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Han JW, Chang HS, Yang JY, Choi HS, Park HS, Jun HO, Choi JH, Paik SS, Chung KH, Shin HJ, Nam S, Son JH, Lee SH, Lee EJ, Seo KY, Lyu J, Kim JW, Kim IB, Park TK. Intravitreal Administration of Retinal Organoids-Derived Exosomes Alleviates Photoreceptor Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats by Targeting the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12068. [PMID: 37569444 PMCID: PMC10419150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that exosomes are involved in retinal cell degeneration, including their insufficient release; hence, they have become important indicators of retinopathies. The exosomal microRNA (miRNA), in particular, play important roles in regulating ocular and retinal cell functions, including photoreceptor maturation, maintenance, and visual function. Here, we generated retinal organoids (ROs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells that differentiated in a conditioned medium for 60 days, after which exosomes were extracted from ROs (Exo-ROs). Subsequently, we intravitreally injected the Exo-RO solution into the eyes of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. Intravitreal Exo-RO administration reduced photoreceptor apoptosis, prevented outer nuclear layer thinning, and preserved visual function in RCS rats. RNA sequencing and miRNA profiling showed that exosomal miRNAs are mainly involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. In addition, the expression of MAPK-related genes and proteins was significantly decreased in the Exo-RO-treated group. These results suggest that Exo-ROs may be a potentially novel strategy for delaying retinal degeneration by targeting the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hun Soo Chang
- Department of Microbiolo and BK21 FOUR Project, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Republic of Korea; (H.S.C.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Han Sol Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hyo Song Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hyoung Oh Jun
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Ji Hye Choi
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.P.); (I.-B.K.)
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwun Chung
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
| | - Hee Jeong Shin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seungyeon Nam
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Notre Dame College of Science, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Ji-Hye Son
- Department of Microbiolo and BK21 FOUR Project, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan 31538, Republic of Korea; (H.S.C.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.W.K.)
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jungmook Lyu
- Department of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejun 32992, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.W.K.)
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea; (S.-S.P.); (I.-B.K.)
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.W.H.); (H.S.C.); (H.S.P.); (S.H.L.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy for Retinal Degeneration, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.Y.); (H.O.J.); (J.H.C.); (K.H.C.)
- Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea;
- oligoNgene Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bucheon 31538, Republic of Korea
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Dörschmann P, Seeba C, Thalenhorst T, Roider J, Klettner A. Anti-inflammatory properties of antiangiogenic fucoidan in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15202. [PMID: 37123974 PMCID: PMC10130777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease in which angiogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation are important contributing factors. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a fucoidan from the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus (FV) in primary porcine RPE cells. Inflammation was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), Pam2CSK4 (Pam), or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Cell viability was tested with thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test, barrier function by measuring transepithelial electric resistance (TEER), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion in ELISA, retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein (RPE65) and protectin (CD59) expression in Western blot, gene expression with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (IL6, IL8, MERTK, PIK3CA), and phagocytotic activity in a microscopic assay. FV fucoidan did not influence RPE cell viability. FV fucoidan reduced the Poly I:C proinflammatory cytokine secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. In addition, it decreased the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in RT-PCR. LPS and TNF-α reduced the expression of CD59 in Western blot, this reduction was lost under FV fucoidan treatment. Also, LPS and TNF-α reduced the expression of visual cycle protein RPE65, this reduction was again lost under FV fucoidan treatment. Furthermore, the significant reduction of barrier function after Poly I:C stimulation is ameliorated by FV fucoidan. Concerning phagocytosis, however, the inflammation-induced reduction was not improved by FV fucoidan. FV and proinflammatory milieu did not relevantly influence phagocytosis relevant gene expression either. In conclusion, we show that fucoidan from FV can reduce proinflammatory stimulation in RPE induced by toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) activation and is of high interest as a potential compound for early AMD treatment.
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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Yan M, Li J, Yan L, Li X, Chen JG. Transcription factor Foxp1 is essential for the induction of choroidal neovascularization. EYE AND VISION 2022; 9:10. [PMID: 35248156 PMCID: PMC8898411 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The exudative form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth, which is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) released from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The angiogenic behaviors of vascular endothelial cells in vitro depend on forkhead box protein P1 (Foxp1), a transcription repressor widely expressed in human and murine tissues during development. In this study, we aimed to determine whether loss of Foxp1 affects laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mouse. Methods Eye-selective deletion of Foxp1 was obtained by crossing Foxp1flox/flox with Six3-Cre mice. Laser photocoagulation was delivered to six- to eight-week-old mice to induce CNV. The expression of Foxp1 and Cre was determined by immunofluorescence in cryostat sections of the eyes. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and B4 isolectin staining were applied to analyze the leakage, bulge height, and area of CNV lesions, respectively. RPE-choroid tissues were isolated for the determination of VEGF and pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) by Western blotting. Results Foxp1 was expressed in retinal ganglion cells, RPE, and the choroidal endothelial cells. Laser photocoagulation increased the number of Foxp1+-endothelial cells and induced CNV. Six3-Cre reduced Foxp1 expression in RPE but not the endothelium, leading to a lower level of VEGF in the RPE-choroid. Foxp1 knockout inhibited pathological angiogenesis and vascular leakage of the laser-induced CNV lesions. Conclusions Foxp1 regulates the expression of VEGF in the RPE, and inhibition of Foxp1 could potentially be a novel strategy for the prevention and therapy of neovascularization related to AMD.
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Lewis LLM, Dörschmann P, Seeba C, Thalenhorst T, Roider J, Iloki Assanga SB, Ruiz JCG, Del Castillo Castro T, Rosas-Burgos EC, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Ezquerra Brauer JM, Klettner A. Properties of Cephalopod Skin Ommochromes to Inhibit Free Radicals, and the Maillard Reaction and Retino-Protective Mechanisms in Cellular Models Concerning Oxidative Stress, Angiogenesis, and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081574. [PMID: 36009293 PMCID: PMC9404994 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ommochromes are pigments of invertebrates that exhibit oxidative stress protection. The aim of this study was to investigate ommochromes extracted from cephalopod’s skin for their ability to inhibit age-related-macular degeneration (AMD)-related factors such as H2O2-induced and iron-dependent oxidative stress (ferroptosis and erastin), accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and interleukin 8) secretion. As cell systems, we used primary porcine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), human retinal pigment epithelium cell line ARPE-19 and uveal melanoma cell line OMM-1. In vitro, ommochromes produced an antiglycation effect by the inhibition of fructosylation reaction. The ommochromes showed protective effects against erastin- induced cell death in ARPE-19. In addition, in long-term stimulation (7 days) ommochromes decreased constitutively secreted VEGF, as well as interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 induced by Poly I:C in primary RPE. No relevant effects were detected in OMM-1 cells. The effects are dependent on the cell system, time of exposition, and concentration. This substance is of interest for further research concerning age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luján Lidianys María Lewis
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Philipp Dörschmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 25, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Charlotte Seeba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 25, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tabea Thalenhorst
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 25, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 25, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Bernard Iloki Assanga
- Department of Biological Chemical Sciences, Sonora University, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Gálvez Ruiz
- Department of Biological Chemical Sciences, Sonora University, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Teresa Del Castillo Castro
- Department of Research on Polymers and Materials, Sonora University, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Ema Carina Rosas-Burgos
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Josafat Marina Ezquerra Brauer
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus 25, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-431-500-24283
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Wang M, Hu F, Wu J, Zhang S. The Effects of Different Degrees of Hypoxia on Retinal Pigment Epithelium. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hypoxia causes abnormal changes in tissue metabolism and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the changes in cell function and intracellular molecules in RPE cells induced by hypoxia are not fully understood. In our study, cell viability,
apoptosis, oxidative stress and changes in intracellular molecules at different time points were evaluated in ARPE-19 cells using a hypoxia model. A short period of mild hypoxia stimulated cell proliferation and apoptosis was induced as the period of hypoxia increased and the oxygen concentration
decreased. As hypoxia worsened, the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was often accompanied with increased oxidative stress, increased intracellular HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF secretion to induce neovascularization. Additionally, p-ERK1 and ERK2 level
was increased and p-ERK2 was decreased during hypoxia. In conclusion, our results show that the changes in the RPE is a process that depends on the degree of hypoxia and exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fangyuan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jihong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shenghai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
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Zhang W, Wang H, Liu F, Ye X, Tang W, Zhang P, Gu T, Zhu D, Bi Y. Effects of Early Intensive Insulin Therapy on Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:679-690. [PMID: 34894328 PMCID: PMC8991286 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-021-01185-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the alteration of circulating CD34+KDR+CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and the mechanism of the effect of early intensive insulin therapy. METHODS In this study, 36 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 22 control subjects matched by age and gender were enrolled. All of the patients with diabetes received intensive insulin therapy. The number of EPCs was assessed by flow cytometry based on the expression of CD34, CD133, and kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR). RESULTS Levels of circulating CD34+KDR+CD133+ EPCs were higher in patients with diabetes compared to control subjects and significantly decreased after intensive insulin therapy. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a major contributor to EPC mobilization, were significantly higher in patients with diabetes compared to control subjects, and dramatically decreased after insulin therapy. Importantly, VEGF levels correlated with number of EPCs. Moreover, compared with control subjects, pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were significantly higher in patients with diabetes and markedly decreased after intensive insulin therapy. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increase of circulating CD34+KDR+CD133+ EPCs at the onset of diabetes, indicating increased compensatory mobilization. Additionally, early intensive insulin therapy exerts a preserving effect on EPC level partly through improving inflammation status and oxidative stress, thereby implying a putative long-term beneficial effect on vascular integrity via suspending excessive EPC exhaustion. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER NCT03710811.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongdong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangcen Liu
- Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Ye
- Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengzi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianwei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Bi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
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Caveolin-1 Down-Regulation Reduces VEGF-A Secretion Induced by IGF-1 in ARPE-19 Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010044. [PMID: 35054437 PMCID: PMC8781830 DOI: 10.3390/life12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulates expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), the main actor in ocular neovascularization, by RPE cells. Activity of IGF-1 is regulated by interaction between its receptor and Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), the main component of caveolae. The aim of this study was to investigate whether modulation of Cav-1 expression affects synthesis and secretion of VEGF-A. ARPE-19 cells were transfected with small interfering RNA for Cav-1 (si-Cav-1) and with control siRNA (si-CTR) and stimulated with IGF-1. We found that down-regulation of Cav-1 did not affect activation of IGF-1R but regulated in an opposite manner the phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2. Moreover, we found that IGF-1 increased mRNA levels of VEGF-A in both si-CTR and in si-Cav-1 ARPE-19 cells and that Cav-1 silencing significantly reduced basal and IGF-1-stimulated VEGF-A release. Then we investigated the response of the microvascular endothelial cell line HMEC-1 to secretory products of ARPE-19 cells by evaluating wound healing closure, finding that conditioned media from si-Cav-1-ARPE-19 cells reduced endothelial cell migration rate. These data demonstrate that Cav-1 regulates secretion of VEGF-A, and that the depletion of Cav-1 reduces IGF-1 induced VEGF-A secretion in ARPE-19 cells and the migratory potential of their secretory products.
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Richert E, Papenkort J, von der Burchard C, Klettner A, Arnold P, Lucius R, Brinkmann R, Framme C, Roider J, Tode J. Selective retina therapy and thermal stimulation of the retina: different regenerative properties - implications for AMD therapy. BMC Ophthalmol 2021; 21:412. [PMID: 34847865 PMCID: PMC8630886 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-021-02188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective Retina Therapy (SRT), a photodisruptive micropulsed laser modality that selectively destroys RPE cells followed by regeneration, and Thermal Stimulation of the Retina (TSR), a stimulative photothermal continuous wave laser modality that leads to an instant sublethal temperature increase in RPE cells, have shown therapeutic effects on Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) in mice. We investigate the differences between both laser modalities concerning RPE regeneration. METHODS For PCR array, 6 eyes of murine AMD models, apolipoprotein E and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2- like 2 knock out mice respectively, were treated by neuroretina-sparing TSR or SRT. Untreated litter mates were controls. Eyes were enucleated either 1 or 7 days after laser treatment. For morphological analysis, porcine RPE/choroid organ cultures underwent the same laser treatment and were examined by calcein vitality staining 1 h and 1, 3 or 5 days after irradiation. RESULTS TSR did not induce the expression of cell-mediators connected to cell death. SRT induced necrosis associated cytokines as well as inflammation 1 but not 7 days after treatment. Morphologically, 1 h after TSR, there was no cell damage. One and 3 days after TSR, dense chromatin and cell destruction of single cells was seen. Five days after TSR, there were signs of migration and proliferation. In contrast, 1 h after SRT a defined necrotic area within the laser spot was seen. This lesion was closed over days by migration and proliferation of adjacent cells. CONCLUSIONS SRT induces RPE cell death, followed by regeneration within a few days. It is accompanied by necrosis induced inflammation, RPE proliferation and migration. TSR does not induce immediate RPE cell death; however, migration and mitosis can be seen a few days after laser irradiation, not accompanied by necrosis-associated inflammation. Both might be a therapeutic option for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Richert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Papenkort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claus von der Burchard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Institute of Anatomy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Brinkmann
- Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Framme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Roider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Tode
- Department of Ophthalmology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, University Medical Center, Kiel, Germany. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Krueger K, Boehme E, Klettner AK, Zille M. The potential of marine resources for retinal diseases: a systematic review of the molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:7518-7560. [PMID: 33970706 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1915242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We rely on vision more than on any other sense to obtain information about our environment. Hence, the loss or even impairment of vision profoundly affects our quality of life. Diet or food components have already demonstrated beneficial effects on the development of retinal diseases. Recently, there has been a growing interest in resources from marine animals and plants for the prevention of retinal diseases through nutrition. Especially fish intake and omega-3 fatty acids have already led to promising results, including associations with a reduced incidence of retinal diseases. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are insufficiently explained. The aim of this review was to summarize the known mechanistic effects of marine resources on the pathophysiological processes in retinal diseases. We performed a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines and identified 107 studies investigating marine resources in the context of retinal diseases. Of these, 46 studies described the underlying mechanisms including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiangiogenic/vasoprotective, cytoprotective, metabolic, and retinal function effects, which we critically summarize. We further discuss perspectives on the use of marine resources for human nutrition to prevent retinal diseases with a particular focus on regulatory aspects, health claims, safety, and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Krueger
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elke Boehme
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alexa Karina Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Quincke Research Center, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marietta Zille
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Research and Development Center for Marine and Cellular Biotechnology EMB, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Toma C, De Cillà S, Palumbo A, Garhwal DP, Grossini E. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Their Role in Different Stages of Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050653. [PMID: 33922463 PMCID: PMC8145578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in the retina and choroid due to an imbalance between local oxidants/anti-oxidant systems leading to chronic inflammation could represent the trigger event. Different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the involvement of reactive oxygen species generated in a highly oxidative environment in the development of drusen and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in the initial pathologic processes of AMD; moreover, recent evidence has highlighted the possible association of oxidative stress and neovascular AMD. Nitric oxide (NO), which is known to play a key role in retinal physiological processes and in the regulation of choroidal blood flow, under pathologic conditions could lead to RPE/photoreceptor degeneration due to the generation of peroxynitrite, a potentially cytotoxic tyrosine-nitrating molecule. Furthermore, the altered expression of the different isoforms of NO synthases could be involved in choroidal microvascular changes leading to neovascularization. The purpose of this review was to investigate the different pathways activated by oxidative/nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of AMD, focusing on the mechanisms leading to neovascularization and on the possible protective role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Toma
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano De Cillà
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Aurelio Palumbo
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Divya Praveen Garhwal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-0321-660526
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13
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The Influence of Melatonin and Light on VEGF Secretion in Primary RPE Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010114. [PMID: 33467052 PMCID: PMC7830335 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) cells constitutively secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina, protecting the neuronal cells and the choroid. Increased VEGF secretion, however, can result in neovascularization and edema. Many factors regulate VEGF secretion. In this study, we investigated the effect of external stimuli in relation to diurnal rhythm on constitutive VEGF secretion. (2) Methods: Single-eye RPE cell culture was prepared from porcine eyes. RPE cells were cultured in darkness, treated with daylight or room light, and treated with melatonin at different time frames, either respectively or in combination. Supernatants were collected and VEGF content evaluated using ELISA. Expression of the clock protein BMAL1 was evaluated with Western blot. (3) Results: VEGF secretion of the RPE shows a diurnal rhythm. While the rhythm is not influenced by either light or melatonin, the amount of secreted VEGF can be increased by nocturnal melatonin, especially in combination with morning daylight. These findings disclose another layer of VEGF regulation in the retina.
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14
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Ushakov VL, Malashenkova IK, Kostyuk GP, Zakharova NV, Krynskiy SA, Kartashov SI, Ogurtsov DP, Bravve LV, Kaydan MA, Hailov NA, Chekulaeva EI, Didkovsky NA. [The relationship between inflammation, cognitive disorders and neuroimaging data in schizophrenia]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:70-78. [PMID: 33340301 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012011170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search for the relationship between the results of functional imaging, immunological parameters and laboratory markers of inflammation in schizophrenia, taking into account cognitive impairment in patients, and to consider the possibility of using a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 25 patients with schizophrenia and 13 healthy volunteers. Psychiatric scales were administered to evaluate the patient's condition. The main indicators of humoral immunity, the level of markers of inflammation, key pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and growth factor VEGF were determined by ELISA. Brain MRI was performed. All calculated tractographic data are included in the connection database to study the effect of immunological markers and the degree of severity of cognitive impairment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Levels of markers of systemic inflammation and growth factor VEGF-A as well as the activation of humoral immunity are increased in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls. For the first time, the relationship of immunological parameters with the coefficient of quantitative anisotropy in the area of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia was revealed. The results indicate the possible value of indicators of the activation of the humoral immune response and systemic inflammation as markers of neurophysiological changes and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Ushakov
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,Alekseev Mental-health Hospital No1, Moscow, Russia
| | - I K Malashenkova
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,Federal Research and Clinical Center of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - G P Kostyuk
- Alekseev Mental-health Hospital No1, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - S A Krynskiy
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - S I Kartashov
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - D P Ogurtsov
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,Federal Research and Clinical Center of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Bravve
- Alekseev Mental-health Hospital No1, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Kaydan
- Alekseev Mental-health Hospital No1, Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Hailov
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - E I Chekulaeva
- National Researh Center «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia
| | - N A Didkovsky
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Dörschmann P, Klettner A. Fucoidans as Potential Therapeutics for Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Current Evidence from In Vitro Research. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9272. [PMID: 33291752 PMCID: PMC7729934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major reason for blindness in the industrialized world with limited treatment options. Important pathogenic pathways in AMD include oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Due to their bioactivities, fucoidans have recently been suggested as potential therapeutics. This review gives an overview of the recent developments in this field. Recent studies have characterized several fucoidans from different species, with different molecular characteristics and different extraction methods, in regard to their ability to reduce oxidative stress and inhibit VEGF in AMD-relevant in vitro systems. As shown in these studies, fucoidans exhibit a species dependency in their bioactivity. Additionally, molecular properties such as molecular weight and fucose content are important issues. Fucoidans from Saccharina latissima and Laminaria hyperborea were identified as the most promising candidates for further development. Further research is warranted to establish fucoidans as potential therapeutics for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Kiel, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
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16
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Autophagy Upregulation by the TFEB Inducer Trehalose Protects against Oxidative Damage and Cell Death Associated with NRF2 Inhibition in Human RPE Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5296341. [PMID: 32774677 PMCID: PMC7396061 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5296341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural dietary molecule that has shown antiaging and neuroprotective effects in several animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. The role of trehalose in the management of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is yet to be investigated and whether trehalose could be a remedy for the treatment of diseases linked to oxidative stress and NRF2 dysregulation. Here, we showed that incubation of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with trehalose enhanced the mRNA and protein expressions of TFEB, autophagy genes ATG5 and ATG7, as well as protein expressions of macroautophagy markers, LC3B and p62/SQTM1, and the chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) receptor LAMP2. Cathepsin D, a hydrolytic lysosomal enzyme, was also increased by trehalose, indicating higher proteolytic activity. Moreover, trehalose upregulated autophagy flux evident by an increase in the endogenous LC3B level, and accumulation of GFP-LC3B puncta and free GFP fragments in GFP-LC3 - expressing cells in the presence of chloroquine. In addition, the mRNA levels of key molecular targets implicated in RPE damage and AMD, such as vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) A and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), were downregulated, whereas NRF2 was upregulated by trehalose. Subsequently, we mimicked in vitro AMD conditions using hydroquinone (HQ) as the oxidative insult on RPE cells and evaluated the cytoprotective effect of trehalose compared to vehicle treatment. HQ depleted NRF2, increased oxidative stress, and reduced the viability of cells, while trehalose pretreatment protected against HQ-induced toxicity. The cytoprotection by trehalose was dependent on autophagy but not NRF2 activation, since autophagy inhibition by shRNA knockdown of ATG5 led to a loss of the protective effect. The results support the transcriptional upregulation of TFEB and autophagy by trehalose and its protection against HQ-induced oxidative damage in RPE cells. Further investigation is, therefore, warranted into the therapeutic value of trehalose in alleviating AMD and retinal diseases associated with impaired NRF2 antioxidant defense.
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17
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Liu F, Ma Y, Xu Y. Taxifolin Shows Anticataractogenesis and Attenuates Diabetic Retinopathy in STZ-Diabetic Rats via Suppression of Aldose Reductase, Oxidative Stress, and MAPK Signaling Pathway. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:599-608. [PMID: 31656158 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191018122821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Due to the increased prevalence of diabetes-associated complications of the
eye like diabetic retinopathy and cataract, the need for a novel therapeutic agent is urgent. Due to the
advantages that the polyphenolic compounds enjoy in diabetes and associated complications, we postulated
that Taxifolin (TXF), a poly-phenolic flavanol, could show anti-retinopathic and anti-cataract
effect in diabetes-induced rats.
Methods:
TXF at a dose of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg was given by oral route to STZ mediated diabetic rats
for a time period of 10 weeks. The opacity of lens was studied after every 7 days of treatment till 10
weeks; evaluation of the severity of cataract and changes in the histology of lens as well as retina was
done. Tissue homogenates of lens isolated after the end of the study were evaluated for markers of
oxidative stress, levels of aldose reductase, p38MAPK, VEGF, and ERK1/2.
Results:
Outcomes suggested that TXF improved retinopathy and cataract in diabetes-induced rats.
The treatment of TXF also improved the status of oxidative stress and inhibited the levels of
p38MAPK, VEGF, and ERK1/2. The treatment also improved the lens opacity in diabetic rats. The
results suggest that the protective effect of TXF against cataract and retinopathy may be due to the
anti-oxidative potential of TXF and its inhibiting effect on VEGF, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and aldose
reductase.
Conclusion:
The study confirms that TXF is a potential candidate showing a protective effect against
diabetic induced retinopathy and cataract..
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR, China
| | - Yanli Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, PR, China
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18
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Cunningham F, Van Bergen T, Canning P, Lengyel I, Feyen JHM, Stitt AW. The Placental Growth Factor Pathway and Its Potential Role in Macular Degenerative Disease. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:813-822. [PMID: 31055948 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1614197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that placental growth factor (PlGF) is an important player in multiple pathologies, including tumorigenesis, inflammatory disorders and degenerative retinopathies. PlGF is a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and in the retina, binding of this growth factor to specific receptors is associated with pathological angiogenesis, vascular leakage, neurodegeneration and inflammation. Although they share some receptor signalling pathways, many of the actions of PlGF are distinct from VEGF and this has revealed the enticing prospect that it could be a useful therapeutic target for treating early and late stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Recent research suggests that modulation of PlGF could also be important in the geographic atrophy (GA) form of late AMD by protecting the outer retina and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This review discusses PlGF and its signalling pathways and highlights the potential of blocking the bioactivity of this growth factor to treat irreversible visual loss due to the two main forms of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Cunningham
- a Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | | | - Paul Canning
- a Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | - Imre Lengyel
- a Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland
| | | | - Alan W Stitt
- a Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , Northern Ireland
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19
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Establishing Liposome-Immobilized Dexamethasone-Releasing PDMS Membrane for the Cultivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells and Suppression of Neovascularization. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020241. [PMID: 30634448 PMCID: PMC6358770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the eye disease with the highest epidemic incidence, and has great impact on the aged population. Wet-type AMD commonly has the feature of neovascularization, which destroys the normal retinal structure and visual function. So far, effective therapy options for rescuing visual function in advanced AMD patients are highly limited, especially in wet-type AMD, in which the retinal pigmented epithelium and Bruch's membrane structure (RPE-BM) are destroyed by abnormal angiogenesis. Anti-VEGF treatment is an effective remedy for the latter type of AMD; however, it is not a curative therapy. Therefore, reconstruction of the complex structure of RPE-BM and controlled release of angiogenesis inhibitors are strongly required for sustained therapy. The major purpose of this study was to develop a dual function biomimetic material, which could mimic the RPE-BM structure and ensure slow release of angiogenesis inhibitor as a novel therapeutic strategy for wet AMD. We herein utilized plasma-modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet to create a biomimetic scaffold mimicking subretinal BM. This dual-surface biomimetic scaffold was coated with laminin and dexamethasone-loaded liposomes. The top surface of PDMS was covalently grafted with laminin and used for cultivation of the retinal pigment epithelial cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-RPE). To reach the objective of inhibiting angiogenesis required for treatment of wet AMD, the bottom surface of modified PDMS membrane was further loaded with dexamethasone-containing liposomes via biotin-streptavidin linkage. We demonstrated that hiPSC-RPE cells could proliferate, express normal RPE-specific genes and maintain their phenotype on laminin-coated PDMS membrane, including phagocytosis ability, and secretion of anti-angiogenesis factor PEDF. By using in vitro HUVEC angiogenesis assay, we showed that application of our membrane could suppress oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis, which was manifested in decreased secretion of VEGF by RPE cells and suppression of vascularization. In conclusion, we propose modified biomimetic material for dual delivery of RPE cells and liposome-enveloped dexamethasone, which can be potentially applied for AMD therapy.
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20
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Vrtačnik P, Zupan J, Mlakar V, Kranjc T, Marc J, Kern B, Ostanek B. Epigenetic enzymes influenced by oxidative stress and hypoxia mimetic in osteoblasts are differentially expressed in patients with osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16215. [PMID: 30385847 PMCID: PMC6212423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms including posttranslational histone modifications and DNA methylation are emerging as important determinants of bone homeostasis. With our case-control study we aimed to identify which chromatin-modifying enzymes could be involved in the pathology of postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteoarthritis while co-regulated by estrogens, oxidative stress and hypoxia. Gene expression of HAT1, KAT5, HDAC6, MBD1 and DNMT3A affected by oxidative stress and hypoxia in an in vitro qPCR screening step performed on an osteoblast cell line was analysed in trabecular bone tissue samples from 96 patients. Their expression was significantly reduced in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteoarthritis as compared to autopsy controls and significantly correlated with bone mineral density and several bone histomorphometry-derived parameters of bone quality and quantity as well as indicators of oxidative stress, RANK/RANKL/OPG system and angiogenesis. Furthermore, oxidative stress increased DNA methylation levels at the RANKL and OPG promoters while decreasing histone acetylation levels at these two genes. Our study is the first to show that higher expression of HAT1, HDAC6 and MBD1 is associated with superior quantity as well as quality of the bone tissue having a more favourable trabecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vrtačnik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Zupan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Mlakar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tilen Kranjc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Kern
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Ostanek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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21
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Busch M, Wasmuth S, Spital G, Lommatzsch A, Pauleikhoff D. Activation of the ERK1/2-MAPK Signaling Pathway by Complement Serum in UV-POS-Pretreated ARPE-19 Cells. Ophthalmologica 2018; 239:215-224. [PMID: 29486466 DOI: 10.1159/000486404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells undergo functional changes upon complement stimulation, which play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These effects are in part enhanced by pretreating ARPE-19 cells with UV-irradiated photoreceptor outer segments (UV-POS) in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of human complement serum (HCS) treatment on p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 [ERK1/2]) activation in ARPE-19 cells pretreated with UV-POS. METHODS UV-POS-pretreated ARPE-19 cells were stimulated with 5% HCS or heat-inactivated HCS (HI-HCS) as a control. Pro tein expression of phosphorylated (activated) ERK1/2, total ERK1/2, Bax, and Bcl-2 was analyzed by Western blotting. Cell culture supernatants were analyzed for IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, extra- and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. RESULTS The amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 was increased in UV-POS-pretreated ARPE-19 cells, especially in combination with HCS stimulation, compared to non-pretreated ARPE-19 cells incubated with HCS alone or HI-HCS. The same observation was made for Bax and Bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, an increase in extra- and intracellular ROS was detected in UV-POS-pretreated ARPE-19 cells. The ELISA data showed that the production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 tended to increase in response to HCS in both UV-POS-pretreated and non-pretreated ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data imply that ERK1/2 activation in ARPE-19 cells may represent a response mechanism to cellular and oxidative stress, associated with apoptosis-regulating factors such as Bax and Bcl-2, which might play a role in AMD, while ERK1/2 seems not to represent the crucial signaling pathway mediating the functional changes in RPE cells in response to complement stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Busch
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Wasmuth
- Ophtha-Lab, Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Spital
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Lommatzsch
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Pauleikhoff
- Department of Ophthalmology at St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Anticataractogenesis and Antiretinopathy Effects of the Novel Protective Agent Containing the Combined Extract of Mango and Vietnamese Coriander in STZ-Diabetic Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:5290161. [PMID: 28904737 PMCID: PMC5585686 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5290161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The novel protectant against diabetic cataract and diabetic retinopathy is currently required due to the increased prevalence and therapeutic limitation. Based on the advantage of polyphenol on diabetic eye complications, we hypothesized that the combined extract of mango seed Vietnamese coriander (MPO), a polyphenol-rich substance, should possess anticataractogenesis and antiretinopathy in streptozotocin- (STZ-) diabetic rats. MPO at doses of 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg·BW were orally given to STZ-diabetic rats for 10 weeks. Lens opacity was evaluated every week throughout a study period whereas the evaluation of cataract severity and histological changes of both rat lens epithelium and retina together with the biochemical assays of oxidative stress status, aldose reductase, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and VEGF were performed at the end of experiment. Our data showed that MPO improved cataract and retinopathy in STZ-diabetic rats. The improved oxidative stress status and the decreased p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and VEGF were also observed. Therefore, anticataractogenesis and antiretinopathy of MPO might occur partly via the decreased oxidative stress status and the suppression of aldose reductase, p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and VEGF. This study points out that MPO is the potential candidate protectant against diabetic cataract and diabetic retinopathy. However, the exploration for possible active ingredient (S) still requires further researches.
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23
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Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Growth Factor VEGF in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11055-017-0457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Extracellular matrix nitration alters growth factor release and activates bioactive complement in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177763. [PMID: 28505174 PMCID: PMC5432172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have shown previously that non-enzymatic nitration (NEN) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves as a model of Bruch’s membrane (BM) aging, has a profound effect on the behavior of the overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, including altered phagocytic ability, reduced cell adhesion, and inhibition of proliferation. We know that transplanted RPE monolayers will encounter a hostile sub-RPE environment, including age-related alterations in BM that may compromise cell function and survival. Here we use our previous NEN model of BM aging to determine the effects of NEN of the ECM on growth factor release and complement activation in RPE cells. Methods Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into RPE cells, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. IPSC-derived RPE cells were plated onto RPE-derived ECM under untreated or nitrite-modified conditions. Cells were cultured for 7 days and barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance (TER). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and complement component C3a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results On average nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF release both apically and basally by 0.15 ± 0.014 ng/mL (p <0.0001) and 0.21 ± 0.022 ng/mL (p <0.0001), respectively, in iPSC-derived RPE cells. Nitrite-modified ECM increased PEDF release in iPSC-derived RPE cells apically by 0.16 ± 0.031 ng/mL (p <0.0001), but not basally (0.27 ± 0.015 vs. 0.32 ± 0.029 ng/mL, (p >0.05)). Nitrite-modified ECM increased production of C3a in iPSC-derived RPE cells by 0.52 ± 0.123 ng/mL (p <0.05). Conclusion Nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF, PEDF release, and C3a production in human iPSC-derived RPE cells. This model demonstrates changes seen in the basement membrane can lead to alterations in the cell biology of the RPE cells that may be related to the development of age-related macular degeneration.
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Kim D, Ko HS, Park GB, Hur DY, Kim YS, Yang JW. Vandetanib and ADAM inhibitors synergistically attenuate the pathological migration of EBV-infected retinal pigment epithelial cells by regulating the VEGF-mediated MAPK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1415-1425. [PMID: 28413487 PMCID: PMC5377331 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signals induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are implicated in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and thus, are associated with vision-limiting complications in the human retina. Vandetanib is an oral anticancer drug that selectively inhibits the activities of VEGF receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase; however, the effects of vandetanib on VEGF in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells have not yet been studied. In the present study, a combined treatment of vandetanib and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) protein inhibitors were used to assess the regulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected ARPE19 cells (ARPE19/EBV) migration as a model of CNV. Vandetanib suppressed the expression of the mesenchymal markers ADAM10 and ADAM17 in ARPE19/EBV cells, and also upregulated epithelial cell markers of the RPE cells, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The migratory activity of ARPE19/EBV induced by VEGF was efficiently blocked by vandetanib. Furthermore, co-treatment with vandetanib and an ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) or ADAM17 inhibitor (Marimastat) synergistically prevented migration and the expression of vimentin, Snail and α-smooth muscle actin by regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. These results suggest that a combination treatment of vandetanib and ADAM inhibitors may be developed as a novel therapeutic regimen to control retina neovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daejin Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Ko
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Bin Park
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Hur
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Seok Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.,Ocular Neovascular Disease Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
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Marneros AG. Increased VEGF-A promotes multiple distinct aging diseases of the eye through shared pathomechanisms. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:208-31. [PMID: 26912740 PMCID: PMC4772957 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While increased VEGF‐A has been associated with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), it is not known whether VEGF‐A may also promote other age‐related eye diseases. Here, we show that an increase in VEGF‐A is sufficient to cause multiple distinct common aging diseases of the eye, including cataracts and both neovascular and non‐exudative AMD‐like pathologies. In the lens, increased VEGF‐A induces age‐related opacifications that are associated with ERK hyperactivation, increased oxidative damage, and higher expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome effector cytokine IL‐1β. Similarly, increased VEGF‐A induces oxidative stress and IL‐1β expression also in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome components or Il1r1 strongly inhibited not only VEGF‐A‐induced cataract formation, but also both neovascular and non‐exudative AMD‐like pathologies. Moreover, increased VEGF‐A expression specifically in the RPE was sufficient to cause choroidal neovascularization (CNV) as in neovascular AMD, which could be inhibited by RPE‐specific inactivation of Flk1, while Tlr2 inactivation strongly reduced CNV. These findings suggest a shared pathogenic role of VEGF‐A‐induced and NLRP3 inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β activation for multiple distinct ocular aging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Vilà N, Coblentz J, Moreira-Neto C, Bravo-Filho V, Zoroquiain P, Burnier Jr. MN. Pretreatment of RPE Cells with Lutein Can Mitigate Bevacizumab-Induced Increases in Angiogenin and bFGF. Ophthalmic Res 2016; 57:48-53. [DOI: 10.1159/000449252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Jean-Charles A, Merle H, Audo I, Desoudin C, Bocquet B, Baudoin C, Sidibe M, Mauget-Faÿsse M, Wolff B, Fichard A, Lenaers G, Sahel JA, Gaudric A, Cohen SY, Hamel CP, Meunier I. Martinique Crinkled Retinal Pigment Epitheliopathy: Clinical Stages and Pathophysiologic Insights. Ophthalmology 2016; 123:2196-204. [PMID: 27474146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To reappraise the autosomal dominant Martinique crinkled retinal pigment epitheliopathy (MCRPE) in light of the knowledge of its associated mutated gene mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3), an actor in the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. DESIGN Clinical and molecular study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 45 patients from 3 generations belonging to a family originating from Martinique with an autosomal dominant MCRPE were examined. METHODS Best-corrected visual acuity, fundus photographs, and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) of all clinically affected patients and carriers for the causal mutation were reviewed at the initial visit and 4 years later for 10 of them. Histologic retinal lesions of Mapkapk3(-/-) mice were compared with those of the human disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The MCRPE natural history in view of MAPKAPK3 function and Mapkapk3(-/-) mouse retinal lesions. RESULTS Eighteen patients had the c.518T>C mutation. One heterozygous woman aged 20 years was asymptomatic with normal fundus and SD OCT (stage 0). All c.518T>C heterozygous patients older than 30 years of age had the characteristic dried-out soil fundus pattern (stages 1 and 2). Complications (stage 3) were observed in 7 cases, including polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and macular fibrosis or atrophy. One patient was homozygous and had a form with severe Bruch's membrane (BM) thickening and macular exudation with a dried-out soil pattern in the peripheral retina. The oldest heterozygous patient, who was legally blind, had peripheral nummular pigmentary changes (stage 4). After 4 years, visual acuity was unchanged in 6 of 10 patients. The dried-out soil elementary lesions radically enlarged in patients with a preferential macular extension and confluence. These findings are in line with the progressive thickening of BM noted with age in the mouse model. During follow-up, there was no occurrence of PCV. CONCLUSIONS MCRPE is an autosomal dominant, fully penetrant retinal dystrophy with a preclinical stage, an onset after the age of 30 years, and a preserved visual acuity until occurrence of macular complications. The natural history of MCRPE is in relation to the role of MAPKAPK3 in BM modeling, vascular endothelial growth factor activity, retinal pigment epithelial responses to aging, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Jean-Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fort de France, Martinique (FWI), France
| | - Harold Merle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fort de France, Martinique (FWI), France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC1423, Paris - Sorborne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris - Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Béatrice Bocquet
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Baudoin
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Moro Sidibe
- Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Benjamin Wolff
- Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; Eye Clinic, Maison Rouge, Strasbourg, France
| | - Agnès Fichard
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Guy Lenaers
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DHOS CIC1423, Paris - Sorborne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris - Institute of Ophthalmology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom; Académie des Sciences, Institut de France, Paris, France
| | - Alain Gaudric
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Salomon Yves Cohen
- Ophthalmic Center for Imaging and Laser, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Intercity Hospital and University Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - Christian P Hamel
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Meunier
- Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier U1051, University of Montpellier - University Hospital, Genetics of Sensory Diseases, Montpellier, France.
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Kyosseva SV. Targeting MAPK Signaling in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2016; 8:23-30. [PMID: 27385915 PMCID: PMC4920203 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s32200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible blindness affecting elderly people in the world. AMD is a complex multifactorial disease associated with demographic, genetics, and environmental risk factors. It is well established that oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis play critical roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are activated by diverse extracellular stimuli, including growth factors, mitogens, hormones, cytokines, and different cellular stressors such as oxidative stress. They regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. This review addresses the novel findings from human and animal studies on the relationship of MAPK signaling with AMD. The use of specific MAPK inhibitors may represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this debilitating eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Kyosseva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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30
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Malashenkova IK, Hailov NA, Krynskiy SA, Ogurtsov DP, Kazanova GV, Velichkovckiy BB, Selezneva ND, Fedorova YB, Ponomareva EV, Kolyhalov IV, Gavrilova SI, Didkovsky NA. [Levels of proinflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2016; 116:39-43. [PMID: 27070471 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20161163139-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to evaluate the levels of cytokines (IFNα, IFNγ, IL-2, Il-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15), IL-1β receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its antagonist, the soluble form of receptor 1 (sVEGFR1) in the blood serum of patients with Alzheimer's disease, with early onset (ADEO) and late onset (ADLO), and in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of interleukins, IL-1RA, VEGF and sVEGFR1 were measured in 20 patients with AD and 11 patients with MCI using ELISA. These parameters were compared to the severity of cognitive impairment assessed by the performance on neurocognitive tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The levels of key cytokines (IL-8, TNFα, IL-12), VEGF and sVEGFR1 as well as anti-inflammatory proteins were different in patients with ADEO, ADLO and MCI. These differences suggest the phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity of the disease that demands further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N A Hailov
- National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow
| | - S A Krynskiy
- National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow
| | - D P Ogurtsov
- Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow
| | - G V Kazanova
- National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute', Moscow
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N A Didkovsky
- Research Institute of physical-chemical medicine, Moscow
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Minuth WW, Denk L. Bridging the gap between traditional cell cultures and bioreactors applied in regenerative medicine: practical experiences with the MINUSHEET perfusion culture system. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:179-96. [PMID: 25894791 PMCID: PMC4754254 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet specific requirements of developing tissues urgently needed in tissue engineering, biomaterial research and drug toxicity testing, a versatile perfusion culture system was developed. First an individual biomaterial is selected and then mounted in a MINUSHEET(®) tissue carrier. After sterilization the assembly is transferred by fine forceps to a 24 well culture plate for seeding cells or mounting tissue on it. To support spatial (3D) development a carrier can be placed in various types of perfusion culture containers. In the basic version a constant flow of culture medium provides contained tissue with always fresh nutrition and respiratory gas. For example, epithelia can be transferred to a gradient container, where they are exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal side. To observe development of tissue under the microscope, in a different type of container a transparent lid and base are integrated. Finally, stem/progenitor cells are incubated in a container filled by an artificial interstitium to support spatial development. In the past years the described system was applied in numerous own and external investigations. To present an actual overview of resulting experimental data, the present paper was written.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lucia Denk
- Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, University Street 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Klettner A. Fucoidan as a Potential Therapeutic for Major Blinding Diseases--A Hypothesis. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E31. [PMID: 26848666 PMCID: PMC4771984 DOI: 10.3390/md14020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan is a heterogeneous group of sulfated polysaccharide with a high content of l-fucose, which can be extracted from brown algae and marine invertebrates. It has many beneficial biological activities that make fucoidan an interesting candidate for therapeutic application in a variety of diseases. Age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy are major causes for vision loss and blindness in the industrialized countries and increasingly in the developing world. Some of the characteristics found in certain fucoidans, such as its anti-oxidant activity, complement inhibition or interaction with the Vascular Endothelial Growth factor, which would be of high interest for a potential application of fucoidan in age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. However, the possible usage of fucoidan in ophthalmological diseases has received little attention so far. In this review, biological activities of fucoidan that could be of interest regarding these diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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33
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Meunier I, Lenaers G, Bocquet B, Baudoin C, Piro-Megy C, Cubizolle A, Quilès M, Jean-Charles A, Cohen SY, Merle H, Gaudric A, Labesse G, Manes G, Péquignot M, Cazevieille C, Dhaenens CM, Fichard A, Ronkina N, Arthur SJ, Gaestel M, Hamel CP. A dominant mutation in MAPKAPK3, an actor of p38 signaling pathway, causes a new retinal dystrophy involving Bruch's membrane and retinal pigment epithelium. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:916-26. [PMID: 26744326 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies are clinically and genetically heterogeneous with significant number of cases remaining genetically unresolved. We studied a large family from the West Indies islands with a peculiar retinal disease, the Martinique crinkled retinal pigment epitheliopathy that begins around the age of 30 with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane changes resembling a dry desert land and ends with a retinitis pigmentosa. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous c.518T>C (p.Leu173Pro) mutation in MAPKAPK3 that segregates with the disease in 14 affected and 28 unaffected siblings from three generations. This unknown variant is predicted to be damaging by bioinformatic predictive tools and the mutated protein to be non-functional by crystal structure analysis. MAPKAPK3 is a serine/threonine protein kinase of the p38 signaling pathway that is activated by a variety of stress stimuli and is implicated in cellular responses and gene regulation. In contrast to other tissues, MAPKAPK3 is highly expressed in the RPE, suggesting a crucial role for retinal physiology. Expression of the mutated allele in HEK cells revealed a mislocalization of the protein in the cytoplasm, leading to cytoskeleton alteration and cytodieresis inhibition. In Mapkapk3-/- mice, Bruch's membrane is irregular with both abnormal thickened and thinned portions. In conclusion, we identified the first pathogenic mutation in MAPKAPK3 associated with a retinal disease. These findings shed new lights on Bruch's membrane/RPE pathophysiology and will open studies of this signaling pathway in diseases with RPE and Bruch's membrane alterations, such as age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Meunier
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France,
| | - Guy Lenaers
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France, Mitochondrial Medicine Research Center, University of Angers, CNRS 6214, INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Bocquet
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Corinne Baudoin
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Piro-Megy
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Cubizolle
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Mélanie Quilès
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Albert Jean-Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fort de France, Martinique (FWI), France
| | - Salomon Yves Cohen
- Imaging and Laser Center of Paris, Department of Ophthalmology, Intercity Hospital and University Paris, Creteil, France
| | - Harold Merle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Fort de France, Martinique (FWI), France
| | - Alain Gaudric
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lariboisiere Hospital, AP-HP and University Paris 7-Sorbonne Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Labesse
- Center for Structural Biochemistry Montpellier, INSERM U1054-CNRS UMR5048, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Manes
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Péquignot
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Cazevieille
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France, Institute for Neurosciences, CRIC/IURC, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- CHRU Lille, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University Lille North, Lille, France
| | - Agnès Fichard
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Natalia Ronkina
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany and
| | | | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany and
| | - Christian P Hamel
- National Center in Genetic of Sensory Diseases, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM U1051, University of Montpellier, Montpellier Hospital, Montpellier, France
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VEGF-A and the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 854:79-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17121-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Re RN. Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Intracrine Biology: An Hypothesis. Ochsner J 2016; 16:502-510. [PMID: 27999510 PMCID: PMC5158158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This laboratory has studied the intracellular actions of angiotensin II and other signaling proteins that can act in the intracellular space-peptides/proteins we have called intracrines. Moreover, we have suggested that general principles of intracrine action exist and can help explain the progression of some chronic degenerative diseases such as diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure. Here, a similar analysis is carried out in the case of age-related macular degeneration. We propose that intracrine mechanisms are operative in this disorder. In particular, we hypothesize that intracrine loops involving renin, angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein-4, and p53, among other factors, are involved. If this analysis is correct, it suggests a commonality of mechanism linking chronic progressive renal diseases, congestive heart failure, and macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Re
- Division of Academics–Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
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Hytti M, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Honkakoski P, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Fisetin and luteolin protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and regulate inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17645. [PMID: 26619957 PMCID: PMC4664957 DOI: 10.1038/srep17645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a clinical hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among aged people in the Western world. Both inflammation and oxidative stress are known to play vital roles in the development of this disease. Here, we assess the ability of fisetin and luteolin, to protect ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and to decrease intracellular inflammation. We also compare the growth and reactivity of human ARPE-19 cells in serum-free and serum-containing conditions. The absence of serum in the culture medium did not prevent ARPE-19 cells from reaching full confluency but caused an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Both fisetin and luteolin protected ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. They also significantly decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the culture medium. The decrease in inflammation was associated with reduced activation of MAPKs and CREB, but was not linked to NF- κB or SIRT1. The ability of fisetin and luteolin to protect and repair stressed RPE cells even after the oxidative insult make them attractive in the search for treatments for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
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Exploring the various aspects of the pathological role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacol Res 2015; 99:137-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Profile of intraocular immune mediators in patients with age-related macular degeneration and the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Retina 2015; 34:1811-8. [PMID: 24801651 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To measure intraocular cytokine levels in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration and analyze changes in the cytokine profile 2 days after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. METHODS This prospective case-control study enrolled 37 patients (37 eyes) with age-related macular degeneration including polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Twenty-eight age-matched patients (28 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery were used as controls. Undiluted aqueous humor samples were collected after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Two days after intravitreal bevacizumab injection, cataract surgery was performed and undiluted aqueous humor samples were collected at the beginning of surgery (10 eyes). Twenty-three cytokines were measured using flow cytometry. P values were corrected in multiple comparisons using the conservative Bonferroni-Holm method. The level of significance was set at 0.0022 (0.05/23). RESULTS At baseline, aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenin, interferon gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β, monokine induced by interferon γ (Mig), and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 were significantly higher in the age-related macular degeneration group than in the control group (P < 0.0022). The result of exploratory multivariate analysis showed that elevated angiogenin level was an important factor that discriminates the two groups (P = 0.0004). Two days after intravitreal bevacizumab injection, vascular endothelial growth factor levels tended to be reduced (P = 0.049), whereas interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels increased significantly (P < 0.0022). CONCLUSION Vascular endothelial growth factor and also angiogenin, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and Mig may be related to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Intravitreal bevacizumab injection increases inflammatory cytokine levels, suggesting the induction of an inflammatory process.
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Gene profiling of human VEGF signaling pathways in human endothelial and retinal pigment epithelial cells after anti VEGF treatment. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:617. [PMID: 25201034 PMCID: PMC4167513 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ranibizumab (Lucentis®) is a Fab-antibody fragment developed from Bevacizumab, a full-length anti-VEGF antibody. Both compounds are used for treating age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The influence of bevacizumab and ranibizumab on genes involved in signal transduction and cell signaling downstream of VEGF were compared in order to detect possible differences in their mode of action, which are not related to their Fab-antibody fragments. Methods Human umbilical vein cell lines (EA.hy926) and retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARP-19) were exposed to oxidative stress. The cells were treated with therapeutic concentrations of bevacizumab (0.25 mg/mL) and ranibizumab (125 mg/mL) for 24 hours prior to all experiments, and their effects on gene expressions were determined by RT- PCR. Results After exposure to bevacizumab, more genes in the endothelial cells were up-regulated (KDR, NFATc2) and down-regulated (Pla2g12a, Rac2, HgdC, PRKCG) compared to non-treated controls. After exposure to ranibizumab, fewer genes were up-regulated (PTGS2) and down-regulated (NOS3) compared to controls. In comparison between drugs, more genes were up-regulated (NFATc2 and KDR) and more were down-regulated (Pla2g12a, Pla2g1b, Ppp3r2, Rac2) by bevacizumab than by ranibizumab. In RPE cells, NOS3 and PGF were up-regulated and Pla2g12b was down-regulated after exposure to ranibizumab, while PIK3CG was up-regulated and FIGF was down-regulated after exposure to bevacizumab, but the differences in gene expression were minor between drugs (PIK3CGand PGF were down-regulated more by ranibizumab than by bevacizumab). Conclusions The different gene expressions after exposure to ranibizumab and bevacizumab in endothelial and RPE cells may indicate a somewhat different biological activity of the two compounds.
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Faby H, Hillenkamp J, Roider J, Klettner A. Hyperthermia-induced upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal pigment epithelial cells is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2014; 252:1737-45. [PMID: 25047875 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Localized application of hyperthermia is a potential treatment for retinal diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) derived from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is implicated in a variety of retinal pathologies. As it has been recently shown that hyperthermia may induce VEGF in the RPE, the aim of this study was to investigate hyperthermia-induced VEGF secretion and the pathways of hyperthermal VEGF upregulation in the RPE. MATERIAL AND METHODS The human RPE cell line (Arpe-19) was exposed to 40°, 42°, 45° and 50 °C for one, five and 15 min. Cell viability was evaluated using a trypan blue exclusion assay, VEGF secretion was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA) and VEGF expression was investigated using a Western blot. Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways (ERK1/2, JNK, p38) and transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels on VEGF induction was investigated using commercially available inhibitors (U0126, SB203580, SP600125, ruthenium red). Expression and phosphorylation of MAPKs was investigated using a Western blot. RESULTS Hyperthermia induces time- and temperature-dependent cell death in human RPE cells. VEGF expression and secretion is induced by hyperthermia in a time- and temperature-dependent manner mediated by p38 and to a lesser degree by JNK. TRPV channels seem to play a minor role in regulation of hyperthermia-induced VEGF secretion. CONCLUSIONS Hyperthermia induces temperature-dependent secretion of VEGF in the RPE, which is mediated by p38 and, to a lesser extent, JNK. This may lead to undesired effects from hyperthermal treatment of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Faby
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Ablonczy Z, Dahrouj M, Marneros AG. Progressive dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium and retina due to increased VEGF-A levels. FASEB J 2014; 28:2369-79. [PMID: 24558195 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patients with nonexudative ("dry") age-related macular degeneration (AMD) frequently also develop neovascular ("wet") AMD, suggesting a common pathomechanism. Increased vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in neovascular AMD, while its role in nonexudative AMD that manifests with progressive retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration is not well defined. Mice with overall increased VEGF-A levels develop progressive morphological features of both forms of AMD, suggesting that an increase in VEGF-A has a direct age-dependent adverse effect on RPE and photoreceptor function independently of its CNV-promoting proangiogenic effect. Here we provide evidence for this hypothesis and show that morphological RPE abnormalities and retinal thinning in mice with increased VEGF-A levels correlate with progressive age-dependent attenuation of visual function with abnormal electroretinograms and reduced retinal rhodopsin levels. Retinoid profiling revealed a progressive reduction of 11-cis and all-trans retinal in the retinas of these mice, consistent with an impaired retinoid transport between the RPE and photoreceptors. These findings suggest that increased VEGF-A leads to an age-dependent RPE and retinal dysfunction that occurs also at sites where no CNV lesions form. The data support a central role of increased VEGF-A not only in the pathogenesis of neovascular but also of nonexudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ablonczy
- 1CNY-149, Room 3.216, CBRC, MGH East, 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Prolonged SRC kinase activation, a mechanism to turn transient, sublytic complement activation into a sustained pathological condition in retinal pigment epithelium cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 801:221-7. [PMID: 24664702 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a slowly progressing multifactorial disease involving genetic abnormalities and environmental insults. Genetic studies have demonstrated that polymorphisms in different complement proteins increase the risk for developing AMD. Previously, we have shown that in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) monolayers, exposure to oxidative stress reduced complement inhibition on the cell surface, with the resulting increase in complement activation leading to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release and VEGF-receptor-2-mediated disruption of the monolayer barrier function. Complement activation was found to be sublytic and transient and require the assembly of the membrane attack complex (MAC). Here, we asked how this transient, sublytic complement activation could trigger long-term pathological changes in RPE cells. The initial activation of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels was followed by calcium influx and activation of several kinases. While Erk/Ras activation was found to be transient, Src kinase phosphorylation was sustained. We have shown previously that Src kinase controls VEGF release from RPE cells by altering the activity of the L-type channel. We propose that the prolonged Src kinase activation, and its resulting effects on membrane depolarization and calcium influx, leads to sustained VEGF secretion. In addition, the previously shown effect of the autocrine positive feedback loop in RPE cells, involving VEGF-induced VEGF production and secretion via VEGFR-2 receptors, will augment and prolong the effects of sublytic complement activation. In summary, identification of the links between oxidative stress, chronic, low-grade activation of the complement system, and elevated VEGF expression and secretion might offer opportunities to selectively inhibit pathological VEGF release only.
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NLRP3 inflammasome blockade inhibits VEGF-A-induced age-related macular degeneration. Cell Rep 2013; 4:945-58. [PMID: 24012762 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but it remains unknown whether its activation contributes to AMD pathologies. VEGF-A is increased in neovascular ("wet") AMD, but it is not known whether it plays a role in inflammasome activation, whether an increase of VEGF-A by itself is sufficient to cause neovascular AMD and whether it can contribute to nonexudative ("dry") AMD that often co-occurs with the neovascular form. Here, it is shown that an increase in VEGF-A results in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and is sufficient to cause both forms of AMD pathologies. Targeting NLRP3 or the inflammasome effector cytokine IL-1β inhibits but does not prevent VEGF-A-induced AMD pathologies, whereas targeting IL-18 promotes AMD. Thus, increased VEGF-A provides a unifying pathomechanism for both forms of AMD; combining therapeutic inhibition of both VEGF-A and IL-1β or the NLRP3 inflammasome is therefore likely to suppress both forms of AMD.
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Terasaki H, Kase S, Shirasawa M, Otsuka H, Hisatomi T, Sonoda S, Ishida S, Ishibashi T, Sakamoto T. TNF-α decreases VEGF secretion in highly polarized RPE cells but increases it in non-polarized RPE cells related to crosstalk between JNK and NF-κB pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69994. [PMID: 23922887 PMCID: PMC3726732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in situ is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the retina and choroid. VEGF is also involved in the development and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We studied the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the secretion of VEGF in polarized and non-polarized RPE cells (P-RPE cells and N-RPE cells, respectively) in culture and in situ in rats. A subretinal injection of TNF-α caused a decrease in VEGF expression and choroidal atrophy. Porcine RPE cells were seeded on Transwell™ filters, and their maturation and polarization were confirmed by the asymmetrical VEGF secretion and trans electrical resistance. Exposure to TNF-α decreased the VEGF secretion in P-RPE cells but increased it in N-RPE cells in culture. TNF-α inactivated JNK in P-RPE cells but activated it in N-RPE cells, and TNF-α activated NF-κB in P-RPE cells but not in N-RPE cells. Inhibition of NF-κB activated JNK in both types of RPE cells indicating crosstalk between JNK and NF-κB. TNF-α induced the inhibitory effects of NF-κB on JNK in P-RPE cells because NF-κB is continuously inactivated. In N-RPE cells, however, it was not evident because NF-κB was already activated. The basic activation pattern of JNK and NF-κB and their crosstalk led to opposing responses of RPE cells to TNF-α. These results suggest that VEGF secretion under inflammatory conditions depends on cellular polarization, and the TNF-α-induced VEGF down-regulation may result in choroidal atrophy in polarized physiological RPE cells. TNF-α-induced VEGF up-regulation may cause neovascularization by non-polarized or non-physiological RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirasawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Otsuka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toshio Hisatomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Sonoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Klettner A, Koinzer S, Meyer T, Roider J. Toll-like receptor 3 activation in retinal pigment epithelium cells - Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways of cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:e211-8. [PMID: 23387336 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a receptor of the innate immune system, recognizing double-stranded RNA. TLR3 can lead to cytokine release or apoptosis and has recently been associated with the development of geographical atrophy via cytotoxic effects on the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The current study was conducted to elucidate the underlying pathways of TLR3 effects in the RPE. METHODS TLR3 activation via polyinosinic acid/polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) was investigated in primary porcine RPE cells, focussing on cell death and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion. Primary cells were stimulated with different concentrations of Poly I:C. Cell death was investigated in trypan blue exclusion assay and cell death detection ELISA. VEGF and IFN-ß secretion were also detected in ELISA. As Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play an important part in TLR3-mediated signal transduction, we investigated the influence of JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 on cell death and VEGF secretion, using commercially available inhibitors. RESULTS Activation of TLR3 by Poly I:C induced concentration-dependent cell death, partly mediated by JNK. ERK1/2 was activated and exerted some protection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of Poly I:C increased VEGF secretion after 4 and 24 hr, which was independent of MAPK. CONCLUSION The induction of cell death in RPE cells by TLR3 activation confirms possible involvement of TLR3 activation in GA. As cell death is partly mediated by JNK, more studies should be conducted investigating the role of JNK in RPE cell death to evaluate whether its inhibition might be a new therapeutic opportunity for the treatment of geographical atrophy. Additionally, effects on VEGF secretion can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Klettner A, Kauppinen A, Blasiak J, Roider J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration: from impaired autophagy to neovascularization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1457-67. [PMID: 23603148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive disease involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. It can result in severe visual loss e.g. AMD is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the western countries. Although age, genetics, diet, smoking, and many cardiovascular factors are known to be linked with this disease there is increasing evidence that long-term oxidative stress, impaired autophagy clearance and inflammasome mediated inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis. Under certain conditions these may trigger detrimental processes e.g. release of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), causing choroidal neovascularization e.g. in wet AMD. This review ties together these crucial pathological threads in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Zhang W, Zhang X, Lu H, Matsukura M, Zhao J, Shinohara M. Silencing heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells inhibits proliferation, migration and tube formation of cocultured endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:492-7. [PMID: 23583371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) plays an important role in the vasculature and in the angiogenesis of tumors, wounds and other environments. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and choroidal endothelial cells (CECs) are the main cells involved in choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a process in which hypoxia plays an important role. Our aim was to evaluate the role of human RPE-cell HO-1 in the angiogenic activities of cocultured endothelial cells under hypoxia. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for HO-1 was transfected into human RPE cell line ARPE-19, and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) was used to inhibit HO-1 activity. Knockdown of HO-1 expression and inhibition of HO-1 activity resulted in potent reduction of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) under hypoxia. Furthermore, knockdown of HO-1 suppressed the proliferation, migration and tube formation of cocultured endothelial cells. These findings indicated that HO-1 might have an angiogenic effect in CNV through modulation of VEGF expression and might be a potential target for treating CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zhang
- Ophthalmology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Harbin 150001, China
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Brantley MA, Sternberg P. Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Retinal Injury. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Minuth WW, Denk L. Supportive development of functional tissues for biomedical research using the MINUSHEET® perfusion system. Clin Transl Med 2012; 1:22. [PMID: 23369669 PMCID: PMC3560978 DOI: 10.1186/2001-1326-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional tissues generated under in vitro conditions are urgently needed in biomedical research. However, the engineering of tissues is rather difficult, since their development is influenced by numerous parameters. In consequence, a versatile culture system was developed to respond the unmet needs. Optimal adhesion for cells in this system is reached by the selection of individual biomaterials. To protect cells during handling and culture, the biomaterial is mounted onto a MINUSHEET® tissue carrier. While adherence of cells takes place in the static environment of a 24 well culture plate, generation of tissues is accomplished in one of several available perfusion culture containers. In the basic version a continuous flow of always fresh culture medium is provided to the developing tissue. In a gradient perfusion culture container epithelia are exposed to different fluids at the luminal and basal sides. Another special container with a transparent lid and base enables microscopic visualization of ongoing tissue development. A further container exhibits a flexible silicone lid to apply force onto the developing tissue thereby mimicking mechanical load that is required for developing connective and muscular tissue. Finally, stem/progenitor cells are kept at the interface of an artificial polyester interstitium within a perfusion culture container offering for example an optimal environment for the spatial development of renal tubules. The system presented here was evaluated by various research groups. As a result a variety of publications including most interesting applications were published. In the present paper these data were reviewed and analyzed. All of the results point out that the cell biological profile of engineered tissues can be strongly improved, when the introduced perfusion culture technique is applied in combination with specific biomaterials supporting primary adhesion of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will W Minuth
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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