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Patterson MC, Clayton P, Gissen P, Anheim M, Bauer P, Bonnot O, Dardis A, Dionisi-Vici C, Klünemann HH, Latour P, Lourenço CM, Ory DS, Parker A, Pocoví M, Strupp M, Vanier MT, Walterfang M, Marquardt T. Recommendations for the detection and diagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C: An update. Neurol Clin Pract 2017; 7:499-511. [PMID: 29431164 PMCID: PMC5800709 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of review: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a neurovisceral disorder that may be more prevalent than earlier estimates. Diagnosis of NP-C is often delayed; a key aim for clinical practice is to reduce this delay. Recently, substantial progress has been made in the field of NP-C screening and diagnosis, justifying an update to the existing recommendations for clinical practice. Recent findings: New biomarker profiling and genetic analysis technologies are included as first-line diagnostic tests for NP-C. Most diagnoses can now be confirmed by combination of biomarker and genetic analyses. Filipin staining may facilitate diagnosis in uncertain cases. Recommendations are provided for psychiatrists, neuro-ophthalmologists, and radiologists, and on screening within specific at-risk patient cohorts. The NP-C diagnostic algorithm has been updated and simplified. Summary: This publication provides expert recommendations for clinicians who may see patients presenting with the signs and symptoms of NP-C, including general practitioners, pediatricians, neurologists, and psychiatrists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc C Patterson
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Peter Clayton
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Paul Gissen
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Peter Bauer
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Olivier Bonnot
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Andrea Dardis
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Hans-Hermann Klünemann
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Philippe Latour
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Charles M Lourenço
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Alasdair Parker
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Miguel Pocoví
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Marie T Vanier
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Mark Walterfang
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
| | - Thorsten Marquardt
- Mayo Clinic (MCP), Rochester, MN; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (PC, PG), London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital (PG), London, UK; Département de Neurologie (MA), Hôpital de Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) (MA), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS) (MA), Université de Strasbourg, France; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (PB), University Hospital of Tübingen; Centogene AG (PB), Rostock, Germany; Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (OB), CHU de Nantes, France; Regional Coordinator Centre for Rare Diseases (AD), University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy; Division of Metabolism, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (CD-V), Rome, Italy; Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Universität Regensburg am Bezirksklinikum (H-HK), Regensburg, Germany; Hospices Civils de Lyon-Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est (PL), Bron, France; University of São Paulo (HCFMRP-USP) (CML), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine (DSO), Washington University, St Louis, MO; Child Development Centre (AP), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; University of Zaragoza (MP), IIS Aragon, Spain; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (MS), University Hospital Munich, Germany; Laboratoire Gillet-Mérieux (MTV), Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France; Department of Neuropsychiatry (MW), Royal Melbourne Hospital & University of Melbourne, Australia; and Universitätsklinikum Münster (TM), Germany
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