1
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Yan R, Chen H, Liu C, Zhao J, Wu D, Jiang J, Gong J, Jiang D. Human XPR1 structures reveal phosphate export mechanism. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07852-9. [PMID: 39169184 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a fundamental macronutrient for all living organisms, the homeostasis of which is critical for numerous biological activities1-3. As the only known human Pi exporter to date, XPR1 has an indispensable role in cellular Pi homeostasis4,5. Dysfunction of XPR1 is associated with neurodegenerative disease6-8. However, the mechanisms underpinning XPR1-mediated Pi efflux and regulation by the intracellular inositol polyphosphate (InsPP) sensor SPX domain remain poorly understood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human XPR1 in Pi-bound closed, open and InsP6-bound forms, revealing the structural basis for XPR1 gating and regulation by InsPPs. XPR1 consists of an N-terminal SPX domain, a dimer-formation core domain and a Pi transport domain. Within the transport domain, three basic clusters are responsible for Pi binding and transport, and a conserved W573 acts as a molecular switch for gating. In addition, the SPX domain binds to InsP6 and facilitates Pi efflux by liberating the C-terminal loop that limits Pi entry. This study provides a conceptual framework for the mechanistic understanding of Pi homeostasis by XPR1 homologues in fungi, plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yan
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiwen Chen
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanyu Liu
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agricultural Sciences at Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juquan Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, China
| | - Jianke Gong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohua Jiang
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Rovelet-Lecrux A, Bonnevalle A, Quenez O, Delcroix W, Cassinari K, Richard AC, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Goizet C, Rucar A, Verny C, Nguyen K, Lecourtois M, Nicolas G. Upstream open reading frame-introducing variants in patients with primary familial brain calcification. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:779-785. [PMID: 38433263 PMCID: PMC11219755 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01580-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of patients with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a rare neurological disorder, remain genetically unexplained. While some causative genes are yet to be identified, variants in non-coding regions of known genes may represent a source of missed diagnoses. We hypothesized that 5'-Untranslated Region (UTR) variants introducing an AUG codon may initiate mRNA translation and result in a loss of function in some of the PFBC genes. After reannotation of exome sequencing data of 113 unrelated PFBC probands, we identified two upstream AUG-introducing variants in the 5'UTR of PDGFB. One, NM_002608.4:c.-373C>G, segregated with PFBC in the family. It was predicted to create an upstream open reading frame (ORF). The other one, NM_002608.4:c.-318C>T, was found in a simplex case. It was predicted to result in an ORF overlapping the natural ORF with a frameshift. In a GFP reporter assay, both variants were associated with a dramatic decrease in GFP levels, and, after restoring the reading frame with the GFP sequence, the c.-318C>T variant was associated with a strong initiation of translation as measured by western blotting. Overall, we found upstream AUG-introducing variants in the 5'UTR of PDGFB in 2/113 (1.7%) undiagnosed PFBC cases. Such variants thus represent a source of putative pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Antoine Bonnevalle
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Neurology, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Wandrille Delcroix
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Kévin Cassinari
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057, Evry, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases 'Neurogenetic', Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux University Hospital, and University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, NRGen Team, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alice Rucar
- Department of Neurology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933, Angers, France
- Unité MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Christophe Verny
- Department of Neurology, University-Hospital of Angers, 49933, Angers, France
- Unité MitoVasc, UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM U1083, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- AP-HM, Hôpital Timone, Département de Génétique Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Magalie Lecourtois
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1245 and CHU Rouen, Department of Genetics, CNRMAJ and Reference Center for Neurogenetics Disorders, F-76000, Rouen, France.
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3
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Puente N, Solis P, Riancho JA. Genetic causes of hypophosphatemia. Minerva Med 2024; 115:320-336. [PMID: 38727708 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.24.09198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Phosphate is a key component of mineralized tissues and is also part of many organic compounds. Phosphorus homeostasis depends especially upon intestinal absorption, and renal excretion, which are regulated by various hormones, such as PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23. In this review we provide an update of several genetic disorders that affect phosphate transporters through cell membranes or the phosphate-regulating hormones, and, consequently, result in hypophosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Puente
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital U. M. Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Valdecilla Research Institute, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Solis
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital U. M. Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jose A Riancho
- Service of Internal Medicine, Hospital U. M. Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain -
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Valdecilla Research Institute, Santander, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER, ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Yoon S, Chung SJ, Kim YJ. Primary Familial Brain Calcification With XPR1 Mutation Presenting With Cognitive Dysfunction. J Clin Neurol 2024; 20:229-231. [PMID: 38433488 PMCID: PMC10921053 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2023.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sojung Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
- YONSEI BEYOND LAB, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Korea
- YONSEI BEYOND LAB, Yongin, Korea.
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5
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Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an essential component of many biologically important molecules such as DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids, or apatite. It is required for intracellular phosphorylation signaling events and acts as pH buffer in intra- and extracellular compartments. Intestinal absorption, uptake into cells, and renal reabsorption depend on a set of different phosphate transporters from the SLC20 (PiT transporters) and SLC34 (NaPi transporters) gene families. The physiological relevance of these transporters is evident from rare monogenic disorders in humans affecting SLC20A2 (Fahr's disease, basal ganglia calcification), SLC34A1 (idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia), SLC34A2 (pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis), and SLC34A3 (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria). SLC34 transporters are inhibited by millimolar concentrations of phosphonoformic acid or arsenate while SLC20 are relatively resistant to these compounds. More recently, a series of more specific and potent drugs have been developed to target SLC34A2 to reduce intestinal Pi absorption and to inhibit SLC34A1 and/or SLC34A3 to increase renal Pi excretion in patients with renal disease and incipient hyperphosphatemia. Also, SLC20 inhibitors have been developed with the same intention. Some of these substances are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical testing. Tenapanor, a non-absorbable Na+/H+-exchanger isoform 3 inhibitor, reduces intestinal Pi absorption likely by indirectly acting on the paracellular pathway for Pi and has been tested in several phase III trials for reducing Pi overload in patients with renal insufficiency and dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Maheshwari U, Mateos JM, Weber‐Stadlbauer U, Ni R, Tamatey V, Sridhar S, Restrepo A, de Jong PA, Huang S, Schaffenrath J, Stifter SA, Szeri F, Greter M, Koek HL, Keller A. Inorganic phosphate exporter heterozygosity in mice leads to brain vascular calcification, microangiopathy, and microgliosis. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13189. [PMID: 37505935 PMCID: PMC10580014 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification of the cerebral microvessels in the basal ganglia in the absence of systemic calcium and phosphate imbalance is a hallmark of primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a rare neurodegenerative disorder. Mutation in genes encoding for sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC20A2), xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), myogenesis regulating glycosidase (MYORG), and junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) are known to cause PFBC. Loss-of-function mutations in XPR1, the only known inorganic phosphate exporter in metazoans, causing dominantly inherited PFBC was first reported in 2015 but until now no studies in the brain have addressed whether loss of one functional allele leads to pathological alterations in mice, a commonly used organism to model human diseases. Here we show that mice heterozygous for Xpr1 (Xpr1WT/lacZ ) present with reduced inorganic phosphate levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and age- and sex-dependent growth of vascular calcifications in the thalamus. Vascular calcifications are surrounded by vascular basement membrane and are located at arterioles in the smooth muscle layer. Similar to previously characterized PFBC mouse models, vascular calcifications in Xpr1WT/lacZ mice contain bone matrix proteins and are surrounded by reactive astrocytes and microglia. However, microglial activation is not confined to calcified vessels but shows a widespread presence. In addition to vascular calcifications, we observed vessel tortuosity and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed microangiopathy-endothelial swelling, phenotypic alterations in vascular smooth muscle cells, and thickening of the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upasana Maheshwari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - José M. Mateos
- Center for Microscopy and Image analysisUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ulrike Weber‐Stadlbauer
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Zurich‐Vetsuisse, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Ruiqing Ni
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Institute for Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Virgil Tamatey
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
- Doctoral School of BiologyELTE Eotvos Lorand UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Sucheta Sridhar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Alejandro Restrepo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Pim A. de Jong
- Department of RadiologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sheng‐Fu Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Johanna Schaffenrath
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Flora Szeri
- Research Centre for Natural SciencesInstitute of EnzymologyBudapestHungary
| | - Melanie Greter
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Huiberdina L. Koek
- Department of Geriatric MedicineUniversity Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Annika Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience CenterUniversity Hospital Zurich, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Neuroscience Center ZurichUniversity of Zurich and ETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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7
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Orimo K, Kakumoto T, Hara R, Goto R, Ishiura H, Mitsui J, Yoshida C, Uesaka Y, Suzuki Y, Morishita S, Satake W, Tsuji S, Toda T. A Japanese family with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification carrying a novel XPR1 variant. J Neurol Sci 2023; 451:120732. [PMID: 37490806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Orimo
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kakumoto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hara
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Goto
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuta Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichi Morishita
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Wataru Satake
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Chen SY, Ho CJ, Lu YT, Lin CH, Lan MY, Tsai MH. The Genetics of Primary Familial Brain Calcification: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10886. [PMID: 37446066 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), also known as Fahr's disease, is a rare inherited disorder characterized by bilateral calcification in the basal ganglia according to neuroimaging. Other brain regions, such as the thalamus, cerebellum, and subcortical white matter, can also be affected. Among the diverse clinical phenotypes, the most common manifestations are movement disorders, cognitive deficits, and psychiatric disturbances. Although patients with PFBC always exhibit brain calcification, nearly one-third of cases remain clinically asymptomatic. Due to advances in the genetics of PFBC, the diagnostic criteria of PFBC may need to be modified. Hitherto, seven genes have been associated with PFBC, including four dominant inherited genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) and three recessive inherited genes (MYORG, JAM2, and CMPK2). Nevertheless, around 50% of patients with PFBC do not have pathogenic variants in these genes, and further PFBC-associated genes are waiting to be identified. The function of currently known genes suggests that PFBC could be caused by the dysfunction of the neurovascular unit, the dysregulation of phosphate homeostasis, or mitochondrial dysfunction. An improved understanding of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC may facilitate the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jui Ho
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ting Lu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratory, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan
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9
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Monfrini E, Arienti F, Rinchetti P, Lotti F, Riboldi GM. Brain Calcifications: Genetic, Molecular, and Clinical Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108995. [PMID: 37240341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Many conditions can present with accumulation of calcium in the brain and manifest with a variety of neurological symptoms. Brain calcifications can be primary (idiopathic or genetic) or secondary to various pathological conditions (e.g., calcium-phosphate metabolism derangement, autoimmune disorders and infections, among others). A set of causative genes associated with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) has now been identified, and include genes such as SLC20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2. However, many more genes are known to be linked with complex syndromes characterized by brain calcifications and additional neurologic and systemic manifestations. Of note, many of these genes encode for proteins involved in cerebrovascular and blood-brain barrier functions, which both represent key anatomical structures related to these pathological phenomena. As a growing number of genes associated with brain calcifications is identified, pathways involved in these conditions are beginning to be understood. Our comprehensive review of the genetic, molecular, and clinical aspects of brain calcifications offers a framework for clinicians and researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Arienti
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rinchetti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesco Lotti
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Diseases, Departments of Pathology & Cell Biology and Neurology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Giulietta M Riboldi
- The Marlene and Paolo Fresco Institute for Parkinson's and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10017, USA
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10
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Pipercevic J, Kohl B, Gerasimaite R, Comte-Miserez V, Hostachy S, Müntener T, Agustoni E, Jessen HJ, Fiedler D, Mayer A, Hiller S. Inositol pyrophosphates activate the vacuolar transport chaperone complex in yeast by disrupting a homotypic SPX domain interaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2645. [PMID: 37156835 PMCID: PMC10167327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many proteins involved in eukaryotic phosphate homeostasis are regulated by SPX domains. In yeast, the vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex contains two such domains, but mechanistic details of its regulation are not well understood. Here, we show at the atomic level how inositol pyrophosphates interact with SPX domains of subunits Vtc2 and Vtc3 to control the activity of the VTC complex. Vtc2 inhibits the catalytically active VTC subunit Vtc4 by homotypic SPX-SPX interactions via the conserved helix α1 and the previously undescribed helix α7. Binding of inositol pyrophosphates to Vtc2 abrogates this interaction, thus activating the VTC complex. Accordingly, VTC activation is also achieved by site-specific point mutations that disrupt the SPX-SPX interface. Structural data suggest that ligand binding induces reorientation of helix α1 and exposes the modifiable helix α7, which might facilitate its post-translational modification in vivo. The variable composition of these regions within the SPX domain family might contribute to the diversified SPX functions in eukaryotic phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joka Pipercevic
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Kohl
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruta Gerasimaite
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CP51 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Max-Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Véronique Comte-Miserez
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CP51 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Hostachy
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müntener
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elia Agustoni
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henning Jacob Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Fiedler
- Department of Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, CP51 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Hiller
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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11
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Jennings ML. Role of transporters in regulating mammalian intracellular inorganic phosphate. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1163442. [PMID: 37063296 PMCID: PMC10097972 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of plasma membrane transporters in regulating intracellular inorganic phosphate ([Pi]In) in mammals. Pi influx is mediated by SLC34 and SLC20 Na+-Pi cotransporters. In non-epithelial cells other than erythrocytes, Pi influx via SLC20 transporters PiT1 and/or PiT2 is balanced by efflux through XPR1 (xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1). Two new pathways for mammalian Pi transport regulation have been described recently: 1) in the presence of adequate Pi, cells continuously internalize and degrade PiT1. Pi starvation causes recycling of PiT1 from early endosomes to the plasma membrane and thereby increases the capacity for Pi influx; and 2) binding of inositol pyrophosphate InsP8 to the SPX domain of XPR1 increases Pi efflux. InsP8 is degraded by a phosphatase that is strongly inhibited by Pi. Therefore, an increase in [Pi]In decreases InsP8 degradation, increases InsP8 binding to SPX, and increases Pi efflux, completing a feedback loop for [Pi]In homeostasis. Published data on [Pi]In by magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the steady state [Pi]In of skeletal muscle, heart, and brain is normally in the range of 1–5 mM, but it is not yet known whether PiT1 recycling or XPR1 activation by InsP8 contributes to Pi homeostasis in these organs. Data on [Pi]In in cultured cells are variable and suggest that some cells can regulate [Pi] better than others, following a change in [Pi]Ex. More measurements of [Pi]In, influx, and efflux are needed to determine how closely, and how rapidly, mammalian [Pi]In is regulated during either hyper- or hypophosphatemia.
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12
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Akasu-Nagayoshi Y, Hayashi T, Kawabata A, Shimizu N, Yamada A, Yokota N, Nakato R, Shirahige K, Okamoto A, Akiyama T. The phosphate exporter XPR1/SLC53A1 is required for the tumorigenicity of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:2034-2043. [PMID: 35377528 PMCID: PMC9207365 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer‐related death in women. Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a chemotherapy‐resistant epithelial ovarian cancer with poor prognosis. As a basis for the development of therapeutic agents that could improve the prognosis of OCCC, we performed a screen for proteins critical for the tumorigenicity of OCCC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Here we show that knockdown of the phosphate exporter XPR1/SLC53A1 induces the growth arrest and apoptosis of OCCC cells in vitro. Moreover, we show that knockdown of XPR1/SLC53A1 inhibits the proliferation of OCCC cells xenografted into immunocompromised mice. These results suggest that XPR1/SLC53A1 plays a critical role in the tumorigenesis of OCCC cells. We speculate that XPR1/SLC53A1 might be a promising molecular target for the therapeutic treatment of OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Akasu-Nagayoshi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoatsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ayako Kawabata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ai Yamada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Naoko Yokota
- Laboratory of Computational Genetics, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Laboratory of Computational Genetics, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Genome Structure and Function, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
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13
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Kulesza T, Typiak M, Rachubik P, Audzeyenka I, Rogacka D, Angielski S, Saleem MA, Piwkowska A. Hyperglycemic environment disrupts phosphate transporter function and promotes calcification processes in podocytes and isolated glomeruli. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2478-2491. [PMID: 35150131 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue calcification is a pathological phenomenon that often occurs in end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is caused by diabetic nephropathy, among other factors. Hyperphosphatemia present during course of CKD contributes to impairments in kidney function, particularly damages in the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). Essential elements of the GFB include glomerular epithelial cells, called podocytes. In the present study, we found that human immortalized podocytes express messenger RNA and protein of phosphate transporters, including NaPi 2c (SLC34A3), Pit 1 (SLC20A1), and Pit 2 (SLC20A2), which are sodium-dependent and mediate intracellular phosphate (Pi) transport, and XPR1, which is responsible for extracellular Pi transport. We found that cells that were grown in a medium with a high glucose (HG) concentration (30 mM) expressed less Pit 1 and Pit 2 protein than podocytes that were cultured in a standard glucose medium (11 mM). We found that exposure of the analyzed transporters in the cell membrane of the podocyte is altered by HG conditions. We also found that the activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase increased in HG, causing a rise in Pi generation. Additionally, HG led to a reduction of the amount of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 in the cell membrane of podocytes. The extracellular concentration of pyrophosphate also decreased under HG conditions. These data suggest that a hyperglycemic environment enhances the production of Pi in podocytes and its retention in the extracellular space, which may induce glomerular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulesza
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rachubik
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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14
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Hu Y, Bai J, Zhou D, Zhang L, Chen X, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang B, Li H, Yin C. The miR-4732-5p/XPR1 axis suppresses invasion, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma by PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Snail pathway. Mol Omics 2022; 18:417-429. [DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With the development in research, the importance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the occurrence, metastasis, and prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) had received extensive attention. The aim of this study was...
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15
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Guérit E, Arts F, Dachy G, Boulouadnine B, Demoulin JB. PDGF receptor mutations in human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3867-3881. [PMID: 33449152 PMCID: PMC11072557 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PDGFRA and PDGFRB are classical proto-oncogenes that encode receptor tyrosine kinases responding to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). PDGFRA mutations are found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), inflammatory fibroid polyps and gliomas, and PDGFRB mutations drive myofibroma development. In addition, chromosomal rearrangement of either gene causes myeloid neoplasms associated with hypereosinophilia. Recently, mutations in PDGFRB were linked to several noncancerous diseases. Germline heterozygous variants that reduce receptor activity have been identified in primary familial brain calcification, whereas gain-of-function mutants are present in patients with fusiform aneurysms, Kosaki overgrowth syndrome or Penttinen premature aging syndrome. Functional analysis of these variants has led to the preclinical validation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting PDGF receptors, such as imatinib, as a treatment for some of these conditions. This review summarizes the rapidly expanding knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Guérit
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Box B1.74.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florence Arts
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Box B1.74.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Dachy
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Box B1.74.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Boutaina Boulouadnine
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Box B1.74.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Demoulin
- De Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 75, Box B1.74.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Tang LO, Hou BH, Zhang XN, Xi ZY, Li CX, Xu L. Biallelic XPR1 mutation associated with primary familial brain calcification presenting as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions. Brain Dev 2021; 43:331-336. [PMID: 33433330 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the XPR1 gene are associated with primary familial brain calcifications (PFBC). All reported mutations are missense and inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. PFBC patients exhibited movement disorders, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and other associated symptoms with diverse severity, even within the same family. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified and enrolled a patient with PFBC. Clinical data were comprehensively collected, including the age of onset, seizure types and frequency, trigger factors of paroxysmal dyskinesia, response to drugs, and general and neurological examination results. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to detect pathogenic variants. We further systematically reviewed the phenotypic and genetic features of patients with XPR1 mutations. RESULTS The patient showed bilateral calcification involving basal ganglia and cerebellar dentate. Clinically, he presented as paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia with infantile convulsions (PKD/IC) with favorable outcome. We identified a compound heterozygous XPR1 mutation (c.786_789delTAGA/p.D262Efs*6, c.1342C>T/p.R448W), which were inherited from unaffected parents respectively. Further literature review shows a wide range of clinical manifestations of patients with XPR1 mutations, with movement disorders being the most common. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of biallelic mutations in XPR1. The findings suggest for the first time a possible link between PKD/IC and XPR1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ou Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Bing-Hui Hou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Xi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of QingDao University, China.
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17
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Rutsch F, Buers I, Nitschke Y. Hereditary Disorders of Cardiovascular Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 41:35-47. [PMID: 33176451 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arterial calcification is a common phenomenon in the elderly, in patients with atherosclerosis or renal failure and in diabetes. However, when present in very young individuals, it is likely to be associated with an underlying hereditary disorder of arterial calcification. Here, we present an overview of the few monogenic disorders presenting with early-onset cardiovascular calcification. These disorders can be classified according to the function of the respective disease gene into (1) disorders caused by an altered purine and phosphate/pyrophosphate metabolism, (2) interferonopathies, and (3) Gaucher disease. The finding of arterial calcification in early life should alert the clinician and prompt further genetic work-up to define the underlying genetic defect, to establish the correct diagnosis, and to enable appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Germany
| | - Insa Buers
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Germany
| | - Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Muenster University Children's Hospital, Germany
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18
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Serna J, Bergwitz C. Importance of Dietary Phosphorus for Bone Metabolism and Healthy Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3001. [PMID: 33007883 PMCID: PMC7599912 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) plays a critical function in many tissues of the body: for example, as part of the hydroxyapatite in the skeleton and as a substrate for ATP synthesis. Pi is the main source of dietary phosphorus. Reduced bioavailability of Pi or excessive losses in the urine causes rickets and osteomalacia. While critical for health in normal amounts, dietary phosphorus is plentiful in the Western diet and is often added to foods as a preservative. This abundance of phosphorus may reduce longevity due to metabolic changes and tissue calcifications. In this review, we examine how dietary phosphorus is absorbed in the gut, current knowledge about Pi sensing, and endocrine regulation of Pi levels. Moreover, we also examine the roles of Pi in different tissues, the consequences of low and high dietary phosphorus in these tissues, and the implications for healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Serna
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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19
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Chen SY, Lin WC, Chang YY, Lin TK, Lan MY. Brain hypoperfusion and nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction in primary familial brain calcification caused by novel MYORG variants: case report. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:329. [PMID: 32873236 PMCID: PMC7460774 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare inherited disease characterized by multiple calcified foci in the brain parenchyma. MYORG is the first gene found to be associated with autosomal recessive PFBC. The precise pathogenic mechanism of neurodegeneration in PFBC remains unclear. The clinical phenotypes of PFBC are variable, and there is no clear correlation between clinical manifestations and radiological and pathological features of calcification. Case presentation Two sisters in a Taiwanese family presented with young-onset Parkinsonism and multifocal dystonia. Their brain CTs showed multiple intracerebral calcifications. The genetic study detected two heterozygous novel variants, c.104 T > A (p.Met35Lys) and c.850 T > C (p.Cys284Arg) in the MYORG gene. In both patients, MR susceptibility weighted images revealed calcification of the deep medullary veins. Tc99m ECD SPECT demonstrated a significant decrease of tracer uptake in the brain cortex and subcortical gray matter. Tc99m TRODAT-1 SPECT revealed decreased tracer uptake in the bilateral striatum. Conclusion Two novel MYORG variants were identified in Taiwanese family members presenting with PFBC. Abnormalities in the brain perfusion and dopamine transporter SPECTs suggest that cerebral ischemia due to extensive calcified vasculopathy, disruption of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic dysfunction are plausible pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in PFBC patients. Further investigation into the correlations between the pathogenicity-implicated imaging findings and the clinical phenotype are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Yee Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Center for Parkinson's disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Center for Parkinson's disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yu Lan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan. .,Center for Parkinson's disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan. .,Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta-Pei Road, NiaoSong, Kaohsiung, 833, Taiwan.
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20
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López-Sánchez U, Tury S, Nicolas G, Wilson MS, Jurici S, Ayrignac X, Courgnaud V, Saiardi A, Sitbon M, Battini JL. Interplay between primary familial brain calcification-associated SLC20A2 and XPR1 phosphate transporters requires inositol polyphosphates for control of cellular phosphate homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9366-9378. [PMID: 32393577 PMCID: PMC7363132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2) and xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) are transporters with phosphate uptake and efflux functions, respectively. Both are associated with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a genetic disease characterized by cerebral calcium-phosphate deposition and associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. The association of the two transporters with the same disease suggests that they jointly regulate phosphate fluxes and cellular homeostasis, but direct evidence is missing. Here, we found that cross-talk between SLC20A2 and XPR1 regulates phosphate homeostasis, and we identified XPR1 as a key inositol polyphosphate (IP)-dependent regulator of this process. We found that overexpression of WT SLC20A2 increased phosphate uptake, as expected, but also unexpectedly increased phosphate efflux, whereas PFBC-associated SLC20A2 variants did not. Conversely, SLC20A2 depletion decreased phosphate uptake only slightly, most likely compensated for by the related SLC20A1 transporter, but strongly decreased XPR1-mediated phosphate efflux. The SLC20A2-XPR1 axis maintained constant intracellular phosphate and ATP levels, which both increased in XPR1 KO cells. Elevated ATP levels are a hallmark of altered inositol pyrophosphate (PP-IP) synthesis, and basal ATP levels were restored after phosphate efflux rescue with WT XPR1 but not with XPR1 harboring a mutated PP-IP-binding pocket. Accordingly, inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1-2 (IP6K1-2) gene inactivation or IP6K inhibitor treatment abolished XPR1-mediated phosphate efflux regulation and homeostasis. Our findings unveil an SLC20A2-XPR1 interplay that depends on IPs such as PP-IPs and controls cellular phosphate homeostasis via the efflux route, and alteration of this interplay likely contributes to PFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel López-Sánchez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Miranda S Wilson
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Snejana Jurici
- Department of Neurology, Perpignan Hospital, Perpignan, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France .,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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21
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Cassinari K, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Tury S, Quenez O, Richard AC, Charbonnier C, Olaso R, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Besancenot JF, Delpont B, Pouliquen D, Lecoquierre F, Chambon P, Thauvin-Robinet C, Campion D, Frebourg T, Battini JL, Nicolas G. Haploinsufficiency of the Primary Familial Brain Calcification Gene SLC20A2 Mediated by Disruption of a Regulatory Element. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1336-1345. [PMID: 32506582 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare cerebral microvascular calcifying disorder with diverse neuropsychiatric expression. Five genes were reported as PFBC causative when carrying pathogenic variants. Haploinsufficiency of SLC20A2, which encodes an inorganic phosphate importer, is a major cause of autosomal-dominant PFBC. However, PFBC remains genetically unexplained in a proportion of patients, suggesting the existence of additional genes or cryptic mutations. We analyzed exome sequencing data of 71 unrelated, genetically unexplained PFBC patients with the aim to detect copy number variations that may disrupt the expression of core PFBC-causing genes. METHODS After the identification of a deletion upstream of SLC20A2, we assessed its consequences on gene function by reverse transcriptase droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (RT-ddPCR), an ex vivo inorganic phosphate uptake assay, and introduced the deletion of a putative SLC20A2 enhancer mapping to this region in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9). RESULTS The 8p11.21 deletion, segregating with PFBC in a family, mapped 35 kb upstream of SLC20A2. The deletion carriers/normal controls ratio of relative SLC20A2 mRNA levels was 60.2% (P < 0.001). This was comparable with that of patients carrying an SLC20A2 premature stop codon (63.4%; P < 0.001). The proband exhibited a 39.3% decrease of inorganic phosphate uptake in blood (P = 0.015). In HEK293 cells, we observed a 39.8% decrease in relative SLC20A2 mRNA levels after normalization on DNA copy number (P < 0.001). DISCUSSION We identified a deletion of an enhancer of SLC20A2 expression, with carriers showing haploinsufficiency in similar ranges to loss-of-function alleles, and we observed reduced mRNA levels after deleting this element in a cellular model. We propose a 3-step strategy to identify and easily assess the effect of such events. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Cassinari
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Robert Olaso
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | | | - Benoit Delpont
- Department of Internal Medicine and Systemic Diseases, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Dorothée Pouliquen
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - François Lecoquierre
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Chambon
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD, Genetics of Developmental Disorders, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, FHU TRANSLAD, Dijon, France
- CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Unité Fonctionnelle "Innovation diagnostique dans les maladies rares," laboratoire de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Dijon, France
- Centre de Référence Maladies Rares "Déficiences Intellectuelles de causes rares," FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-les-Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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22
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Abstract
Phosphate is an essential nutrient for life and is a critical component of bone formation, a major signaling molecule, and structural component of cell walls. Phosphate is also a component of high-energy compounds (i.e., AMP, ADP, and ATP) and essential for nucleic acid helical structure (i.e., RNA and DNA). Phosphate plays a central role in the process of mineralization, normal serum levels being associated with appropriate bone mineralization, while high and low serum levels are associated with soft tissue calcification. The serum concentration of phosphate and the total body content of phosphate are highly regulated, a process that is accomplished by the coordinated effort of two families of sodium-dependent transporter proteins. The three isoforms of the SLC34 family (SLC34A1-A3) show very restricted tissue expression and regulate intestinal absorption and renal excretion of phosphate. SLC34A2 also regulates the phosphate concentration in multiple lumen fluids including milk, saliva, pancreatic fluid, and surfactant. Both isoforms of the SLC20 family exhibit ubiquitous expression (with some variation as to which one or both are expressed), are regulated by ambient phosphate, and likely serve the phosphate needs of the individual cell. These proteins exhibit similarities to phosphate transporters in nonmammalian organisms. The proteins are nonredundant as mutations in each yield unique clinical presentations. Further research is essential to understand the function, regulation, and coordination of the various phosphate transporters, both the ones described in this review and the phosphate transporters involved in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nati Hernando
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Kenneth Gagnon
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Eleanor Lederer
- University of Zurich-Irchel, Institute of Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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23
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Grangeon L, Wallon D, Charbonnier C, Quenez O, Richard AC, Rousseau S, Budowski C, Lebouvier T, Corbille AG, Vidailhet M, Méneret A, Roze E, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Favrole P, Antoine JC, Defebvre L, Ayrignac X, Labauge P, Pariente J, Clanet M, Maltête D, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Frebourg T, Hannequin D, Campion D, Nicolas G. Biallelic MYORG mutation carriers exhibit primary brain calcification with a distinct phenotype. Brain 2020; 142:1573-1586. [PMID: 31009047 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurogenetic disorder with diverse neuropsychiatric expression. Mutations in four genes cause autosomal dominant PFBC: SLC20A2, XPR1, PDGFB and PDGFRB. Recently, biallelic mutations in the MYORG gene have been reported to cause PFBC with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. We screened MYORG in 29 unrelated probands negatively screened for the autosomal dominant PFBC genes and identified 11 families with a biallelic rare or novel predicted damaging variant. We studied the clinical and radiological features of 16 patients of these 11 families and compared them to that of 102 autosomal dominant PFBC patients carrying a mutation in one of the four known autosomal dominant PFBC genes. We found that MYORG patients exhibited a high clinical penetrance with a median age of onset of 52 years (range: 21-62) with motor impairment at the forefront. In particular, dysarthria was the presenting sign in 11/16 patients. In contrast to patients with autosomal dominant PFBC, 12/15 (80%) symptomatic patients eventually presented at least four of the following five symptoms: dysarthria, cerebellar syndrome, gait disorder of any origin, akinetic-hypertonic syndrome and pyramidal signs. In addition to the most severe clinical pattern, MYORG patients exhibited the most severe pattern of calcifications as compared to the patients from the four autosomal dominant PFBC gene categories. Strikingly, 12/15 presented with brainstem calcifications in addition to extensive calcifications in other brain areas (lenticular nuclei, thalamus, cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, ±cortex). Among them, eight patients exhibited pontine calcifications, which were observed in none of the autosomal dominant PFBC patients and hence appeared to be highly specific. Finally, all patients exhibited cerebellar atrophy with diverse degrees of severity on CT scans. We confirmed the existence of cerebellar atrophy by performing MRI voxel-based morphometry analyses of MYORG patients with autosomal dominant PFBC mutation carriers as a comparison group. Of note, in three families, the father carried small pallido-dentate calcifications while carrying the mutation at the heterozygous state, suggesting a putative phenotypic expression in some heterozygous carriers. In conclusion, we confirm that MYORG is a novel major PFBC causative gene and that the phenotype associated with such mutations may be recognized based on pedigree, clinical and radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou Grangeon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Quenez
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Rousseau
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Clara Budowski
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thibaud Lebouvier
- Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine de Sorbonne Université, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Favrole
- Department of Neurology, Aix Hospital, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Luc Defebvre
- Department of Neurology A, Salengro University Hospital, and EA4559, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Labauge
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Jérémie Pariente
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France.,Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Clanet
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Toulouse University, Inserm, Toulouse, France
| | - David Maltête
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Rovelet-Lecrux
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91057, Evry, France
| | | | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-les-Rouen, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
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24
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Peters MEM, de Brouwer EJM, Bartstra JW, Mali WPTM, Koek HL, Rozemuller AJM, Baas AF, de Jong PA. Mechanisms of calcification in Fahr disease and exposure of potential therapeutic targets. Neurol Clin Pract 2019; 10:449-457. [PMID: 33299674 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review There is growing interest in disorders involved in ectopic mineralization. Fahr disease or idiopathic basal ganglia calcification can serve as a model for ectopic mineralization in the basal ganglia, which is fairly common in the general population. In this review, we will focus on causative gene mutations and corresponding pathophysiologic pathways in Fahr disease. Recent findings Patients with Fahr disease have a variability of symptoms, such as movement disorders, psychiatric signs, and cognitive impairment, but can also be asymptomatic. Fahr disease is mostly autosomal dominant inherited, and there are mutations found in 4 causative genes. Mutations in SLC20A2 and XPR1 lead to a disrupted phosphate metabolism involving brain-specific inorganic phosphate transporters. Mutations in PDGFB and PDGFRB are associated with disrupted blood-brain barrier integrity and dysfunctional pericyte maintenance. In addition, the MYORG gene has recently been discovered to be involved in the autosomal recessive inheritance of Fahr. Summary Knowledge about the mutations and corresponding pathways may expose therapeutic opportunities for patients with Fahr disease and vascular calcifications in the brain in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E M Peters
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther J M de Brouwer
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas W Bartstra
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P Th M Mali
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Huiberdina L Koek
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M Rozemuller
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annette F Baas
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Departments of Radiology (MEMP, JWB, WPTMM, PAdJ), Geriatrics (EJMdB, HLK), Pathology (AJMR), and Genetics (AFB), University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Donzuso G, Mostile G, Nicoletti A, Zappia M. Basal ganglia calcifications (Fahr's syndrome): related conditions and clinical features. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:2251-2263. [PMID: 31267306 PMCID: PMC6817747 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basal ganglia calcifications could be incidental findings up to 20% of asymptomatic patients undergoing CT or MRI scan. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with bilateral basal ganglia calcifications (which could occur in other peculiar brain structures, such as dentate nuclei) identifies a clinical picture defined as Fahr's Disease. This denomination mainly refers to idiopathic forms in which no metabolic or other underlying causes are identified. Recently, mutations in four different genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) were identified, together with novel mutations in the Myogenic Regulating Glycosylase gene, causing the occurrence of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms. On the other hand, secondary forms, also identified as Fahr's syndrome, have been associated with different conditions: endocrine abnormalities of PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, other genetically determined conditions, brain infections, or toxic exposure. The underlying pathophysiology seems to be related to an abnormal calcium/phosphorus homeostasis and transportation and alteration of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donzuso
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mostile
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nicoletti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Zappia
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section Neuroscience, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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26
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Characterization of XPR1/SLC53A1 variants located outside of the SPX domain in patients with primary familial brain calcification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6776. [PMID: 31043717 PMCID: PMC6494797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurological disease characterized by deposits of calcium phosphate in the basal ganglia and other regions of the brain. Pathogenic variants in the XPR1/SLC53A1 gene, which encodes the only known inorganic phosphate exporter, cause an autosomal dominant form of PFBC. These variants are typically located in the SPX N-terminal domain of the protein. Here, we characterize three XPR1 variants outside of SPX in three PFBC patients with an apparently sporadic presentation: c.1375C > T p.(R459C), c.1855A > G p.(N619D) and c.1886T > G p.(I629S), with the latter identified as the first XPR1/SLC53A1 de novo mutation to occur in a PFBC proband. When tested in an in vitro physiological complementation assay, the three XPR1 variants were impaired in phosphate export function, although they were normally expressed at the cell surface and could serve as functional receptors for retrovirus entry. Moreover, peripheral blood cells from the p.N619D patient could be assayed ex vivo and displayed significantly impaired phosphate export. Our results establish for the first time the clinical and molecular characteristics of XPR1 variants located outside the SPX domain and assert a direct link between these variants, deficient phosphate export, and PFBC. Moreover, we unveiled new structural features in XPR1 C-terminal domain that play a role in phosphate export and disease.
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27
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Guo X, Su H, Zou X, Lai L, Lu Y, Wang C, Li Y, Hong J, Zhao M, Lin K, Lin J, Zeng Y, Yao X, Wang N, Chen W. Identification of
SLC20A2
deletions in patients with primary familial brain calcification. Clin Genet 2019; 96:53-60. [PMID: 30891739 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Hui‐Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiao‐Huan Zou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Lu‐Lu Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Ying‐Qian Lu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Yun‐Lu Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Jing‐Mei Hong
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Kun‐Xin Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Yi‐Heng Zeng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiang‐Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Wan‐Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
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28
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Chen WC, Li QL, Pan Q, Zhang HY, Fu XY, Yao F, Wang JN, Yang AK. Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) promotes progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) via activation of NF-κB signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:167. [PMID: 30995931 PMCID: PMC6469095 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1), a previously identified cellular receptor for several murine leukemia viruses, plays a role in many pathophysiological processes. However, the role of XPR1 in human cancers has not yet been characterized. Methods Real-time PCR and western blotting assay were used to measure the expression of XPR1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) tissues. Expression of XPR1 and p65 in clinical specimens was analyzed using immunohistochemical assay. The function of XPR1 on progression of TSCC was explored using in vitro and in vivo experiments. The molecular mechanism by which XPR1 helps to cancer progression was investigated by luciferase reporter activity, ELISA, PKA activity assay, immunofluorescence, western blotting and qPCR assay. Results Herein, we find that XPR1 is markedly upregulated in TSCC tissues compared to normal tongue tissues. High expression of XPR1 significantly correlates with the malignant features and poor patient survival in TSCC. Ectopic expression of XPR1 increases, while silencing of XPR1 reduces the proliferation, invasion and anti-apoptosis capacities of TSCC cells. Importantly, silencing of XPR1 effectively inhibits the tumorigenecity of TSCC cells. Moreover, we identified that XPR1 increased the concentration of intracellular cAMP and activated PKA. Thus, XPR1 promoted phosphorylation and activation of NF-κB signaling, which is required for XPR1-mediated oncogenic roles and significantly correlates with XPR1 expression in clinical specimens. Conclusions These findings uncover a critical role of XPR1 in TSCC progression via activation of NF-κB, and suggest that XPR1 might be a potential prognostic marker or therapeutic target. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1155-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Chen
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Li Li
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qimei Pan
- Guangzhou Yousheng Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Yong Zhang
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fu
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yao
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ning Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510055, People's Republic of China.
| | - An-Kui Yang
- Department of Head and Neck, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Wagner CA, Rubio-Aliaga I, Hernando N. Renal phosphate handling and inherited disorders of phosphate reabsorption: an update. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:549-559. [PMID: 29275531 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Renal phosphate handling critically determines plasma phosphate and whole body phosphate levels. Filtered phosphate is mostly reabsorbed by Na+-dependent phosphate transporters located in the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule: NaPi-IIa (SLC34A1), NaPi-IIc (SLC34A3), and Pit-2 (SLC20A2). Here we review new evidence for the role and relevance of these transporters in inherited disorders of renal phosphate handling. The importance of NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc for renal phosphate reabsorption and mineral homeostasis has been highlighted by the identification of mutations in these transporters in a subset of patients with infantile idiopathic hypercalcemia and patients with hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria. Both diseases are characterized by disturbed calcium homeostasis secondary to elevated 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 as a consequence of hypophosphatemia. In vitro analysis of mutated NaPi-IIa or NaPi-IIc transporters suggests defective trafficking underlying disease in most cases. Monoallelic pathogenic mutations in both SLC34A1 and SLC34A3 appear to be very frequent in the general population and have been associated with kidney stones. Consistent with these findings, results from genome-wide association studies indicate that variants in SLC34A1 are associated with a higher risk to develop kidney stones and chronic kidney disease, but underlying mechanisms have not been addressed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland. .,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center for Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Gennarino VA, Palmer EE, McDonell LM, Wang L, Adamski CJ, Koire A, See L, Chen CA, Schaaf CP, Rosenfeld JA, Panzer JA, Moog U, Hao S, Bye A, Kirk EP, Stankiewicz P, Breman AM, McBride A, Kandula T, Dubbs HA, Macintosh R, Cardamone M, Zhu Y, Ying K, Dias KR, Cho MT, Henderson LB, Baskin B, Morris P, Tao J, Cowley MJ, Dinger ME, Roscioli T, Caluseriu O, Suchowersky O, Sachdev RK, Lichtarge O, Tang J, Boycott KM, Holder JL, Zoghbi HY. A Mild PUM1 Mutation Is Associated with Adult-Onset Ataxia, whereas Haploinsufficiency Causes Developmental Delay and Seizures. Cell 2019; 172:924-936.e11. [PMID: 29474920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Certain mutations can cause proteins to accumulate in neurons, leading to neurodegeneration. We recently showed, however, that upregulation of a wild-type protein, Ataxin1, caused by haploinsufficiency of its repressor, the RNA-binding protein Pumilio1 (PUM1), also causes neurodegeneration in mice. We therefore searched for human patients with PUM1 mutations. We identified eleven individuals with either PUM1 deletions or de novo missense variants who suffer a developmental syndrome (Pumilio1-associated developmental disability, ataxia, and seizure; PADDAS). We also identified a milder missense mutation in a family with adult-onset ataxia with incomplete penetrance (Pumilio1-related cerebellar ataxia, PRCA). Studies in patient-derived cells revealed that the missense mutations reduced PUM1 protein levels by ∼25% in the adult-onset cases and by ∼50% in the infantile-onset cases; levels of known PUM1 targets increased accordingly. Changes in protein levels thus track with phenotypic severity, and identifying posttranscriptional modulators of protein expression should identify new candidate disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo A Gennarino
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Laura M McDonell
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carolyn J Adamski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda Koire
- Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren See
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chun-An Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christian P Schaaf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica A Panzer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shuang Hao
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann Bye
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pawel Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy M Breman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arran McBride
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Tejaswi Kandula
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Holly A Dubbs
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Michael Cardamone
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Ying Zhu
- Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kevin Ying
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kerith-Rae Dias
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Megan T Cho
- GeneDx, 207 Perry Pkwy Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | | | | | - Paula Morris
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jiang Tao
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Genetics Laboratory, NSW Health Pathology East Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Oksana Suchowersky
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and Pediatrics, University of Alberta, AB, Canada
| | - Rani K Sachdev
- Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Olivier Lichtarge
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianrong Tang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - J Lloyd Holder
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Guo XX, Zou XH, Wang C, Yao XP, Su HZ, Lai LL, Chen HT, Lai JH, Liu YB, Chen DP, Deng YC, Lin P, Lin HS, Hong BC, Yao QY, Chen XJ, Huang DQ, Fu HX, Peng JD, Niu YF, Zhao YY, Zhu XQ, Lu XP, Lin HL, Li YK, Liu CY, Huang GB, Wang N, Chen WJ. Spectrum of SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with primary familial brain calcification. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:392-403. [PMID: 30609140 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with four causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1) that have been identified. Here, we aim to describe the mutational spectrum of four causative genes in a series of 226 unrelated Chinese PFBC patients. Mutations in four causative genes were detected in 16.8% (38/226) of PFBC patients. SLC20A2 mutations accounted for 14.2% (32/226) of all patients. Mutations in the other three genes were relatively rare, accounting for 0.9% (2/226) of all patients, respectively. Clinically, 44.8% of genetically confirmed patients (probands and relatives) were considered symptomatic. The most frequent symptoms were chronic headache, followed by movement disorders and vertigo. Moreover, the total calcification score was significantly higher in the symptomatic group compared to the asymptomatic group. Functionally, we observed impaired phosphate transport induced by seven novel missense mutations in SLC20A2 and two novel mutations in XPR1. The mutation p.D164Y in XPR1 might result in low protein expression through an enhanced proteasome pathway. In conclusion, our study further confirms that mutations in SLC20A2 are the major cause of PFBC and provides additional evidence for the crucial roles of phosphate transport impairment in the pathogenies of PFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Guo
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Huan Zou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ping Yao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Su
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Lai
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Ting Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Third Hospital of Xiamen, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing-Hui Lai
- Department of Neurology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Subsidiary Rehabilitation Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yao-Bin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sanming Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Sanming, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Longyan First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
| | - Yu-Chun Deng
- Department of Neurology, Longyan People Hospital, Longyan, China
| | - Pan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Longyan City, Longyan, China
| | - Hua-Song Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Bing-Cong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yang Yao
- Department of Neurology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Qin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Wuyishan Municipal Hospital, Wuyishan, China
| | - Hong-Xia Fu
- Department of Neurology, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Ji-Dong Peng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yan-Fang Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical school, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hai-Liang Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Kun Li
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Department of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chang-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gen-Bin Huang
- Department of Internal Neurology, Ningde Municipal Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Ningde, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fuzhou, China
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32
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Lack of Major Ophthalmic Findings in Patients with Primary Familial Brain Calcification Linked to SLC20A2 and PDGFB. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 67:441-444. [PMID: 30607898 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symmetrical and bilateral brain calcification. It is typically inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder, and de novo variants have also been described. Interestingly, just recent studies have reported the first autosomal recessive PFBC-causative gene. PFBC patients exhibit high clinical heterogeneity including Parkinsonism, dystonia, ataxia, depression, and migraine. Mice studies, an important research tool, have been a breakthrough in increasing the understanding of PFBC's main signs and symptoms, and many findings reported in these mice have been subsequently reported in patients. One phenotype that has been observed in PFBC mice models but not in PFBC patients, however, is the development of ophthalmic abnormalities. This way, this report focused on performing an ophthalmic assessment in six Brazilian patients genetically diagnosed with PFBC. The assessments showed that none of the PFBC individuals included presented any of the ophthalmic abnormalities reported in mice models, such as cataracts, ocular calcification, abnormal iris and lens morphology, and retinal deterioration. Additionally, of the six PFBC patients described, two SLC20A2 mutation carriers showed physiological excavation of the optic nerve head and partial vitreous detachment, while just one individual presented bilateral narrowing of retinal arterioles. In summary, no evidence of similar ophthalmological abnormalities found in mice were found in our patients; nonetheless, further studies in larger sample size are warranted to corroborate with our findings. To our knowledge, this study is the first to focus on investigating, in PFBC patients, the ophthalmological phenotypes described in the PFBC mice models.
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33
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Pericytes in Primary Familial Brain Calcification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1147:247-264. [PMID: 31147881 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16908-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericytes are perivascular cells along capillaries that are critical for the development of a functional vascular bed in the central nervous system and other organs. Pericyte functions in the adult brain are less well understood. Pericytes have been suggested to mediate functional hyperemia at the capillary level, regulate the blood-brain barrier and to give rise to scar tissue after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, pericyte loss has been suggested to precede cognitive decline in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this observation, there is no convincing causality between pericyte loss and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, recent loss-of-function mutations in PDGFB and PDGFRB genes have implicated pericytes as the principle cell type affected in primary familiar brain calcification (PFBC), a neuropsychiatric disorder with dominant inheritance. Here we review the role of the PDGFB/PDGFRB signaling pathway in pericyte development and briefly discuss homeostatic functions of pericytes in the brain. We provide an overview of recent studies with mouse models of PFBC and discuss suggested pathogenic mechanisms for PFBC with special reference to pericytes.
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34
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Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for signal transduction and cell metabolism, and is also an essential structural component of the extracellular matrix of the skeleton. Pi is sensed in bacteria and yeast at the plasma membrane, which activates intracellular signal transduction to control the expression of Pi transporters and other genes that control intracellular Pi levels. In multicellular organisms, Pi homeostasis must be maintained in the organism and at the cellular level, requiring an endocrine and metabolic Pi-sensing mechanism, about which little is currently known. This Review will discuss the metabolic effects of Pi, which are mediated by Pi transporters, inositol pyrophosphates and SYG1-Pho81-XPR1 (SPX)-domain proteins to maintain cellular phosphate homeostasis in the musculoskeletal system. In addition, we will discuss how Pi is sensed by the human body to regulate the production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), parathyroid hormone and calcitriol to maintain serum levels of Pi in a narrow range. New findings on the crosstalk between iron and Pi homeostasis in the regulation of FGF23 expression will also be outlined. Mutations in components of these metabolic and endocrine phosphate sensors result in genetic disorders of phosphate homeostasis, cardiomyopathy and familial basal ganglial calcifications, highlighting the importance of this newly emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Chande
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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35
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Ramos EM, Carecchio M, Lemos R, Ferreira J, Legati A, Sears RL, Hsu SC, Panteghini C, Magistrelli L, Salsano E, Esposito S, Taroni F, Richard AC, Tranchant C, Anheim M, Ayrignac X, Goizet C, Vidailhet M, Maltete D, Wallon D, Frebourg T, Pimentel L, Geschwind DH, Vanakker O, Galasko D, Fogel BL, Innes AM, Ross A, Dobyns WB, Alcantara D, O'Driscoll M, Hannequin D, Campion D, Oliveira JR, Garavaglia B, Coppola G, Nicolas G. Primary brain calcification: an international study reporting novel variants and associated phenotypes. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:1462-1477. [PMID: 29955172 PMCID: PMC6138755 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare cerebral microvascular calcifying disorder with a wide spectrum of motor, cognitive, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is typically inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait with four causative genes identified so far: SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1. Our study aimed at screening the coding regions of these genes in a series of 177 unrelated probands that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for primary brain calcification regardless of their family history. Sequence variants were classified as pathogenic, likely pathogenic, or of uncertain significance (VUS), based on the ACMG-AMP recommendations. We identified 45 probands (25.4%) carrying either pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants (n = 34, 19.2%) or VUS (n = 11, 6.2%). SLC20A2 provided the highest contribution (16.9%), followed by XPR1 and PDGFB (3.4% each), and PDGFRB (1.7%). A total of 81.5% of carriers were symptomatic and the most recurrent symptoms were parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disturbances (52.3%, 40.9%, and 38.6% of symptomatic individuals, respectively), with a wide range of age at onset (from childhood to 81 years). While the pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants identified in this study can be used for genetic counseling, the VUS will require additional evidence, such as recurrence in unrelated patients, in order to be classified as pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
- PhD Programme in Translational and Molecular Medicine, Milan Bicocca University, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberta Lemos
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Joana Ferreira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Andrea Legati
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Renee Louise Sears
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandy Chan Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Celeste Panteghini
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Piedmont, C.so Mazzini 18, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Silvia Esposito
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Celoria 11, Milan, 20131, Italy
| | - Franco Taroni
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via Amadeo 42, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Anne-Claire Richard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre; Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Génétique Médicale, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Laboratoire Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Sorbonne Universites, Paris, France
| | - David Maltete
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1073, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, F 76000, Rouen, France
| | - David Wallon
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Frebourg
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Lylyan Pimentel
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olivier Vanakker
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego and University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Brent L Fogel
- Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Micheil Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Alison Ross
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Ashgrove House, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - William B Dobyns
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Washington; and Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Genome Damage & Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Genome Damage & Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
- Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - João R Oliveira
- Keizo Asami Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Barbara Garavaglia
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Movement Disorders Section, IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Via L. Temolo n. 4, Milan, 20116, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.
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Nicolas G, Charbonnier C, Campion D, Veltman JA. Estimation of minimal disease prevalence from population genomic data: Application to primary familial brain calcification. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2018; 177:68-74. [PMID: 29152850 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary Familial Brain Calcification (PFBC) is a rare calcifying disorder of the brain with autosomal dominant inheritance, of unknown prevalence. Four causal genes have been identified so far: SLC20A2, PDGFB, PDGFRB, and XPR1, with pathogenic, probably pathogenic or missense variants of unknown significance found in 27.7% probands in the French PFBC series. Estimating PFBC prevalence from a clinical input is arduous due to a large diversity of symptoms and ages of onset and to incomplete clinical penetrance. Abnormal calcifications on CT scan can be used as a reliable diagnostic biomarker whatever the clinical status, but differential diagnoses should be ruled out including the challenging exclusion of common basal ganglia calcifications. Our primary aim was to estimate the minimal prevalence of PFBC due to a variant in one of the known genes. We extracted variants from the four known genes present in the gnomAD database gathering genomic data from 138,632 individuals. We interpreted all variants based on their predicted effect, their frequency, and previous studies on PFBC patients. Using the most conservative estimate, the minimal prevalence of PFBC related to a variant in one of the four known genes was 4.5 p. 10,000 (95%CI [3.4-5.5] p. 10,000). We then used variant detection rates in patients to extrapolate an overall minimal prevalence of PFBC to 2.1 p. 1,000 (95%CI [1.9-2.4] p. 1,000). The population-based genomic analysis indicates that PFBC is not an exceptionally rare disorder, still underestimated and underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Nicolas
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Camille Charbonnier
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Campion
- Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, F 76000, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245 and Rouen University Hospital, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France.,Department of Research, Rouvray Psychiatric Hospital, Sotteville-lès-Rouen, France
| | - Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Brain calcifications may be an incidental finding on neuroimaging in normal, particularly older individuals, but can also indicate numerous hereditary and nonhereditary syndromes, and metabolic, environmental, infectious, autoimmune, mitochondrial, traumatic, or toxic disorders. Bilateral calcifications most commonly affecting the basal ganglia may often be found in idiopathic cases, and a new term, primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), has been proposed that recognizes the genetic causes of the disorder and that calcifications occurred well beyond the basal ganglia. PFBC, usually inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, is both an intrafamilial and an interfamilial heterogeneous disorder, clinically characterized by an insidious and progressive development of movement disorders, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms, but also cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs, and sometimes isolated seizures and headaches/migraines. Heterozygous mutations in four genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1) have recently proved to be the causes of the autosomal dominant forms of PFBC, also suggesting disrupted phosphate homeostasis as "an underlying and converging" pathophysiological mechanism. However, to date, it is not possible to anticipate with acceptable certainty any of known genetic causes of PFBC on the basis of the type, severity, pattern of distribution, or combination of movement disorders (mainly parkinsonism, with or without tremor, but also dystonia, chorea, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, orofacial dyskinesia, and gait and speech disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Kostić
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Igor N Petrović
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 6, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
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Koyama S, Sato H, Kobayashi R, Kawakatsu S, Kurimura M, Wada M, Kawanami T, Kato T. Clinical and radiological diversity in genetically confirmed primary familial brain calcification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12046. [PMID: 28935882 PMCID: PMC5608910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11595-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is a rare neuropsychiatric disorder with characteristic symmetrical brain calcifications. Patients with PFBC may have a variety of symptoms, although they also may be clinically asymptomatic. Parkinsonism is one of the most common movement disorders; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This condition is typically transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. To date, mutations in SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, and XPR1 have been reported to cause PFBC. The aim of the study was to identify the genetic cause of brain calcification in probands from three PFBC families and in 8 sporadic patients and to perform clinical and radiological assessments focusing on parkinsonism in mutation carriers. Three familial PFBC probands and their relatives and eight sporadic patients affected with brain calcifications were enrolled in this study. Whole-exome sequencing identified three novel mutations: c.269G > T, p.(Gly90Val) and c.516+1G > A in SLC20A2 in familial cases, and c.602-1G > T in PDGFB in a sporadic patient. The c.516+1G > A mutation resulted in exon 4 skipping in SLC20A2 (p.Val144Glyfs*85). Dopamine transporter single photon emission computed tomography using 123I-ioflupane and 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy revealed pre-synaptic dopaminergic deficit and cardiac sympathetic nerve dysfunction in two SLC20A2-related PFBC patients with parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Koyama
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Sato
- Genomic Information Analysis Unit, Department of Genomic Cohort Research, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kawakatsu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Aizu Medical Center, Fukushima Medical University, 21-2 Maeda, Tanisawa, Kawahigashi, Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima, 969-3492, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimura
- Department of Neurology, Okitama Public General Hospital, 2000 Nishi-otsuka, Kawanishi-machi, Higashi-okitama-gun, Yamagata, 992-0601, Japan
| | - Manabu Wada
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanami
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Takeo Kato
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Jaworski K, Styczyńska M, Mandecka M, Walecki J, Kosior DA. Fahr Syndrome - an Important Piece of a Puzzle in the Differential Diagnosis of Many Diseases. Pol J Radiol 2017; 82:490-493. [PMID: 29662577 PMCID: PMC5894054 DOI: 10.12659/pjr.902024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fahr syndrome is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by symmetrical, bilateral calcifications in the basal ganglia, nucleus gyrus and cerebral cortex. The continuous advancement as well as widespread use of brain imaging have contributed to the increasing detection rates of such changes. Nevertheless, their etiology is understood only partially and the methods of causative treatment are limited. Due to various symptoms, Fahr syndrome may resemble diseases from the field of neurology, psychiatry, cardiology and even urology. This article provides an up-to-date review of the literature concerning Fahr syndrome in terms of clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Jaworski
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Central Clinical Hospital of The Ministry of Interior, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Styczyńska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Mandecka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Walecki
- Department of Radiology, Postgraduate Medical School, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz A. Kosior
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Analysis of gene expression and functional characterization of XPR1: a pathogenic gene for primary familial brain calcification. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 370:267-273. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We give an update on the etiology and potential treatment options of rare inherited monogenic disorders associated with arterial calcification and calcific cardiac valve disease. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies of rare inherited syndromes have identified key regulators of ectopic calcification. Based on the pathogenic principles causing the diseases, these can be classified into three groups: (1) disorders of an increased extracellular inorganic phosphate/inorganic pyrophosphate ratio (generalized arterial calcification of infancy, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, arterial calcification and distal joint calcification, progeria, idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, and hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis; (2) interferonopathies (Singleton-Merten syndrome); and (3) others, including Keutel syndrome and Gaucher disease type IIIC. Although some of the identified causative mechanisms are not easy to target for treatment, it has become clear that a disturbed serum phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio is a major force triggering arterial and cardiac valve calcification. Further studies will focus on targeting the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio to effectively prevent and treat these calcific disease phenotypes.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Multiple/drug therapy
- Abnormalities, Multiple/genetics
- Abnormalities, Multiple/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/drug therapy
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/drug therapy
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/genetics
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/metabolism
- Calcinosis/drug therapy
- Calcinosis/genetics
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Cartilage Diseases/drug therapy
- Cartilage Diseases/genetics
- Cartilage Diseases/metabolism
- Dental Enamel Hypoplasia/drug therapy
- Dental Enamel Hypoplasia/genetics
- Dental Enamel Hypoplasia/metabolism
- Diphosphates/metabolism
- Enzyme Replacement Therapy
- Gaucher Disease/drug therapy
- Gaucher Disease/genetics
- Gaucher Disease/metabolism
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/drug therapy
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/drug therapy
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/genetics
- Hyperostosis, Cortical, Congenital/metabolism
- Hyperphosphatemia/drug therapy
- Hyperphosphatemia/genetics
- Hyperphosphatemia/metabolism
- Interferons/metabolism
- Metacarpus/abnormalities
- Metacarpus/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/drug therapy
- Muscular Diseases/genetics
- Muscular Diseases/metabolism
- Odontodysplasia/drug therapy
- Odontodysplasia/genetics
- Odontodysplasia/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/drug therapy
- Osteoporosis/genetics
- Osteoporosis/metabolism
- Phosphates/metabolism
- Progeria/drug therapy
- Progeria/genetics
- Progeria/metabolism
- Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum/drug therapy
- Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum/genetics
- Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum/metabolism
- Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/drug therapy
- Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/genetics
- Pulmonary Valve Stenosis/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/drug therapy
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nitschke
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Rutsch
- Department of General Pediatrics, Münster University Children's Hospital, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D-48149, Münster, Germany.
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Mi TM, Mao W, Cai YN, Yang CX, Wang CD, Xu EH, Zhang H, Chan P. Primary familial brain calcifications linked with a novel SLC20A2 gene mutation in a Chinese family. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:149-152. [PMID: 28609135 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1336235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Mian Mi
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ning Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Dong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Er-He Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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43
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Phosphate Transporters Expression in Patients with Primary Familial Brain Calcifications. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:276-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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44
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Azevedo C, Saiardi A. Eukaryotic Phosphate Homeostasis: The Inositol Pyrophosphate Perspective. Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:219-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Grütz K, Volpato CB, Domingo A, Alvarez-Fischer D, Gebert U, Schifferle G, Buffone E, Wszolek ZK, Rademakers R, Ferbert A, Hicks AA, Klein C, Pramstaller PP, Westenberger A. Primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred: All linkage roads lead to SLC20A2. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1901-1904. [PMID: 27671522 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linkage analyses of families with primary familial brain calcification (formerly idiopathic basal ganglia calcification [IBGC]) identified 3 candidate loci (IBGC1-3). Recently, SLC20A2 mutations were found in the IBGC1 and IBGC3 families, merging these 2 loci. We here elucidate the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred. METHODS We sequenced known primary familial brain calcification genes and quantified SLC20A2 and PDGFB. Moreover, CT scans of affected and unaffected family members were evaluated by 2 blinded neuroradiologists for distribution of brain calcification. RESULTS A heterozygous multiexonic SLC20A2 deletion was detected in several affected family members. A reevaluation of neuroimaging data revealed a subset of mutation-negative individuals with only mild and/or unilateral calcification. CONCLUSIONS The identified SLC20A2 mutation resolves the genetic cause of primary familial brain calcification in the 'IBGC2' kindred, collapsing 'IBGC2' into IBGC1. We suggest an algorithm for predicting the chances of finding genetic mutations that has to be validated in further studies. Our study enhances criteria for the evaluation of neuroimaging data, contributing further to the much needed harmonization of diagnostic and research data collection in primary familial brain calcification. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Claudia B Volpato
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Graduate School Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Fischer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Uwe Gebert
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of Bresanone/Brixen, Italy
| | | | - Ebba Buffone
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy-Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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