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Rangel J, Liberal Â, Catarino S, Costa JC, Romeiras MM, Fernandes Â. Phytochemical and bioactive potentials of African Annonaceae species. Food Chem 2024; 448:139048. [PMID: 38581965 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This review aims to gather available information on the medicinal, nutritional, and bioactive profiles of Annonaceae species in the African continent, sponsoring their use worldwide and mainly in African communities, where access to food and medicines for basic health care is scarce. >60 medicinal taxa were compiled, belonging to 22 genera, namely Annickia, Annona, Anonidium, Artabotrys, Cleistochlamys, Cleistopholis, Dennettia, Duguetia, Greenwayodendron, Hexalobus, Isolona, Lettowianthus, Monanthotaxis, Monodora, Neostenanthera, Polyceratocarpus, Sphaerocoryne, Uvaria, Uvariastrum, Uvariodendron, Uvariopsis and Xylopia; the most diverse and economically important genera were the genera Annona, Uvaria and Xylopia with 7 species each. Annonaceae species hold a valuable nutritional profile, rich in proteins, fibers, and minerals, being also good sources of a wide range of bioactive compounds of high biological relevance. These compounds are especially important in developing countries, where most of these species are available for direct use as food and/or medicines by the most deprived populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Rangel
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1340-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Botânica, Universidade Agostinho Neto, Avenida Ho Chi Minh, Prédio do CNIC, 1° andar, ala esquerda, Luanda, Angola; Centro de Investigação de Montanhas, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-5253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ângela Liberal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanhas, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-5253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Catarino
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Carlos Costa
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1340-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center (LEAF), Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1340-017 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c) & CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanhas, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-5253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
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Zeye MMJ, Ouedraogo SY, Bado P, Zoure AA, Djigma FW, Wu X, Simpore J. Forensic autosomal and gonosomal short tandem repeat marker reference database for populations in Burkina Faso. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7369. [PMID: 38548827 PMCID: PMC10979005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeat genetic profiles used in forensic applications varies between populations. Despite the diversity and security issues in the Sahel that require the identification of victims (soldiers and civilians), Burkina Faso (BF) remains understudied. To fill this information gap, 396 unrelated individuals from BF were genotyped using a MICROREADER 21 ID System kit. All 20 short tandem repeat (STR) loci tested passed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test. The combined powers of exclusion for duos (CPE duos) and trios (CPE trios) for the 20 tested loci were 0.9999998 and 0.9999307, respectively. The probability that two individuals would share the same DNA profiles among the BF population was 9.80898 × 10-26. For the X-chromosome STR analysis, 292 individuals were included in this study using a MICROREADER 19X Direct ID System kit. Among the 19 loci, no significant deviations from HWE test were observed in female samples after Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/19 = 0.0026), except for loci GATA165B12 and DXS7423. The results showed that the combined power of exclusion (CPE) and the combined power of discrimination in females (CPDF) and males (CPDM) were 0.999999760893, 0.999999999992, and 1, respectively. Comparison with other African sub-populations showed that geographical proximity is a reliable indicator of genetic relatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutanou Modeste Judes Zeye
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LMBG) (Labiogene), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, CERBA/LABIOGENE, 01, BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Human Evolution, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Serge Yannick Ouedraogo
- Department of Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 6699 Qingdao Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LMBG) (Labiogene), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, CERBA/LABIOGENE, 01, BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Prosper Bado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LMBG) (Labiogene), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, CERBA/LABIOGENE, 01, BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdou Azaque Zoure
- Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IRSS/CNRST), 03 BP 7192, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Florencia W Djigma
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LMBG) (Labiogene), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, CERBA/LABIOGENE, 01, BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LMBG) (Labiogene), University Joseph KI-ZERBO, CERBA/LABIOGENE, 01, BP 364, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
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Gorini T, Mezzasalma V, Deligia M, De Mattia F, Campone L, Labra M, Frigerio J. Check Your Shopping Cart: DNA Barcoding and Mini-Barcoding for Food Authentication. Foods 2023; 12:2392. [PMID: 37372604 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular approach of DNA barcoding for the characterization and traceability of food products has come into common use in many European countries. However, it is important to address and solve technical and scientific issues such as the efficiency of the barcode sequences and DNA extraction methods to be able to analyze all the products that the food sector offers. The goal of this study is to collect the most defrauded and common food products and identify better workflows for species identification. A total of 212 specimens were collected in collaboration with 38 companies belonging to 5 different fields: seafood, botanicals, agrifood, spices, and probiotics. For all the typologies of specimens, the most suitable workflow was defined, and three species-specific primer pairs for fish were also designed. Results showed that 21.2% of the analyzed products were defrauded. A total of 88.2% of specimens were correctly identified by DNA barcoding analysis. Botanicals (28.8%) have the highest number of non-conformances, followed by spices (28.5%), agrifood (23.5%), seafood (11.4%), and probiotics (7.7%). DNA barcoding and mini-barcoding are confirmed as fast and reliable methods for ensuring quality and safety in the food field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gorini
- FEM2-Ambiente, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marta Deligia
- Department of Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Campone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Jessica Frigerio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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Chen S, Yin X, Han J, Sun W, Yao H, Song J, Li X. DNA barcoding in herbal medicine: Retrospective and prospective. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:431-441. [PMID: 37305789 PMCID: PMC10257146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA barcoding has been widely used for herb identification in recent decades, enabling safety and innovation in the field of herbal medicine. In this article, we summarize recent progress in DNA barcoding for herbal medicine to provide ideas for the further development and application of this technology. Most importantly, the standard DNA barcode has been extended in two ways. First, while conventional DNA barcodes have been widely promoted for their versatility in the identification of fresh or well-preserved samples, super-barcodes based on plastid genomes have rapidly developed and have shown advantages in species identification at low taxonomic levels. Second, mini-barcodes are attractive because they perform better in cases of degraded DNA from herbal materials. In addition, some molecular techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing and isothermal amplification, are combined with DNA barcodes for species identification, which has expanded the applications of herb identification based on DNA barcoding and brought about the post-DNA-barcoding era. Furthermore, standard and high-species coverage DNA barcode reference libraries have been constructed to provide reference sequences for species identification, which increases the accuracy and credibility of species discrimination based on DNA barcodes. In summary, DNA barcoding should play a key role in the quality control of traditional herbal medicine and in the international herb trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xianmei Yin
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianping Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Bai X, Wang G, Ren Y, Han J. Detection of Highly Poisonous Nerium oleander Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR with Specific Primers. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110776. [PMID: 36356026 PMCID: PMC9696062 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerium oleander is one of the most poisonous plants, and its accidental ingestion has frequently occurred in humans and livestock. It is vital to develop a rapid and accurate identification method for the timely rescue of oleander-poisoned patients and the investigation of poisoning cases. In this study, a specific and highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)-based method was developed to identify oleander in mixture systems and simulated forensic specimens (SFS). First, a new pair of oleander-specific primers, JZT-BF/BR, was designed and validated. Then, a qPCR method was developed using the primers, and its detective sensitivity was examined. The results showed that JZT-BF/BR could specifically identify oleander in forage and food mixtures, and qPCR was capable of accurate authentication even at a low DNA concentration of 0.001 ng/μL. This method was further applied to the analysis of SFS containing different ratios of N. oleander. The method was confirmed to be applicable to digested samples, and the detection limit reached 0.1% (w/w) oleander in mixture systems. Thus, this study undoubtedly provides strong support for the detection of highly toxic oleander and the diagnosis of food poisoning in humans and animals.
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Risk of Poisoning from Garden Plants: Misidentification between Laurel and Cherry Laurel. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110726. [PMID: 36355976 PMCID: PMC9697506 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The misidentification between edible and poisonous plants is an increasing problem because of the new trend to collect wild plants, especially by amateur collectors who do not have the botanical skills to distinguish between edible and toxic species. Moreover, morphologically similar species are sometimes responsible for accidental contamination or used in the intentional adulteration of products for human and animal consumption. Laurus nobilis L. (laurel) and Prunus laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel) are typical ornamental shrubs of the Mediterranean region. Laurel is considered a non-toxic plant, widely used as flavorings. Conversely, cherry laurel leaves, morphologically similar to those of laurel, contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides. Considering this, the aim of this study was to carry out an in-depth evaluation of laurel and cherry laurel leaves by using light and scanning electron microscopy coupled with three step phytochemical analyses (qualitative and quantitative colorimetric assays and liquid chromatography). This allowed to highlight the distinguishing features of plant species investigated features such as the venation pattern, presence/absence of nectaries, calcium oxalate crystals, secretory idioblasts, and cyanogenic glycosides. Concluding, this multidisciplinary approach can be useful for the identification of plants but also fragments or pruning residues containing cyanogenic glycosides, in quality control tests, intoxications, and criminal cases.
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Mahima K, Sunil Kumar KN, Rakhesh KV, Rajeswaran PS, Sharma A, Sathishkumar R. Advancements and future prospective of DNA barcodes in the herbal drug industry. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:947512. [PMID: 36339543 PMCID: PMC9635000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.947512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The past couple of decades have witnessed the global resurgence of medicinal plants in the field of herbal-based health care. Increased consumption of medicinal plants and their derivative products is the major cause of the adulteration issues in herbal industries. As a result, the quality of herbal products is affected by spurious and unauthorized raw materials. Recent development in molecular plant identification using DNA barcodes has become a robust methodology to identify and authenticate the adulterants in herbal samples. Hence, rapid and accurate identification of medicinal plants is the key to success for the herbal industry. Aim of the study: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of DNA barcoding and advanced technologies that have emerged over the past 10 years related to medicinal plant identification and authentication and the future prospects of this technology. Materials and methods: Information on DNA barcodes was compiled from scientific databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, SciFinder and PubMed). Additional information was obtained from books, Ph.D. thesis and MSc. Dissertations. Results: Working out an appropriate DNA barcode for plants is challenging; the single locus-based DNA barcodes (rbcL, ITS, ITS2, matK, rpoB, rpoC, trnH-psbA) to multi-locus DNA barcodes have become the successful species-level identification among herbal plants. Additionally, multi-loci have become efficient in the authentication of herbal products. Emerging advances in DNA barcoding and related technologies such as next-generation sequencing, high-resolution melting curve analysis, meta barcodes and mini barcodes have paved the way for successful herbal plant/samples identification. Conclusion: DNA barcoding needs to be employed together with other techniques to check and rationally and effectively quality control the herbal drugs. It is suggested that DNA barcoding techniques combined with metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics could authenticate the herbal products. The invention of simple, cost-effective and improved DNA barcoding techniques to identify herbal drugs and their associated products of medicinal value in a fool-proof manner will be the future thrust of Pharmacopoeial monograph development for herbal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Mahima
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Siddha Central Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centre of Bioengineering, Santiago de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Ramalingam Sathishkumar
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Plant Metabolomics as a Tool for Detecting Adulterants in Edible Plant: A Case Study of Allium ursinum. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090849. [PMID: 36144253 PMCID: PMC9501555 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium ursinum and poisonous adulterants Convallaria majalis and Arum maculatum were used as a model for detection of adulterants in edible plant. A. ursinum samples were spiked with C. majalis and A. maculatum to mimic adulteration. Metabolomic fingerprinting of all samples was performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the resulting data sets were subjected to multivariate data analysis. As a result of this analysis, signals of adulterants were extracted from the data, and the structures of biomarkers of adulteration from partially purified samples were elucidated using 2D NMR and LC-MS techniques. Thus, isovitexin and vicenin II, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, and trigonelline indicated adulteration of A. ursinum samples with C. majalis. Isovitexin was also recognized to be an indicator of adulteration of A. ursinum with A. maculatum. In conclusion, the case study of A. ursinum suggested that plant metabolomics approach could be utilized for identification of low molecular weight biomarkers of adulteration in edible plants.
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Sokolik OP, Prozorova GO. Current view on the problem of treating fibrocystic breast disease in terms of herbal medicine. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.8.79286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fibrocystic breast disease, commonly called fibrocystic breasts or fibrocystic change, is a benign (noncancerous) condition, which is the most common pathology in women of reproductive age. Treatment of fibrocystic breast disease and concomitant pathologies can involve using herbs.
Materials and Methods: To make an analysis of literary sources on the development of fibrocystic breast disease in the pathogenesis of diseases of the female reproductive system (clinical human (75%) and animal studies (25%)) were published in the period of 2017–2021.
Results and discussion: The diversity of plants in the world is a promising ground for therapeutic improvisation, allowing for an individual approach to each patient, but, most importantly, creates possibilities for maneuvering in the event of ineffectiveness of any means. In some situations, herbal medicine is not only possible or permissible, but strictly mandatory, and is essentially the only effective therapeutic method, which is relatively safe provided the correct selection of combinations and control by a doctor who applies a certain method of phytotherapy, especially given a duration of treatment. The need for a deeper study is long overdue for the pharmacological capabilities of various plant raw materials in the treatment of not only this pathology, but others as well.
Conclusion: The development of phytotherapy should be based primarily on scientific developments, but this area can not be considered the prerogative of only phytotherapists, as herbal medicines should be in the arsenal of doctors of all specialties.
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Wendt S, Lübbert C, Begemann K, Prasa D, Franke H. Poisoning by Plants. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 119:arztebl.m2022.0124. [PMID: 35140011 PMCID: PMC9453220 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Questions on poisoning by plants are a common reason for inquiries to poison information centers (PIC). Over the years 2011-2020, plant poisoning was the subject of 15% of all inquiries to the joint poison information center in Erfurt, Germany (Gemeinsames Giftinformationszentrum Erfurt, GGIZ) that concerned poisoning in children (2.3% in adults). In this patient collective, plant poisoning occupied third place after medical drugs (32%) and chemical substances (24%), and was a more common subject of inquiry than mushroom poisoning (1.5%). METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search in PubMed/TOXLINE on plant poisoning and on 12 epidemiologically and toxicologically relevant domestic species of poisonous plants in risk categories 2 and 3 (up to 2021). RESULTS Medical personnel should have basic toxicological knowledge of the following highly poisonous plants: wolfsbane (aconitum), belladonna, angel's trumpet, cowbane (cicuta virosa), autumn crocus, hemlock, jimson weed, henbane, castor bean (ricinus), false hellebore, foxglove (digitalis), and European yew. The intoxication is evaluated on the basis of a structured history (the "w" questions) and the clinical manifestations (e.g., toxidromes). Special analysis is generally not readily available and often expensive and time-consuming. In case of poisoning, a poison information center should be contacted for plant identification, risk assessment, and treatment recommendations. Specimens of plant components and vomit should be obtained, if possible, for further testing. Measures for the elimination of the poisonous substance may be indicated after a risk-benefit analysis. Specific antidotes are available for only a few types of plant poisoning, e.g., physostigmine for tropane alkaloid poisoning or digitalis antibodies for foxglove poisoning. The treatment is usually symptomatic and only rarely evidence-based. Individualized medical surveillance is recommended after the ingestion of large or unknown quantities of poisonous plant components. CONCLUSION The clinician should be able to recognize dangerous domestic species of poisonous plants, take appropriate initial measures, and avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment. To improve patient care, systematic epidemiological and clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wendt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Leipzig
- University Hospital Leipzig, Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)
- Postgraduate Study of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Leipzig
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Oncology, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Leipzig
- University Hospital Leipzig, Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases (ZINF)
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig
| | - Kathrin Begemann
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Exposure,Berlin
| | - Dagmar Prasa
- *These authors share last authorship
- Joint Poison Information Center of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt und Thüringen c/o HELIOS Klinikum Erfurt
| | - Heike Franke
- *These authors share last authorship
- Postgraduate Study of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Leipzig
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig
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Zhou H, Zhang J, Shao Y, Wang J, Xu W, Liu Y, Yu S, Ye Q, Pang R, Wu S, Gu Q, Xue L, Zhang J, Li H, Wu Q, Ding Y. Development of a high resolution melting method based on a novel molecular target for discrimination between Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110845. [PMID: 34980383 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Delimitation within the Bacillus cereus group is confusing due to the highly similar genetic background of its constituent bacteria. This study aimed to develop a rapid and efficient method for the identification of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis, two closely related species within the B. cereus group. Using average nucleotide identity analysis (ANI) and ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), the authenticity of the genomes of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis was determined. Emetic B. cereus and Bacillus bombysepticus were also included to provide novel genomic insights into the boundaries within the B. cereus group. Using pan-genome analysis, ispD, a novel core and single-copy molecular target, was identified for the differentiation between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis. Based on the single nucleotide polymorphism within ispD, a high resolution melting (HRM) method for the determination of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis was developed. This method can not only distinguish B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, but can also separate B. cereus from other foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The detection limit of this method could reach 1 pg of pure genomic DNA and 3.7 × 102 cfu/mL of pure culture. Moreover, this new method could effectively differentiate B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in spiked, mixed, and real food samples. Collectively, the established HRM method can provide a new reference paradigm for the sensitive and specific nucleic acid detection of pathogens with identical genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yanna Shao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510432, China
| | - Wenxing Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Rui Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Hongye Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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12
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A Review on Application of DNA Barcoding Technology for Rapid Molecular Diagnostics of Adulterants in Herbal Medicine. Drug Saf 2021; 45:193-213. [PMID: 34846701 DOI: 10.1007/s40264-021-01133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid molecular diagnostics of adulterants in herbal medicine using DNA barcoding forms the core of this meticulously detailed review, based on two decades of data. With 80% of the world's population using some form of herbal medicine, authentication, quality control, and detection of adulterants warrant DNA barcoding. A combined group of keywords were used for literature review using the PubMed, the ISI Web of Knowledge, Web of Science (WoS), and Google Scholar databases. All the papers (N = 210) returned by the search engines were downloaded and systematically analyzed. Detailed analysis of conventional DNA barcodes were based on retrieved sequences for internal transcribed spacer (ITS) (412,189), rbcL (251,598), matK (210,835), and trnH-psbA (141,846). The utility of databases such as The Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD), NCBI, GenBank, and Medicinal Materials DNA Barcode Database (MMDBD) has been critically examined for the identification of unknown species from known databases. The current review gives an overview of the ratio of adulterated to authentic drugs for some countries along with the state of the art technology currently being used in the identification of adulterated medicines. In this review, efforts were made to systematically analyze and arrange the research and reviews on the basis of technical progress. The review concludes with the future of DNA-based herbal medicine adulteration detection, forecasting the reliance on the metabarcoding technology. DNA barcoding technology for differentiating adulterated herbal medicine.
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Wang J, Zhao J, Yu W, Wang S, Bu S, Shi X, Zhang X. Rapid Identification of Common Poisonous Plants in China Using DNA Barcodes. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.698418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic plants have been a major threat to public health in China. However, identification and tracing of poisoned species with traditional methods are unreliable due to the destruction of plant morphology by cooking and chewing. DNA barcoding is independent of environmental factors and morphological limitations, making it a powerful tool to accurately identify species. In our study, a total of 83 materials from 26 genera and 31 species of 13 families were collected and 13 plant materials were subjected to simulated gastric fluid digestion. Four markers (rbcL, trnH-psbA, matK, and ITS) were amplified and sequenced for all untreated and mock-digested samples. The effectiveness of DNA barcoding for the identification of toxic plants was assessed using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) method, PWG-Distance method, and Tree-Building (NJ) method. Except for the matK region, the amplification success rate of the remaining three regions was high, but the sequencing of trnH-psbA and ITS was less satisfactory. Meanwhile, matK was prone to be more difficult to amplify and sequence because of simulated gastric fluid. Among the three methods applied, BLAST method showed lower recognition rates, while PWG-Distance and Tree-Building methods showed little difference in recognition rates. Overall, ITS had the highest recognition rate among individual loci. Among the combined loci, rbcL + ITS had the highest species recognition rate. However, the ITS region may not be suitable for DNA analysis of gastric contents and the combination of loci does not significantly improve species resolution. In addition, identification of species to the genus level is sufficient to aid in the clinical management of most poisoning events. Considering primer versatility, DNA sequence quality, species identification ability, experimental cost and speed of analysis, we recommend rbcL as the best single marker for clinical identification and also suggest the BLAST method for analysis. Our current results suggest that DNA barcoding can rapidly identify and trace toxic species and has great potential for clinical applications. In addition, we suggest the creation of a proprietary database containing morphological, toxicological and molecular information to better apply DNA barcoding technology in clinical diagnostics.
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14
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Shadrin DM. DNA Barcoding: Applications. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542104013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Nithaniyal S, Majumder S, Umapathy S, Parani M. Forensic application of DNA barcoding in the identification of commonly occurring poisonous plants. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 78:102126. [PMID: 33556892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to poisonous plants is hazardous to health; thus, reliable species identification is required to decide the most appropriate treatment. Since ingested plants are too much degraded for visual observation, DNA barcoding can be used as a molecular tool for species identification. Considering the universal primers, PCR and sequencing success rate, and diversity of the poisonous plants, the rbcL DNA marker was selected for molecular identification. A reference DNA barcode library for 100 poisonous plant species was created using rbcL DNA barcodes. For the poisonous plants represented in the library, 100% and 89% species differentiation was observed at the genus and species level, respectively. All the undifferentiated species were congeneric species. Mapping the metabolites of the poisonous plants to the DNA based phylogenetic tree indicated that the phylogenetically related species also had related toxic compounds. Therefore, genus-level identification may be sufficient in the practical application of DNA barcoding in poisoning cases. We conclude that rbcL can be used as a primary marker, and if required, ITS2 or trnH-psbA may be used as a secondary marker to identify the poisonous plants. The present study provides the foundation to develop a reliable molecular method to identify the poisonous species from the vomit samples of poisoning cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stalin Nithaniyal
- Department of Botany, Bishop Heber College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620017, India
| | - Shreyashee Majumder
- Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Senthilkumar Umapathy
- Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Madasamy Parani
- Centre for DNA Barcoding, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Yu J, Wu X, Liu C, Newmaster S, Ragupathy S, Kress WJ. Progress in the use of DNA barcodes in the identification and classification of medicinal plants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111691. [PMID: 33396023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA barcoding is an emerging molecular identification and classification technology that has been applied to medicinal plants since 2008. The application of this technique has greatly ensured the safety and effectiveness of medicinal materials. In this paper, we review the application of DNA barcoding and some related technologies over the past 10 years with respect to improving our knowledge of medicinal plant identification and authentication. From single locus-based DNA barcodes to combined markers to genome-scale levels, DNA barcodes contribute more and more genetic information. At the same time, other technologies, such as high-resolution melting (HRM), have been combined with DNA barcoding. With the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS), metabarcoding technology has also been shown to identify species in mixed samples successfully. As a widely used and effective tool, DNA barcoding will become more useful over time in the field of medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Xi Wu
- Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources from Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Herbal Medicine from Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources from Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Steve Newmaster
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Subramanyam Ragupathy
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - W John Kress
- Department of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P. O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, United States.
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Silva JJMD, Campanharo SC, Paschoal JAR. Ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals and related food safety issues: A comprehensive overview about terpenes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 20:48-90. [PMID: 33443807 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternatives to the use of conventional veterinary drugs in food-producing animals have gained attention, such as the use of natural products (NPs), mainly to soften the risks to the animal, the environment, and consumer's health. Although NPs have consistent advantages over conventional drugs, they cannot be considered risk free under food safety matters. In this way, this document presents a comprehensive overview of the importance of considering both the pharmacological and toxicological properties of the constituents of a NP from plants intending the standardization and regulation of its use in food-producing animals. Terpenes are the most diverse class of natural substances present in NP of vegetal origin with a broad range of biological activities that can be explored in veterinary science; however, certain plants and terpenes also have significant toxic effects, a fact that can harm the health of animals and consequently generate economic losses and risks for humans. In this context, this review gathered scientific data of vegetal species of importance to ethnoveterinary for food-producing animals, which produce terpenes, its biological effects, and their implications on food safety issues for consumers. For this, more than 300 documents were selected from different online scientific databases. The present data and discussion may contribute to the rational commercial exploration of this class of NPs in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sarah Chagas Campanharo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Konarska A, Łotocka B. Glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa Vent. var. hartwigii (Koehne) Ashe (Faboideae, Fabaceae)-morphology, histochemistry and ultrastructure. PLANTA 2020; 252:102. [PMID: 33180181 PMCID: PMC7661392 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Permanent glandular trichomes of Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii produce viscous secretion containing several secondary metabolites, as lipids, mucilage, flavonoids, proteins and alkaloids. Robinia viscosa var. hartwigii (Hartweg's locust) is an ornamental tree with high apicultural value. It can be planted in urban greenery and in degraded areas. The shoots, leaves, and inflorescences of this plant are equipped with numerous persistent glandular trichomes producing sticky secretion. The distribution, origin, development, morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure of glandular trichomes of Hartweg's locust flowers as well as the localisation and composition of their secretory products were investigated for the first time. To this end, light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy combined with histochemical and fluorescence techniques were used. The massive glandular trichomes differing in the distribution, length, and stage of development were built of a multicellular and multiseriate stalk and a multicellular head. The secretory cells in the stalk and head had large nuclei with nucleoli, numerous chloroplasts with thylakoids and starch grains, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum profiles, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies. Many vacuoles contained phenolic compounds dissolved or forming various condensed deposits. The secretion components were transported through symplast elements, and the granulocrine and eccrine modes of nectar secretion were observed. The secretion was accumulated in the subcuticular space at the trichome apex and released through a pore in the cuticle. Histochemical and fluorescence assays showed that the trichomes and secretion contained lipophilic and polyphenol compounds, polysaccharides, proteins, and alkaloids. We suggest that these metabolites may serve an important function in protection of plants against biotic stress conditions and may also be a source of phytopharmaceuticals in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Łotocka
- Department of Botany, Warsaw, University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Otter J, Mayer S, Tomaszewski CA. Swipe Right: a Comparison of Accuracy of Plant Identification Apps for Toxic Plants. J Med Toxicol 2020; 17:42-47. [PMID: 32794048 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-020-00803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plant identification applications for use on smartphones have been increasing in availability, accuracy, and utilization. We aimed to perform an introductory study to determine if a plant identification application (ID app) used on a smartphone could identify toxic plants, and to compare apps to determine which is most reliable. METHODS We compared three popular iPhone plant ID apps, PictureThis (PT), PlantSnap (PS), and Pl@ntNet (PN), used to identify 17 commonly encountered toxic plants. Apps were used to photograph the entire plant, leaves, and flowers of ≥ 10 different plants for each species. Two toxicologists performed plant identification with confirmation of identification performed by a botanist, and inter-researcher agreement was confirmed. For each plant species, scores for accuracy of app identification of leaves, flowers, and whole plant were combined to create an overall composite score used to compare accuracy of each app (95% C.I.). RESULTS PictureThis had the best performance with 10/17 (59% [36 to 78]) plant species identified 100% correctly, as opposed to 8/17 (47% [26 to 69]) for Pl@ntNet and 1/17 for PlantSnap (5.8% [1.1 to 27]). CONCLUSION A plant identification app may be a useful tool to assist healthcare providers and the public in identifying toxic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Otter
- Department of Medical Toxicology, University of California, San Diego, 200 Arbor Dr #8676, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA.
| | - Stephanie Mayer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, 334 UCB, N132 Ramaley, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Christian A Tomaszewski
- Department of Medical Toxicology, University of California, San Diego, 200 Arbor Dr #8676, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
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Ichim MC. The DNA-Based Authentication of Commercial Herbal Products Reveals Their Globally Widespread Adulteration. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31708772 PMCID: PMC6822544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbal products, sold worldwide as medicines or foods, are perceived as low risk because they are considered natural and thus safe. The quality of these products is ineffectively regulated and controlled. The growing evidence for their lack of authenticity is causing deep concern, but the scale of this phenomenon at the global, continental or national scale remains unknown. We analyzed data reporting the authenticity, as detected with DNA-based methods, of 5,957 commercial herbal products sold in 37 countries, distributed in all six inhabited continents. Our global survey shows that a substantial proportion (27%) of the herbal products commercialized in the global marketplace is adulterated when their content was tested against their labeled, claimed ingredient species. The adulterated herbal products are distributed across all continents and regions. The proportion of adulterated products varies significantly among continents, being highest in Australia (79%), South America (67%), lower in Europe (47%), North America (33%), Africa (27%) and the lowest in Asia (23%). The commercial HPs' authenticity among the 37 countries included in our global analysis ranges between 0 and 100% from the total number of product reported for each specific national marketplace. For 9 countries, more than 100 products were successfully DNA-based authenticated and reported. From these countries, the highest percentage of adulterated commercial HPs was reported for Brazil (68%), followed distantly by Taiwan (32%), India (31%), USA (29%), followed closely by Malaysia (24%), Japan (23%), South Korea (23%), Thailand (20%), and China (19%). Our results confirm the large-scale presence of adulterated herbal products throughout the global market. The adulterated herbal products contain undeclared contaminant, substitute, and filler species, or none of the labeled species, which all may be accidental or intentional, economically-motivated and fraudulent. Due to the ever-increasing analytical sensitivity of the high throughput DNA sequencing, increasingly used for the untargeted, simultaneous multi-taxa identification, the proportion of adulterated HPs detected on the global market is expected to increase. In the context of the increasing demand for HPs, the limited supply of raw materials derived from many plant species, some of which being already nationally or internationally protected and having various degrees of trade restrictions, adds up to the differences and discrepancies between national HPs' regulatory frameworks and further increases the risks of adulteration of many types of herbal products. The globally widespread adulteration is a serious threat to consumers' well-being and safety, in spite of herbal products' claimed or expected health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Cristin Ichim
- “Stejarul” Research Centre for Biological Sciences, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania
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21
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Rapid identification of Gloriosa superba and Colchicum autumnale by melting curve analysis: application to a suicide case involving massive ingestion of G. superba. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1065-1073. [PMID: 31028469 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plant species Gloriosa superba and Colchicum autumnale produce extremely poisonous colchicine as a major toxic metabolite. Almost all previous studies on colchicine poisoning have focused on drug analysis and clinical and pathological aspects. In this study, we developed a rapid, highly sensitive method to identify G. superba and C. autumnale. This method, which can distinguish between G. superba and C. autumnale using even minute amounts of plant material, is based on duplex real-time PCR in combination with melting curve analysis. To discriminate between the two genera of colchicine-containing plants, we designed new primer pairs targeting the region of the ycf15 gene, which is present in C. autumnale but not G. superba. By producing PCR amplicons with easily distinguishable melting temperatures, we were able to rapidly and accurately distinguish G. superba from C. autumnale. The new primer pairs generated no PCR amplicons from commercially available human DNA or various plant DNAs except for G. superba and C. autumnale. Sensitivity testing indicated that this assay can accurately detect less than 0.031 ng of DNA. Using our method in conjunction with colchicine drug analysis, we successfully identified G. superba in the stomach contents of a suicide victim who ingested massive quantities of a colchicine-containing plant. According to these results, duplex real-time PCR analysis is very appropriate for testing forensic samples, such as stomach contents harboring a variety of vegetables, and enables discrimination between G. superba and C. autumnale in forensic and emergency medical fields.
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Chen C, Guo Y, Jin X, Cui W, Wei Y, Fang Y, Lan Q, Kong T, Xie T, Zhu B. Forensic characteristics and population genetics of Chinese Kazakh ethnic minority with an efficient STR panel. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6802. [PMID: 31086740 PMCID: PMC6487181 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
On the purpose of enhancing the forensic efficiency of CODIS STR loci, new STR loci have been gradually discovered and developed into some commercial multiplex systems. Recently, 22 STR loci including 18 non-CODIS STR loci and four CODIS STR loci were investigated in 501 unrelated healthy individuals of Kazakh ethnic group. Seven to 20 alleles at the different loci were identified and altogether 276 alleles for 22 selected loci were detected with the corresponding allelic frequencies ranging from 0.0010 to 0.3623. No significant deviation was observed from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test for any of the 22 STRs. The value of cumulative power of discrimination in Kazakh group was 1-1.00E-28. Analyses of population differentiations and genetic distances between Kazakh and other Chinese groups presented that the Kazakh group with the Uygur group. These 22 STR loci evenly distributed on 22 different autosomal chromosomes were characterized by high genetic diversities and therefore could be utilized in the forensic cases to further increase the discrimination performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoye Jin
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yating Fang
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Lan
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Kong
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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de Oliveira AM, da Silva WAV, Ferreira MRA, Paiva PMG, de Medeiros PL, Soares LAL, Carvalho BM, Napoleão TH. Assessment of 28-day oral toxicity and antipyretic activity of the saline extract from Pilosocereus gounellei (Cactaceae) stem in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 234:96-105. [PMID: 30703489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pilosocereus gounellei is a plant found in the Brazilian Caatinga and is popular due to its traditional uses in the treatment of inflammation. The present study was conducted to investigate the sub-acute toxicity of the saline extract from the stem of P. gounellei. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the 28-day oral toxicity (through behavioral, biochemical, hematological, and morphological analysis) and the antipyretic activity of the extract in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A single oral dose (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) was administered daily over 28 consecutive days to male and female mice. Body weight, food and water intake, blood biochemical and hematological parameters, and urine composition were recorded. Histopathological examinations of the liver, kidney, spleen, lungs, and heart were performed and oxidative stress in the organs was evaluated by lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and nitrite analysis. The antipyretic effect of the 500 mg/kg dose was assessed using a yeast-induced pyrexia model. RESULTS Oral administration of the extract over 28 days did not affect body weight gain, food and water consumption, body temperature, and hematological parameters in male and female mice. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in male and female mice were reduced. Protein in the urine and histological alterations in both the liver and lungs were detected in male and female mice treated with the highest dose of the extract. SOD levels in the liver and the spleen increased significantly in both sexes, whereas lipid peroxidation decreased in the spleen of male mice. The extract also exerted an antipyretic effect after the first 60 min of the evaluation until the end of the observation duration (180 min). CONCLUSION The saline extract from the stem of P. gounellei did not present significant toxic effects over 28 consecutive days and demonstrated antipyretic activity when administered orally. Moreover, the results suggest that the extract has potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Future studies are needed to investigate its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Macário de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paloma Lys de Medeiros
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Lira Soares
- Departamento de Farmácia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Bruno Melo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunometabolismo, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Böhme K, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velázquez J, Ortea I. Review of Recent DNA-Based Methods for Main Food-Authentication Topics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3854-3864. [PMID: 30901215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adulteration and mislabeling of food products and the commercial fraud derived, either intentionally or not, is a global source of economic fraud to consumers but also to all stakeholders involved in food production and distribution. Legislation has been enforced all over the world aimed at guaranteeing the authenticity of the food products all along the distribution chain, thereby avoiding food fraud and adulteration. Accordingly, there is a growing need for new analytical methods able to verify that all the ingredients included in a foodstuff match the qualities claimed by the manufacturer or distributor. In this sense, the improved performance of most recent DNA-based tools in term of sensitivity, multiplexing ability, high-throughput, and relatively low-cost give them a game-changing role in food-authenticity-related topics. Here, we provide a thorough and updated vision on the recently reported approaches that are applying these DNA-based tools to assess the authenticity of food components and products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science , University of Santiago de Compostela , E-27002 Lugo , Spain
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science , University of Santiago de Compostela , E-27002 Lugo , Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science , University of Santiago de Compostela , E-27002 Lugo , Spain
| | - Ignacio Ortea
- Proteomics Unit , Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) , E-14004 Córdoba , Spain
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Abstract
The wine sector is one of the most economically important agro-food businesses. The wine market value is largely associated to terroir, in some cases resulting in highly expensive wines that attract fraudulent practices. The existent wine traceability system has some limitations that can be overcome with the development of new technological approaches that can tackle this problem with several means. This review aims to call attention to the problem and to present several strategies that can assure a more reliable and authentic wine system, identifying existent technologies developed for the sector, which can be incorporated into the current traceability system.
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26
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Gong S, Ding Y, Wang Y, Jiang G, Zhu C. Advances in DNA Barcoding of Toxic Marine Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2931. [PMID: 30261656 PMCID: PMC6213214 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are more than 200,000 marine species worldwide. These include many important economic species, such as large yellow croaker, ribbonfish, tuna, and salmon, but also many potentially toxic species, such as blue-green algae, diatoms, cnidarians, ctenophores, Nassarius spp., and pufferfish. However, some edible and toxic species may look similar, and the correct identification of marine species is thus a major issue. The failure of traditional classification methods in certain species has promoted the use of DNA barcoding, which uses short, standard DNA fragments to assist with species identification. In this review, we summarize recent advances in DNA barcoding of toxic marine species such as jellyfish and pufferfish, using genes including cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI), cytochrome b gene (cytb), 16S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase gene (rbcL). We also discuss the application of this technique for improving the identification of marine species. The use of DNA barcoding can benefit the studies of biological diversity, biogeography, food safety, and the detection of both invasive and new species. However, the technique has limitations, particularly for the analysis of complex objects and the selection of standard DNA barcodes. The development of high-throughput methods may offer solutions to some of these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yanfei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Guangze Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine, Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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27
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Cornara L, Smeriglio A, Frigerio J, Labra M, Di Gristina E, Denaro M, Mora E, Trombetta D. The problem of misidentification between edible and poisonous wild plants: Reports from the Mediterranean area. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:112-121. [PMID: 29753868 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Today, in many European countries, people are looking for wild edible plants to experience new tastes and flavors, by following the new trend of being green and environmentally friendly. Young borage and spinach leaves can be easily confused by inexpert pickers with those of other plants, including poisonous ones, such as Mandragora autumnalis Bertol. (mandrake) or Digitalis purpurea L. (foxglove), common in southern and northern Italy respectively. In the last twenty years, several cases of intoxication by accidental ingestion of mandrake and foxglove have been reported. The purpose of this work was to perform a pharmacognostic characterization of young leaves from borage, mandrake, foxglove and spinach, by micro-morphological, molecular and phytochemical techniques. The results showed that each of the three techniques investigated could be sufficient alone to provide useful information for the identification of poisonous species helping the medical staff to manage quickly the poisoned patients. However, the multi-disciplinary approach proposed could be very useful to asses the presence of poisonous plants in complex matrices, to build a database containing morphological, molecular and phytochemical data for the identification of poisonous species or in forensic toxicology, given their increasingly frequent use due to their low cost and relatively common availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - A Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy.
| | - J Frigerio
- FEM2 Ambiente Srl, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - M Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - E Di Gristina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Section of Botany and Plant Ecology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| | - E Mora
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Italy
| | - D Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
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28
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Zornia latifolia: a smart drug being adulterated by Stylosanthes guianensis. Int J Legal Med 2018; 132:1321-1331. [PMID: 29362872 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1774-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dried herbal preparations, based on "Zornia latifolia," are commonly sold on web, mainly for their supposed hallucinogenic properties. In this work, we demonstrate that these commercial products contain a different Fabacea, i.e., Stylosanthes guianensis, a cheaper plant, widely cultivated in tropical regions as a fodder legume. We were provided with plant samples of true Zornia latifolia from Brazil, and carried out a thorough comparison of the two species. The assignment of commercial samples was performed by means of micro-morphological analysis, DNA barcoding, and partial phytochemical investigation. We observed that Z. latifolia contains large amounts of flavonoid di-glycosides derived from luteolin, apigenin, and genistein, while in S. guianensis lesser amounts of flavonoids, mainly derived from quercetin, were found. It is likely that the spasmolytic and anxiolytic properties of Z. latifolia, as reported in traditional medicine, derive from its contents in apigenin and/or genistein.
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Pereira L, Gomes S, Barrias S, Fernandes JR, Martins-Lopes P. Applying high-resolution melting (HRM) technology to olive oil and wine authenticity. Food Res Int 2018; 103:170-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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De Castro O, Comparone M, Di Maio A, Del Guacchio E, Menale B, Troisi J, Aliberti F, Trifuoggi M, Guida M. What is in your cup of tea? DNA Verity Test to characterize black and green commercial teas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178262. [PMID: 28542606 PMCID: PMC5441638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used several molecular techniques to develop a fast and reliable protocol (DNA Verity Test, DVT) for the characterization and confirmation of the species or taxa present in herbal infusions. As a model plant for this protocol, Camellia sinensis, a traditional tea plant, was selected due to the following reasons: its historical popularity as a (healthy) beverage, its high selling value, the importation of barely recognizable raw product (i.e., crushed), and the scarcity of studies concerning adulterants or contamination. The DNA Verity Test includes both the sequencing of DNA barcoding markers and genotyping of labeled-PCR DNA barcoding fragments for each sample analyzed. This protocol (DVT) was successively applied to verify the authenticity of 32 commercial teas (simple or admixture), and the main results can be summarized as follows: (1) the DVT protocol is suitable to detect adulteration in tea matrices (contaminations or absence of certified ingredients), and the method can be exported for the study of other similar systems; (2) based on the BLAST analysis of the sequences of rbcL+matK±rps7-trnV(GAC) chloroplast markers, C. sinensis can be taxonomically characterized; (3) rps7-trnV(GAC) can be employed to discriminate C. sinensis from C. pubicosta; (4) ITS2 is not an ideal DNA barcode for tea samples, reflecting potential incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization/introgression phenomena in C. sinensis taxa; (5) the genotyping approach is an easy, inexpensive and rapid pre-screening method to detect anomalies in the tea templates using the trnH(GUG)-psbA barcoding marker; (6) two herbal companies provided no authentic products with a contaminant or without some of the listed ingredients; and (7) the leaf matrices present in some teabags could be constituted using an admixture of different C. sinensis haplotypes and/or allied species (C. pubicosta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga De Castro
- Department of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Maria Comparone
- Department of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Antonietta Di Maio
- Department of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | | | - Bruno Menale
- Department of Biology, Botanical Garden, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
| | - Jacopo Troisi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples Italy
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