne Vogel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Heinrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Heckscher Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Holmer Graap
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunther H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Dörfler
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Forster
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Ambroziak KB, Azañón E, Longo MR. Body Size Adaptation Alters Perception of Test Stimuli, Not Internal Body Image. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2598. [PMID: 31824381 PMCID: PMC6882410 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that adaptation to extreme body types produces aftereffects on judgments of body normality and attractiveness, and also judgments of the size and shape of the viewer's own body. This latter effect suggests that adaptation could constitute an experimental model of media influences on body image. Alternatively, adaptation could affect perception of test stimuli, which should produce the same aftereffects for judgments about participant's own body or someone else's body. Here, we investigated whether adaptation similarly affects judgments about one's body and other bodies. We were interested in participants' own body image judgments, i.e., we wanted to measure the mental representations to which the test stimuli were compared and not the perception of test stimuli per se. Participants were adapted to pictures of thin or fat bodies and then rated whether bodies were fatter or thinner than either: their own body, an average body (Experiment 1), or the body of another person (Experiments 2 and 3). By keeping the visual stimuli constant but changing the task/type of judgment, i.e., the internal criterion participants are asked to judge the bodies against, we investigated how adaptation affects different stored representations of bodies, specifically own body image vs. representations of others. After adaptation, a classic aftereffect was found, with judgments biased away from the adapting stimulus. Critically, aftereffects were nearly identical for judgments of one's own body and for other people's bodies. These results suggest that adaptation affects body representations in a generic way and may not be specific to the own body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia B Ambroziak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Advanced Study, The Warburg Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Azañón
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology II, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthew R Longo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Brooks KR, Mond J, Mitchison D, Stevenson RJ, Challinor KL, Stephen ID. Looking at the Figures: Visual Adaptation as a Mechanism for Body-Size and -Shape Misperception. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 15:133-149. [PMID: 31725353 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619869331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals experience body-size and -shape misperception (BSSM). Body-size overestimation is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and the development of eating disorders in individuals who desire to be thinner. Similar symptoms have been noted for those who underestimate their muscularity. Conversely, individuals with high body mass indices (BMI) who underestimate their adiposity may not recognize the risks of or seek help for obesity-related medical issues. Although social scientists have examined whether media representations of idealized bodies contribute to the overestimation of fat or underestimation of muscle, other scientists suggest that increases in the prevalence of obesity could explain body-fat underestimation as a form of renormalization. However, these disparate approaches have not advanced our understanding of the perceptual underpinnings of BSSM. Recently, a new unifying account of BSSM has emerged that is based on the long-established phenomenon of visual adaptation, employing psychophysical measurements of perceived size and shape following exposure to "extreme" body stimuli. By inducing BSSM in the laboratory as an aftereffect, this technique is rapidly advancing our understanding of the underlying mental representation of human bodies. This nascent approach provides insight into real-world BSSM and may inform the development of therapeutic and public-health interventions designed to address such perceptual errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania.,Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University.,Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
| | - Richard J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
| | | | - Ian D Stephen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
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18
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Gledhill LJ, George HR, Tovée MJ. Perceptual Not Attitudinal Factors Predict the Accuracy of Estimating Other Women's Bodies in Both Women With Anorexia Nervosa and Controls. Front Psychol 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31143143 PMCID: PMC6520613 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbance in how one's body shape and size is experienced, usually including over-estimation of one's own body size, is a core feature of the diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa (AN). Is this over-estimation specific to women with AN's judgments of their own body? Or is it just a general feature of their judgments about all bodies? If the latter, it would be consistent with a general error in the perception of body size potentially linked to the use of a different set of visual cues for judging body size. If the former, then this suggests that the over-estimation of own body size has a strong attitudinal component and may be part of the psycho-pathology of their condition. To test this hypothesis, 20 women with AN and 80 control observers estimated the body size of 46 women. The results show a strong effect of perceptual factors in estimating body size for both controls and women with AN. This result is consistent with size over-estimation of own body in AN having a strong attitudinal basis and being a core feature of the psycho-pathology of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J. Gledhill
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R. George
- Deaf Children, Young People and Family Service (National Deaf CAMHS), York, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Tovée
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
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19
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Voges MM, Giabbiconi CM, Schöne B, Braks K, Huber TJ, Waldorf M, Hartmann AS, Vocks S. Double standards in body evaluation? How identifying with a body stimulus influences ratings in women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:1223-1232. [PMID: 30480829 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women with eating disorders (ED) evaluate their own body more negatively than do women without ED. However, it is unclear whether this negative rating is due to objective bodily features or different standards for one's own body and others' bodies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether women with ED apply double standards when rating bodies by disentangling the objective features of one's own body from the feelings of ownership. METHOD We presented n = 34 women with anorexia nervosa, n = 31 women with bulimia nervosa, and n = 114 healthy controls with pictures of thin, average-weight, overweight, athletic, and hypermuscular bodies. Identity was manipulated by showing each body once with the participant's own face and once with the face of another woman. Participants were instructed to report their emotional state according to valence and arousal and to rate body attractiveness, body fat, and muscle mass. RESULTS Women with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa displayed greater self-deprecating double standards in body fat rating than did women without ED, as quantified by the difference between the ratings of the same body with one's own versus another woman's face. Double standards reflected in valence, arousal and attractiveness ratings were significantly more pronounced in women with anorexia nervosa than in women without ED. DISCUSSION The double standards found may be due to an activation of dysfunctional self-related body schemata, which distort body evaluation depending on identity. Double standards related to body fat were characteristic for women with ED, but not for women without ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Voges
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Claire-Marie Giabbiconi
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schöne
- Department of Experimental Psychology I, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | | | - Manuel Waldorf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Andrea S Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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20
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Miranda VPN, Morais NSD, Faria ERD, Amorim PRDS, Marins JCB, Franceschini SDCC, Teixeira PC, Priore SE. BODY DISSATISFACTION, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN FEMALE ADOLESCENTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 36:482-490. [PMID: 29791682 PMCID: PMC6322812 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;4;00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the association of body image with physical activity level, body
composition, and sedentary behavior (SB) of female adolescents. Methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study conducted with 120 female adolescents aged
between 14-19 years, from the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Southeast
Brazil. Body image was evaluated with a Body Silhouette Scale (BSS) and a
Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). Weight, height, and waist circumference
values were analyzed, as well as the waist-to-height ratio and body fat
percentage. The physical activity level (PAL) was assessed by 24-hour
Physical Activity Recall and SB by screen time, that is, time spent in front
of a TV, playing video game, on the computer and using tablets, and,
separately, the cell phone time. Results: Mean age was 16.5±1.5 years, and most adolescents were eutrophic (77.6%),
sedentary/low PAL (84.2%), with high screen time (85.2%) and cell phone time
(58.7%). Body dissatisfaction was stated in 40.6% of BSQ and 45.8% of BSS
evaluations. Body distortion was identified in 52.9% of participants. All
body composition measures, along with cell phone time and PAL, were
associated with body dissatisfaction, the more active adolescents presenting
higher levels of dissatisfaction. Conclusions: This study concluded that female adolescents with higher cell phone time
also present higher body dissatisfaction, as well as the most physically
active ones. All body composition measurements were associated with body
dissatisfaction, mainly body mass index, waist circumference, and
waist-to-height ratio.
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21
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Mölbert SC, Thaler A, Mohler BJ, Streuber S, Romero J, Black MJ, Zipfel S, Karnath HO, Giel KE. Assessing body image in anorexia nervosa using biometric self-avatars in virtual reality: Attitudinal components rather than visual body size estimation are distorted. Psychol Med 2018; 48:642-653. [PMID: 28745268 PMCID: PMC5964466 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body image disturbance (BID) is a core symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN), but as yet distinctive features of BID are unknown. The present study aimed at disentangling perceptual and attitudinal components of BID in AN. METHODS We investigated n = 24 women with AN and n = 24 controls. Based on a three-dimensional (3D) body scan, we created realistic virtual 3D bodies (avatars) for each participant that were varied through a range of ±20% of the participants' weights. Avatars were presented in a virtual reality mirror scenario. Using different psychophysical tasks, participants identified and adjusted their actual and their desired body weight. To test for general perceptual biases in estimating body weight, a second experiment investigated perception of weight and shape matched avatars with another identity. RESULTS Women with AN and controls underestimated their weight, with a trend that women with AN underestimated more. The average desired body of controls had normal weight while the average desired weight of women with AN corresponded to extreme AN (DSM-5). Correlation analyses revealed that desired body weight, but not accuracy of weight estimation, was associated with eating disorder symptoms. In the second experiment, both groups estimated accurately while the most attractive body was similar to Experiment 1. CONCLUSIONS Our results contradict the widespread assumption that patients with AN overestimate their body weight due to visual distortions. Rather, they illustrate that BID might be driven by distorted attitudes with regard to the desired body. Clinical interventions should aim at helping patients with AN to change their desired weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Mölbert
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and
Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological
Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience,
International Max Planck Research School, Universität Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
| | - A. Thaler
- Max Planck Institute for Biological
Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience,
International Max Planck Research School, Universität Tübingen,
Tübingen, Germany
| | - B. J. Mohler
- Max Planck Institute for Biological
Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S. Streuber
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Brain
Mind Institute, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - J. Romero
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent
Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. J. Black
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent
Systems, Tübingen, Germany
| | - S. Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and
Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - H.-O. Karnath
- Division of Neuropsychology,
Center of Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University
of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - K. E. Giel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and
Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital
Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Horndasch S, Kratz O, Van Doren J, Graap H, Kramer R, Moll GH, Heinrich H. Cue reactivity towards bodies in anorexia nervosa - common and differential effects in adolescents and adults. Psychol Med 2018; 48:508-518. [PMID: 28735596 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant reward mechanisms with regard to slim body shapes are discussed in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). The aim of the present study was to examine of cue reactivity toward body shapes in AN via the late positive potential (LPP), an event-related electroencephalography (EEG) component. By including adolescents and adults, aspects of development and chronification could be studied (2 × 2 design). METHODS Thirty-two female AN patients (19 adolescents and 13 adults) and 37 control participants (16 adolescents and 21 adults) were included. Standardized photographic stimuli showing women's bodies in underwear from five body mass index (BMI) categories (extremely underweight to extremely overweight) were presented. During picture evaluation, EEG activity was recorded (10-20 system). The LPP was measured in two time windows characterized by different topographies (450-700 ms: posterior; 1000-1300 ms: central). RESULTS Regarding the posterior component, LPP amplitudes were clearly reduced in adult but not in adolescent patients; for both time windows the LPP showed differential patterns over BMI categories for patients and controls. Regarding the central component, a highly significant linear decrease from extremely underweight to extremely overweight body shapes was revealed in patients and no significant modulation in control participants. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent and adult patients show increased sustained attention toward extremely underweight bodies. In chronically ill patients, this bias appears to be accompanied by generally reduced automatic attention. The LPP findings provide a differentiated picture of aberrant cue reactivity which could be interpreted as motivated attention toward body shapes in AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horndasch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - O Kratz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - J Van Doren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - H Graap
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - R Kramer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - G H Moll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
| | - H Heinrich
- Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health,University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
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23
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Gueguen J, Piot MA, Orri M, Gutierre A, Le Moan J, Berthoz S, Falissard B, Godart N. Group Qigong for Adolescent Inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa: Incentives and Barriers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170885. [PMID: 28152083 PMCID: PMC5289494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Qigong is a mind-body intervention focusing on interoceptive awareness that appears to be a promising approach in anorexia nervosa (AN). In 2008, as part of our multidimensional treatment program for adolescent inpatients with AN, we began a weekly qigong workshop that turned out to be popular among our adolescent patients. Moreover psychiatrists perceived clinical benefits that deserved further exploration. Methods and findings A qualitative study therefore sought to obtain a deeper understanding of how young patients with severe AN experience qigong and to determine the incentives and barriers to adherence to qigong, to understanding its meaning, and to applying it in other contexts. Data were collected through 16 individual semi-structured face-to-face interviews and analyzed with the interpretative phenomenological analysis method. Eleven themes emerged from the analysis, categorized in 3 superordinate themes describing the incentives and barriers related to the patients themselves (individual dimension), to others (relational dimension), and to the setting (organizational dimension). Individual dimensions associated with AN (such as excessive exercise and mind-body cleavage) may curb adherence, whereas relational and organizational dimensions appear to provide incentives to join the activity in the first place but may also limit its post-discharge continuation. Once barriers are overcome, patients reported positive effects: satisfaction associated with relaxation and with the experience of mind-body integration. Conclusions Qigong appears to be an interesting therapeutic tool that may potentiate psychotherapy and contribute to the recovery process of patients with AN. Further analysis of the best time window for initiating qigong and of its place in overall management might help to overcome some of the barriers, limit the risks, and maximize its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Gueguen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Marie-Aude Piot
- Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Massimiliano Orri
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Gutierre
- Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvie Berthoz
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Falissard
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Godart
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Paris, France
- Psychiatry Unit, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
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24
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Moody T, Shen VW, Hutcheson NL, Henretty JR, Sheen CL, Strober M, Feusner JD. Appearance evaluation of others' faces and bodies in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:127-138. [PMID: 27566987 PMCID: PMC5345932 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) exhibit distorted perception and negative evaluations of their own appearance; however, little is known about how they perceive others' appearance, and whether or not the conditions share perceptual distortions. METHOD Thirty participants with BDD, 22 with AN, now weight-restored, and 39 healthy comparison participants (HC) rated photographs of others' faces and bodies on attractiveness, how overweight or underweight they were, and how much photographs triggered thoughts of their own appearance. We compared responses among groups by stimulus type and by level-of-detail (spatial frequency). RESULTS Compared to HCs, AN and BDD had lower attractiveness ratings for others' bodies and faces for high-detail and low-detail images, rated bodies as more overweight, and were more triggered to think of their own appearance for faces and bodies. In AN, symptom severity was associated with greater triggering of thoughts of own appearance and higher endorsement of overweight ratings for bodies. In BDD, symptom severity was associated with greater triggering of thoughts of own appearance for bodies and higher overweight ratings for low-detail images. BDD was more triggered to think of own facial appearance than AN. DISCUSSION AN and BDD show similar behavioral phenotypes of negative appearance evaluations for others' faces and bodies, and have thoughts of their own appearance triggered even for images outside of their primary appearance concerns, suggesting a more complex cross-disorder body-image phenotype than previously assumed. Future treatment strategies may benefit from addressing how these individuals evaluate others in addition to themselves. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:127-138).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teena Moody
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vivian W. Shen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Nathan L. Hutcheson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Courtney L Sheen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jamie D. Feusner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, The University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Groves K, Kennett S, Gillmeister H. Evidence for ERP biomarkers of eating disorder symptoms in women. Biol Psychol 2017; 123:205-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mohr HM, Rickmeyer C, Hummel D, Ernst M, Grabhorn R. Altered Visual Adaptation to Body Shape in Eating Disorders: Implications for Body Image Distortion. Perception 2016; 45:725-38. [PMID: 26921409 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616633385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that after adapting to a thin body, healthy participants (HP) perceive pictures of their own bodies as being fatter and vice versa. This aftereffect might contribute to the development of perceptual body image disturbances in eating disorders (ED).In the present study, HP and ED completed a behavioral experiment to rate manipulated pictures of their own bodies after adaptation to thin or fat body pictures. After adapting to a thin body, HP judged a thinner than actual body picture to be the most realistic and vice versa, resembling a typical aftereffect. ED only showed such an adaptation effect when they adapted to fat body pictures.The reported results indicate a relationship between body image distortion in ED and visual body image adaptation. It can be suspected that due to a pre-existing, long-lasting adaptation to thin body shapes in ED, an additional visual adaption to thin body shapes cannot be induced. Hence this pre-existing adaptation to thin body shapes could induce perceptual body image distortions in ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald M Mohr
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Constanze Rickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany; Sigmund-Freud-Institut, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany
| | - Dennis Hummel
- Department of Neurocognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Ralph Grabhorn
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
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Reich-Erkelenz D, Schmitt A, Falkai P. Unravelling basic mechanisms in addiction and neuropsychiatric disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2015; 265:633-5. [PMID: 26459020 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Reich-Erkelenz
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
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