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Pinyon JL, von Jonquieres G, Crawford EN, Abed AA, Power JM, Klugmann M, Browne CJ, Housley DM, Wise AK, Fallon JB, Shepherd RK, Lin JY, McMahon C, McAlpine D, Birman CS, Lai W, Enke YL, Carter PM, Patrick JF, Gay RD, Marie C, Scherman D, Lovell NH, Housley GD. Gene Electrotransfer via Conductivity-Clamped Electric Field Focusing Pivots Sensori-Motor DNA Therapeutics: "A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down". ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401392. [PMID: 38874431 PMCID: PMC11321635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Viral vectors and lipofection-based gene therapies have dispersion-dependent transduction/transfection profiles that thwart precise targeting. The study describes the development of focused close-field gene electrotransfer (GET) technology, refining spatial control of gene expression. Integration of fluidics for precise delivery of "naked" plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in sucrose carrier within the focused electric field enables negative biasing of near-field conductivity ("conductivity-clamping"-CC), increasing the efficiency of plasma membrane molecular translocation. This enables titratable gene delivery with unprecedently low charge transfer. The clinic-ready bionics-derived CC-GET device achieved neurotrophin-encoding miniplasmid DNA delivery to the cochlea to promote auditory nerve regeneration; validated in deafened guinea pig and cat models, leading to improved central auditory tuning with bionics-based hearing. The performance of CC-GET is evaluated in the brain, an organ problematic for pulsed electric field-based plasmid DNA delivery, due to high required currents causing Joule-heating and damaging electroporation. Here CC-GET enables safe precision targeting of gene expression. In the guinea pig, reporter expression is enabled in physiologically critical brainstem regions, and in the striatum (globus pallidus region) delivery of a red-shifted channelrhodopsin and a genetically-encoded Ca2+ sensor, achieved photoactivated neuromodulation relevant to the treatment of Parkinson's Disease and other focal brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy L. Pinyon
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Charles Perkins CentreSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Edward N. Crawford
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Amr Al Abed
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - John M. Power
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cherylea J. Browne
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
- Medical SciencesSchool of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNSW2560Australia
| | - David M. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Andrew K. Wise
- Bionics Institute384–388 Albert StreetEast MelbourneVIC3002Australia
- Medical BionicsDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3002Australia
| | - James B. Fallon
- Bionics Institute384–388 Albert StreetEast MelbourneVIC3002Australia
- Medical BionicsDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3002Australia
| | - Robert K. Shepherd
- Bionics Institute384–388 Albert StreetEast MelbourneVIC3002Australia
- Medical BionicsDepartment of OtolaryngologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVIC3002Australia
| | - John Y. Lin
- Tasmanian School of MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTAS7001Australia
| | - Catherine McMahon
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe Hearing HubMacquarie UniversitySydney2109Australia
| | - David McAlpine
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe Hearing HubMacquarie UniversitySydney2109Australia
| | - Catherine S. Birman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesThe Hearing HubMacquarie UniversitySydney2109Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
- Department of OtolaryngologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalCamperdownNSW2050Australia
- NextSenseRoyal Institute of Deaf and Blind ChildrenGladesvilleNSW2111Australia
| | - Waikong Lai
- NextSenseRoyal Institute of Deaf and Blind ChildrenGladesvilleNSW2111Australia
| | - Ya Lang Enke
- Cochlear LimitedMacquarie UniversityUniversity AvenueMacquarie ParkNSW2109Australia
| | - Paul M. Carter
- Cochlear LimitedMacquarie UniversityUniversity AvenueMacquarie ParkNSW2109Australia
| | - James F. Patrick
- Cochlear LimitedMacquarie UniversityUniversity AvenueMacquarie ParkNSW2109Australia
| | - Robert D. Gay
- Cochlear LimitedMacquarie UniversityUniversity AvenueMacquarie ParkNSW2109Australia
| | - Corinne Marie
- CNRS, Inserm, UTCBSUniversité Paris CitéParisF‐75006France
- Chimie ParisTechUniversité PSLParis75005France
| | - Daniel Scherman
- CNRS, Inserm, UTCBSUniversité Paris CitéParisF‐75006France
- Fondation Maladies Rares96 rue DidotParis75014France
| | - Nigel H. Lovell
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience FacilityDepartment of PhysiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesGraduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTyree Institute for Health Engineering (IHealthE)UNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
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Englisch CN, Steinhäuser J, Wemmert S, Jung M, Gawlitza J, Wenzel G, Schick B, Tschernig T. Immunohistochemistry Reveals TRPC Channels in the Human Hearing Organ-A Novel CT-Guided Approach to the Cochlea. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119290. [PMID: 37298241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TRPC channels are critical players in cochlear hair cells and sensory neurons, as demonstrated in animal experiments. However, evidence for TRPC expression in the human cochlea is still lacking. This reflects the logistic and practical difficulties in obtaining human cochleae. The purpose of this study was to detect TRPC6, TRPC5 and TRPC3 in the human cochlea. Temporal bone pairs were excised from ten body donors, and the inner ear was first assessed based on computed tomography scans. Decalcification was then performed using 20% EDTA solutions. Immunohistochemistry with knockout-tested antibodies followed. The organ of Corti, the stria vascularis, the spiral lamina, spiral ganglion neurons and cochlear nerves were specifically stained. This unique report of TRPC channels in the human cochlea supports the hypothesis of the potentially critical role of TRPC channels in human cochlear health and disease which has been suggested in previous rodent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colya N Englisch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jakob Steinhäuser
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Silke Wemmert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Joshua Gawlitza
- Institute of Radiology, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Gentiana Wenzel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Ramkumar V, Sheth S, Dhukhwa A, Al Aameri R, Rybak L, Mukherjea D. Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Auditory Functions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1158-1170. [PMID: 34465184 PMCID: PMC9221156 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cation-gated channels that serve as detectors of various sensory modalities, such as pain, heat, cold, and taste. These channels are expressed in the inner ear, suggesting that they could also contribute to the perception of sound. This review provides more details on the different types of TRP channels that have been identified in the cochlea to date, focusing on their cochlear distribution, regulation, and potential contributions to auditory functions. Recent Advances: To date, the effect of TRP channels on normal cochlear physiology in mammals is still unclear. These channels contribute, to a limited extent, to normal cochlear physiology such as the hair cell mechanoelectrical transduction channel and strial functions. More detailed information on a number of these channels in the cochlea awaits future studies. Several laboratories focusing on TRPV1 channels have shown that they are responsive to cochlear stressors, such as ototoxic drugs and noise, and regulate cytoprotective and/or cell death pathways. TRPV1 expression in the cochlea is under control of oxidative stress (produced primarily by NOX3 NADPH oxidase) as well as STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors, which differentially modulate inflammatory and apoptotic signals in the cochlea. Inhibition of oxidative stress or inflammation reduces the expression of TRPV1 channels and protects against cochlear damage and hearing loss. Critical Issues: TRPV1 channels are activated by both capsaicin and cisplatin, which produce differential effects on the inner ear. How these differential actions are produced is yet to be determined. It is clear that TRPV1 is an essential component of cisplatin ototoxicity as knockdown of these channels protects against hearing loss. In contrast, activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin protected against subsequent hearing loss induced by cisplatin. The cellular targets that are influenced by these two drugs to account for their differential profiles need to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, the potential involvement of different TRP channels present in the cochlea in regulating cisplatin ototoxicity needs to be determined. Future Directions: TRPV1 has been shown to mediate the entry of aminoglycosides into the hair cells. Thus, novel otoprotective strategies could involve designing drugs to inhibit entry of aminoglycosides and possibly other ototoxins into cochlear hair cells. TRP channels, including TRPV1, are expressed on circulating and resident immune cells. These receptors modulate immune cell functions. However, whether they are activated by cochlear stressors to initiate cochlear inflammation and ototoxicity needs to be determined. A better understanding of the function and regulation of these TRP channels in the cochlea could enable development of novel treatments for treating hearing loss. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1158-1170.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickram Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sandeep Sheth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Larkin University College of Pharmacy, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Asmita Dhukhwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Raheem Al Aameri
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Leonard Rybak
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Debashree Mukherjea
- Department of Otolaryngology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
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Blood Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Gene Expression Differences between Yangtze Finless Porpoises from Two Habitats: Natural and Ex Situ Protected Waters. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis, YFP) is a critically endangered small odontocete species, mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Poyang Lake, and Dongting Lake. Under the influence of human activities, many factors are threatening the survival and reproduction of YFPs in their natural habitat. Ex situ conservation is of great significance to strengthen the rescuing conservation of YFPs by providing suitable alternative habitats and promoting the reproduction and growth of the ex situ population. To reveal the differences in gene expression of YFPs in natural and ex situ protected waters, and to investigate the effects of environmental factors on YFPs and their mechanisms, we performed transcriptome sequencing for blood tissues of YFPs collected from natural waters and ex situ protected waters. Using RNA-seq we identified 4613 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 4485 were up-regulated and 128 were down-regulated in the natural population. GO analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in entries related to binding, catalytic activity, and biological regulation; KEGG analysis showed that DEGs were enriched mainly in signal transduction, endocrine system, immune system, and sensory system-related pathways. Further analysis revealed that water pollution in natural waters may affect the hormone secretion of YFPs by altering the expression pattern of endocrine genes, thus interfering with normal endocrine activities; noise pollution may induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in YFPs, thus impairing the auditory function of YFPs. This study provides a new perspective for further research on the effect of habitat conditions on the YFPs and suggests that improving the habitat environment may help in the conservation of YFPs.
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Cochlear homeostasis: a molecular physiological perspective on maintenance of sound transduction and auditory neurotransmission with noise and ageing. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Pinyon JL, von Jonquieres G, Crawford EN, Duxbury M, Al Abed A, Lovell NH, Klugmann M, Wise AK, Fallon JB, Shepherd RK, Birman CS, Lai W, McAlpine D, McMahon C, Carter PM, Enke YL, Patrick JF, Schilder AG, Marie C, Scherman D, Housley GD. Neurotrophin gene augmentation by electrotransfer to improve cochlear implant hearing outcomes. Hear Res 2019; 380:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Minakata T, Inagaki A, Yamamura A, Yamamura H, Sekiya S, Murakami S. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Is Functionally Expressed in the Cochlear Perilymphatic Compartment and Essential for Hearing. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:175. [PMID: 31379498 PMCID: PMC6648107 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in lymphatic fluids is necessary for proper hearing. Despite its significance, the mechanisms that maintain the cochlear lymphatic Ca2+ concentrations within a certain range are not fully clarified. We investigated the functional expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), which plays a pivotal role in sensing extracellular Ca2+ concentrations for feedback regulations. Western blotting for CaSR revealed an approximately 130-kDa protein expression in cochlear tissue extracts and immunohistochemical analysis revealed its expression specifically in type I fibrocytes in the spiral ligament, fibrocytes in the supralimbal and limbal regions, the epithelium of the osseous spiral lamina, and the smooth muscle cells of the spiral modiolar arteries. Ca2+ imaging demonstrated that extracellular Ca2+ increased the levels of intracellular Ca2+ in CaSR-expressing fibrocytes in the spiral ligament, and that this was suppressed by the CaSR inhibitor, NPS2143. Furthermore, hearing thresholds were moderately elevated by intracochlear application of the CaSR inhibitors NPS2143 and Calhex231, across a range of frequencies (8–32 kHz). These results demonstrate the functional expression of CaSR in the cochlear perilymphatic compartment. In addition, the elevated hearing thresholds that are achieved by inhibiting CaSR suggest this is a required mechanism for normal hearing, presumably by sensing perilymphatic Ca2+ to stabilize Ca2+ concentrations within a certain range. These results provide novel insight into the mechanisms regulating Ca2+ homeostasis in the cochlea and provide a new perspective on cochlear physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Minakata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Inagaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aya Yamamura
- Department of Physiology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Sekiya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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Wong ACY, Ryan AF. Mechanisms of sensorineural cell damage, death and survival in the cochlea. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 25954196 PMCID: PMC4404918 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of acquired hearing loss, including presbycusis, is caused by irreversible damage to the sensorineural tissues of the cochlea. This article reviews the intracellular mechanisms that contribute to sensorineural damage in the cochlea, as well as the survival signaling pathways that can provide endogenous protection and tissue rescue. These data have primarily been generated in hearing loss not directly related to age. However, there is evidence that similar mechanisms operate in presbycusis. Moreover, accumulation of damage from other causes can contribute to age-related hearing loss (ARHL). Potential therapeutic interventions to balance opposing but interconnected cell damage and survival pathways, such as antioxidants, anti-apoptotics, and pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibitors, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Y Wong
- Department of Surgery/Division of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Physiology and Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Department of Surgery/Division of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA ; Veterans Administration Medical Center La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Disruption of Src Is Associated with Phenotypes Related to Williams-Beuren Syndrome and Altered Cellular Localization of TFII-I. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0016-14. [PMID: 26464974 PMCID: PMC4596087 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0016-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that is expressed widely throughout the central nervous system and is involved in diverse biological functions. Mice homozygous for a spontaneous mutation in Src (Src (thl/thl) ) exhibited hypersociability and hyperactivity along with impairments in visuospatial, amygdala-dependent, and motor learning as well as an increased startle response to loud tones. The phenotype of Src (thl/thl) mice showed significant overlap with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), a disorder caused by the deletion of several genes, including General Transcription Factor 2-I (GTF2I). Src phosphorylation regulates the movement of GTF2I protein (TFII-I) between the nucleus, where it is a transcriptional activator, and the cytoplasm, where it regulates trafficking of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 3 (TRPC3) subunits to the plasma membrane. Here, we demonstrate altered cellular localization of both TFII-I and TRPC3 in the Src mutants, suggesting that disruption of Src can phenocopy behavioral phenotypes observed in WBS through its regulation of TFII-I.
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Nilius B, Szallasi A. Transient Receptor Potential Channels as Drug Targets: From the Science of Basic Research to the Art of Medicine. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:676-814. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Bewick GS, Banks RW. Mechanotransduction in the muscle spindle. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:175-90. [PMID: 24888691 PMCID: PMC4281366 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on the principal sensory ending of the mammalian muscle spindle, known as the primary ending. The process of mechanosensory transduction in the primary ending is examined under five headings: (i) action potential responses to defined mechanical stimuli—representing the ending's input–output properties; (ii) the receptor potential—including the currents giving rise to it; (iii) sensory-terminal deformation—measurable changes in the shape of the primary-ending terminals correlated with intrafusal sarcomere length, and what may cause them; (iv) putative stretch-sensitive channels—pharmacological and immunocytochemical clues to their identity; and (v) synaptic-like vesicles—the physiology and pharmacology of an intrinsic glutamatergic system in the primary and other mechanosensory endings, with some thoughts on the possible role of the system. Thus, the review highlights spindle stretch-evoked output is the product of multi-ionic receptor currents plus complex and sophisticated regulatory gain controls, both positive and negative in nature, as befits its status as the most complex sensory organ after the special senses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy S Bewick
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK,
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12
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Jagger DJ, Forge A. The enigmatic root cell – Emerging roles contributing to fluid homeostasis within the cochlear outer sulcus. Hear Res 2013; 303:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Wong ACY, Froud KE, Hsieh YSY. Noise-induced hearing loss in the 21 st century: A research and translational update. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2013; 3:58-70. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v3.i3.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are exposed to harmful levels of noise daily in their work and leisure environment. This makes noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) a major occupational health risk globally. NIHL is the second most common form of acquired hearing loss after age-related hearing loss and is itself a major contributing factor to presbycusis. Temporary threshold shifts, once thought to be relatively harmless and recoverable, are now known to cause permanent cochlear injury leading to permanent loss of hearing sensitivity. This article reviews the current understanding of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of NIHL with latest findings from animal models. Therapeutic approaches to protect against or to mitigate NIHL are discussed based on their proposed action against these known mechanisms of cochlear injury. Successes in identifying genes that predispose individuals to NIHL by candidate gene association studies are discussed with matched gene knockout animal models. This links to exciting developments in experimental gene therapy to replace and regenerate lost hair cells and post-noise otoprotective therapies currently being investigated in clinical trials. The aim is to provide new insights into current and projected future strategies to manage NIHL; bench to bedside treatment is foreseeable in the next 5 to 10 years.
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Eijkelkamp N, Quick K, Wood JN. Transient Receptor Potential Channels and Mechanosensation. Annu Rev Neurosci 2013; 36:519-46. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Eijkelkamp
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Kathryn Quick
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1 6BT, United Kingdom; ,
| | - John N. Wood
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1 6BT, United Kingdom; ,
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Waissbluth S, Daniel SJ. Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: transporters playing a role in cisplatin toxicity. Hear Res 2013; 299:37-45. [PMID: 23467171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a potent antineoplastic agent widely used for a variety of cancer types. Unfortunately, its use leads to dose limiting side effects such as ototoxicity. Up to 93% of patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy will develop progressive and irreversible sensorineural hearing loss which leads to a decreased quality of life in cancer survivors. No treatment is currently available for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. It appears that cisplatin causes apoptosis by binding DNA, activating the inflammatory cascade as well as generating oxidative stress in the cell. Various studies have aimed to assess the potential protective effects of compounds such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, caspase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic agents and calcium channel blockers against the toxicity caused by cisplatin in the inner ear with variable degrees of protection. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity remains unclear. This review summarizes all of the known transporters that could play a role in cisplatin influx, leading to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The following were evaluated: copper transporters, organic cation transporters, the transient receptor potential channel family, calcium channels, multidrug resistance associated proteins, mechanotransduction channels and chloride channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Waissbluth
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Wong ACY, Birnbaumer L, Housley GD. Canonical transient receptor potential channel subtype 3-mediated hair cell Ca2+entry regulates sound transduction and auditory neurotransmission. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1478-86. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Chi Yan Wong
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney; 2052; NSW; Australia
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Building 101, Room F180, 111 TW Alexander Dr; Research Triangle Park; NC 27709; USA
| | - Gary D. Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility and Department of Physiology; School of Medical Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney; 2052; NSW; Australia
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17
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Alternative splicing of the TRPC3 ion channel calmodulin/IP3 receptor-binding domain in the hindbrain enhances cation flux. J Neurosci 2012; 32:11414-23. [PMID: 22895723 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6446-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC3) nonselective cation channels are effectors of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), activated via phospholipase C-diacylglycerol signaling. In cerebellar Purkinje cells, TRPC3 channels cause the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-mediated slow EPSC (sEPSC). TRPC3 channels also provide negative feedback regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+), mediated by a C terminus "calmodulin and inositol trisphosphate receptor binding" (CIRB) domain. Here we report the alternative splicing of the TRPC3 mRNA transcript (designated TRPC3c), resulting in omission of exon 9 (approximately half of the CIRB domain) in mice, rats, and guinea pigs. TRPC3c expression is brain region specific, with prevalence in the cerebellum and brainstem. The TRPC3c channels expressed in HEK293 cells exhibit increased basal and GPCR-activated channel currents, and increased Ca(2+) fluorescence responses, compared with the previously characterized (TRPC3b) isoform when activated via either the endogenous M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, or via coexpressed mGluR1. GPCR-induced TRPC3c channel opening rate (cell-attached patch) matched the maximum activation achieved with inside-out patches with zero cytosolic Ca(2+), whereas the GPCR-induced TRPC3b activation frequency was significantly less. Both TRPC3 channel isoforms were blocked with 2 mm Ca(2+), attributable to CIRB domain regulation. In addition, genistein blocked Purkinje cell (S)-2-amino-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (mGluR1)-activated TPRC3 current as for recombinant TRPC3c current. This novel TRPC3c ion channel therefore has enhanced efficacy as a neuronal GPCR-Ca(2+) signaling effector, and is associated with sensorimotor coordination, neuronal development, and brain injury.
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18
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Hübner S, Efthymiadis A. Histochemistry and cell biology: the annual review 2010. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 135:111-40. [PMID: 21279376 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0781-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent advances in histochemistry and cell biology which complement and extend our knowledge regarding various aspects of protein functions, cell and tissue biology, employing appropriate in vivo model systems in conjunction with established and novel approaches. In this context several non-expected results and discoveries were obtained which paved the way of research into new directions. Once the reader embarks on reading this review, it quickly becomes quite obvious that the studies contribute not only to a better understanding of fundamental biological processes but also provide use-oriented aspects that can be derived therefrom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hübner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstrasse 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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19
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Jørgensen LH, Blain A, Greally E, Laval SH, Blamire AM, Davison BJ, Brinkmeier H, MacGowan GA, Schrøder HD, Bushby K, Straub V, Lochmüller H. Long-term blocking of calcium channels in mdx mice results in differential effects on heart and skeletal muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 178:273-83. [PMID: 21224064 PMCID: PMC3016598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The disease mechanisms underlying dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy are complex, involving not only muscle membrane fragility, but also dysregulated calcium homeostasis. Specifically, it has been proposed that calcium channels directly initiate a cascade of pathological events by allowing calcium ions to enter the cell. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chronically blocking calcium channels with the aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin from onset of disease in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Treatment in utero onwards delayed onset of dystrophic symptoms in the limb muscle of young mdx mice, but did not prevent degeneration and regeneration events occurring later in the disease course. Long-term treatment had a positive effect on limb muscle pathology, reduced fibrosis, increased sarcolemmal stability, and promoted muscle regeneration in older mice. However, streptomycin treatment did not show positive effects in diaphragm or heart muscle, and heart pathology was worsened. Thus, blocking calcium channels even before disease onset does not prevent dystrophy, making this an unlikely treatment for DMD. These findings highlight the importance of analyzing several time points throughout the life of the treated mice, as well as analyzing many tissues, to get a complete picture of treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise H. Jørgensen
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Alison Blain
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Greally
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steve H. Laval
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M. Blamire
- Institute of Cellular Medicine and Newcastle Magnetic Resonance Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin J. Davison
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Brinkmeier
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Guy A. MacGowan
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik D. Schrøder
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kate Bushby
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre of Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Address reprint requests to Professor Hanns Lochmüller, MD, Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
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20
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Differential expression of P2Y receptors in the rat cochlea during development. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:231-48. [PMID: 20806015 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9191-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling has broad physiological significance to the hearing organ, involving signal transduction via ionotropic P2X receptors and metabotropic G-protein-coupled P2Y and P1 (adenosine), alongside conversion of nucleotides and nucleosides by ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-nucleoside diphosphokinase. In addition, ATP release is modulated by acoustic overstimulation or stress and involves feedback regulation. Many of these principal elements of the purinergic signaling complex have been well characterized in the cochlea, while the characterization of P2Y receptor expression is emerging. The present study used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of five P2Y receptors, P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), and P2Y(12), during development of the rat cochlea. Commencing in the late embryonic period, the P2Y receptors studied were found in the cells lining the cochlear partition, associated with establishment of the electrochemical environment which provides the driving force for sound transduction. In addition, early postnatal P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) protein expression in the greater epithelial ridge, part of the developing hearing organ, supports the view that initiation and regulation of spontaneous activity in the hair cells prior to hearing onset is mediated by purinergic signaling. Sub-cellular compartmentalization of P2Y receptor expression in sensory hair cells, and diversity of receptor expression in the spiral ganglion neurons and their satellite cells, indicates roles for P2Y receptor-mediated Ca(2+)-signaling in sound transduction and auditory neuron excitability. Overall, the dynamics of P2Y receptor expression during development of the cochlea complement the other elements of the purinergic signaling complex and reinforce the significance of extracellular nucleotide and nucleoside signaling to hearing.
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21
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A physiological frequency-position map of the chinchilla cochlea. Hear Res 2010; 268:184-93. [PMID: 20685384 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that mammalian cochlear frequency-position maps (location of maximum vibration of the basilar membrane as a function of frequency) depend on the physiological condition of the inner ear. Cochlear damage desensitizes the ear, after the damage the original location of maximum vibration is tuned to a lower sound frequency. This suggests that frequency-position maps, derived from such desensitized ears, are shifted to lower frequencies, corresponding to a shift of the basilar membrane vibration pattern towards the base for a given stimulus frequency. To test this hypothesis, we re-mapped the cochlear frequency-position map in the chinchilla. We collected frequency-position data from chinchillas in normal physiological condition ("physiological map") and compared these to data previously established from sound overexposed ears ("anatomical map"). The characteristic frequency (CF) of neurons in the cochlear nucleus was determined. Horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) or biocytin (BCT) were injected iontophoretically to trace auditory nerve fibers towards their innervation site in the organ of Corti. The relationship between distance from the base (d, percent) and frequency (f, kHz) was described best by a simple exponential function: d = 61.2 - 42.2 x log(f). The slope of the function was 2.55 mm/octave. Compared to the "anatomical map", the "physiological map" was shifted by about 0.3 octaves to higher frequencies corresponding to a shift of the basilar membrane vibration pattern of 0.8 mm towards the apex for a given stimulus frequency. Our findings affirm that frequency-position maps in the mammalian cochlea depend on the condition of the inner ear. Damage-induced desensitization in mammalian inner ears results in similar shifts of CF (about 0.5 octaves) but different shifts of the maximum of the vibration pattern towards the base at given frequencies, dependent on the mapping constant of the species, longer basilar membranes showing a larger basal shift. Furthermore, the results substantiate the notion that "crowding" at lower frequencies appears to be a specialization rather than a general feature.
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22
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Purinergic signaling in cochleovestibular hair cells and afferent neurons. Purinergic Signal 2010; 6:201-9. [PMID: 20806012 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-010-9183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling in the mammalian cochleovestibular hair cells and afferent neurons is reviewed. The scope includes P2 and P1 receptors in the inner hair cells (IHCs) of the cochlea, the type I spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) that convey auditory signals from IHCs, the vestibular hair cells (VHCs) in the vestibular end organs (macula in the otolith organs and crista in the semicircular canals), and the vestibular ganglion neurons (VGNs) that transmit postural and rotatory information from VHCs. Various subtypes of P2X ionotropic receptors are expressed in IHCs as well as P2Y metabotropic receptors that mobilize intracellular calcium. Their functional roles still remain speculative, but adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) could regulate the spontaneous activity of the hair cells during development and the receptor potentials of mature hair cells during sound stimulation. In SGNs, P2Y metabotropic receptors activate a nonspecific cation conductance that is permeable to large cations as NMDG(+) and TEA(+). Remarkably, this depolarizing nonspecific conductance in SGNs can also be activated by other metabotropic processes evoked by acetylcholine and tachykinin. The molecular nature and the role of this depolarizing channel are unknown, but its electrophysiological properties suggest that it could lie within the transient receptor potential channel family and could regulate the firing properties of the afferent neurons. Studies on the vestibular partition (VHC and VGN) are sparse but have also shown the expression of P2X and P2Y receptors. There is still little evidence of functional P1 (adenosine) receptors in the afferent system of the inner ear.
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23
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Phan PAB, Tadros SF, Kim Y, Birnbaumer L, Housley GD. Developmental regulation of TRPC3 ion channel expression in the mouse cochlea. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 133:437-48. [PMID: 20229053 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0686-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential type 3 (TRPC3) ion channels assemble from TRPC3 subunits and exhibit multiple activation mechanisms. TRPC3 has been proposed to contribute to Ca(2+) entry supporting Ca(2+) homeostasis in cochlear hair cells and to be activated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in spiral ganglion neurons. The present study was designed to determine the spatiotemporal profile of TRPC3 expression during mouse cochlear ontogeny. TRPC3 immunofluorescence of cryosectioned cochleae was performed using E16-adult tissue. We found that prior to birth, TRPC3 expression was strongest in epithelial cells that form the cochlear partition. In the early postnatal period, to the onset of hearing (~P12), immunofluorescence was strongest in the hair cells, with increased expression in stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane. Afferent neurite labeling in inner spiral plexus and outer spiral bundles developed transiently in the perinatal period, corresponding to the critical period of synaptic consolidation, while signal in the spiral ganglion soma increased from the perinatal period through to adulthood. Compared with the late embryonic/early postnatal levels, hair cell expression was relatively weaker from the third postnatal week, whereas spiral ganglion soma labeling was stronger. In the adult, TRPC3 expression was primarily in the soma of spiral ganglion neurons, the hair cells, and the inner and outer sulcus regions. This spatiotemporal profile of TRPC3 expression was consistent with this ion channel contributing to development of sensory, neural and epithelial cochlear tissues, as well as hair cell Ca(2+) homeostasis and regulation of auditory neurotransmission via GPCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A B Phan
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Wallace Wurth Building, UNSW Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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