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Braun-Trocchio R, Ray A, Graham R, Brandner CF, Warfield E, Renteria J, Graybeal AJ. Validation of a Novel Perceptual Body Image Assessment Method Using Mobile Digital Imaging Analysis: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Evaluation in a Multiethnic Sample. Behav Ther 2024; 55:558-569. [PMID: 38670668 PMCID: PMC11055977 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Given that mobile digital imaging analyses (DIA) are equipped to automate body composition and subsequently alter one's appearance at a given objective body fat percent (BF%), the purpose of this study was to validate the use of this tool for assessments of body image. Participants (f = 134, m = 89) from two separate centers underwent body composition scans using a mobile DIA and completed the Multidimensional Body Self-Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS). Using a DIA-generated avatar, participants altered their figure so that it represented their perceived body, ideal body, and what a partner would find attractive. Distortion was calculated as perceived minus actual BF% and dissatisfaction was calculated as either ideal or partner minus perceived BF%. The total sample and females (p < 0.050), but not males, had significantly lower perceived BF% compared to their actual. Ideal and partner BF% was significantly lower than the perceived BF% for all groups (all p < 0.050). Ideal and partner BF% mean differences (MD) from perceived were positively associated with appearance evaluation (AE) and body area satisfaction (BAS) and negatively associated with overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight for the total sample (all p < 0.050). PerceivedMD demonstrated negative associations with AE and BAS (p < 0.050), but only for females when separated by sex. Perceptual body image measured by DIA is significantly associated with attitudinal body image and may allow practitioners to better quantify this growing issue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Ray
- Texas Christian University, Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Ryan Graham
- Texas Christian University, Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Caleb F Brandner
- University of Southern Mississippi, School of Kinesiology & Nutrition
| | - Elizabeth Warfield
- Texas Christian University, Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Jessica Renteria
- University of North Texas, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences; University of North Texas
| | - Austin J Graybeal
- University of Southern Mississippi, School of Kinesiology & Nutrition.
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Khan IF, De La Garza H, Lazar M, Kennedy KF, Vashi NA. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic On Patient Social Media Use and Acceptance of Cosmetic Procedures. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2024; 17:42-47. [PMID: 38495546 PMCID: PMC10941850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Objective We sought to explore facets of social media usage and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the acceptance of cosmetic procedures. Methods At an outpatient dermatology clinic from October 2019 to June 2022, 175 subjects who were English and Spanish speaking and aged 18 years or older were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire including demographic information, social media usage, perceptions of cosmetic procedures, and desire to have a cosmetic procedure. Results were grouped into a pre-COVID-19 pandemic group and post-COVID-19 pandemic group due to a natural experiment that arose. Data were analyzed to ascertain the effect of social media usage and other factors that impact desire to undergo a cosmetic procedure between patients before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results Factors resulting in differences in desire to have a cosmetic procedure included using photo editing applications (p=0.002), following celebrities and influencers on social media (p<0.001), and following social media accounts showing cosmetic results (p=0.013). There was a statistically significant change in number of participants that: followed social media accounts showing results of cosmetic procedures (pre-COVID: 31.9%, post-COVID: 50.6%, p=0.036); had thought about having a cosmetic procedure done (pre-COVID: 63.8%, post-COVID: 86.4%, p<0.001); had discussed cosmetic procedures with a physician, dermatologist, or other professional (pre-COVID: 43.6%, post-COVID: 67.9%, p=0.001); and believed that a cosmetic procedure would help their self-esteem (pre-COVID: 47.9%, post-COVID: 77.8%, p<0.001). Limitations Limitations of this study include response bias, recall bias, and single institution study design, limiting generalizability. Conclusion Our findings suggest that time spent on social media and use of photo-editing applications significantly contributes to desire to undergo a cosmetic procedure and contributed to the rise of cosmetic consultations during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman F. Khan
- Drs. Khan, Garza, and Vashi along with Ms. Lazar are with the Department of Dermatology at the Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henriette De La Garza
- Drs. Khan, Garza, and Vashi along with Ms. Lazar are with the Department of Dermatology at the Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Lazar
- Drs. Khan, Garza, and Vashi along with Ms. Lazar are with the Department of Dermatology at the Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin F. Kennedy
- Dr. Kennedy is with Saint-Luke's Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine in Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Neelam A. Vashi
- Drs. Khan, Garza, and Vashi along with Ms. Lazar are with the Department of Dermatology at the Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts
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Mehta Ambalal S, Monga V, Kashyap R. Exploring the Dorian Gray Trait: Unveiling the Complexities of Perceived Aging and Self-Image. Cureus 2023; 15:e47326. [PMID: 38022352 PMCID: PMC10657170 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of the "Dorian Gray Trait," inspired by Oscar Wilde's renowned literary work, delves into the intricate interplay between self-perception, the fear of aging, and the pursuit of eternal youth. This article explores the psychological dimensions of this trait, wherein individuals harbor an intense preoccupation with maintaining their youthful appearance, often at the cost of their overall well-being. By examining the underlying factors that drive this phenomenon, including societal pressures and personal anxieties, we aim to shed light on the broader implications for mental health and self-image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mehta Ambalal
- Dermatology, Skin Clinic at Sumeru, Ahmedabad, IND
- Dermatology, Skin and Hair Research and Education Initiative (SHREI), Ahmedabad, IND
| | | | - Rahul Kashyap
- Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
- Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Research, Global Remote Research Program, Saint Paul, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
- Research, WellSpan Health, York, USA
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Davitadze M, Malhotra K, Khalil H, Hebbar M, Tay CT, Mousa A, Teede H, Brennan L, Stener-Victorin E, Kempegowda P. Body image concerns in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 189:R1-R9. [PMID: 37619990 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess differences in body image concerns among women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN This is a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsychInfo, PUBMED, Web-of-Science Core Collection, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials [CENTRAL]) were searched from inception through July 2022. Outcome measures included validated questionnaires reporting on body image concerns. Methodological quality was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) system, and included studies were assessed for risk of bias. Meta-analyses were performed using the inverse variance method based on random or fixed effects models (Review Manager, Version 5). RESULTS A total of 918 women with PCOS and 865 women without PCOS from 9 studies were included. Meta-analysis of 3 studies using Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) showed those with PCOS reported higher dissatisfaction with appearance evaluation and appearance orientation compared to those without PCOS (mean difference [MD] = -0.78, I2 = 0%, P < .00001, and MD = 0.22, I2 = 54%, P = .004, respectively). Meta-analysis of 2 studies showed higher dissatisfaction with overweight preoccupation, lower body area satisfaction, and body weight classification on MBSRQ-AS subscales in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (all P < .001). Meta-analysis of 2 studies using the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA) showed significantly lower scores for the weight subscale in those with PCOS compared to those without PCOS (P = .03). CONCLUSIONS Those with PCOS experience more significant body image concerns, emphasising the importance of awareness in the clinical care of PCOS. Considering the limited evidence, further studies are warranted to identify drivers and mitigating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Davitadze
- Department of Endocrinology and diabetes, Clinic NeoLab, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kashish Malhotra
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Punjab, India
| | - Halimah Khalil
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Meghnaa Hebbar
- Department of Endocrinology and diabetes, The Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, United Kingdom
| | - Chau Thien Tay
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leah Brennan
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Punith Kempegowda
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Laughter MR, Anderson JB, Maymone MBC, Kroumpouzos G. Psychology of Aesthetics: Beauty, Social Media, and Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Clin Dermatol 2023:S0738-081X(23)00029-9. [PMID: 36882132 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The perception of beauty is fluid within society and can morph based on cultural practices and societal interaction, such as social media exposure. The exposure to digital conference platforms has increased significantly, leading users to check their appearance constantly and find flaws in their perceived virtual appearance. Studies have shown that frequent social media use may lead to unrealistic body image ideals, a significant concern with appearance, and anxiety. Also, social media exposure can worsen body image dissatisfaction, social networking site addiction, and comorbidities of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) such as depression and eating disorders. Additionally, excessive social media use can increase preoccupation with imagined image defects among BDD patients leading them to pursue minimally invasive cosmetic and plastic surgery procedures. This contribution aims to provide an overview of the evidence surrounding the perception of beauty, cultural aspects of aesthetics, and social media's consequences, especially on BDD's clinical specifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Laughter
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mayra B C Maymone
- Department of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Craythorne SL, Shaw RL, Larkin M. A phenomenological exploration of self-identified origins and experiences of body dysmorphic disorder. Front Psychol 2022; 13:963810. [PMID: 36248531 PMCID: PMC9563380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.963810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a debilitating mental health condition that presently affects ~2% of the general population. Individuals with BDD experience distressing preoccupations regarding one or more perceived defects in their physical appearance. These preoccupations and perceived distortions can have a profound impact on key areas of social functioning and psychological health. Individuals' BDD origins have not been explored in significant depth and have been, often unhelpfully, conflated with social media usage and exposure to idealistic imagery of the body. Such generalisations fail to acknowledge the complexity of BDD development and onset, highlighting the importance of moving towards an understanding of people's implicit theories regarding their own experience. It is therefore essential to gain insight into how individuals make sense of the experiences which they believe led to the development and onset of BDD. The aim of this exploratory study was to elicit and phenomenologically analyse the accounts of individuals with lived experience of BDD in order to examine their beliefs about its origins and understand how they navigate the world with a distorted sense of self. Participants provided written and verbal accounts regarding both their BDD onset and experiences of living with the disorder. Both components of the study were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four main themes were generated from the data: Exposure to bullying and external critique of appearance; Experiencing rejection, shame, and a sense of not being enough; Developing an awareness of the solidification of concerns, and Learning about and reflecting upon triggers. Participants attributed their BDD onset to adverse experiences such as childhood bullying, receiving appearance-focused criticism, rejection and being subjected to emotional and physical abuse. The findings from this study highlight the complexity of BDD development and onset in individuals, and the need for appropriate care and treatment for those affected by BDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shioma-Lei Craythorne
- Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Bilsky SA, Olson EK, Luber MJ, Petell JA, Friedman HP. An initial examination of the associations between appearance-related safety behaviors, socioemotional, and body dysmorphia symptoms during adolescence. J Adolesc 2022; 94:939-954. [PMID: 35821622 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescence is characterized by the onset of a relatively specific set of socioemotional disorders (i.e., depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and eating disorders) as well as body dysmorphia symptoms. Appearance-related concerns are a central feature of these disorders. Emerging evidence in adults suggests that appearance-related safety behaviors may play an instrumental role in the onset and maintenance of a number of disorders. To date, no work has examined appearance-related safety behaviors during adolescence. The present study examined the extent to which appearance-related safety behaviors may be associated with socioemotional and body dysmorphia symptoms during adolescence. METHODS Adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17 years old (N = 387, Mage = 14.82 years, 31.3% identified as male, 47.0% identified as female, and 19.1% identified as nonbinary/third gender, 2.6% declined to report gender identity) completed measures assessing negative affect, anxiety-relevant safety behavior use, cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, appearance-related safety behaviors, body dysmorphia symptoms, and socioemotional symptoms. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test hypotheses. RESULTS The results of this study suggest that appearance-related safety behaviors evidenced associations with latent factors corresponding to affective (i.e., depression, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety), eating disorders, and body dysmorphia symptoms after controlling for previously established vulnerability factors. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that appearance-related safety behaviors may evidence transdiagnostic associations with socioemotional symptoms and body dysmorphia symptoms during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Bilsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Emily K Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Maxwell J Luber
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jennifer A Petell
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Hannah P Friedman
- Department of Psychology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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Kang WH, Loo MY, Leong XM, Ooi YF, Teo WQ, Neoh TJ, Ling WC. Body dysmorphic disorder and depression among male undergraduate students in a Malaysian University. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:977238. [PMID: 36245882 PMCID: PMC9553528 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.977238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and depression have been reported to be both prevalent among young people worldwide, resulting in serious implications in their quality of life and social functioning. This is worrying especially in men where mental disorders are often overlooked and under-researched. This study aims to determine the proportion of male university students with symptoms suggestive of body dysmorphic disorder and depression, as well as their perception on their body image. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1,308 male students between the aged of 17-26 years in a private university in Malaysia via self-administered online questionnaire comprising the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BQQD) and the Body Self-Image Questionnaire (BSIQ), in addition to their sociodemographic parameters. Data analyses were performed with Mann Whitney test, chi square test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS 3.3 and 54.2% of the students had symptoms suggestive of BDD and depression respectively, with up to 9.02% of the students reporting having moderate to severe depression. There was a significant association between BDD symptoms and students staying alone, whilst depression was significantly associated with studying in the rural campus. Furthermore, a significant association was demonstrated between presence of BDD and depression symptoms. Most of the students were dissatisfied with their whole body, especially their height. CONCLUSION The proportion of BDD and depression symptoms among male students in our university is quite high. Universities and the public health sector should develop better support service targeting male university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waye Hann Kang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Min Yee Loo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Xue Min Leong
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Yi Fan Ooi
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Wen Qi Teo
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Teng Jun Neoh
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Wei Chih Ling
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
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Zimmer-Gembeck MJ, Rudolph J, Pariz J. A cascade of rejection and appearance preoccupation: Adolescents' body dysmorphic symptoms and appearance rejection sensitivity over 4 years. Br J Dev Psychol 2021; 40:17-34. [PMID: 33891314 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a high-risk period for body image disturbance and appearance concerns. In a cascade model, we examined interrelations of body dysmorphic symptoms (BDS) with appearance rejection sensitivity (ARS) and tested gender moderation. Participants were 397 Australian adolescents (T1 Mage = 11.7, SD = 0.91; 56% girls) who completed six surveys over 4 years. In a random-intercept cross-lag model, two (of five possible) paths showed ARS predicted higher subsequent BDS, and three (of five possible) paths showed BDS predicted higher subsequent ARS. Girls reported more BDS and ARS than boys, and random intercepts of BDS and ARS were correlated with the correlation stronger in girls than boys. Cross-lag BDD-ARS associations over the six waves were not significantly moderated by gender. Overall, girls are at higher risk of appearance concerns than boys, but BDD-ARS cascade effects do not differ between girls and boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Zimmer-Gembeck
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia Rudolph
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Juliane Pariz
- School of Applied Psychology and Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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Schmalbach I, Schmalbach B, Zenger M, Berth H, Albani C, Petrowski K, Brähler E. A Brief Assessment of Body Image Perception: Norm Values and Factorial Structure of the Short Version of the FKB-20. Front Psychol 2020; 11:579783. [PMID: 33335498 PMCID: PMC7736636 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Body Image Questionnaire-20 (FKB-20) is one of the most applied self-report measures in the context of body image assessment in German-speaking regions. A version of the FKB-20 capturing an ideal concept of body image is also available. A special property of the scale is its high sensitivity for individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa. The present research provided a short version of this scale (for both variants) and examined its validity in a representative sample (N = 2,347) of the German population. We utilized factor analysis methods to identify the optimal short scale of the measure, finding excellent model fit and reliability for a two-factor model (FKB-6) for both real and ideal body image. Both versions of the FKB-6 can be considered invariant across sex and age groups. Good reliability indices were shown for both versions of the FKB-6. The reliability indices were similar to those mentioned in previous studies. Our study also revealed, that large discrepancies between the real and an ideal body image are correlated with somatic and body dysmorphic symptoms. Finally, we provided norm values for comparisons of individual scores with the general population. The FKB-6 is a valid and a reliable measure that economizes assessments by clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Schmalbach
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bjarne Schmalbach
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Zenger
- Department of Applied Human Studies, University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg and Stendal, Stendal, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases – Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Berth
- Technische Universität Dresden, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Research Group Applied Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Albani
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases – Behavioral Medicine, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Smith A, Emerson D, Winkelmann Z, Potter D, Torres-McGehee T. Prevalence of Eating Disorder Risk and Body Image Dissatisfaction among ROTC Cadets. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E8137. [PMID: 33158069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury risk is multifactorial including non-modifiable and modifiable factors such as nutrition and mental health. The purpose of this study was to estimate eating disorder risk and body image (BI) dissatisfaction among Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) cadets. A total of 102 (male: n = 75, female: n = 27; age: 20 ± 2 years) ROTC cadets self-reported height, current and ideal weight, and completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and self-perceived BI current and perceived sex-specific figural stimuli. The overall eating disorder risk for ROTC cadets was 32.4%. No significant differences were found when comparing sex, ethnicity, or military branch. Overall risk of pathogenic behaviors included 11.8% who reported binge eating; 8.8% who used laxatives, diuretics, or diet pills; 8.8% who exercised for >60 min to control their weight; and 8.8% who lost 9.1 kg or more within the last 6 months. We identified significant interactions (p ≤ 0.01) between sex of the solider, overall perceptions of male and female soldiers, and BI self-perceptions. The ROTC cadets in this study displayed eating disorder risk and BI dissatisfaction, which is concerning for tactical readiness, long-term behavioral health issues, and injury from pathogenic behaviors. Education and quality healthcare are necessary to mitigate the increased risk of eating and BI dissatisfaction within this population.
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Himanshu, Kaur A, Kaur A, Singla G. Rising dysmorphia among adolescents : A cause for concern. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:567-570. [PMID: 32318383 PMCID: PMC7114025 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_738_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Body dysmorphic disorder is defined as a preoccupation with apparent defects in patient's appearance which causes significant distress and impairment. This study was conducted in 186 students who attended premedical preparation classes with the mean age of 16.81 years with the primary motive of determining body dysmorphia among adolescent age group. Aim: The main objective of this study is to assess body dysmorphia among teenage adolescents and young adults. Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted in premedical preparation class in January 2019. The student's ages range from 16 to 18 years with mean age being 16.81 years. Once verbal consent was obtained the students were asked to fill an anonymous predesigned questionnaire. Continuous variables were summarized as mean and standard deviations, whereas categorical variables were summarized as proportion (%). Statistical Analysis Used: All the data from the questionnaire were extracted and compiled in MS Excel and percentage and frequencies were applied as needed. Results: The mean age of the participants was 16.81+/- 0.82 years with almost equal percentage of females (52.13%) and males (47.84%). Our study shows that in general females are more dissatisfied from their body than males. Both sexes have different areas of concerns. In females, there is more discontent about body fat, facial hair, height, and complexion. In comparison in males the frustration is more regarding muscular body, acne, height, weight, and hair thinning. Despite differences in areas of concern both males and females show dissatisfaction with their body image. Conclusions: It has been concluded that there is a rising surgence of body dysmorphia in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu
- Government Medical College, Punjab, India
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Brooks KR, Mond J, Mitchison D, Stevenson RJ, Challinor KL, Stephen ID. Looking at the Figures: Visual Adaptation as a Mechanism for Body-Size and -Shape Misperception. Perspect Psychol Sci 2019; 15:133-149. [PMID: 31725353 DOI: 10.1177/1745691619869331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals experience body-size and -shape misperception (BSSM). Body-size overestimation is associated with body dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, and the development of eating disorders in individuals who desire to be thinner. Similar symptoms have been noted for those who underestimate their muscularity. Conversely, individuals with high body mass indices (BMI) who underestimate their adiposity may not recognize the risks of or seek help for obesity-related medical issues. Although social scientists have examined whether media representations of idealized bodies contribute to the overestimation of fat or underestimation of muscle, other scientists suggest that increases in the prevalence of obesity could explain body-fat underestimation as a form of renormalization. However, these disparate approaches have not advanced our understanding of the perceptual underpinnings of BSSM. Recently, a new unifying account of BSSM has emerged that is based on the long-established phenomenon of visual adaptation, employing psychophysical measurements of perceived size and shape following exposure to "extreme" body stimuli. By inducing BSSM in the laboratory as an aftereffect, this technique is rapidly advancing our understanding of the underlying mental representation of human bodies. This nascent approach provides insight into real-world BSSM and may inform the development of therapeutic and public-health interventions designed to address such perceptual errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Brooks
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
| | - Jonathan Mond
- Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania.,Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University
| | - Deborah Mitchison
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University.,Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University
| | - Richard J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
| | | | - Ian D Stephen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University.,Perception in Action Research Centre, Macquarie University
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Groves K, Kennett S, Gillmeister H. Evidence for altered configural body processing in women at risk of disorders characterized by body image disturbance. Br J Psychol 2019; 111:508-535. [PMID: 31264721 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to assess appearance-related visual processing mechanisms in populations at risk of disorders characterized by body image disturbance. Using inverted stimuli, Experiment 1 assessed visual processing mechanisms associated with body, face, and house viewing in adolescents. Experiment 2 applied the same protocol to assess appearance-related configural processing in high- and low-risk adolescent women, and women recovering from disorders characterized by body image disturbance. Experiment 1 found evidence for typical configural face and body processing, although adolescent women reported higher levels of body image concern (BIC) and self-objectified to a greater extent than adolescent men. In Experiment 2, typical body inversion effects were seen in the low-risk group, whilst there was some evidence to suggest a disruption to the configural processing of body stimuli in high-risk adolescents and in women recovering from body image disorders. Women in recovery were also quicker to respond to all stimuli, whilst high-risk adolescents took longer to respond to bodies than to other stimuli. Configural face processing was intact in all groups, and effects did not directly relate to BIC or self-objectification. These findings have implications for future research looking to inform early interventions and treatment, suggesting that there could be a tendency to visually process individual body parts at the expense of the whole-body form in women at risk of developing body image disorders, as well as those in recovery.
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Kaewpradub N, Kiatrungrit K, Hongsanguansri S, Pavasuthipaisit C. Association Among Internet Usage, Body Image and Eating Behaviors of Secondary School Students. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry 2017; 29:208-217. [PMID: 28955140 PMCID: PMC5608993 DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Presently, the internet plays a big role in daily life, especially for adolescents. In this age group, they are more concerned about their face and body shape. Despite the numerous studies on the effect traditional media has on body image, very few have focused on the effect of newer forms of media (e.g. online media). And almost none have looked at the relationship between time spent online and body image. Aim To study the associations between time spent on the internet, body image satisfaction and eating behaviors of students grades 7 to 12 in the Thai educational system. Methods The sample group included 620 students, who were selected using simple random sampling from 6 secondary schools in Bangkok. Data were collected using the Media and Internet use behavior questionnaires, The Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults: Thai version (BESAA), Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS: males only), The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Thai version, Eating Attitude Test-26: Thai version (EAT-26) and the eating behaviors at risk of obesity questionnaire. Results Mean (sd) age of the sample was 15.7 (1.9) years, 246 participants (39.7%) were male and 374 (60.3%) were female. Using the internet and social networks for content related to body image and eating behaviors, was negatively associated with body image satisfaction but positively associated with inappropriate eating attitudes/behaviors, binging, purging, use of laxatives/diuretics and drive for muscularity with respect to behaviors and attitudes, and was associated with eating behaviors that carried a risk for obesity. Conclusions Time spent on internet, especially engaged in activities related to self-image, and eating attitudes and behaviors, were associated with a decrease in body image satisfaction and problematic eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthakarn Kaewpradub
- Ramathibodi Hospital, Siriraj Hospital and National Institute for Child and Family Development, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Komsan Kiatrungrit
- Psychiatric department, Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chosita Pavasuthipaisit
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Rajanagarindra Institute, Department of Mental Health, Ministry of Public Health of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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