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Korhonen E. Inflammasome activation in response to aberrations of cellular homeostasis in epithelial cells from human cornea and retina. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 281:3-68. [PMID: 38386419 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Cis-urocanic acid improves cell viability and suppresses inflammasome activation in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 216:115790. [PMID: 37683842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye disease among the elderly, which can result in impaired vision and irreversible loss of vision. The majority of patients suffer from the dry (also known as the atrophic) form of the disease, which is completely lacking an effective treatment. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA) to protect human ARPE-19 cells from cell damage and inflammasome activation induced by UVB light. Urocanic acid is a molecule normally present in human epidermis. Its cis-form has recently been found to alleviate UVB-induced inflammasome activation in human corneal epithelial cells. Here, we observed that cis-UCA is well-tolerated also by human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Moreover, cis-UCA was cytoprotective and efficiently diminished the levels of mature IL-1β, IL-18, and cleaved caspase-1 in UVB-irradiated ARPE-19 cells. Interestingly, cis-UCA also reduced DNA damage, whereas its effect against ROS production was negligible. Collectively, cis-UCA protected ARPE-19 cells from UVB-induced phototoxicity and inflammasome activation. This study indicates that due to its beneficial properties of preserving cell viability and preventing inflammation, cis-UCA has potential in drug development of chronic ocular diseases, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Niina Piippo
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.Box 100, FI-70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Ollila MM, Arffman RK, Korhonen E, Morin-Papunen L, Franks S, Junttila J, Piltonen TT. Women with PCOS have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease regardless of diagnostic criteria - a prospective population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2023:lvad077. [PMID: 37436934 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with many cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. However, it remains debatable whether the presence of multiple CVD risk factors translates to increased CVD events. DESIGN A prospective, population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. METHODS Individuals with an expected date of birth in 1966 in Northern Finland have been followed from birth. Women in the cohort were classified as having PCOS according to either the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria (n=144) or the Rotterdam criteria (n=386) at age 31, and they were compared to women without any PCOS features. The study population was re-examined at age 46, and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure and cardiovascular mortality, was recorded up to age 53. RESULTS During the 22-year follow-up, both women with NIH-PCOS and women with Rotterdam-PCOS had a significantly higher risk for cardiovascular events than control women. The BMI-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for MACE in the Rotterdam-PCOS group and the NIH-PCOS group was 2.33 (1.26-4.30) and 2.47 (1.18-5.17), respectively. The cumulative hazard curves in both diagnostic categories began to diverge at age 35. Regarding the individual CVD endpoints, MI was significantly more prevalent in both women with NIH-PCOS (p=0.010) and women with Rotterdam-PCOS (p=0.019), when compared to control women. CONCLUSIONS PCOS should be considered a significant risk factor for CVD. Future follow-up will show how the risk of CVD events develops after menopausal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Ollila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - R K Arffman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - E Korhonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - L Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - S Franks
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - J Junttila
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Toppila M, Hytti M, Korhonen E, Ranta-Aho S, Harju N, Forsberg MM, Kaarniranta K, Jalkanen A, Kauppinen A. The Prolyl Oligopeptidase Inhibitor KYP-2047 Is Cytoprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Defective Proteasomal Clearance. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1279. [PMID: 37372009 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress, dysfunctional cellular clearance, and chronic inflammation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) is a serine protease that has numerous cellular functions, including the regulation of oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and inflammation. PREP inhibition by KYP-2047 (4-phenylbutanoyl-L-prolyl1(S)-cyanopyrrolidine) has been associated with clearance of cellular protein aggregates and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Here, we studied the effects of KYP-2047 on inflammation, oxidative stress, cell viability, and autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells with reduced proteasomal clearance. MG-132-mediated proteasomal inhibition in ARPE-19 cells was used to model declined proteasomal clearance in the RPEs of AMD patients. Cell viability was assessed using LDH and MTT assays. The amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCFDA). ELISA was used to determine the levels of cytokines and activated mitogen-activated protein kinases. The autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 and LC3 were measured with the western blot method. MG-132 induced LDH leakage and increased ROS production in the ARPE-19 cells, and KYP-2047 reduced MG-132-induced LDH leakage. Production of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was concurrently alleviated by KYP-2047 when compared with cells treated only with MG-132. KYP-2047 had no effect on autophagy in the RPE cells, but the phosphorylation levels of p38 and ERK1/2 were elevated upon KYP-2047 exposure, and the inhibition of p38 prevented the anti-inflammatory actions of KYP-2047. KYP-2047 showed cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on RPE cells suffering from MG-132-induced proteasomal inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Toppila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Ranta-Aho
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Harju
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markus M Forsberg
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aaro Jalkanen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Korhonen E, Hytti M, Piippo N, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Antimycin A-induced mitochondrial dysfunction regulates inflammasome signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2021; 209:108687. [PMID: 34216617 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a severe retinal eye disease where dysfunctional mitochondria and damaged mitochondrial DNA in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have been demonstrated to underlie the pathogenesis of this devastating disease. In the present study, we aimed to examine whether damaged mitochondria induce inflammasome activation in human RPE cells. Therefore, ARPE-19 cells were primed with IL-1α and exposed to the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III inhibitor, antimycin A. We found that antimycin A-induced mitochondrial dysfunction caused caspase-1-dependent inflammasome activation and subsequent production of mature IL-1β and IL-18 in human RPE cells. AIM2 and NLRP3 appeared to be the responsible inflammasome receptors upon antimycin A-induced mitochondrial damage. We aimed at verifying our findings using hESC-RPE cells but antimycin A was absorbed by melanin. Therefore, results were repeated on D407 RPE cell cultures. Antimycin A-induced mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS production occurred upstream of inflammasome activation, whereas K+ efflux was not required for inflammasome activation in antimycin A-treated human RPE cells. Collectively, our data emphasize that dysfunctional mitochondria regulate the assembly of inflammasome multiprotein complexes in the human RPE cells. The present study associates AIM2 with the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O.Box 720, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.Box 100, FI-70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Hytti M, Korhonen E, Hongisto H, Kaarniranta K, Skottman H, Kauppinen A. Differential Expression of Inflammasome-Related Genes in Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with or without History of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136800. [PMID: 34202702 PMCID: PMC8268331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key underlying factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inflammasome activation has been linked to disease development. Induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (iPSC-RPE) are an attractive novel model system that can help to further elucidate disease pathways of this complex disease. Here, we analyzed the effect of dysfunctional protein clearance on inflammation and inflammasome activation in iPSC-RPE cells generated from a patient suffering from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and an age-matched control. We primed iPSC-RPE cells with IL-1α and then inhibited both proteasomal degradation and autophagic clearance using MG-132 and bafilomycin A1, respectively, causing inflammasome activation. Subsequently, we determined cell viability, analyzed the expression levels of inflammasome-related genes using a PCR array, and measured the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secreted into the medium. Cell treatments modified the expression of 48 inflammasome-related genes and increased the secretion of mature IL-1β, while reducing the levels of IL-6 and MCP-1. Interestingly, iPSC-RPE from an AMD donor secreted more IL-1β and expressed more Hsp90 prior to the inhibition of protein clearance, while MCP-1 and IL-6 were reduced at both protein and mRNA levels. Overall, our results suggest that cellular clearance mechanisms might already be dysfunctional, and the inflammasome activated, in cells with a disease origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hongisto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Mysore Y, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Hydroquinone Induces NLRP3-Independent IL-18 Release from ARPE-19 Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061405. [PMID: 34204067 PMCID: PMC8229790 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease leading to impaired vision. Cigarette smoke increases the risk for developing AMD by causing increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and damage in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We have previously shown that the cigarette tar component hydroquinone causes oxidative stress in human RPE cells. In the present study, we investigated the propensity of hydroquinone to induce the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. The activation of these cytokines is usually regulated by the Nucleotide-binding domain, Leucine-rich repeat, and Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. ARPE-19 cells were exposed to hydroquinone, and cell viability was monitored using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt (MTT) assays. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure the levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 as well as NLRP3, caspase-1, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Hydroquinone did not change IL-1β release but significantly increased the secretion of IL-18. Cytoplasmic NLRP3 levels increased after the hydroquinone treatment of IL-1α-primed RPE cells, but IL-18 was equally released from primed and nonprimed cells. Hydroquinone reduced the intracellular levels of PARP, which were restored by treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). NAC concurrently reduced the NLRP3 levels but had no effect on IL-18 release. In contrast, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC) reduced the release of IL-18 but had no effect on the NLRP3 levels. Collectively, hydroquinone caused DNA damage seen as reduced intracellular PARP levels and induced NLRP3-independent IL-18 secretion in human RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-44-983-0424 (N.B.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yashavanthi Mysore
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-44-983-0424 (N.B.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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Toppila M, Ranta‐aho S, Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, Kauppinen A. Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibitor KYP‐2047 alleviates inflammation in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2020.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Toppila
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Sofia Ranta‐aho
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Niina Bhattarai
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- HUSLAB Department of Clinical Chemistry Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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Korhonen E, Bisevac J, Hyttinen JMT, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Petrovski G, Kauppinen A. UV-B-Induced Inflammasome Activation Can Be Prevented by Cis-Urocanic Acid in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:7. [PMID: 32271889 PMCID: PMC7401861 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The cornea is continually exposed to highly energetic solar UV-B (280-320 nm). Our aim was to investigate whether UV-B triggers the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and the production of IL-1β and/or IL-18 in human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells. Additionally, we studied the capability of cis-urocanic acid (cis-UCA) to prevent inflammasome activation or alleviate inflammation through other signaling pathways. Methods HCE-2 cell line and primary HCE cells were primed using lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α. Thereafter, cells were exposed to UV-B before or after the addition of cis-UCA or caspase-1 inhibitor. Caspase-1 activity was measured from cell lysates by an enzymatic assay. IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, IL-8, and NLRP3 levels were detected using the ELISA method from cell culture media. Additionally, intracellular NLRP3 levels were determined by the Western blot technique, and cytotoxicity was measured by the LDH assay. Results UV-B exposure significantly increased caspase-1 activity in TNF-α-primed HCE cells. This result was consistent with the concurrently induced IL-1β secretion. Both caspase-1 activity and release of IL-1β were reduced by cis-UCA. Additionally, UV-B stimulated the caspase-1-independent production of IL-18, an effect also reduced by cis-UCA. Cis-UCA decreased the release of IL-6, IL-8, and LDH in a time-dependent manner when administered to HCE-2 cells after UV-B exposure. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that UV-B activates inflammasomes in HCE cells. Cis-UCA can prevent the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 and therapeutically reduces the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and LDH in UV-B-stressed HCE cells.
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Hyttinen JMT, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Only IL‐1β release is inflammasome‐dependent upon ultraviolet B irradiation although IL‐18 is also secreted. FASEB J 2020; 34:6437-6448. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902355rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- HUSLAB University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Toppila M, Koskela A, Kaarniranta K, Mysore Y, Kauppinen A. Resvega Alleviates Hydroquinone-Induced Oxidative Stress in ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062066. [PMID: 32192228 PMCID: PMC7139575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells maintain homeostasis at the retina and they are under continuous oxidative stress. Cigarette smoke is a prominent environmental risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which further increases the oxidant load in retinal tissues. In this study, we measured oxidative stress and inflammatory markers upon cigarette smoke-derived hydroquinone exposure on human ARPE-19 cells. In addition, we studied the effects of commercial Resvega product on hydroquinone-induced oxidative stress. Previously, it was observed that Resvega induces autophagy during impaired protein clearance in ARPE-19 cells, for which it has the potential to alleviate pro-inflammatory pathways. Cell viability was determined while using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, and the cytokine levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were measured using the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (H2DCFDA) probe. Hydroquinone compromised the cell viability and increased ROS production in ARPE-19 cells. Resvega significantly improved cell viability upon hydroquinone exposure and reduced the release of interleukin (IL)-8 and monocytic chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 from RPE cells. Resvega, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (APDC) alleviated hydroquinone-induced ROS production in RPE cells. Collectively, our results indicate that hydroquinone induces cytotoxicity and increases oxidative stress through NADPH oxidase activity in RPE cells, and resveratrol-containing Resvega products prevent those adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (M.T.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K); Tel.: +358-44-9830424 (N.B.); +358-40-3553216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (M.T.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Toppila
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (M.T.); (Y.M.)
| | - Ali Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (A.K.); (K.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yashavanthi Mysore
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (M.T.); (Y.M.)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (E.K.); (M.T.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.B.); (A.K); Tel.: +358-44-9830424 (N.B.); +358-40-3553216 (A.K.)
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Ranta‐aho S, Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Inhibition of adaptor proteins MAVS and TXNIP reduces inflammasome activation in RPE cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2019.5231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ranta‐aho
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Niina Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | | | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- 4th Department of Ophthalmology University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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13
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Bhattarai N, Korhonen E, Toppila M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Resvega alleviates oxidative stress and inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2019.5158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niina Bhattarai
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- HUSLAB University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Maija Toppila
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
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14
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Hyttinen JM, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. SQSTM1/p62 regulates the production of IL-8 and MCP-1 in IL-1β-stimulated human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cytokine 2019; 116:70-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, Kinnunen K, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Oxidative Stress is the Principal Contributor to Inflammasome Activation in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells with Defunct Proteasomes and Autophagy. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 49:359-367. [PMID: 30138927 DOI: 10.1159/000492886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Previously, we demonstrated that blockade of the intracellular clearance systems in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells by MG-132 and bafilomycin A1 (BafA) induces NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Here, we have explored the activation mechanisms behind this process. NLRP3 is an intracellular receptor detecting factors ranging from the endogenous alarmins and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ultraviolet radiation and solid particles. Due to the plethora of triggers, the activation of NLRP3 is often indirect and can be mediated through several alternative pathways. Potassium efflux, lysosomal rupture, and oxidative stress are currently the main mechanisms associated with many activators. METHODS NLRP3 inflammasomes were activated in human RPE cells by blocking proteasomes and autophagy using MG-132 and bafilomycin A1 (BafA), respectively. P2X7 inhibitor A740003, potassium chloride (KCl), and glyburide, or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (APDC), diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI), and mito-TEMPO were added to cell cultures in order to study the role of potassium efflux and oxidative stress, respectively. IL-1β was measured using the ELISA method. ATP levels and cathepsin B activity were examined using commercial kits, and ROS levels using the fluorescent dye 2´,7´-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA). RESULTS Elevated extracellular potassium prevented the priming factor IL-1α from inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It also prevented IL-1β release after exposure of primed cells to MG-132 and BafA. Inflammasome activation increased extracellular ATP levels, which did not appear to trigger significant potassium efflux. The activity of the lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin B, was reduced by MG-132 and BafA, suggesting that cathepsin B was not playing any role in this phenomenon. Instead, MG-132 triggered ROS production already 30 min after exposure, but treatment with antioxidants blocking NADPH oxidase and mitochondria-derived ROS significantly prevented IL-1β release after this activating signal. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that oxidative stress strongly contributes to the NLRP3 inflammasome activation upon dysfunctional cellular clearance. Clarification of inflammasome activation mechanisms provides novel options for alleviating pathological inflammation present in aggregation diseases, such as age-related macular disease (AMD) and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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16
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Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, Skottman H, Kinnunen K, Josifovska N, Petrovski G, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Hsp90 inhibition as a means to inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6720. [PMID: 29712950 PMCID: PMC5928092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Once activated, the intracellular receptor NLRP3 assembles an inflammasome protein complex that facilitates the caspase-1-mediated maturation of IL-1β and IL-18. Inactive NLRP3 is guarded by a protein complex containing Hsp90. In response to stress stimuli, Hsp90 is released, and NLRP3 can be activated to promote inflammation. In this study, we blocked Hsp90 with geldanamycin and studied the fate of NLRP3 in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. RPE cells play a central role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a progressive eye disease causing severe vision loss in the elderly. IL-1α-primed ARPE-19 cells, human embryonal stem cell (hESC)-derived RPE cells, and primary human RPE cells were exposed to MG-132 and bafilomycin A to activate NLRP3 via the inhibition of proteasomes and autophagy, respectively. Additionally, RPE cells were treated with geldanamycin at different time points and the levels of NLRP3 and IL-1β were determined. Caspase-1 activity was measured using a commercial assay. Geldanamycin prevented the activation of the inflammasome in human RPE cells. NLRP3 released from its protective complex became degraded by autophagy or secreted from the cells. Controlled destruction of NLRP3 is a potential way to regulate the inflammation associated with chronic diseases, such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33014, Finland
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Natasha Josifovska
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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17
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Hytti M, Andjelic S, Josifovska N, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hawlina M, Kaarniranta K, Nevalainen TJ, Petrovski G, Parkkari T, Kauppinen A. CB 2 receptor activation causes an ERK1/2-dependent inflammatory response in human RPE cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16169. [PMID: 29170454 PMCID: PMC5701010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic low-level inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in the elderly in Western countries. The loss of central vision results from attenuated maintenance of photoreceptors due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells beneath the photoreceptor layer. It has been proposed that pathologic inflammation initiated in RPE cells could be regulated by the activation of type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2). Here, we have analysed the effect of CB2 activation on cellular survival and inflammation in human RPE cells. RPE cells were treated with the selective CB2 agonist JWH-133 in the presence or absence of the oxidative stressor 4-hydroxynonenal. Thereafter, cellular viability as well as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and potential underlying signalling pathways were analysed. Our results show that JWH-133 led to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels, suggesting that RPE cells are capable of responding to a CB2 agonist. JWH-133 could not prevent oxidative stress-induced cell death. Instead, 10 µM JWH-133 increased cell death and the release of proinflammatory cytokines in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. In contrast to previous findings, CB2 activation increased, rather than reduced inflammation in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - S Andjelic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - N Josifovska
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - N Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Hawlina
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - K Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T J Nevalainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - G Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Centre of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology and the Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Parkkari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Kauppinen A, Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K. The role of p62/SQSTM1 in IL-1β
-mediated cytokine production in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2017.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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19
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Mitochondrial impairment regulates inflammasome activation in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2017.01373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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20
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RANTA-AHO S, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, Kinnunen K, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Effects of HSP90 inhibitor TAS-116 on the inflammasome activation in ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2017.01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. RANTA-AHO
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kinnunen
- Department of Opthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Opthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Opthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Opthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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21
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Hytti M, Szabó D, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Honkakoski P, Kaarniranta K, Petrovski G, Kauppinen A. Two dietary polyphenols, fisetin and luteolin, reduce inflammation but augment DNA damage-induced toxicity in human RPE cells. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:37-42. [PMID: 28113103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived polyphenols are known to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In recent years, several studies have investigated their potential benefits for treating chronic diseases associated with prolonged inflammation and excessive oxidative stress, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previously, two polyphenols, fisetin and luteolin, have been reported to increase the survival of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells suffering from oxidative stress as well as decreasing inflammation but the benefits of polyphenol therapy seem to depend on the model system used. Our aim was to analyze the effects of fisetin and luteolin on inflammation and cellular viability in a model of nonoxidative DNA damage-induced cell death in human RPE (hRPE) cells. Pretreatment of ARPE-19 or primary hRPE cells with the polyphenols augmented etoposide-induced cell death as measured by the lactate dehydrogenase and 3-(4,5-dimethyldiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assays. However, the treatment was able to reduce the release of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, which were determined by enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay. Analyses of caspase 3 activity, p53 acetylation and SIRT1 protein levels revealed the apoptotic nature of etoposide-evoked cell death and that fisetin and luteolin augmented the etoposide-induced acetylation of p53 and decreased SIRT1 levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that the cytoprotective effects of fisetin and luteolin depend on the stressor they need to combat, whereas their anti-inflammatory potential is sustained over a variety of model systems. Careful consideration of disease pathways will be necessary before fisetin or luteolin can be recommended as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases in general and specifically AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Dora Szabó
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Stem Cells and Eye Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Center of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, and Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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22
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Kauppinen A, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, Kinnunen K, Kaarniranta K. Mechanisms behind the protein aggregation-related inflammasome activation in RPE cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Trzeciecka A, Paterno JJ, Toropainen E, Koskela A, Podracka L, Korhonen E, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K, Smedowski A. Long-term topical application of preservative-free prostaglandin analogues evokes macrophage infiltration in the ocular adnexa. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:12-20. [PMID: 27288881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Success of the long-term glaucoma therapy and preservation of the visual function strongly depend on patients' compliance which may be affected by the inconvenience of treatment and its side effects. Recently, introduction of preservative-free anti-glaucoma agents has become an important step towards improved glaucoma care by eliminating the negative effects of preservatives on the eye surface. Although, newly developed eye drop formulations do not contain standard preservatives, they still can be harmful to ocular surface due to other excipients. In this study, we compared tolerability of commercial preservative-free (pf) prostaglandin analogues (pf tafluprost, pf latanoprost and pf bimatoprost) in long-term topical application in rabbits in vivo. We found that after eight weeks treatment, pf latanoprost was the worst tolerated among the tested drops. It expressed increased conjunctival redness and blinking frequency. Furthermore, it caused increased LDH release in the aqueous humour, infiltration of macrophages in the eyelids and visible defects in conjunctival goblet cells. However, we did not detect increased levels of inflammatory markers in the tear fluid or in the aqueous humour. Based on our study, we suspect that these negative effects are related to excipients included in pf latanoprost formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trzeciecka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J Jussi Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lucia Podracka
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Panewnicka 65, 40-760 Katowice, Poland; Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland.
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24
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Hytti M, Tokarz P, Määttä E, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Suuronen T, Honkakoski P, Kaarniranta K, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Kauppinen A. Inhibition of BET bromodomains alleviates inflammation in human RPE cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 110-111:71-9. [PMID: 27106081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing proteins are vital for controlling the expression of many pro-inflammatory genes. Consequently, compounds capable of inhibiting specific bromodomain-facilitated protein-protein interactions would be predicted to alleviate inflammation, making them valuable agents in the treatment of diseases caused by dysregulated inflammation, such as age-related macular degeneration. Here, we assessed the ability of known inhibitors JQ-1, PFI-1, and IBET-151 to protect from the inflammation and cell death caused by etoposide exposure in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, ARPE-19. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of the bromodomain inhibitors were assessed by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) profiling. The involvement of NF-κB and SIRT1 in inflammatory signaling was monitored by ELISA and western blotting. Furthermore, SIRT1 was knocked down using a specific siRNA or inhibited by EX-527 to elucidate its role in the inflammatory reaction. The bromodomain inhibitors effectively decreased etoposide-induced release of IL-6 and IL-8. This anti-inflammatory effect was not related to SIRT1 activity, although all bromodomain inhibitors decreased the extent of acetylation of p53 at the SIRT1 deacetylation site. Overall, since bromodomain inhibitors display anti-inflammatory properties in human retinal pigment epithelial cells, these compounds may represent a new way of alleviating the inflammation underlying the onset of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Tokarz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - E Määttä
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - N Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - E Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - T Suuronen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - P Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - K Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - M Lahtela-Kakkonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - A Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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Korhonen E, Rönkkö S, Hillebrand S, Riikonen J, Xu W, Järvinen K, Lehto VP, Kauppinen A. Cytotoxicity assessment of porous silicon microparticles for ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hytti M, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Honkakoski P, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Fisetin and luteolin protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and regulate inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17645. [PMID: 26619957 PMCID: PMC4664957 DOI: 10.1038/srep17645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is a clinical hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness among aged people in the Western world. Both inflammation and oxidative stress are known to play vital roles in the development of this disease. Here, we assess the ability of fisetin and luteolin, to protect ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death and to decrease intracellular inflammation. We also compare the growth and reactivity of human ARPE-19 cells in serum-free and serum-containing conditions. The absence of serum in the culture medium did not prevent ARPE-19 cells from reaching full confluency but caused an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress-induced cell death. Both fisetin and luteolin protected ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress-induced cell death. They also significantly decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the culture medium. The decrease in inflammation was associated with reduced activation of MAPKs and CREB, but was not linked to NF- κB or SIRT1. The ability of fisetin and luteolin to protect and repair stressed RPE cells even after the oxidative insult make them attractive in the search for treatments for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niina Piippo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O.B. 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O.B. 100, FI-70029 KYS, Finland
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Hytti M, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Fisetin and Luteolin decrease inflammation and oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hytti
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Hytti M, Piippo N, Korhonen E, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Fisetin and Luteolin decrease inflammation and oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hytti
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. cis-Urocanic acid prevents inflammation and cell death in UVB-treated ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Korhonen
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Kauppinen A, Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K. Inflammasome activation by UVB irradiation in human corneal epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Piippo N, Hyttinen J, Hytti M, Korhonen E, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. SQSTM1/p62 depletion leads to the Rab7 accumulation and inflammatory response in ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Piippo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - J. Hyttinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - E. Korhonen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Ophtalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Korhonen E, Piippo N, Hytti M, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. cis-Urocanic acid prevents inflammation and cell death in UVB-treated ARPE-19 cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Korhonen
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - N. Piippo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hytti
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - K. Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - A. Kauppinen
- Department of Ophthalmology; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
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Korhonen E, Korhonen LK. Histochemical demonstration of cytochrome oxidase activity in the lens. Acta Ophthalmol 2009; 44:577-80. [PMID: 4290431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1966.tb08074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Korhonen E. European standardisation of hearing protectors. Noise Health 2005; 7:55-8. [PMID: 16053606 DOI: 10.4103/1463-1741.31639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
European legislation based on the New Approach requires that technical requirements for products are given in harmonised European standards. The Directive 89/686/EEC on Personal Protective Equipment came into force in 1995. The existence of product and testing standards is a prerequisite for the effective implementation of the directive. There was a need to develop several standards in a very short time period and the basic standards for hearing protectors have already been revised once. It is important to continue the validation of the standardised testing methods and requirement levels. This requires good co-operation and research between test laboratories and research institutes, especially as it is necessary to ensure new products comply with these technical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Korhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The lack of scientific and technical knowledge in certain complex fields, together with schedule constraints, have lead to adopt in EN standards insufficiently validated tests, relying sometimes on an empirical approach. Thus, even personal protective equipment (PPE) with positive results in tests required by the standards can nevertheless prove to be unsatisfactory when used at work. Several research projects have already been carried out on equipment, fall arresting systems, protective clothing, and gloves by several health and safety institutes in Europe. The results would suggest practical solutions to improve the representativity of several European Committee for Standardization (CEN) test methods and to focus more on informing and training workers on the manner of wearing PPE, in particular respiratory protective equipment or hearing protectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayer
- French National Research and Safety Institute, France.
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Lahtinen H, Korhonen E, Castrén E, Miettinen R, Ylinen A, Riekkinen PJ. Long-term alterations in NMDA-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding in the rat hippocampus following fimbria-fornix lesioning. Exp Neurol 1993; 121:193-9. [PMID: 8339770 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1993.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Subcortical deafferentation of the rat hippocampus has been suggested to offer a model for developing limbic epilepsy. In the present study, the long-term effect of fimbria-fornix lesioning on the density and distribution of hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding was studied using quantitative autoradiography. Compared to controls of the same age, the fimbria-fornix-lesioned (FFL) rats showed 1 year after lesioning a uniform, 20-33% increase in NMDA receptor density throughout the hippocampus, which was statistically significant in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 area (P = 0.001 and P < 0.05) and in the inner and outer halves of the dentate molecular layer (P < 0.05 for both). The increased receptor density in the FFL rats may reflect a long-term process of regeneration within the hippocampal formation, which could partly account for the maintenance or development of epileptogenity. The control animals, which were over 1 year old, showed lower binding density than young animals in all areas measured, thus suggesting a decrease in NMDA receptor binding during normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lahtinen
- Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to design new functional work clothing for meat-cutters, paying particular attention to the metabolic requirements of the work and the thermal and general working conditions in slaughterhouses. On the basis of the results of the pilot study (review of the literature, questionnaires and interviews, work analysis, physiological measurements) different types of work clothing were designed for prolonged used during normal work in meat cutting. Physical material tests and measurements of thermal insulation values (l(cl)), and the follow-up of clothing maintenance were carried out. Further modifications and evaluations of work clothing were based on the opinions of meat-cutters and on the physiological trials in slaughterhouses. The final assembly of work clothing consists of three pieces (cotton/polyester): an apron, trousers with extra insulation in the lower back, and a work coat with extra insulation in the neck and shoulders, and at the wrists. The sleeves are protected against moisture by special textile material. The thermal insulation of this new set of work clothing together with long sleeved and legged underwear is 1.3 clo and it proved to be sufficient for thermal comfort in moderate work in an air temperature of 10 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ilmarinen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 a A, SF-00250 Helsinki, Finland
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Korhonen LK, Korhonen E, Hyyppä M, Punnonen R. Histochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase activity in the uterus. Histochemie 1966; 6:164-7. [PMID: 4958590 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Korhonen LK, Korhonen E, Hyyppä M. Histochemical demonstration of carbonic anhydrase activity in the alimentary canal. Histochemie 1966; 6:168-72. [PMID: 5921140 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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