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Zeng J, Xie Z, Chen L, Peng X, Luan F, Hu J, Xie H, Liu R, Zeng N. Rosmarinic acid alleviate CORT-induced depressive-like behavior by promoting neurogenesis and regulating BDNF/TrkB/PI3K signaling axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115994. [PMID: 38070249 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), a natural phenolic acid compound with a variety of bioactive properties. However, the antidepressant activity and mechanism of RA remain unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of RA on chronic CORT injection induced depression-like behavior in mice. Male C57BL/6 J mice were intraperitoneally injected with CORT (10 mg/kg) and were orally given RA daily (10 or 20 mg/kg) for 21 consecutive days. In vitro, the HT22 cells were exposed to CORT (200 μM) with RA (12.5, 25 or 50 μM) and LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or ANA-12 (a TrkB inhibitor) treatment. The depression-like behavior and various neurobiological changes in the mice and cell injury and levels of target proteins in vitro were subsequently assessed. Here, RA treatment decreased the expression of p-GR/GR, HSP90, FKBP51, SGK-1 in mice hippocampi. Besides, RA increased the average optical density of Nissl bodies and number of dendritic spines in CA3 region, and enhanced Brdu and DCX expression and synaptic transduction in DG region, as well as up-regulated both the BDNF/TrkB/CREB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Moreover, RA reduced structural damage and apoptosis in HT22 cells, increased the differentiation and maturation of them. More importantly, LY294002, but not ANA-12, reversed the effect of RA on GR nuclear translocation. Taken together, RA exerted antidepressant activities by modulating the hippocampal glucocorticoid signaling and hippocampal neurogenesis, which related to the BDNF/TrkB/PI3K signaling axis regulating GR nuclear translocation, provide evidence for the application of RA as a candidate for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Xi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Fei Luan
- School of Pharmacy, The Key Laboratory of Basic and New Drug Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hongxiao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Roderburg C, Yaqubi K, Konrad M, May P, Luedde T, Kostev K, Loosen SH. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and subsequent depression or anxiety disorders - A retrospective cohort study of 31,728 outpatients. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 169:231-237. [PMID: 38048672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are characterized by chronic intestinal and systemic inflammation. The extraintestinal sequelae of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are major contributors to disease morbidity and significantly affect patients' quality of life. Here, we evaluated the association between IBD and subsequent depression or anxiety disorder in a large outpatient collective from Germany. METHODS 15,864 individual IBD patients (CD: n = 6,791, UC: n = 9073) and 15,864 nearest neighbor propensity score matched patients without IBD were included from the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA). Diagnoses of depression and anxiety disorders were compared between IBD and non-IBD patients during a five-year follow-up period using Kaplan-Meier estimators and Cox-regression models. RESULTS After 5 years of follow-up, depression was diagnosed in 14.4% of CD patients versus 10.2% of matched pairs (p < 0.001) and in 13.1% of UC patients versus 10.1% of matched pairs (p < 0.001). In line, the incidence of anxiety order was significantly higher among CD (4.7% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.009) and UC patients (4.3% vs. 3.5%, p = 0.005). Regression analysis confirmed a significant association between IBD and both mental conditions (Hazard Ratio (HR)CD/depression: 1.40, HRUC/depression: 1.32, HRCD/anxiety disorder: 1.21, HRUC/anxiety disorder: 1.28). Subgroup analyses revealed a stronger association for CD and depression (HR: 1.51) and UC and depression (HR:1.49) among male patients as well as UC and anxiety disorders (HR: 1.51) among female patients. CONCLUSION Our data argue for a significant association between IBD and mental diseases including depression and anxiety disorders. Although further pathophysiological research is warranted, we hypothesize that specific psychological screening measures in IBD patients could improve quality of life and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Roderburg
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kaneschka Yaqubi
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Konrad
- FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management, 60549, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petra May
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Sven H Loosen
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Nasirpour N, Esmailzadehha N, Hajebi A, Savari E, Ghanbari B, Motevalian A. Preexisting depression and COVID-19: a cohort study on the risk of susceptibility and hospitalization. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:942. [PMID: 38093243 PMCID: PMC10720084 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression can have negative effects on a person's physical health. However, the available evidence on the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 and its adverse outcomes in people with mental disorders, including depression, is limited and inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization. The data used in the study were obtained from the Employees' Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). METHODS We conducted a cohort study that included 3355 participants who had complete data on major depressive disorder at baseline assessment and two annual telephone follow-ups between January 2020 and March 2022. Trained psychologists used the Persian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-2.1) to identify major depressive disorders during the baseline assessment. We applied log binomial regression models to adjust for sociodemographic factors and background health conditions. RESULTS We found that 11.4% of participants had lifetime MDD and 7.3% had MDD in the past 12 months. During the pandemic, 26.1% of participants were infected with COVID-19, and 14.4% of those who were infected were hospitalized. The risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was significantly higher among participants with lifetime MDD than among those without MDD (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06-1.47). However, lifetime MDD or 12-month MDD was not independently associated with hospitalization among COVID-19 cases. CONCLUSIONS Preexisting major depressive disorder may increase the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Nasirpour
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Crossroads of Hemmat and Chamran Expressways, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Esmailzadehha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Crossroads of Hemmat and Chamran Expressways, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hajebi
- Research Center for Addiction and High-Risk Behaviors, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebtesam Savari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Crossroads of Hemmat and Chamran Expressways, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghanbari
- Trauma and Injury Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Motevalian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Crossroads of Hemmat and Chamran Expressways, Tehran, Iran.
- Research Center for Addiction and High-Risk Behaviors, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Stadtler H, Neigh GN. Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Stress. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:427-446. [PMID: 37500242 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the existing knowledge and data that explain the physiologic impacts of stress, especially pertaining to neurobiology, and how these impacts differ by sex. Furthermore, this review explains the benefits of interventions aimed at preventing or mitigating the adverse effects of stress, because of both the significant toll of stress on the body and the disproportionate impact of these changes experienced by women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Stadtler
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1101 East Marshall Street Box 980709, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, 1101 East Marshall Street Box 980709, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Singh M, Agarwal V, Jindal D, Pancham P, Agarwal S, Mani S, Tiwari RK, Das K, Alghamdi BS, Abujamel TS, Ashraf GM, Jha SK. Recent Updates on Corticosteroid-Induced Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Theranostic Advancements through Gene Editing Tools. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030337. [PMID: 36766442 PMCID: PMC9914305 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast use of corticosteroids (CCSs) globally has led to an increase in CCS-induced neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), a very common manifestation in patients after CCS consumption. These neuropsychiatric disorders range from depression, insomnia, and bipolar disorders to panic attacks, overt psychosis, and many other cognitive changes in such subjects. Though their therapeutic importance in treating and improving many clinical symptoms overrides the complications that arise after their consumption, still, there has been an alarming rise in NPD cases in recent years, and they are seen as the greatest public health challenge globally; therefore, these potential side effects cannot be ignored. It has also been observed that many of the neuronal functional activities are regulated and controlled by genomic variants with epigenetic factors (DNA methylation, non-coding RNA, and histone modeling, etc.), and any alterations in these regulatory mechanisms affect normal cerebral development and functioning. This study explores a general overview of emerging concerns of CCS-induced NPDs, the effective molecular biology approaches that can revitalize NPD therapy in an extremely specialized, reliable, and effective manner, and the possible gene-editing-based therapeutic strategies to either prevent or cure NPDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida 201309, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.K.J.)
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida 201309, India
| | - Divya Jindal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida 201309, India
| | - Pranav Pancham
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida 201309, India
| | - Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT), Noida 201309, India
| | - Raj Kumar Tiwari
- School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, UPES, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Koushik Das
- School of Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences, UPES, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Badrah S. Alghamdi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience Unit, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tukri S. Abujamel
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md. Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.K.J.)
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Hansen N, Neyazi A, Lüdecke D, Hasan A, Wiltfang J, Malchow B. Repositioning synthetic glucocorticoids in psychiatric disease associated with neural autoantibodies: a narrative review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022:10.1007/s00702-022-02578-2. [PMID: 36576564 PMCID: PMC10374711 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are a well-investigated and standard drug therapy for disorders associated with CNS inflammation. Less is known about treating psychiatric disorders associated with neural autoantibodies. Our aim is to elucidate the repositioning of sGCs in psychiatric diseases that co-exist with neural autoantibodies. We used PubMed to identify articles for this narrative review. To our knowledge, no randomized, placebo-controlled trials have yet been conducted on applying sGC to treat neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric disorders. We describe initial results of cohort studies and single cases or case series often associated with autoantibodies against membrane-surface antigens demonstrating a largely beneficial response to sGCs either as monotherapy or polytherapy together with other immunosuppressive agents. However, sGCs may be less efficient in patients with psychiatric diseases associated with autoantibodies directed against intracellular antigens. These results reveal potential benefits of the novel usage of sGCs for the indication of neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric disease. Further large-scale randomized, placebo-controlled trials are needed to discover whether sGCs are safe, well tolerated, and beneficial in subgroups of neural autoantibody-associated psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Lüdecke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Neurosciences and Signaling Group, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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Onaolapo AY, Sulaiman H, Olofinnade AT, Onaolapo OJ. Antidepressant-like potential of silymarin and silymarin-sertraline combination in mice: Highlighting effects on behaviour, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. World J Pharmacol 2022; 11:27-47. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v11.i3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is increasing advocacy for the use of diet, dietary supplements, and herbal remedies in depression management.
AIM To determine the antidepressant effects of standardized silymarin (SILY) extract either as a sole agent or as an adjunct in depression therapy.
METHODS Adult mice were assigned into three main groups based on the neurobehavioural models; and each main group had ten treatment groups of 10 mice each. Treatment groups were: Vehicle control group, oral sertraline (SERT) group, two groups fed SILY)-supplemented diet (SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed, respectively), dexamethasone (DEX; i.p.) group, DEX/SERT group, two groups of DEX/SILY (SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed, respectively), and another two groups of (SERT/DEX/SILY) (SILY at 140 and 280 mg/kg of feed, respectively, plus i.p. DEX plus SERT). Duration of the study was 7 wk, and treatments were administered daily.
RESULTS SILY (alone) increased body weight, open field locomotor activity, rearing, and grooming; it also enhanced spatial working memory while decreasing anxiety-related behaviours and behavioural despair. SILY also improved antioxidant status while decreasing lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase activity, and inflammatory markers. Neuronal integrity of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was preserved. Overall, when administered alone or with SERT, SILY counteracted DEX-induced behavioural and biochemical changes while preserving neuromorphological integrity.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, SILY is beneficial in mitigating DEX-induced central nervous system and other related changes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hameed Sulaiman
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State 234, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Tope Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State 234, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State 234, Nigeria
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Zhou L, Wang T, Yu Y, Li M, Sun X, Song W, Wang Y, Zhang C, Fu F. The etiology of poststroke-depression: a hypothesis involving HPA axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113146. [PMID: 35643064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, one in three ischemic stroke survivors suffered from depression, namely, post-stroke depression (PSD). PSD affects functional rehabilitation and may lead to poor quality of life of patients. There are numerous explanations about the etiologies of PSD. Here, we speculated that PSD are likely to be the result of specific changes in brain pathology. We hypothesized that the stroke-induced hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important role in PSD. Stroke initiates a complex sequence of events in neuroendocrine system including HPA axis. The HPA axis is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, especially, the overactivity of the HPA axis occurs in major depressive disorder. This review summarizes the possible etiologies of PSD, focusing on the stroke-induced activation of HPA axis, mainly including the stress followed by severe brain damage and the proinflammatory cytokines release. The role of hyperactive of HPA axis in PSD was discussed in detail, which includes the role of high level corticotropin-releasing hormone in PSD, the effects of glucocorticoids on the alterations in specific brain structures, the expression of enzymes, excitotoxicity, the change in intestinal permeability, and the activation of microglia. The relationship between neuroendocrine regulation and inflammation was also described. Finally, the therapy of PSD by regulating HPA axis, neuroendocrine, and immunity was discussed briefly. Nevertheless, the change of HPA axis and the occurring of PSD maybe interact and promote on each other, and future investigations should explore this hypothesis in more depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yawen Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Mingan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Wenhao Song
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yunjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Fenghua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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