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Bond C, Hugelier S, Xing J, Sorokina EM, Lakadamyali M. Multiplexed DNA-PAINT Imaging of the Heterogeneity of Late Endosome/Lysosome Protein Composition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585634. [PMID: 38562776 PMCID: PMC10983937 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Late endosomes/lysosomes (LELs) are crucial for numerous physiological processes and their dysfunction is linked to many diseases. Proteomic analyses have identified hundreds of LEL proteins, however, whether these proteins are uniformly present on each LEL, or if there are cell-type dependent LEL sub-populations with unique protein compositions is unclear. We employed a quantitative, multiplexed DNA-PAINT super-resolution approach to examine the distribution of six key LEL proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, CD63, TMEM192, NPC1 and LAMTOR4) on individual LELs. While LAMP1 and LAMP2 were abundant across LELs, marking a common population, most analyzed proteins were associated with specific LEL subpopulations. Our multiplexed imaging approach identified up to eight different LEL subpopulations based on their unique membrane protein composition. Additionally, our analysis of the spatial relationships between these subpopulations and mitochondria revealed a cell-type specific tendency for NPC1-positive LELs to be closely positioned to mitochondria. Our approach will be broadly applicable to determining organelle heterogeneity with single organelle resolution in many biological contexts. Summary This study develops a multiplexed and quantitative DNA-PAINT super-resolution imaging pipeline to investigate the distribution of late endosomal/lysosomal (LEL) proteins across individual LELs, revealing cell-type specific LEL sub-populations with unique protein compositions, offering insights into organelle heterogeneity at single-organelle resolution.
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2
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Xu Y, Shao B, Zhang Y. The significance of targeting lysosomes in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1308070. [PMID: 38370407 PMCID: PMC10869645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1308070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are intracellular digestive organelles that participate in various physiological and pathological processes, including the regulation of immune checkpoint molecules, immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment, antigen presentation, metabolism, and autophagy. Abnormalities or dysfunction of lysosomes are associated with the occurrence, development, and drug resistance of tumors. Lysosomes play a crucial role and have potential applications in tumor immunotherapy. Targeting lysosomes or harnessing their properties is an effective strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, the mechanisms and approaches related to lysosomes in tumor immunotherapy are not fully understood at present, and further basic and clinical research is needed to provide better treatment options for cancer patients. This review focuses on the research progress related to lysosomes and tumor immunotherapy in these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Shao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute for Hospital Management of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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Liv N, Fermie J, Ten Brink CBM, de Heus C, Klumperman J. Functional characterization of endo-lysosomal compartments by correlative live-cell and volume electron microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 177:301-326. [PMID: 37451771 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors are valuable tools to monitor protein activities and the functional state of organelles in live cells. However, the information provided by fluorescent microscopy (FM) is mostly limited in resolution and lacks ultrastructural context information. Protein activities are confined to organelle zones with a distinct membrane morphology, which can only be seen by electron microscopy (EM). EM, however, intrinsically lacks information on protein activities. The lack of methods to integrate these two imaging modalities has hampered understanding the functional organization of cellular organelles. Here we introduce "functional correlative microscopy" (functional CLEM) to directly infer functional information from live cells to EM with nanometer resolution. We label and visualize live cells with fluorescent biosensors after which they are processed for EM and imaged using a volume electron microscopy technique. Within a single dataset we correlate hundreds of fluorescent spots enabling quantitative analysis of the functional-ultrastructural data. We employ our method to monitor essential functional parameters of late endo-lysosomal compartments, i.e., pH, calcium, enzyme activities and cholesterol content. Our data reveal a steep functional difference in enzyme activity between late endosomes and lysosomes and unexpectedly high calcium levels in late endosomes. The presented CLEM workflow is compatible with a large repertoire of probes and paves the way for large scale functional studies of all types of cellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalan Liv
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Job Fermie
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corlinda B M Ten Brink
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Wahl-Schott C, Freichel M, Hennis K, Philippaert K, Ottenheijm R, Tsvilovskyy V, Varbanov H. Characterization of Endo-Lysosomal Cation Channels Using Calcium Imaging. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 278:277-304. [PMID: 36894791 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomes are membrane-bound acidic organelles that are involved in endocytosis, recycling, and degradation of extracellular and intracellular material. The membranes of endo-lysosomes express several Ca2+-permeable cation ion channels, including two-pore channels (TPC1-3) and transient receptor potential mucolipin channels (TRPML1-3). In this chapter, we will describe four different state-of-the-art Ca2+ imaging approaches, which are well-suited to investigate the function of endo-lysosomal cation channels. These techniques include (1) global cytosolic Ca2+ measurements, (2) peri-endo-lysosomal Ca2+ imaging using genetically encoded Ca2+ sensors that are directed to the cytosolic endo-lysosomal membrane surface, (3) Ca2+ imaging of endo-lysosomal cation channels, which are engineered in order to redirect them to the plasma membrane in combination with approaches 1 and 2, and (4) Ca2+ imaging by directing Ca2+ indicators to the endo-lysosomal lumen. Moreover, we will review useful small molecules, which can be used as valuable tools for endo-lysosomal Ca2+ imaging. Rather than providing complete protocols, we will discuss specific methodological issues related to endo-lysosomal Ca2+ imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wahl-Schott
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Lehrstuhl für Vegetative Physiologie, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
| | - Marc Freichel
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Konstantin Hennis
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Lehrstuhl für Vegetative Physiologie, Biomedizinisches Zentrum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Koenraad Philippaert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roger Ottenheijm
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Tsvilovskyy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hristo Varbanov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover(MHH), Hannover, Germany
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5
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Amaral O, Martins M, Oliveira AR, Duarte AJ, Mondragão-Rodrigues I, Macedo MF. The Biology of Lysosomes: From Order to Disorder. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010213. [PMID: 36672721 PMCID: PMC9856021 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1955, the understanding of the lysosome has continuously increased. Once considered a mere waste removal system, the lysosome is now recognised as a highly crucial cellular component for signalling and energy metabolism. This notable evolution raises the need for a summarized review of the lysosome's biology. As such, throughout this article, we will be compiling the current knowledge regarding the lysosome's biogenesis and functions. The comprehension of this organelle's inner mechanisms is crucial to perceive how its impairment can give rise to lysosomal disease (LD). In this review, we highlight some examples of LD fine-tuned mechanisms that are already established, as well as others, which are still under investigation. Even though the understanding of the lysosome and its pathologies has expanded through the years, some of its intrinsic molecular aspects remain unknown. In order to illustrate the complexity of the lysosomal diseases we provide a few examples that have challenged the established single gene-single genetic disorder model. As such, we believe there is a strong need for further investigation of the exact abnormalities in the pathological pathways in lysosomal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Unidade de Investigação e Desenvolvimento, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA), 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA, ICETA), Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Mondragão-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima Macedo
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Agra do Crasto, Edifício 30, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CAGE, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Lau YMA, Pang J, Tilstra G, Couture-Senécal J, Khan OF. The engineering challenges and opportunities when designing potent ionizable materials for the delivery of ribonucleic acids. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1650-1663. [PMID: 36377494 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2144827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ionizable lipids are critical components in lipid nanoparticles. These molecules sequester nucleic acids for delivery to cells. However, to build more efficacious delivery molecules, the field must continue to broaden structure-function studies for greater insight. While nucleic acid-binding efficiency, degradability and nanoparticle stability are vitally important, this review offers perspective on additional factors that must be addressed to improve delivery efficiency. AREAS COVERED We discuss how administration route, cellular heterogeneity, uptake pathway, endosomal escape timing, age, sex, and threshold effects can change depending on the type of LNP ionizable lipid. EXPERT OPINION Ionizable lipid structure-function studies often focus on the efficiency of RNA utilization and biodistribution. While these focus areas are critical, they remain high-level observations. As our tools for observation and system interrogation improve, we believe that the field should begin collecting additional data. At the cellular level, this data should include age (dividing or senescent cells), sex and phenotype, cell entry pathway, and endosome type. Additionally, administration route and dose are essential to track. This additional data will allow us to identify and understand heterogeneity in LNP efficacy across patient populations, which will help us provide better ionizable lipid options for different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ming Anson Lau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Pang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grayson Tilstra
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Omar F Khan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Zhou L, Xue X, Yang K, Feng Z, Liu M, Pastor-Pareja JC. Convergence of secretory, endosomal, and autophagic routes in trans-Golgi-associated lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2022; 222:213547. [PMID: 36239631 PMCID: PMC9577102 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202203045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the trans-Golgi, complex traffic connections exist to the endolysosomal system additional to the main Golgi-to-plasma membrane secretory route. Here, we investigated three hits in a Drosophila screen displaying secretory cargo accumulation in autophagic vesicles: ESCRT-III component Vps20, SNARE-binding Rop, and lysosomal pump subunit VhaPPA1-1. We found that Vps20, Rop, and lysosomal markers localize near the trans-Golgi. Furthermore, we document that the vicinity of the trans-Golgi is the main cellular location for lysosomes and that early, late, and recycling endosomes associate as well with a trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment where basal microautophagy of secretory cargo and other materials occurs. Disruption of this compartment causes cargo accumulation in our hits, including Munc18 homolog Rop, required with Syx1 and Syx4 for Rab11-mediated endosomal recycling. Finally, besides basal microautophagy, we show that the trans-Golgi-associated degradative compartment contributes to the growth of autophagic vesicles in developmental and starvation-induced macroautophagy. Our results argue that the fly trans-Golgi is the gravitational center of the whole endomembrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjian Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xutong Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - José C. Pastor-Pareja
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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8
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Griffiths G, Gruenberg J, Marsh M, Wohlmann J, Jones AT, Parton RG. Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114403. [PMID: 35777667 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) are attractive options for the therapeutic delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs, proteins and nucleic acids into cells, tissues and organs. Research into the development and application of NP most often starts with a diverse group of scientists, including chemists, bioengineers and material and pharmaceutical scientists, who design, fabricate and characterize NP in vitro (Stage 1). The next step (Stage 2) generally investigates cell toxicity as well as the processes by which NP bind, are internalized and deliver their cargo to appropriate model tissue culture cells. Subsequently, in Stage 3, selected NP are tested in animal systems, mostly mouse. Whereas the chemistry-based development and analysis in Stage 1 is increasingly sophisticated, the investigations in Stage 2 are not what could be regarded as 'state-of-the-art' for the cell biology field and the quality of research into NP interactions with cells is often sub-standard. In this review we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms by which particles gain entry into mammalian cells via endocytosis. We summarize the most important areas for concern, highlight some of the most common mis-conceptions, and identify areas where NP scientists could engage with trained cell biologists. Our survey of the different mechanisms of uptake into cells makes us suspect that claims for roles for caveolae, as well as macropinocytosis, in NP uptake into cells have been exaggerated, whereas phagocytosis has been under-appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Mark Marsh
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales CF103NB, UK
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
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9
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Gericke B, Wienböker I, Brandes G, Löscher W. Is P-Glycoprotein Functionally Expressed in the Limiting Membrane of Endolysosomes? A Biochemical and Ultrastructural Study in the Rat Liver. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091556. [PMID: 35563868 PMCID: PMC9102269 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp; ABCB1) plays an important role in drug absorption, disposition, and elimination. There is an ongoing debate whether, in addition to its localization at the plasma membrane, Pgp may also be expressed at the limiting membrane of endolysosomes (ELs), mediating active EL drug sequestration. If true, this would be an important mechanism to prevent drugs from reaching their intracellular targets. However, direct evidence demonstrating the functional expression of Pgp at the limiting membrane of ELs is lacking. This prompted us to perform a biochemical and ultrastructural study on the intracellular localization of Pgp in native rat liver. For this purpose, we established an improved subcellular fractionation procedure for the enrichment of ELs and employed different biochemical and ultrastructural methods to characterize the Pgp localization and function in the enriched EL fractions. Whereas the biochemical methods seemed to indicate that Pgp is functionally expressed at EL limiting membranes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that this only occurs rarely, if at all. Instead, Pgp was found in the limiting membrane of early endosomes and intraluminal vesicles. In additional TEM experiments, using a Pgp-overexpressing brain microvessel endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3-MDR1-EGFP), we examined whether Pgp is expressed at the limiting membrane of ELs when cells are exposed to high levels of the Pgp substrate doxorubicin. Pgp was seen in early endosomes but only rarely in endolysosomes, whereas Pgp immunogold labeling was detected in large autophagosomes. In summary, our data demonstrate the importance of combining biochemical and ultrastructural methods to investigate the relationship between Pgp localization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (B.G.); (I.W.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Inka Wienböker
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (B.G.); (I.W.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Brandes
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (B.G.); (I.W.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Loginov SV, Fermie J, Fokkema J, Agronskaia AV, De Heus C, Blab GA, Klumperman J, Gerritsen HC, Liv N. Correlative Organelle Microscopy: Fluorescence Guided Volume Electron Microscopy of Intracellular Processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:829545. [PMID: 35478966 PMCID: PMC9035751 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.829545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular processes depend on a strict spatial and temporal organization of proteins and organelles. Therefore, directly linking molecular to nanoscale ultrastructural information is crucial in understanding cellular physiology. Volume or three-dimensional (3D) correlative light and electron microscopy (volume-CLEM) holds unique potential to explore cellular physiology at high-resolution ultrastructural detail across cell volumes. However, the application of volume-CLEM is hampered by limitations in throughput and 3D correlation efficiency. In order to address these limitations, we describe a novel pipeline for volume-CLEM that provides high-precision (<100 nm) registration between 3D fluorescence microscopy (FM) and 3D electron microscopy (EM) datasets with significantly increased throughput. Using multi-modal fiducial nanoparticles that remain fluorescent in epoxy resins and a 3D confocal fluorescence microscope integrated into a Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscope (FIB.SEM), our approach uses FM to target extremely small volumes of even single organelles for imaging in volume EM and obviates the need for post-correlation of big 3D datasets. We extend our targeted volume-CLEM approach to include live-cell imaging, adding information on the motility of intracellular membranes selected for volume-CLEM. We demonstrate the power of our approach by targeted imaging of rare and transient contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes within hours rather than days. Our data suggest that extensive ER-lysosome and mitochondria-lysosome interactions restrict lysosome motility, highlighting the unique capabilities of our integrated CLEM pipeline for linking molecular dynamic data to high-resolution ultrastructural detail in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Loginov
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Job Fermie
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jantina Fokkema
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra V. Agronskaia
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cilia De Heus
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerhard A. Blab
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Nalan Liv,
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van der Beek J, de Heus C, Liv N, Klumperman J. Quantitative correlative microscopy reveals the ultrastructural distribution of endogenous endosomal proteins. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:212877. [PMID: 34817533 PMCID: PMC8624803 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The key endosomal regulators Rab5, EEA1, and APPL1 are frequently applied in fluorescence microscopy to mark early endosomes, whereas Rab7 is used as a marker for late endosomes and lysosomes. However, endogenous levels of these proteins localize poorly in immuno-EM, and systematic studies on their native ultrastructural distributions are lacking. To address this gap, we here present a quantitative, on-section correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) approach. Using the sensitivity of fluorescence microscopy, we label hundreds of organelles that are subsequently visualized by EM and classified by ultrastructure. We show that Rab5 predominantly marks small, endocytic vesicles and early endosomes. EEA1 colocalizes with Rab5 on early endosomes, but unexpectedly also labels Rab5-negative late endosomes, which are positive for PI(3)P but lack Rab7. APPL1 is restricted to small Rab5-positive, tubulo-vesicular profiles. Rab7 primarily labels late endosomes and lysosomes. These data increase our understanding of the structural-functional organization of the endosomal system and introduce quantitative CLEM as a sensitive alternative for immuno-EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan van der Beek
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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12
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Jou AF, Chou Y, Willner I, Ho JA. Imaging of Cancer Cells and Dictated Cytotoxicity Using Aptamer‐Guided Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR)‐Generated G‐Quadruplex Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amily Fang‐Ju Jou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University No. 200, Chung Pei Road Taoyuan City 320314 Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Te Chou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Ja‐an Annie Ho
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology National Taiwan University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Center for Emerging Materials and Advance Devices National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Center for Biotechnology National (Taiwan) University No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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13
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Abbiati RA, Wientjes MG, Au JLS. Is It Time to Use Modeling of Cellular Transporter Homeostasis to Inform Drug-Drug Interaction Studies: Theoretical Considerations. AAPS J 2021; 23:102. [PMID: 34435271 PMCID: PMC11048728 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical modeling has been an important tool in pharmaceutical research for 50 + years and there is increased emphasis over the last decade on using modeling to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of drug development. In an earlier commentary, we applied a multiscale model linking 6 scales (whole body, tumor, vasculature, cell, spatial location, time), together with literature data on nanoparticle and tumor properties, to demonstrate the effects of nanoparticle particles on systemic disposition. The current commentary used a 4-scale model (cell membrane, intracellular organelles, spatial location, time) together with literature data on the intracellular processing of membrane receptors and transporters to demonstrate disruption of transporter homeostasis can lead to drug-drug interaction (DDI) between victim drug (VD) and perpetrator drug (PD), including changes in the area-under-concentration-time-curve of VD in cells that are considered significant by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The model comprised 3 computational components: (a) intracellular transporter homeostasis, (b) pharmacokinetics of extracellular and intracellular VD/PD concentrations, and (c) pharmacodynamics of PD-induced stimulation or inhibition of an intracellular kinetic process. Model-based simulations showed that (a) among the five major endocytic processes, perturbation of transporter internalization or recycling led to the highest incidence and most extensive DDI, with minor DDI for perturbing transporter synthesis and early-to-late endosome and no DDI for perturbing transporter degradation and (b) three experimental conditions (spatial transporter distribution in cells, VD/PD co-incubation time, extracellular PD concentrations) were determinants of DDI detection. We propose modeling is a useful tool for hypothesis generation and for designing experiments to identify potential DDI; its application further aligns with the model-informed drug development paradigm advocated by FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Abbiati
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA
| | - M Guillaume Wientjes
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Ave, Suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA
| | - Jessie L-S Au
- Institute of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73117, USA.
- Optimum Therapeutics LLC, 1815 Aston Ave, Suite 107, Carlsbad, California, 92008, USA.
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Powell M, Blaskovich MAT, Hansford KA. Targeted Protein Degradation: The New Frontier of Antimicrobial Discovery? ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2050-2067. [PMID: 34259518 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation aims to hijack endogenous protein quality control systems to achieve direct knockdown of protein targets. This exciting technology utilizes event-based pharmacology to produce therapeutic outcomes, a feature that distinguishes it from classical occupancy-based inhibitor agents. Early degrader candidates display resilience to mutations while possessing potent nanomolar activity and high target specificity. Paired with the rapid advancement of our knowledge in the factors driving targeted degradation, the expansion of this style of therapeutic agent to a range of disease indications is eagerly awaited. In particular, the area of antibiotic discovery is sorely lacking in novel approaches, with the Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) crisis looming as the next potential global health calamity. Here, the current advances in targeted protein degradation are highlighted, and potential approaches for designing novel antimicrobial protein degraders are proposed, ranging from adaptations of current strategies to completely novel approaches to targeted protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Powell
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A. T. Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karl A. Hansford
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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15
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Jou AFJ, Chou YT, Willner I, Ho JAA. Imaging of Cancer Cells and Dictated Cytotoxicity Using Aptamer-Guided Hybridization Chain Reaction (HCR)-Generated G-Quadruplex Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21673-21678. [PMID: 34350685 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology provides powerful tools for developing cancer theranostics. Here we introduce the autonomous surface-nucleolin-guided HCR that leads to the polymerization of G-quadruplex polymer chains, in which the ZnII -protoporphyrin IX is intercalated. We demonstrate that MDA-MB-231 (Triple Negative Breast Cancer cells, TNBC) with overexpressed surface nucleolin were able to induce HCR leading to the formation of the ZnII PPIX-loaded G-quadruplex polymer chains, while the M10 epithelial breast cells served as control. The ZnII PPIX-loaded nanowires allow the selective imaging of TNBC, and their permeation into the TNBC leads to selective cytotoxicity and guided photodynamic therapy toward the cancer cells due to structural perturbation of the membranes. The aptamer-guided HCR-generated G-quadruplex polymer chains may serve as a versatile tool to target TNBC featuring poor prognosis and high pathological risk of recurrence, thus offering a promising theranostic platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amily Fang-Ju Jou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200, Chung Pei Road, Taoyuan City, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Chou
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Itamar Willner
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ja-An Annie Ho
- Bioanalytical Chemistry and Nanobiomedicine Laboratory Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, National (Taiwan) University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Center for Emerging Materials and Advance Devices, National (Taiwan) University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Center for Biotechnology, National (Taiwan) University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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16
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Fattal E, Fay F. Nanomedicine-based delivery strategies for nucleic acid gene inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113809. [PMID: 34033819 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to their abilities to modulate the expression of virtually any genes, RNA therapeutics have attracted considerable research efforts. Among the strategies focusing on nucleic acid gene inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs have reached advanced clinical trial phases with several of them having recently been marketed. These successes were obtained by overcoming stability and cellular delivery issues using either chemically modified nucleic acids or nanoparticles. As nucleic acid gene inhibitors are promising strategies to treat inflammatory diseases, this review focuses on the barriers, from manufacturing issues to cellular/subcellular delivery, that still need to be overcome to deliver the nucleic acids to sites of inflammation other than the liver. Furthermore, key examples of applications in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel, and lung diseases are presented as case studies of systemic, oral, and lung nucleic acid delivery.
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17
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Dilsizoglu Senol A, Samarani M, Syan S, Guardia CM, Nonaka T, Liv N, Latour-Lambert P, Hasegawa M, Klumperman J, Bonifacino JS, Zurzolo C. α-Synuclein fibrils subvert lysosome structure and function for the propagation of protein misfolding between cells through tunneling nanotubes. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001287. [PMID: 34283825 PMCID: PMC8291706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in specific brain regions is a hallmark of synucleinopathies including Parkinson disease (PD). α-Syn aggregates propagate in a "prion-like" manner and can be transferred inside lysosomes to recipient cells through tunneling nanotubes (TNTs). However, how lysosomes participate in the spreading of α-syn aggregates is unclear. Here, by using super-resolution (SR) and electron microscopy (EM), we find that α-syn fibrils affect the morphology of lysosomes and impair their function in neuronal cells. In addition, we demonstrate that α-syn fibrils induce peripheral redistribution of lysosomes, likely mediated by transcription factor EB (TFEB), increasing the efficiency of α-syn fibrils' transfer to neighboring cells. We also show that lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) allows the seeding of soluble α-syn in cells that have taken up α-syn fibrils from the culture medium, and, more importantly, in healthy cells in coculture, following lysosome-mediated transfer of the fibrils. Moreover, we demonstrate that seeding occurs mainly at lysosomes in both donor and acceptor cells, after uptake of α-syn fibrils from the medium and following their transfer, respectively. Finally, by using a heterotypic coculture system, we determine the origin and nature of the lysosomes transferred between cells, and we show that donor cells bearing α-syn fibrils transfer damaged lysosomes to acceptor cells, while also receiving healthy lysosomes from them. These findings thus contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism by which α-syn fibrils spread through TNTs, while also revealing the crucial role of lysosomes, working as a Trojan horse for both seeding and propagation of disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysegul Dilsizoglu Senol
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de l’Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maura Samarani
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de l’Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Syan
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de l’Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Carlos M. Guardia
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Latour-Lambert
- Dynamique des Interaction Hôte–Pathogène, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de l’Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juan S. Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité de Trafic Membranaire et Pathogénèse, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et de l’Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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18
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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Pathogenesis: A Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11010045. [PMID: 33450847 PMCID: PMC7828316 DOI: 10.3390/life11010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a fundamental property of living cells. EVs are known to transfer biological signals between cells and thus regulate the functional state of recipient cells. Such vesicles mediate the intercellular transport of many biologically active molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, specific lipids) and participate in regulation of key physiological processes. In addition, EVs are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases: infectious, neurodegenerative, and oncological. The current EV classification into microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes is based on their size, pathways of cellular biogenesis, and molecular composition. This review is focused on analysis of the role of EVs (mainly exosomes) in the pathogenesis of viral infection. We briefly characterize the biogenesis and molecular composition of various EV types. Then, we consider EV-mediated pro- and anti-viral mechanisms. EV secretion by infected cells can be an important factor of virus spread in target cell populations, or a protective factor limiting viral invasion. The data discussed in this review, on the effect of EV secretion by infected cells on processes in neighboring cells and on immune cells, are of high significance in the search for new therapeutic approaches and for design of new generations of vaccines.
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19
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Tannert A, Garcia Lopez J, Petkov N, Ivanova A, Peneva K, Neugebauer U. Lysosome-targeting pH indicator based on peri-fused naphthalene monoimide with superior stability for long term live cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:112-124. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02208j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal pH is altered in many pathophysiological conditions. We describe synthesis and spectral properties of a new lysosomal fluorescent marker dye suitable for microscopic evaluation of lysosomal distribution and pH changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Tannert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
| | - Javier Garcia Lopez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Nikolay Petkov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”
- Sofia
- Bulgaria
| | - Kalina Peneva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center of Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- Jena University Hospital
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20
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Abstract
N-glycosylation is a highly conserved glycan modification, and more than 7000 proteins are N-glycosylated in humans. N-glycosylation has many biological functions such as protein folding, trafficking, and signal transduction. Thus, glycan modification to proteins is profoundly involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. The N-glycan precursor is biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from dolichol phosphate by sequential enzymatic reactions to generate the dolichol-linked oligosaccharide composed of 14 sugar residues, Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. The oligosaccharide is then en bloc transferred to the consensus sequence N-X-S/T (X represents any amino acid except proline) of nascent proteins. Subsequently, the N-glycosylated nascent proteins enter the folding step, in which N-glycans contribute largely to attaining the correct protein fold by recruiting the lectin-like chaperones, calnexin, and calreticulin. Despite the N-glycan-dependent folding process, some glycoproteins do not fold correctly, and these misfolded glycoproteins are destined to degradation by proteasomes in the cytosol. Properly folded proteins are transported to the Golgi, and N-glycans undergo maturation by the sequential reactions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases, generating complex-type N-glycans. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases (GnT-III, GnT-IV, and GnT-V) produce branched N-glycan structures, affording a higher complexity to N-glycans. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the biosynthetic pathway of N-glycans in the ER and Golgi.
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21
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Lazaro-Carrillo A, Filice M, Guillén MJ, Amaro R, Viñambres M, Tabero A, Paredes KO, Villanueva A, Calvo P, Del Puerto Morales M, Marciello M. Tailor-made PEG coated iron oxide nanoparticles as contrast agents for long lasting magnetic resonance molecular imaging of solid cancers. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 107:110262. [PMID: 31761230 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most powerful technique for non-invasive diagnosis of human diseases and disorders. Properly designed contrast agents can be accumulated in the damaged zone and be internalized by cells, becoming interesting cellular MRI probes for disease tracking and monitoring. However, this approach is sometimes limited by the relaxation rates of contrast agents currently in clinical use, which show neither optimal pharmacokinetic parameters nor toxicity. In this work, a suitable contrast agent candidate, based on iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with polyethyleneglycol, was finely designed, prepared and fully characterized under a physical, chemical and biological point of view. To stand out the real potential of our study, all the experiments were performed in comparison with Ferumoxytol, a FDA approved IONPs. IONPs with a core size of 15 nm and coated with polyethyleneglycol of 5 kDa (OD15-P5) resulted the best ones, being able to be uptaken by both tumoral cells and macrophages and showing no toxicity for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro and in vivo MRI results for OD15-P5 showed r2 relaxivity values higher than Ferumoxitol. Furthermore, the injected OD15-P5 were completely retained at the tumor site for up to 24 h showing high potential as MRI contrast agents for real time long-lasting monitoring of the tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lazaro-Carrillo
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Filice
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), C/Melchor Fernandez-Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Fundacion Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Guillén
- Research Department, PharmaMar S.A, Colmenar Viejo, 28770, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Amaro
- Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Institute of Materials Science of Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de La Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Viñambres
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Institute of Materials Science of Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de La Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Tabero
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Ovejero Paredes
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Fundacion Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernandez Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Villanueva
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Darwin 2, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Faraday 9, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Calvo
- Research Department, PharmaMar S.A, Colmenar Viejo, 28770, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Puerto Morales
- Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Institute of Materials Science of Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de La Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Marciello
- Nanobiotechnology for Life Sciences Group, Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Institute of Materials Science of Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Sor Juana Inés de La Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Kopitzki S, Thiem J. Syntheses of mannopyranoside 6-thiophosphate and 6-deoxy-6-thio-mannopyranoside phosphate as ligands for affinity chromatography. Carbohydr Res 2019; 480:7-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Constantino‐Jonapa LA, Hernández‐Ramírez VI, Osorio‐Trujillo C, Talamás‐Rohana P. Eh
Rab21 mobilization during erythrophagocytosis in
Entamoeba histolytica. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1024-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Constantino‐Jonapa
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis MolecularCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, CDMXCP 07360, Mexico
| | - Verónica Ivonne Hernández‐Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis MolecularCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, CDMXCP 07360, Mexico
| | - Carlos Osorio‐Trujillo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis MolecularCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, CDMXCP 07360, Mexico
| | - Patricia Talamás‐Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis MolecularCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N., Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional No. 2508Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, CDMXCP 07360, Mexico
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Bannoud N, Carvelli FL, Troncoso M, Sartor T, Vargas-Roig LM, Sosa M. Cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor expression and distribution are influenced by estradiol in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201844. [PMID: 30086159 PMCID: PMC6080777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells secrete procathepsin D, and its secretion is enhanced by estradiol. Although alterations in the pro-enzyme intracellular transport have been reported, the mechanism by which it is secreted remains poorly understood. In this work, we have studied the influence of estradiol on the expression and distribution of the cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR), which would be a key molecule to ensure the proper localization of the enzyme to lysosomes in breast cancer cells. Immunoblotting studies demonstrated that the expression of CD-MPR is higher in MCF-7 cells, as compared to other breast cancer and non-tumorigenic cells. This expression correlated with high levels of cathepsin D (CatD) in these cells. By immunofluorescence, this receptor mostly co-localized with a Golgi marker in all cell types, exhibiting an additional peripheral labelling in MCF-7 cells. In addition, CD-MPR showed great differences regarding to cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor. On the other hand, the treatment with estradiol induced an increase in CD-MPR and CatD expression and a re-distribution of both proteins towards the cell periphery. These effects were blocked by the anti-estrogen tamoxifen. Moreover, a re-distribution of CD-MPR to plasma membrane-enriched fractions, analyzed by gradient centrifugation, was observed after estradiol treatment. We conclude that, in hormone-responsive breast cancer cells, CD-MPR and CatD are distributed together, and that their expression and distribution are influenced by estradiol. These findings strongly support the involvement of the CD-MPR in the pro-enzyme transport in MCF-7 cells, suggesting the participation of this receptor in the procathepsin D secretion previously reported in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Bannoud
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - F. L. Carvelli
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M. Troncoso
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - T. Sartor
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - L. M. Vargas-Roig
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - M. Sosa
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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25
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Endosomal-Lysosomal Cholesterol Sequestration by U18666A Differentially Regulates Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Metabolism in Normal and APP-Overexpressing Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2018. [PMID: 29530923 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00529-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Current evidence indicates that altered levels or subcellular distribution of cholesterol can regulate Aβ production and clearance, but it remains unclear how cholesterol sequestration within the endosomal-lysosomal (EL) system can influence APP metabolism. Thus, we evaluated the effects of U18666A, which triggers cholesterol redistribution within the EL system, on mouse N2a cells expressing different levels of APP in the presence or absence of extracellular cholesterol and lipids provided by fetal bovine serum (FBS). Our results reveal that U18666A and FBS differentially increase the levels of APP and its cleaved products, the α-, β-, and η-C-terminal fragments, in N2a cells expressing normal levels of mouse APP (N2awt), higher levels of human wild-type APP (APPwt), or "Swedish" mutant APP (APPsw). The cellular levels of Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 were markedly increased in U18666A-treated APPwt and APPsw cells. Our studies further demonstrate that APP and its cleaved products are partly accumulated in the lysosomes, possibly due to decreased clearance. Finally, we show that autophagy inhibition plays a role in mediating U18666A effects. Collectively, these results suggest that altered levels and distribution of cholesterol and lipids can differentially regulate APP metabolism depending on the nature of APP expression.
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Fermie J, Liv N, Ten Brink C, van Donselaar EG, Müller WH, Schieber NL, Schwab Y, Gerritsen HC, Klumperman J. Single organelle dynamics linked to 3D structure by correlative live-cell imaging and 3D electron microscopy. Traffic 2018; 19:354-369. [PMID: 29451726 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Live-cell correlative light-electron microscopy (live-cell-CLEM) integrates live movies with the corresponding electron microscopy (EM) image, but a major challenge is to relate the dynamic characteristics of single organelles to their 3-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure. Here, we introduce focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) in a modular live-cell-CLEM pipeline for a single organelle CLEM. We transfected cells with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1-green fluorescent protein (LAMP-1-GFP), analyzed the dynamics of individual GFP-positive spots, and correlated these to their corresponding fine-architecture and immediate cellular environment. By FIB-SEM we quantitatively assessed morphological characteristics, like number of intraluminal vesicles and contact sites with endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. Hence, we present a novel way to integrate multiple parameters of subcellular dynamics and architecture onto a single organelle, which is relevant to address biological questions related to membrane trafficking, organelle biogenesis and positioning. Furthermore, by using CLEM to select regions of interest, our method allows for targeted FIB-SEM, which significantly reduces time required for image acquisition and data processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job Fermie
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Section Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corlinda Ten Brink
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly G van Donselaar
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wally H Müller
- Section Cryo-EM, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans C Gerritsen
- Section Molecular Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Yao H, Zhuang Z, Yao J, Zhou J, Zhao Z. Photostable and biocompatible AIE-active conjugated polyelectrolytes for efficient heparin detection and specific lysosome labelling. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:6360-6364. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of new conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with emissive tetraphenylethene-containing backbones and specific targeting pendants are synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Hongming Yao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Zeyan Zhuang
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Jinya Yao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hangzhou Normal University
- Hangzhou 310036
- China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
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Site-1 protease and lysosomal homeostasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2162-2168. [PMID: 28693924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi-resident site-1 protease (S1P) is a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and ER stress responses by converting latent transcription factors sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREPBs) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), as well as viral glycoproteins to their active forms. S1P is also essential for lysosome biogenesis via proteolytic activation of the hexameric GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase complex required for modification of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes with the lysosomal targeting signal, mannose 6-phosphate. In the absence of S1P, the catalytically inactive α/β-subunit precursor of GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase fails to be activated and results in missorting of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes, and lysosomal accumulation of non-degraded material, which are biochemical features of defective GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase subunits and the associated pediatric lysosomal diseases mucolipidosis type II and III. The early embryonic death of S1P-deficient mice and the importance of various S1P-regulated biological processes, including lysosomal homeostasis, cautioned for clinical inhibition of S1P. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteolysis as a Regulatory Event in Pathophysiology edited by Stefan Rose-John.
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VAN ELSLAND D, BOS E, PAWLAK J, OVERKLEEFT H, KOSTER A, VAN KASTEREN S. Correlative light and electron microscopy reveals discrepancy between gold and fluorescence labelling. J Microsc 2017; 267:309-317. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D.M. VAN ELSLAND
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - E. BOS
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - J.B. PAWLAK
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - H.S. OVERKLEEFT
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - A.J. KOSTER
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Section Electron Microscopy; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - S.I. VAN KASTEREN
- Division of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
- Institute for Chemical Immunology, Gorlaeus Laboratories; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
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Subcellular Trafficking of Mammalian Lysosomal Proteins: An Extended View. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010047. [PMID: 28036022 PMCID: PMC5297682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes clear macromolecules, maintain nutrient and cholesterol homeostasis, participate in tissue repair, and in many other cellular functions. To assume these tasks, lysosomes rely on their large arsenal of acid hydrolases, transmembrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins. It is therefore imperative that, post-synthesis, these proteins are specifically recognized as lysosomal components and are correctly sorted to this organelle through the endosomes. Lysosomal transmembrane proteins contain consensus motifs in their cytosolic regions (tyrosine- or dileucine-based) that serve as sorting signals to the endosomes, whereas most lysosomal acid hydrolases acquire mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) moieties that mediate binding to two membrane receptors with endosomal sorting motifs in their cytosolic tails. These tyrosine- and dileucine-based motifs are tickets for boarding in clathrin-coated carriers that transport their cargo from the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane to the endosomes. However, increasing evidence points to additional mechanisms participating in the biogenesis of lysosomes. In some cell types, for example, there are alternatives to the Man-6-P receptors for the transport of some acid hydrolases. In addition, several “non-consensus” sorting motifs have been identified, and atypical transport routes to endolysosomes have been brought to light. These “unconventional” or “less known” transport mechanisms are the focus of this review.
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31
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Hu F, Liu B. Organelle-specific bioprobes based on fluorogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9931-9944. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01414c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes with high photostability and specificity have been developed for organelle imaging and image-guided cancer cell ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117585
- Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
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Galmes R, ten Brink C, Oorschot V, Veenendaal T, Jonker C, van der Sluijs P, Klumperman J. Vps33B is required for delivery of endocytosed cargo to lysosomes. Traffic 2015; 16:1288-305. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Galmes
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Present address: Institut Jacques Monod; CNRS, UMR7592, Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corlinda ten Brink
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Viola Oorschot
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
- Present address: Monash Micro Imaging; 15 Innovation Walk, Strip 1 Monash Biotechnology, Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Tineke Veenendaal
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Caspar Jonker
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Sluijs
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes; Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht; Heidelberglaan 100 3584CX Utrecht The Netherlands
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Pärnaste L, Arukuusk P, Zagato E, Braeckmans K, Langel Ü. Methods to follow intracellular trafficking of cell-penetrating peptides. J Drug Target 2015; 24:508-19. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1095194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly Pärnaste
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
| | - Piret Arukuusk
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
| | - Elisa Zagato
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent, University, Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Kevin Braeckmans
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent, University, Gent, Belgium, and
| | - Ülo Langel
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,
- Department of Neurochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Maulik M, Peake K, Chung J, Wang Y, Vance JE, Kar S. APP overexpression in the absence of NPC1 exacerbates metabolism of amyloidogenic proteins of Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7132-50. [PMID: 26433932 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides originating from β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) are critical in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cellular cholesterol levels/distribution can regulate production and clearance of Aβ peptides, albeit with contradictory outcomes. To better understand the relationship between cholesterol homeostasis and APP/Aβ metabolism, we have recently generated a bigenic ANPC mouse line overexpressing mutant human APP in the absence of Niemann-Pick type C-1 protein required for intracellular cholesterol transport. Using this unique bigenic ANPC mice and complementary stable N2a cells, we have examined the functional consequences of cellular cholesterol sequestration in the endosomal-lysosomal system, a major site of Aβ production, on APP/Aβ metabolism and its relation to neuronal viability. Levels of APP C-terminal fragments (α-CTF/β-CTF) and Aβ peptides, but not APP mRNA/protein or soluble APPα/APPβ, were increased in ANPC mouse brains and N2a-ANPC cells. These changes were accompanied by reduced clearance of peptides and an increased level/activity of γ-secretase, suggesting that accumulation of APP-CTFs is due to decreased turnover, whereas increased Aβ levels may result from a combination of increased production and decreased turnover. APP-CTFs and Aβ peptides were localized primarily in early-/late-endosomes and to some extent in lysosomes/autophagosomes. Cholesterol sequestration impaired endocytic-autophagic-lysosomal, but not proteasomal, clearance of APP-CTFs/Aβ peptides. Moreover, markers of oxidative stress were increased in vulnerable brain regions of ANPC mice and enhanced β-CTF/Aβ levels increased susceptibility of N2a-ANPC cells to H2O2-induced toxicity. Collectively, our results show that cellular cholesterol sequestration plays a key role in APP/Aβ metabolism and increasing neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress in AD-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahua Maulik
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - JiYun Chung
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
| | | | - Satyabrata Kar
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
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Acosta W, Ayala J, Dolan MC, Cramer CL. RTB Lectin: a novel receptor-independent delivery system for lysosomal enzyme replacement therapies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14144. [PMID: 26382970 PMCID: PMC4585660 DOI: 10.1038/srep14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme replacement therapies have revolutionized patient treatment for multiple rare lysosomal storage diseases but show limited effectiveness for addressing pathologies in "hard-to-treat" organs and tissues including brain and bone. Here we investigate the plant lectin RTB as a novel carrier for human lysosomal enzymes. RTB enters mammalian cells by multiple mechanisms including both adsorptive-mediated and receptor-mediated endocytosis, and thus provides access to a broader array of organs and cells. Fusion proteins comprised of RTB and human α-L-iduronidase, the corrective enzyme for Mucopolysaccharidosis type I, were produced using a tobacco-based expression system. Fusion products retained both lectin selectivity and enzyme activity, were efficiently endocytosed into human fibroblasts, and corrected the disease phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis patient fibroblasts in vitro. RTB-mediated delivery was independent of high-mannose and mannose-6-phosphate receptors, which are exploited for delivery of currently approved lysosomal enzyme therapeutics. Thus, the RTB carrier may support distinct in vivo pharmacodynamics with potential to address hard-to-treat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Acosta
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jorge Ayala
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- BioStrategies LC, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Maureen C. Dolan
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
| | - Carole L. Cramer
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute at Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University-Jonesboro, State University, Arkansas, USA
- BioStrategies LC, State University, Arkansas, USA
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Brix K, McInnes J, Al-Hashimi A, Rehders M, Tamhane T, Haugen MH. Proteolysis mediated by cysteine cathepsins and legumain-recent advances and cell biological challenges. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:755-774. [PMID: 25398648 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play essential roles in protein degradation, protein processing, and extracellular matrix remodeling in all cell types and tissues. They are also involved in protein turnover for maintenance of homeostasis and protein activation or inactivation for cell signaling. Proteases range in function and specificity, with some performing distinct substrate cleavages, while others accomplish proteolysis of a wide range of substrates. As such, different cell types use specialized molecular mechanisms to regulate the localization of proteases and their function within the compartments to which they are destined. Here, we focus on the cysteine family of cathepsin proteases and legumain, which act predominately within the endo-lysosomal pathway. In particular, recent knowledge on cysteine cathepsins and their primary regulator legumain is scrutinized in terms of their trafficking to endo-lysosomal compartments and other less recognized cellular locations. We further explore the mechanisms that regulate these processes and point to pathological cases which arise from detours taken by these proteases. Moreover, the emerging biological roles of specific forms and variants of cysteine cathepsins and legumain are discussed. These may be decisive, pathogenic, or even deadly when localizing to unusual cellular compartments in their enzymatically active form, because they may exert unexpected effects by alternative substrate cleavage. Hence, we propose future perspectives for addressing the actions of cysteine cathepsins and legumain as well as their specific forms and variants. The increasing knowledge in non-canonical aspects of cysteine cathepsin- and legumain-mediated proteolysis may prove valuable for developing new strategies to utilize these versatile proteases in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- Research Area HEALTH, Research Center MOLIFE-Molecular Life Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759, Bremen, Germany,
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Exogenously delivered heat shock protein 70 displaces its endogenous analogue and sensitizes cancer cells to lymphocytes-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncotarget 2015; 5:3101-14. [PMID: 24797019 PMCID: PMC4102795 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 chaperone is known to stimulate anti-tumour immunity in a variety of cancer models. Here we demonstrated that the addition of purified recombinant Hsp70 to the culture medium facilitated cancer cell cytolysis by lymphocytes. Importantly, exogenous Hsp70 triggered secretion of the intracellular Hsp70 to a cell surface and extracellular milieu, which played a role in cytolysis because down-regulation of the endogenous Hsp70 reduced both its presence at the cell surface and the lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Inhibitors that target both the ATPase and the peptide-binding domains of Hsp70 molecule potently decreased its anti-tumor effect. Using a variety of cell transport markers and inhibitors, we showed that the exchange of exogenous and intracellular Hsp70 is supported by classical and non-classical transport pathways, with a particular role of lipid rafts in the chaperone's intracellular transport. In conclusion, exogenous Hsp70 can eject endogenous Hsp70, thus exerting anticancer activity.
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Feliziani C, Zamponi N, Gottig N, Rópolo AS, Lanfredi-Rangel A, Touz MC. The giardial ENTH protein participates in lysosomal protein trafficking and endocytosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:646-59. [PMID: 25576518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia, endocytosis and lysosomal protein trafficking are vital parasite-specific processes that involve the action of the adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 and clathrin. In this work, we have identified a single gene in Giardia encoding a protein containing an ENTH domain that defines monomeric adaptor proteins of the epsin family. This domain is present in the epsin or epsin-related (epsinR) adaptor proteins, which are implicated in endocytosis and Golgi-to-endosome protein trafficking, respectively, in other eukaryotic cells. We found that GlENTHp (for G. lamblia ENTH protein) localized in the cytosol, strongly interacted with PI3,4,5P3, was associated with the alpha subunit of AP-2, clathrin and ubiquitin and was involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis. It also bonded PI4P, the gamma subunit of AP-1 and was implicated in ER-to-PV trafficking. Alteration of the GlENTHp function severely affected trophozoite growth showing an unusual accumulation of dense material in the lysosome-like peripheral vacuoles (PVs), indicating that GlENTHp might be implicated in the maintenance of PV homeostasis. In this study, we showed evidence suggesting that GlENTHp might function as a monomeric adaptor protein supporting the findings of other group indicating that GlENTHp might be placed at the beginning of the ENTH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Gottig
- Molecular Biology Division, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Maria C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Gokhale A, Perez-Cornejo P, Duran C, Hartzell HC, Faundez V. A comprehensive strategy to identify stoichiometric membrane protein interactomes. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 2:189-196. [PMID: 23676845 PMCID: PMC3607620 DOI: 10.4161/cl.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous experimental approaches to identify the interaction networks of soluble proteins, but strategies for the identification of membrane protein interactomes remain limited. We discuss in detail the logic of an experimental design that led us to identify the interactome of a membrane protein of complex membrane topology, the calcium activated chloride channel Anoctamin 1/Tmem16a (Ano1). We used covalent chemical stabilizers of protein-protein interactions combined with magnetic bead immuno-affinity chromatography, quantitative SILAC mass-spectrometry and in silico network construction. This strategy led us to define a putative Ano1 interactome from which we selected key components for functional testing. We propose a combination of procedures to narrow down candidate proteins interacting with a membrane protein of interest for further functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Gokhale
- Department of Cell Biology; Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA USA
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Kienzle C, von Blume J. Secretory cargo sorting at the trans-Golgi network. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:584-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Avila-Poveda OH, Torres-Ariño A, Girón-Cruz DA, Cuevas-Aguirre A. Evidence for accumulation of Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanobacteria: Cyanophyceae) in the tissues of the oyster Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Tissue Cell 2014; 46:379-87. [PMID: 25109761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria appear to have direct relations with mollusks in several aspects. This is the first time, distinguishing Gram-negative cyanoprokaryotic Synechococcus elongatus as bright yellow-gold autofluorescence by Lillie's and Hiss' staining methods on paraffin-embedded tissues of Crassostrea gigas. Three diets: cyanoprokaryotes, cyanoprokaryotes with microalgae, and only microalgae were evaluated. Cyanoprokaryotes were intact, densely bundled, and immersed in the cytosol of the digestive gland, connective tissue, mantle, and gonad of C. gigas, revealing an accumulation systemic without tissue damage observed by histology. Unexpectedly, cyanoprokaryotes were slightly most accumulated with microalgae diet by each of the tissues of the C. gigas than with any other diets. Cyanoprokaryotes tend to be in mean slightly higher in the digestive gland than in any other tissues respectively for each diet, although these values are closely similar to connective tissue. A possible order of exposure of the oyster tissues to accumulation of cyanoprokaryotes was digestive gland, connective tissue, mantle, and gonad. Thereby, the digestive gland could be the major target tissue for the accumulation. Our observations provide a valuable insight regarding the ability of cyanoprokaryotes to penetrate, spread, and remain inside the oyster tissues, suggesting for S. elongatus: (1) a pre-accumulation in oyster tissues from the natural environment, (2) a phagocytosis and/or endocytosis process rather than ingestion and extracellular digestion, (3) an apparent cellular division in the cytosol of oyster tissues, (4) an apparent inter-tissue movement, and (5) a possible endosymbiosis between C. gigas and S. elongatus. Hereby, it is possible that S. elongatus have a well-developed host-endobiont relationship with oysters, and thereby support future work toward a description of the escape and spreading mechanisms of S. elongatus inside the tissues of mollusks, and put forward questions as why it is there? and are the cells active or inactive?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Torres-Ariño
- Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico; Laboratorio de Biotecnología de Microalgas (LBM), Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico.
| | - Diego Ademir Girón-Cruz
- Licenciatura en Biología Marina, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico
| | - Angel Cuevas-Aguirre
- Instituto de Industrias, Universidad del Mar (UMAR), Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca C.P. 70902, Mexico
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42
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Mari M, Griffith J, Reggiori F. Nanogold labeling of the yeast endosomal system for ultrastructural analyses. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25046212 DOI: 10.3791/51752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes are one of the major membrane sorting checkpoints in eukaryotic cells and they regulate recycling or destruction of proteins mostly from the plasma membrane and the Golgi. As a result the endosomal system plays a central role in maintaining cell homeostasis, and mutations in genes belonging to this network of organelles interconnected by vesicular transport, cause severe pathologies including cancer and neurobiological disorders. It is therefore of prime relevance to understand the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and organization of the endosomal system. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been pivotal in this task. To specifically label and analyze at the ultrastructural level the endosomal system of this model organism, we present here a detailed protocol for the positively charged nanogold uptake by spheroplasts followed by the visualization of these particles through a silver enhancement reaction. This method is also a valuable tool for the morphological examination of mutants with defects in endosomal trafficking. Moreover, it is not only applicable for ultrastructural examinations but it can also be combined with immunogold labelings for protein localization investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Mari
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Janice Griffith
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht;
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43
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Morgan JR, Comstra HS, Cohen M, Faundez V. Presynaptic membrane retrieval and endosome biology: defining molecularly heterogeneous synaptic vesicles. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016915. [PMID: 24086045 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The release and uptake of neurotransmitters by synaptic vesicles is a tightly controlled process that occurs in response to diverse stimuli at morphologically disparate synapses. To meet these architectural and functional synaptic demands, it follows that there should be diversity in the mechanisms that control their secretion and retrieval and possibly in the composition of synaptic vesicles within the same terminal. Here we pay particular attention to areas where such diversity is generated, such as the variance in exocytosis/endocytosis coupling, SNAREs defining functionally diverse synaptic vesicle populations and the adaptor-dependent sorting machineries capable of generating vesicle diversity. We argue that there are various synaptic vesicle recycling pathways at any given synapse and discuss several lines of evidence that support the role of the endosome in synaptic vesicle recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Morgan
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543
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44
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Brandizzi F, Barlowe C. Organization of the ER-Golgi interface for membrane traffic control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:382-92. [PMID: 23698585 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coat protein complex I (COPI) and COPII are required for bidirectional membrane trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. While these core coat machineries and other transport factors are highly conserved across species, high-resolution imaging studies indicate that the organization of the ER-Golgi interface is varied in eukaryotic cells. Regulation of COPII assembly, in some cases to manage distinct cellular cargo, is emerging as one important component in determining this structure. Comparison of the ER-Golgi interface across different systems, particularly mammalian and plant cells, reveals fundamental elements and distinct organization of this interface. A better understanding of how these interfaces are regulated to meet varying cellular secretory demands should provide key insights into the mechanisms that control efficient trafficking of proteins and lipids through the secretory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Brandizzi
- DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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45
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Tornieri K, Zlatic SA, Mullin AP, Werner E, Harrison R, L'hernault SW, Faundez V. Vps33b pathogenic mutations preferentially affect VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5215-28. [PMID: 23918659 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Vps33 isoforms cause pigment dilution in mice (Vps33a, buff) and Drosophila (car) and the neurogenic arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome in humans (ARC1, VPS33B). The later disease is also caused by mutations in VIPAS39, (Vps33b interacting protein, apical-basolateral polarity regulator, SPE-39 homolog; ARC2), a protein that interacts with the HOmotypic fusion and Protein Sorting (HOPS) complex, a tether necessary for endosome-lysosome traffic. These syndromes offer insight into fundamental endosome traffic processes unique to metazoans. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these mutant phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here we investigate interactions of wild-type and disease-causing mutations in VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b by yeast two hybrid, immunoprecipitation and quantitative fluorescent microscopy. We find that although few mutations prevent interaction between VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b, some mutants fragment VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes, but all mutants alter the subcellular localization of Vps33b to VIPAS39/SPE-39-positive endosomes. Our data suggest that the ARC syndrome may result through impaired VIPAS39/SPE-39 and Vps33b-dependent endosomal maturation or fusion.
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46
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Genome-wide RNAi screen reveals a role for the ESCRT complex in rotavirus cell entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10270-5. [PMID: 23733942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304932110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the major cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. This study presents a functional genome-scale analysis of cellular proteins and pathways relevant for RV infection using RNAi. Among the 522 proteins selected in the screen for their ability to affect viral infectivity, an enriched group that participates in endocytic processes was identified. Within these proteins, subunits of the vacuolar ATPase, small GTPases, actinin 4, and, of special interest, components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery were found. Here we provide evidence for a role of the ESCRT complex in the entry of simian and human RV strains in both monkey and human epithelial cells. In addition, the ESCRT-associated ATPase VPS4A and phospholipid lysobisphosphatidic acid, both crucial for the formation of intralumenal vesicles in multivesicular bodies, were also found to be required for cell entry. Interestingly, it seems that regardless of the molecules that rhesus RV and human RV strains use for cell-surface attachment and the distinct endocytic pathway used, all these viruses converge in early endosomes and use multivesicular bodies for cell entry. Furthermore, the small GTPases RHOA and CDC42, which regulate different types of clathrin-independent endocytosis, as well as early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1), were found to be involved in this process. This work reports the direct involvement of the ESCRT machinery in the life cycle of a nonenveloped virus and highlights the complex mechanism that these viruses use to enter cells. It also illustrates the efficiency of high-throughput RNAi screenings as genetic tools for comprehensively studying the interaction between viruses and their host cells.
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47
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Simulation of incomplete obstructive uropathy in rats by injecting an artificial calculus into the bladder. Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; 154:810-3. [PMID: 23658930 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-013-2062-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete varying obstruction of the urinary tract was reproduced by injecting artificial stomatological material into the rat bladder. Inflammatory changes and nephrosclerosis were detected in the renal tissue on days 14 and 21 of the experiment. Urinary concentration of total protein and activity of γ-glutamylaminotransferase increased. A direct positive correlation between the volume percentage of connective tissue and activities of the renal enzymes in the urine was detected.
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48
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Chen L, Li J, Liu Z, Ma Z, Zhang W, Du L, Xu W, Fang H, Li M. A novel pH “off–on” fluorescent probe for lysosome imaging. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra41898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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49
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Merilahti P, Koskinen S, Heikkilä O, Karelehto E, Susi P. Endocytosis of integrin-binding human picornaviruses. Adv Virol 2012; 2012:547530. [PMID: 23227048 PMCID: PMC3514805 DOI: 10.1155/2012/547530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses that infect humans form one of the largest virus groups with almost three hundred virus types. They include significant enteroviral pathogens such as rhino-, polio-, echo-, and coxsackieviruses and human parechoviruses that cause wide range of disease symptoms. Despite the economic importance of picornaviruses, there are no antivirals. More than ten cellular receptors are known to participate in picornavirus infection, but experimental evidence of their role in cellular infection has been shown for only about twenty picornavirus types. Three enterovirus types and one parechovirus have experimentally been shown to bind and use integrin receptors in cellular infection. These include coxsackievirus A9 (CV-A9), echovirus 9, and human parechovirus 1 that are among the most common and epidemic human picornaviruses and bind to αV-integrins via RGD motif that resides on virus capsid. In contrast, echovirus 1 (E-1) has no RGD and uses integrin α2β1 as cellular receptor. Endocytosis of CV-A9 has recently been shown to occur via a novel Arf6- and dynamin-dependent pathways, while, contrary to collagen binding, E-1 binds inactive β1 integrin and enters via macropinocytosis. In this paper, we review what is known about receptors and endocytosis of integrin-binding human picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Merilahti
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Degree Program in Biotechnology and Food Technology, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Satu Koskinen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Heikkilä
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Degree Program in Biotechnology and Food Technology, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eveliina Karelehto
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Joint Biotechnology Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6a, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Susi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Degree Program in Biotechnology and Food Technology, Turku University of Applied Sciences, Lemminkäisenkatu 30, 20520 Turku, Finland
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50
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Robinson DG, Pimpl P, Scheuring D, Stierhof YD, Sturm S, Viotti C. Trying to make sense of retromer. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:431-9. [PMID: 22502774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Retromer is a cytosolic protein complex which binds to post-Golgi organelles involved in the trafficking of proteins to the lytic compartment of the cell. In non-plant organisms, retromer mediates the recycling of acid hydrolase receptors from early endosomal (EE) compartments. In plants, retromer components are required for the targeting of vacuolar storage proteins, and for the recycling of endocytosed PIN proteins. However, there are contradictory reports as to the localization of the sorting nexins and the core subunit of retromer. There is also uncertainty as to the identity of the organelles from which vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) and endocytosed plasma membrane (PM) proteins are recycled. In this review we try to resolve some of these conflicting observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Robinson
- Plant Cell Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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