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Peng W, Zhang M, Yi X. Systemic Inflammatory Mediator Levels in Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:80-87. [PMID: 37804222 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2268306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the systemic inflammatory mediator levels in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) and explore the correlation between systemic inflammatory mediators and DME. METHODS In this prospective study, we included 25 patients without diabetes (control group) and 75 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetic group). According to fundus examination, the diabetic group patients were divided into: diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (DR) (Non-DR group), NPDR patients without DME (Non-DME group), and NPDR patients with DME (DME group). Serum levels of a broad panel of inflammatory mediators were analysed by multiplex protein quantitative detection technology based on a flow cytometry detection system. RESULTS The interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were significantly higher in DME group and Non-DME group as compared to control group (p = 0.023 and p = 0.033) and Non-DR group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.015). Significantly higher values were obtained in DME group and Non-DME group as compared to control group for the interleukin-8 (IL-8) (p = 0.003 and p = 0.003). The IL-23 levels were significantly elevated in DME group and Non-DR group than in Non-DME group (p = 0.013 and p = 0.004). The diabetic group had significantly higher serum levels of IL-8 and IL-33 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011), and lower serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (p = 0.027) in comparison with control group. CONCLUSIONS The changed levels of serum inflammatory mediators suggest that the systemic inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of NPDR patients with DME. Such effects can guide clinical monitoring, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for DME patients at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Mingmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
| | - Xianglong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumchi, China
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2
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Deng H, Ai M, Cao Y, Cai L, Guo X, Yang X, Yi G, Fu M. Potential Protective Function of Adiponectin in Diabetic Retinopathy. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12:1519-1534. [PMID: 37000404 PMCID: PMC10164206 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, one of the most ubiquitous adipokines found in the blood, plays a major role in glucolipid metabolism and energy metabolism and regulation. In recent years, a growing body of research indicates that adiponectin also plays a significant role in diabetic retinopathy. In the present review, we specifically address the protective effects of adiponectin on the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy through improvement in insulin resistance, alleviation of oxidative stress, limiting of inflammation, and prevention of vascular remodeling, with the aim to explore new potential approaches and targets for the prevention and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Meichen Ai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuchen Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- Plastic Surgery Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Liyang Cai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi Guo
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongyi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoguo Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 26, Erheng Road, Yuancun, Tianhe, Guangzhou, 510230, Guangdong, China.
| | - Min Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 253, Industrial Avenue Middle, Haizhu, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
- The Second Clinical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, Guangdong, China.
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The Role of Adaptive Immunity in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216499. [PMID: 36362727 PMCID: PMC9657718 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently one of the common causes of vision loss in working-age adults. It is clinically diagnosed and classified according to the vascular changes in the fundus. However, the activation of immune cells occurs before these vascular changes become detectable. These, together with molecular studies and the positive clinical outcomes of anti-inflammatory treatment, highlight the pivotal involvement of the immune system. The role of innate immunity in DR pathophysiology has been studied in depth, but the contribution of adaptive immunity remains largely elusive. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the activation mechanism of adaptive immunity in DR microenvironments and to discuss the relationship between adaptive immunity and local vascular units or innate immunity, which opens new avenues for clinical applications in DR treatment.
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Gui F, You Z, Fu S, Wu H, Zhang Y. Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:591. [PMID: 33013692 PMCID: PMC7499433 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a diabetic complication which affects retinal function and results in severe loss of vision and relevant retinal diseases. Retinal vascular dysfunction caused by multifactors, such as advanced glycosylation end products and receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, proliferator-activated receptor-γ disruption, growth factors, oxidative stress, and microRNA. These factors promote retinal endothelial dysfunction, which results in the development of DR. In this review, we summarize the contributors in the pathophysiology of DR for a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanism in the development of DR with a special emphasis on retinal endothelial dysfunction.
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5
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Holan V, Hermankova B, Krulova M, Zajicova A. Cytokine interplay among the diseased retina, inflammatory cells and mesenchymal stem cells - a clue to stem cell-based therapy. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:957-967. [PMID: 31768222 PMCID: PMC6851013 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative disorders, such as diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration or glaucoma, represent the most common causes of loss of vision and blindness. In spite of intensive research, treatment options to prevent, stop or cure these diseases are limited. Newer therapeutic approaches are offered by stem cell-based therapy. To date, various types of stem cells have been evaluated in a range of models. Among them, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue and used as autologous cells have been proposed to have the potential to attenuate the negative manifestations of retinal diseases. MSCs delivered to the vicinity of the diseased retina can exert local anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting/regenerative effects on retinal cells. However, MSCs also produce numerous factors that could have negative impacts on retinal regeneration. The secretory activity of MSCs is strongly influenced by the cytokine environment. Therefore, the interactions among the molecules produced by the diseased retina, cytokines secreted by inflammatory cells and factors produced by MSCs will decide the development and propagation of retinal diseases. Here we discuss the interactions among cytokines and other factors in the environment of the diseased retina treated by MSCs, and we present results supporting immunoregulatory and trophic roles of molecules secreted in the vicinity of the retina during MSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Holan
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hermankova
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Krulova
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zajicova
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
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Abdel-Moneim A, Semmler M, Abdel-Reheim ES, Zanaty MI, Addaleel W. Association of glycemic status and interferon-γ production with leukocytes and platelet indices alterations in type2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1963-1969. [PMID: 31235122 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between glycemic status and the inflammation biomarkers; leukocytes, platelets indices and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients regarding diabetic complications. METHODS Study was conducted on 158 patients allocated as normal healthy subjects (50) and 108 patients diagnosed as T2DM. The diabetic patients were subdivided into six groups according to metformin administration as mono-or dual therapies. RESULTS The current results exhibited a significant elevation in systolic blood pressure, total and LDL-cholesterol levels and IFN-γ as well as a noticeable decrease in HDL-cholesterol and anti-atherogenic factor values compared to the healthy patients. Leukocytes and neutrophils count, main platelets volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) values revealed noticeable elevations in most treated T2DM groups, while a marked depletion was recorded in platelets count compared to healthy subjects. Glycemic control, most treated diabetic patients with metformin mono- and dual therapies showed an ameliorative effect in HbA1c, IFN-γ, MPV, and PDW values compared to recent diabetic ones. CONCLUSION Diabetes was correlated significantly with dyslipidemia and atherogenic risk in parallel with an increase in IFN-γ production and hematological inflammatory biomarkers; leukocytes, neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/lymphocyte ratios, MPV and PDW values. The amelioration in inflammatory biomarkers was associated with improvement in glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abdel-Moneim
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt.
| | - Margit Semmler
- Institute, Diabetes Research Düsseldorf University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eman S Abdel-Reheim
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Zanaty
- Biotechnology Department, Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
| | - Wessam Addaleel
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Egypt
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7
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Nahomi RB, Sampathkumar S, Myers AM, Elghazi L, Smith DG, Tang J, Lee CA, Kern TS, Nagaraj RH, Fort PE. The Absence of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibits Retinal Capillary Degeneration in Diabetic Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2042-2053. [PMID: 29677366 PMCID: PMC5908388 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Loss of retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes through apoptosis is an early event in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Inflammatory pathways play a role in early DR, yet the biochemical mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an inflammatory cytokine-inducible enzyme, on retinal endothelial apoptosis and capillary degeneration in the diabetic retina. Methods IDO was detected in human and mouse retinas by immunohistochemistry or Western blotting. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were measured by ELISA. IDO levels were measured in human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HREC) cultured in the presence of IFN-γ ± 25 mM D-glucose. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using CM-H2DCFDA dye and apoptosis was measured by cleaved caspase-3. The role of IDO in DR was determined in IDO knockout (IDO−/−) mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Results The IDO and IFN-γ levels were higher in human diabetic retinas with retinopathy relative to nondiabetic retinas. Immunohistochemical data showed that IDO is present in capillary endothelial cells. IFN-γ upregulated the IDO and ROS levels in HREC. The blockade of either IDO or kynurenine monooxygenase led to inhibition of ROS in HREC. Apoptosis through this pathway was inhibited by an ROS scavenger, TEMPOL. Capillary degeneration was significantly reduced in diabetic IDO−/− mice compared to diabetic wild-type mice. Conclusions The results suggest that the kynurenine pathway plays an important role in the inflammatory damage in the diabetic retina and could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooban B Nahomi
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Sruthi Sampathkumar
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Angela M Myers
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Lynda Elghazi
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Dawn G Smith
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Jie Tang
- Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - C Allen Lee
- Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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8
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Lyu J, Zhang Q, Jin H, Xu Y, Chen C, Ji X, Zhang X, Rao Y, Zhao P. Aqueous cytokine levels associated with severity of type 1 retinopathy of prematurity and treatment response to ranibizumab. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 256:1469-1477. [PMID: 29948178 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the aqueous humor levels of cytokines in eyes with type 1 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) before primary intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR). METHODS Forty-nine infants with type 1 ROP (56 eyes of 28 infants in the threshold ROP group and 42 eyes of 21 infants in the type 1 pre-threshold ROP group) received primary IVR and 49 aqueous humor samples were obtained preoperatively. Aqueous humor samples from 15 infants (15 eyes) undergoing congenital cataract surgery were used as controls. The concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured by a multiplex bead assay. Infants with persistent, recurrent, or progressive ROP after IVR were retreated. RESULTS The preoperative aqueous levels of 16 cytokines were significantly different among type 1 pre-threshold, threshold ROP, and control groups (P < 0.05). The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P < 0.001), interferon-γ (P < 0.001), interleukin (IL)-10 (P < 0.001), and IL-12 (P < 0.001) were the highest in the threshold ROP group, less in the type 1 pre-threshold ROP group, and the lowest in the control group. Retreatment was given to 55% of infants with ROP within a 48-week follow-up period after primary IVR. Higher VEGF (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.001, P = 0.001) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (HR = 1.085, P = 0.022) levels were independently correlated with ROP retreatment. CONCLUSIONS Higher aqueous levels of VEGF and inflammatory cytokines were associated with more severe type 1 ROP and ROP retreatment after primary IVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lyu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Haiying Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chunli Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Xunda Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuqing Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Peiquan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Tsai T, Kuehn S, Tsiampalis N, Vu MK, Kakkassery V, Stute G, Dick HB, Joachim SC. Anti-inflammatory cytokine and angiogenic factors levels in vitreous samples of diabetic retinopathy patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194603. [PMID: 29584759 PMCID: PMC5870958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of cytokines in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is important for the identification of future additive or alternative treatment options. Therefore, vitreous samples were obtained from patients with DR and patients with macular hole or macular pucker (control group) during 23-gauge-vitrectomy (n = 17/group). The levels of three pro-inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-6, IFN-γ) and pleiotropic cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-13) as well as VEGF, VEGF-A, and PGF were measured using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL-1ß (p = 0.02) and IFN-γ (p = 0.04), two of the three tested pro-inflammatory cytokines, were elevated in the DR patients, while IL-6 (p = 0.51) level was comparable in both groups. Moreover, in DR samples, a trend towards an IL-13 down-regulation (p = 0.36) was observable. The IL-2 (p = 0.62) and IL-4 (p = 0.78) levels were comparable in both groups. All analyzed angiogenetic factors were up-regulated in DR patients (VEGF: p<0.001; VEGF-A: p = 0.002; PGF: p<0.001). The up-regulation of angiogenetic factors underline their importance in DR development. However, the interaction of the other cytokines showed an interesting pattern. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were also up-regulated, which could be evidence for inflammation processes in the diabetic retina. Furthermore, it seems that a counter response of immunomodulatory cytokines is in an initial process, but not strong enough to regulate the processes. Therefore, to support these anti-inflammatory mechanisms might be additive treatment option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Kuehn
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsiampalis
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Minh-Khoa Vu
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vinodh Kakkassery
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gesa Stute
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H. Burkhard Dick
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C. Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Association between Aqueous Cytokines and Diabetic Retinopathy Stage. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:9402198. [PMID: 28680705 PMCID: PMC5478856 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9402198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure the concentrations of various cytokines in the aqueous humor from patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Methods All selected cataract patients were categorized into 4 groups: the control group (patients without diabetes), nonretinopathy (NDR) group (diabetic patients without retinopathy), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) group, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) group. The aqueous concentrations of interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from patients were measured using the cytometric bead array technique. Results In this study, 10, 22, 15, and 14 patients were included in the control, NDR, NPDR, and PDR groups, respectively. No difference was observed in the aqueous concentrations of all cytokines between the control group and the NDR group. By contrast, comparison of these groups revealed that the aqueous concentrations of most inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the PDR and NPDR groups. In addition, the concentrations of IL-2, IL-5, and VEGF were higher in the PDR group than those in the NPDR group. Conclusions Aqueous concentrations of various cytokines increased with the severity of patients' diabetic retinopathy. This finding implies that these cytokines might play a role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Kou L, Du M, Zhang C, Dai Z, Li X, Zhang B. The Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic, and Anti-Diabetic Nephritic Activities of Zeaxanthin in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:944-955. [PMID: 28058588 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zeaxanthin (ZA), an important compound found in Lycium barbarum, shows various pharmacodynamic effects. In our present study, a high-fat, high-sucrose diet and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model was used to investigate the antidiabetic activities of ZA. After a 4-week administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg of ZA and 100 mg/kg of metformin hydrochloride, various blood biochemical indexes were detected. ZA strongly normalized the reduced bodyweight and enhanced fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats. The positive data obtained from the oral glucose tolerance test further confirmed its antidiabetic effects. ZA displayed significant hypolipidemic activities indicated by its modulation of serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. The antidiabetic nephropathy of ZA was confirmed by its regulation of pathological kidney structures, urine levels of n-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and albuminuria, and serum levels of urea nitrogen. ZA inhibited the serum levels of inflammatory factors including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and nuclear factor kappa B, further confirming its renal protection. Moreover, the serum imbalances in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, and catalase were normalized by ZA, suggesting its antioxidant properties. Altogether, ZA produced hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic nephritic effects in a diet-STZ-induced diabetic rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Kou
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Mingzhao Du
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
| | - Chaopu Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Zhiyin Dai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Baohai Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
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Zhang J, Yang J, Huang T, Shu Y, Chen L. Identification of novel proliferative diabetic retinopathy related genes on protein–protein interaction network. Neurocomputing 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Persistent inflammatory state after photoreceptor loss in an animal model of retinal degeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33356. [PMID: 27624537 PMCID: PMC5022039 DOI: 10.1038/srep33356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia act as the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, including the retina. In response to damaging stimuli microglia adopt an activated state, which can progress into a phagocytic phenotype and play a potentially harmful role by eliciting the expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to assess longitudinal changes in microglia during retinal degeneration in the homozygous P23H rat, a model of dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Microglial phenotypes, morphology and density were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cytokine antibody array. In addition, we performed electroretinograms to evaluate the retinal response. In the P23H retina, sclera, choroid and ciliary body, inflammatory cells increased in number compared with the control at all ages analyzed. As the rats became older, a higher number of amoeboid MHC-II(+) cells were observed in the P23H retina, which correlated with an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that, in the P23H model, retinal neuroinflammation persists throughout the rat's life span even after photoreceptor depletion. Therefore, the inclusion of anti-inflammatory drugs at advanced stages of the neurodegenerative process may provide better retinal fitness so the remaining cells could still be used as targets of cellular or gene therapies.
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Patel C, Xu Z, Shosha E, Xing J, Lucas R, Caldwell RW, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Treatment with polyamine oxidase inhibitor reduces microglial activation and limits vascular injury in ischemic retinopathy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1862:1628-39. [PMID: 27239699 PMCID: PMC5091072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinal vascular injury is a major cause of vision impairment in ischemic retinopathies. Insults such as hyperoxia, oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to this pathology. Previously, we showed that hyperoxia-induced retinal neurodegeneration is associated with increased polyamine oxidation. Here, we are studying the involvement of polyamine oxidases in hyperoxia-induced injury and death of retinal vascular endothelial cells. New-born C57BL6/J mice were exposed to hyperoxia (70% O2) from postnatal day (P) 7 to 12 and were treated with the polyamine oxidase inhibitor MDL 72527 or vehicle starting at P6. Mice were sacrificed after different durations of hyperoxia and their retinas were analyzed to determine the effects on vascular injury, microglial cell activation, and inflammatory cytokine profiling. The results of this analysis showed that MDL 72527 treatment significantly reduced hyperoxia-induced retinal vascular injury and enhanced vascular sprouting as compared with the vehicle controls. These protective effects were correlated with significant decreases in microglial activation as well as levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In order to model the effects of polyamine oxidation in causing microglial activation in vitro, studies were performed using rat brain microvascular endothelial cells treated with conditioned-medium from rat retinal microglia stimulated with hydrogen peroxide. Conditioned-medium from activated microglial cultures induced cell stress signals and cell death in microvascular endothelial cells. These studies demonstrate the involvement of polyamine oxidases in hyperoxia-induced retinal vascular injury and retinal inflammation in ischemic retinopathy, through mechanisms involving cross-talk between endothelial cells and resident retinal microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Patel
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Z Xu
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - E Shosha
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - J Xing
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - R Lucas
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - R W Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - R B Caldwell
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - S P Narayanan
- Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Allied Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Wang J, Teng L, Liu Y, Hu W, Chen W, Hu X, Wang Y, Wang D. Studies on the Antidiabetic and Antinephritic Activities of Paecilomyces hepiali Water Extract in Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley Rats. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:4368380. [PMID: 27034961 PMCID: PMC4789475 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4368380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paecilomyces hepiali is a fungus widely used in Asian countries for various potential pharmacological activities. The present study aims to evaluate the antidiabetic and antinephritic effects of the Paecilomyces hepiali mycelium water extract (PHC) in diabetic rat, which is established by eight-week high-fat diet administration followed by one-week tail intravenous injection of 25 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). After four-week 0.12 g/kg metformin and PHC at doses of 0.08, 0.4, and 2.0 g/kg treatment, an increment of body weight, a decrement of plasma glucose, low levels of total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic rats were observed. PHC promotes glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin, pyruvate kinase activity, and increasing the synthesis of glycogen. PHC normalized the disturbed levels of superoxide dismutase, methane dicarboxylic aldehyde, and glutathione peroxidase in kidney. The inhibitory effects on the levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum and kidney revealed the protection of PHC against diabetic nephropathy. Compared with nontreated diabetic rats, four-week PHC treatment resulted in a decrement on nuclear factor kappa B expression in kidney. These results show that Paecilomyces hepiali possesses antidiabetic and antinephritic effects which are related to the modulation of nuclear factor kappa B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Lirong Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yange Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenji Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xi Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yingwu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- *Di Wang:
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Ligocki AJ, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Role of interferon-γ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in intraocular tumor rejection. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:735-47. [PMID: 26578649 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-093rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is normally an immunosuppressive environment. This condition is better known as immune privilege and protects the eye from immune-mediated inflammation of tissues that cannot regenerate. However, immune privilege creates a dilemma for the eye when intraocular neoplasms arise. In some cases, immune privilege is suspended, resulting in the immune rejection of intraocular tumors. This study employed a mouse model in which interferon-γ-dependent intraocular tumor rejection occurs. We tested the hypothesis that this rejection requires interferon-γ for the generation and functional capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors. Tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice, even though the mice generated tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the periphery. However, interferon-γ knockout mice rejected tumors that were introduced into extraocular sites. Subcutaneous tumor immunization before intraocular challenge led to tumor rejection and preservation of the eye in wild-type mice. By contrast, tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice despite their ability to generate peripheral tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as the capacity of CD8(+) T cells to enter the eye as shown by the presence of CD8 and perforin message and CD3(+)CD8(+) leukocytes within the tumor-bearing eye. We found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in wild-type mice and adoptively transferred into interferon-γ knockout mice mediated the rejection of intraocular tumors in interferon-γ knockout hosts. The results indicate that interferon-γ is critical for the initial priming and differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes residing in the periphery to produce the most effect antitumor function within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Yu Z, Gong C, Lu B, Yang L, Sheng Y, Ji L, Wang Z. Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. alleviates diabetic retinopathy by preventing retinal inflammation and tight junction protein decrease. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:518317. [PMID: 25685822 PMCID: PMC4313057 DOI: 10.1155/2015/518317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to observe the alleviation of the ethanol extract of Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. (DC), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on DR and its engaged mechanism. After DC (30 or 300 mg/kg) was orally administrated, the breakdown of blood retinal barrier (BRB) in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats was attenuated by DC. Decreased retinal mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (including occludin and claudin-1) in diabetic rats was also reversed by DC. Western blot analysis and retinal immunofluorescence staining results further confirmed that DC reversed the decreased expression of occludin and claudin-1 proteins in diabetic rats. DC reduced the increased retinal mRNA expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin- (IL-) 6, and IL-1β in diabetic rats. In addition, DC alleviated the increased 1 and phosphorylated p65, IκB, and IκB kinase (IKK) in diabetic rats. DC also reduced the increased serum levels of TNFα, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-2, IL-3, and IL-10 in diabetic rats. Therefore, DC can alleviate DR by inhibiting retinal inflammation and preventing the decrease of tight junction proteins, such as occludin and claudin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyang Yu
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chenyuan Gong
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Lu
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuchen Sheng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Ji
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- *Lili Ji:
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription and The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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18
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Liu X, Ye F, Xiong H, Hu D, Limb GA, Xie T, Peng L, Yang W, Sun Y, Zhou M, Song E, Zhang DY. IL-1β Upregulates IL-8 Production in Human Müller Cells Through Activation of the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 Signaling Pathways. Inflammation 2014; 37:1486-95. [PMID: 24706000 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-9874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy shares some similarity with chronic inflammation and Müller cells dysfunction may play an important role in its initiation and progression since these cells are thought to be a major source of inflammatory factors. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of cytokines on human retinal Müller cells and to understand the underlying signal transduction pathways regulating interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. In this study, human MIO-M1 cells were treated with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), glucose, or mannitol, followed by examination of their IL-8 protein and mRNA levels by Western blotting and PCR, respectively. After treatment with IL-1β, the levels of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were measured. IL-8 was also measured by Western blotting and ELISA following Müller cell culture with IL-1β and specific inhibitors of the p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK, or JAK2 pathways. The results showed that IL-1β was a potent inducer of IL-8 expression in MIO-M1 cells, although a relatively small increase was induced by TNF-α. IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, and IFN-γ did not modify IL-8 expression. Increase of IL-8 expression was accompanied by a significant increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK, but not of JAK2 and STAT3. Furthermore, inhibitors of p38 MAPK and MEK1/2, but not for JNK and JAK2, significantly inhibited IL-8 expression. In conclusion, IL-1β potently stimulates IL-8 expression in Müller cells mainly through the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
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Song YJ, Jung JH, Kim DG. Analysis of Aqueous Humor Cytokines in Diabetic Retinopathy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2014. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2014.55.12.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Do Gyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Myongji Hospital, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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20
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Nahomi RB, Palmer A, Green KM, Fort PE, Nagaraj RH. Pro-inflammatory cytokines downregulate Hsp27 and cause apoptosis of human retinal capillary endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:164-74. [PMID: 24252613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The formation of acellular capillaries in the retina, a hallmark feature of diabetic retinopathy, is caused by apoptosis of endothelial cells and pericytes. The biochemical mechanism of such apoptosis remains unclear. Small heat shock proteins play an important role in the regulation of apoptosis. In the diabetic retina, pro-inflammatory cytokines are upregulated. In this study, we investigated the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on small heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) in human retinal endothelial cells (HREC). In HREC cultured in the presence of cytokine mixtures (CM), a significant downregulation of Hsp27 at the protein and mRNA level occurred, with no effect on HSF-1, the transcription factor for Hsp27. The presence of high glucose (25mM) amplified the effects of cytokines on Hsp27. CM activated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and enhanced the production of kynurenine and ROS. An inhibitor of IDO, 1-methyl tryptophan (MT), inhibited the effects of CM on Hsp27. CM also upregulated NOS2 and, consequently, nitric oxide (NO). A NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, and a ROS scavenger blocked the CM-mediated Hsp27 downregulation. While a NO donor in the culture medium did not decrease the Hsp27 content, a peroxynitrite donor and exogenous peroxynitrite did. The cytokines and high glucose-induced apoptosis of HREC were inhibited by MT and L-NAME. Downregulation of Hsp27 by a siRNA treatment promoted apoptosis in HREC. Together, these data suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce the formation of ROS and NO, which, through the formation of peroxynitrite, reduce the Hsp27 content and bring about apoptosis of retinal capillary endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooban B Nahomi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Allison Palmer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Katelyn M Green
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Patrice E Fort
- Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Ram H Nagaraj
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Li Y, Smith D, Li Q, Sheibani N, Huang S, Kern T, Nagaraj RH, Lin F. Antibody-mediated retinal pericyte injury: implications for diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:5520-6. [PMID: 22786897 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that autoantibodies against retinal pericytes could develop in diabetic retinopathy, and that these autoantibodies could induce retinal pericyte dysfunction/death via complement. METHODS Human primary retinal pericytes cultured in media containing normal (5 mM) or high (30 mM) glucose concentrations were incubated with normal human sera in the presence of a retinal pericyte-reactive antibody, then their viability was assessed by a BCECF-based cytotoxicity assay, and their function was assessed by a T-cell proliferation assay. The pericytes were also analyzed by RT-PCR and flow cytometry to detect CD38, an established diabetes-associated cell surface autoantigen. The potential of the anti-CD38 antibodies in inducing pericyte cellular injury was evaluated using the same cytotoxicity assays. In addition, autoantibody-mediated cytotoxicity in mouse retinal pericytes sensitized by sera from mice with developing diabetic retinopathy or control normal mice were also studied. RESULTS Retinal pericyte-reactive antibodies induced cellular damage by activating complement in the serum. The antibody-injured pericytes had reduced efficacy in inhibiting T cells. Hyperglycemic culture conditions rendered pericytes more susceptible to antibody-mediated attack. CD38 was expressed in retinal pericytes, and upregulated by TNF-α and IFN-γ, and anti-CD38 antibodies induced pericyte cytotoxicity. Retinal pericytes sensitized with sera from chronic diabetic mice suffered significantly augmented cytotoxicity compared with those sensitized with sera from the control mice. CONCLUSIONS The autoantibody-initiated complement activation could be a mechanism underlying the loss of function, and eventually, death of retinal pericytes in diabetic patients, suggesting that inhibiting complement activation could be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Gverović Antunica A, Karaman K, Znaor L, Sapunar A, Buško V, Puzović V. IL-12 concentrations in the aqueous humor and serum of diabetic retinopathy patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:815-21. [PMID: 22227739 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies suggest that inflammation plays an important part in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Cytokines may have a role in both positive and negative control of immunological reactions. Among many cytokines, interleukin 12 (IL-12) is known to be a strong pro-inflammatory cytokine. METHODS A total of 76 participants were enrolled in this study and classified into four groups: 23 diabetic patients with non-treated retinopathy, 17 diabetic patients with treated retinopathy, 12 diabetic patients without retinopathy, and 24 healthy control patients. Serum and aqueous humor samples were taken for the analysis of IL-12 concentration. RESULTS The aqueous humor IL-12 concentration was significantly elevated in the patients with non-treated diabetic retinopathy (χ(2)(3, n = 76) = 27.137; p < 0.001). No significant differences in IL-12 serum concentrations between the groups were found (F = 0.405, p = 0.750). Correlation analysis of IL-12 concentrations in the serum and aqueous humor showed a linear association between the two variables only in non-diabetic patients (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show a significantly higher concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 in the aqueous humor of non-treated diabetic retinopathy patients in comparison with diabetic patients treated for retinopathy, without retinopathy, or with healthy individuals. Because the serum levels of IL-12 did not differ considerably between the studied groups, it is plausible that this is due to its local production and secretion.
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Intravitreous interleukin-2 treatment and inflammation modulates glial cells activation and uncrossed retinotectal development. Neuroscience 2011; 200:223-36. [PMID: 22067607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays regulatory functions both in immune and nervous system. However, in the visual system, little is known about the cellular types which respond to IL-2 and its effects. Herein, we investigated the influence of IL-2 in the development of central visual pathways. Lister Hooded rats were submitted to multiple (at postnatal days [PND]7/10/13) or single (at PND10) intravitreous injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (vehicle), zymosan, or IL-2. IL-2 receptor α subunit was detected in the whole postnatal retina. Chronic treatment with either PBS or IL-2 increases retinal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, induces intravitreous inflammation revealed by the presence of macrophages, and results in a slight rearrangement of retinotectal axons. Acute zymosan treatment disrupts retinotectal axons distribution, confirming the influence of inflammation on retinotectal pathway reordering. Furthermore, acute IL-2 treatment increases GFAP expression in the retina without inflammation and produces a robust sprouting of the intact uncrossed retinotectal pathway. No difference was observed in glial cells activity in superior colliculus. Taken together, these data suggest that inflammation and interleukin-2 modulate retinal ganglion cells development and the distribution of their axons within central targets.
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Nawa A, Fujita-Hamabe W, Tokuyama S. Regulatory Action of Nitric Oxide Synthase on Ileal P-glycoprotein Expression under Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Condition. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:436-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Nawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Wakako Fujita-Hamabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University
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Gustavsson C, Agardh CD, Zetterqvist AV, Nilsson J, Agardh E, Gomez MF. Vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in mice retinal vessels is affected by both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12699. [PMID: 20856927 PMCID: PMC2938334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation has been proposed to be important in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. An early feature of inflammation is the release of cytokines leading to increased expression of endothelial activation markers such as vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Here we investigated the impact of diabetes and dyslipidemia on VCAM-1 expression in mouse retinal vessels, as well as the potential role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Methodology/Principal Findings Expression of VCAM-1 was examined by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy in vessels of wild type (wt), hyperlipidemic (ApoE−/−) and TNFα deficient (TNFα−/−, ApoE−/−/TNFα−/−) mice. Eight weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in increased VCAM-1 in wt mice, predominantly in small vessels (<10 µm). Diabetic wt mice had higher total retinal TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA than controls; as well as higher soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) in plasma. Lack of TNFα increased higher basal VCAM-1 protein and sVCAM-1, but failed to up-regulate IL-6 and IL-1β mRNA and VCAM-1 protein in response to diabetes. Basal VCAM-1 expression was higher in ApoE−/− than in wt mice and both VCAM-1 mRNA and protein levels were further increased by high fat diet. These changes correlated to plasma cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, but not to triglycerides levels. Diabetes, despite further increasing plasma cholesterol in ApoE−/− mice, had no effects on VCAM-1 protein expression or on sVCAM-1. However, it increased ICAM-1 mRNA expression in retinal vessels, which correlated to plasma triglycerides. Conclusions/Significance Hyperglycemia triggers an inflammatory response in the retina of normolipidemic mice and up-regulation of VCAM-1 in retinal vessels. Hypercholesterolemia effectively promotes VCAM-1 expression without evident stimulation of inflammation. Diabetes-induced endothelial activation in ApoE−/− mice seems driven by elevated plasma triglycerides but not by cholesterol. Results also suggest a complex role for TNFα in the regulation of VCAM-1 expression, being protective under basal conditions but pro-inflammatory in response to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Agardh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria F. Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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26
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Wiwanitkit V. IL-2 and IFN-gamma and diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 249:459; author reply 461-2. [PMID: 20652305 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-010-1449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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