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Miao T, Little AC, Aronshtam A, Marquis T, Fenn SL, Hristova M, Krementsov DN, van der Vliet A, Spees JL, Oldinski RA. Internalized FGF-2-Loaded Nanoparticles Increase Nuclear ERK1/2 Content and Result in Lung Cancer Cell Death. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040612. [PMID: 32230722 PMCID: PMC7221911 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Innovative cancer treatments, which improve adjuvant therapy and reduce adverse events, are desperately needed. Nanoparticles provide controlled intracellular biomolecule delivery in the absence of activating external cell surface receptors. Prior reports suggest that intracrine signaling, following overexpression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) after viral transduction, has a toxic effect on diseased cells. Herein, the research goals were to (1) encapsulate recombinant FGF-2 within stable, alginate-based nanoparticles (ABNs) for non-specific cellular uptake, and (2) determine the effects of ABN-mediated intracellular delivery of FGF-2 on cancer cell proliferation/survival. In culture, human alveolar adenocarcinoma basal epithelial cell line (A549s) and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line (HBE1s) internalized ABNs through non-selective endocytosis. Compared to A549s exposed to empty (i.e., blank) ABNs, the intracellular delivery of FGF-2 via ABNs significantly increased the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, indicating that FGF-2-ABN treatment decreased the transformed cell integrity. Noticeably, the nontransformed cells were not significantly affected by FGF-2-loaded ABN treatment. Furthermore, FGF-2-loaded ABNs significantly increased nuclear levels of activated-extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK1/2) in A549s but had no significant effect on HBE1 nuclear ERK1/2 expression. Our novel intracellular delivery method of FGF-2 via nanoparticles resulted in increased cancer cell death via increased nuclear ERK1/2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Miao
- Bioengineering Program, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA (S.L.F.)
| | - Andrew C. Little
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.C.L.); (A.v.d.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Alexander Aronshtam
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Taylor Marquis
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
| | - Spencer L. Fenn
- Bioengineering Program, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA (S.L.F.)
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Dimitry N. Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.C.L.); (A.v.d.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
| | - Jeffrey L. Spees
- Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (A.C.L.); (A.v.d.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Stem Cell Core, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT 05446, USA; (A.A.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.S.); (R.A.O.); Tel.: +1-802-656-2388 (J.L.S.); +1-802-656-3338 (R.A.O.); Fax: +1-802-656-8932 (J.L.S.); +1-802-656-3358 (R.A.O.)
| | - Rachael A. Oldinski
- Bioengineering Program, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA (S.L.F.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Materials Science Program, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Correspondence: (J.L.S.); (R.A.O.); Tel.: +1-802-656-2388 (J.L.S.); +1-802-656-3338 (R.A.O.); Fax: +1-802-656-8932 (J.L.S.); +1-802-656-3358 (R.A.O.)
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Development of pancreatic acini in embryos of the grass snake
Natrix natrix
(Lepidosauria, Serpentes). J Morphol 2019; 281:110-121. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Direct observation of unstained biological samples in water using newly developed impedance scanning electron microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221296. [PMID: 31430321 PMCID: PMC6701803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometre-scale observation of specimens in water is indispensable in several scientific fields, such as biology, chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) obtains high-resolution images of biological samples under high vacuum conditions but requires specific sample-preparation protocols. Observations of unstained biological samples in water require more convenient and less invasive methods. Herein, we have developed a new type of impedance microscopy, namely impedance SEM (IP-SEM), which allows the imaging and sub-micrometer scale examination of various specimens in water. By varying the frequency of the input signal, the proposed system can detect the impedance properties of the sample’s composition at sub-micrometer scale resolution. Besides examining various unstained biological specimens and material samples in water. Furthermore, the proposed system can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.
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Naik AR, Kuhn ER, Lewis KT, Kokotovich KM, Maddipati KR, Chen X, Hörber JHK, Taatjes DJ, Potoff JJ, Jena BP. Self-Assembly and Biogenesis of the Cellular Membrane are Dictated by Membrane Stretch and Composition. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6997-7005. [PMID: 31322890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cell plasma membrane is a highly dynamic organelle governing a wide range of cellular activities including ion transport, secretion, cell division, growth, and development. The fundamental process involved in the addition of new membranes to pre-existing plasma membranes, however, is unclear. Here, we report, using biophysical, morphological, biochemical, and molecular dynamic simulations, the selective incorporation of proteins and lipids from the cytosol into the cell plasma membrane dictated by membrane stretch and composition. Stretching of the cell membrane as a consequence of volume increase following incubation in a hypotonic solution and results in the incorporation of cytosolic proteins and lipids into the existing plasma membrane. Molecular dynamic simulations further confirm that increased membrane stretch results in the rapid insertion of lipids into the existing plasma membrane. Similarly, depletion of cholesterol from the cell plasma membrane selectively alters the incorporation of lipids into the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - J H K Hörber
- Department of Physics , University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD , U.K
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microscopy Imaging Center , University of Vermont College of Medicine , Burlington , Vermont 05405 , United States
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Jena BP, Stemmer PM, Wang S, Mao G, Lewis KT, Walz DA. Human Platelet Vesicles Exhibit Distinct Size and Proteome. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:2333-2338. [PMID: 28587468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, isolated blood platelets have had restricted use in wound healing, cancer therapy, and organ and tissue transplant, to name a few. The major obstacle for its unrestricted use has been, among others, the presence of ultrahigh concentrations of growth factors and the presence of both pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic proteins. To overcome this problem requires the isolation and separation of the membrane bound secretory vesicles containing the different factors. In the current study, high-resolution imaging of isolated secretory vesicles from human platelets using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mass spectrometry enabled characterization of the remaining vesicles size and composition following their immunoseparation. The remaining vesicles obtained following osmotic lysis, when subjected to immunoseparation employing antibody to different vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs), demonstrate for the first time that VAMP-3-, VAMP-7-, and VAMP-8-specific vesicles each possesses distinct size range and composition. These results provide a window into our understanding of the heterogeneous population of vesicles in human platelets and their stability following both physical manipulation using AFM and osmotic lysis of the platelet. This study further provides a platform for isolation and the detailed characterization of platelet granules, with promise for their future use in therapy. Additionally, results from the study demonstrate that secretory vesicles of different size found in cells reflect their unique and specialized composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sunxi Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Daniel A Walz
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, and §Institute of Environment Health Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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Nanoscale imaging of untreated mammalian cells in a medium with low radiation damage using scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29169. [PMID: 27375121 PMCID: PMC4931576 DOI: 10.1038/srep29169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging of untreated living cells in a medium at a nanometre-scale resolution under physiological conditions is a significant challenge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is widely used to observe cells in various atmospheric holders or special equipment. However, untreated biological specimens in aqueous solution generally incur heavy radiation damage from the direct electron beam (EB); and these images exhibit very poor contrast. Therefore, a new method for generating high-contrast images of living cells under physiological conditions without radiation damage has been strongly desired. Here, we demonstrate the first nanoscale observation of living cultured mammalian cells using our newly developed scanning-electron assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) method with a culture dish holder. Using the difference in relative permittivity between water and specimens, our SE-ADM system aids in the visualisation of untreated biological samples in aqueous solution. In addition, specimens incurred only a low level of radiation damage because the tungsten (W)-coated silicon nitride (SiN) film absorbs irradiated electrons. Untreated cells and organelles are clearly visible in high-contrast and high-resolution images without staining and fixation. Furthermore, our method enables the detection of changes in organelle structures within cells via time-lapse imaging with minimal radiation damage.
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Naik AR, Kulkarni SP, Lewis KT, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP. Functional Reconstitution of the Insulin-Secreting Porosome Complex in Live Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:54-60. [PMID: 26523491 PMCID: PMC4701877 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular cup-shaped lipoprotein structures called porosomes embedded in the cell plasma membrane mediate fractional release of intravesicular contents from cells during secretion. The presence of porosomes, have been documented in many cell types including neurons, acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas, GH-secreting cells of the pituitary, and insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Functional reconstitution of porosomes into artificial lipid membranes, have also been accomplished. Earlier studies on mouse insulin-secreting Min6 cells report 100-nm porosome complexes composed of nearly 30 proteins. In the current study, porosomes have been functionally reconstituted for the first time in live cells. Isolated Min6 porosomes reconstituted into live Min6 cells demonstrate augmented levels of porosome proteins and a consequent increase in the potency and efficacy of glucose-stimulated insulin release. Elevated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion 48 hours after reconstitution, reflects on the remarkable stability and viability of reconstituted porosomes, documenting the functional reconstitution of native porosomes in live cells. These results, establish a new paradigm in porosome-mediated insulin secretion in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata R Naik
- Department of Physiology (A.R.N., S.P.K., K.T.L., B.P.J.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Sanjana P Kulkarni
- Department of Physiology (A.R.N., S.P.K., K.T.L., B.P.J.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Physiology (A.R.N., S.P.K., K.T.L., B.P.J.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Physiology (A.R.N., S.P.K., K.T.L., B.P.J.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology (A.R.N., S.P.K., K.T.L., B.P.J.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201; and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Fang J, Liu M, Zhang X, Sakamoto T, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP, Sun F, Woods J, Bryson T, Kowluru A, Zhang K, Chen X. COPII-Dependent ER Export: A Critical Component of Insulin Biogenesis and β-Cell ER Homeostasis. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1156-69. [PMID: 26083833 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells possess a highly active protein synthetic and export machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to accommodate the massive production of proinsulin. ER homeostasis is vital for β-cell functions and is maintained by the delicate balance between protein synthesis, folding, export, and degradation. Disruption of ER homeostasis by diabetes-causing factors leads to β-cell death. Among the 4 components to maintain ER homeostasis in β-cells, the role of ER export in insulin biogenesis is the least understood. To address this knowledge gap, the present study investigated the molecular mechanism of proinsulin ER export in MIN6 cells and primary islets. Two inhibitory mutants of the secretion-associated RAS-related protein (Sar)1 small GTPase, known to specifically block coat protein complex II (COPII)-dependent ER export, were overexpressed in β-cells using recombinant adenoviruses. Results from this approach, as well as small interfering RNA-mediated Sar1 knockdown, demonstrated that defective Sar1 function blocked proinsulin ER export and abolished its conversion to mature insulin in MIN6 cells, isolated mouse, and human islets. It is further revealed, using an in vitro vesicle formation assay, that proinsulin was packaged into COPII vesicles in a GTP- and Sar1-dependent manner. Blockage of COPII-dependent ER exit by Sar1 mutants strongly induced ER morphology change, ER stress response, and β-cell apoptosis. These responses were mediated by the PKR (double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase)-like ER kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α) and inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1)/x-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) pathways but not via activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Collectively, results from the study demonstrate that COPII-dependent ER export plays a vital role in insulin biogenesis, ER homeostasis, and β-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingye Fang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Xuebao Zhang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Takeshi Sakamoto
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - James Woods
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Tim Bryson
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Anjaneyulu Kowluru
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology (J.F., B.P.J., F.S., J.W., T.B., X.C.) and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics (X.Z., K.Z.), School of Medicine, Department of Physics and Astronomy (T.S.), College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.K.), Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, and John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (A.K.), Detroit, Michigan 48201; Department of Internal Medicine (M.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Pathology (D.J.T.), Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Rajagopal A, Kulkarni S, Lewis KT, Chen X, Maarouf A, Kelly CV, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP. Proteome of the insulin-secreting Min6 cell porosome complex: involvement of Hsp90 in its assembly and function. J Proteomics 2014; 114:83-92. [PMID: 25464371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Porosomes are secretory portals located at the cell plasma membrane involved in the regulated release of intravesicular contents from cells. Porosomes have been immunoisolated from a number of cells including the exocrine pancreas and neurons, biochemically characterized, and functionally reconstituted into an artificial lipid membrane. In the current study, the proteome of the porosome complex in mouse insulinoma Min6 cells was determined, demonstrating among other proteins, the presence of 30 core proteins including the heat shock protein Hsp90. Half maximal inhibition of Hsp90 using the specific inhibitor 17-demethoxy-17-(2-prophenylamino) geldanamycin, results in the loss of proteins, including the calcium-transporting ATPase type 2C and the potassium channel subfamily K member 2 from the Min6 porosome. This loss of porosome proteins is reflected in the observed inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin release from Min6 cells exposed to the Hsp90 specific inhibitor. Results from the study implicate Hsp90 in the assembly and function of the porosome complex. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the present study, the porosome proteome in the insulin-secreting mouse β-cell line Min6 has been determined. Nearly 30 core proteins including the heat shock protein Hsp90 are found to compose the Min6 porosome complex. Results from the study implicate Hsp90 in the assembly of the Min6 porosome. These new findings will facilitate understanding of the porosome assembly and its function in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya Rajagopal
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sanjana Kulkarni
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Abir Maarouf
- Wayne State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Christopher V Kelly
- Wayne State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Detroit, MI, USA; Wayne State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Lewis KT, Maddipati KR, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP. Neuronal porosome lipidome. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1927-37. [PMID: 25224862 PMCID: PMC4244008 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cup-shaped lipoprotein structures called porosomes are the universal secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intravesicular contents. In neurons, porosomes measure ∼15 nm and are comprised of nearly 40 proteins, among them SNAREs, ion channels, the Gαo G-protein and several structural proteins. Earlier studies report the interaction of specific lipids and their influence on SNAREs, ion channels and G-protein function. Our own studies demonstrate the requirement of cholesterol for the maintenance of neuronal porosome integrity, and the influence of lipids on SNARE complex assembly. In this study, to further understand the role of lipids on porosome structure-function, the lipid composition of isolated neuronal porosome was determined using mass spectrometry. Using lipid-binding assays, the affinity of porosome-associated syntaxin-1A to various lipids was determined. Our mass spectrometry results demonstrate the presence of phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIP's) and phosphatidic acid (PA) among other lipids, and the enriched presence of ceramide (Cer), lysophosphatidylinositol phosphates (LPIP) and diacylglycerol (DAG). Lipid binding assays demonstrate the binding of neuronal porosome to cardiolipin, and confirm its association with PIP's and PA. The ability of exogenous PA to alter protein–protein interaction and neurotransmitter release is further demonstrated from the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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11
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Taatjes DJ, Quinn AS, Rand JH, Jena BP. Atomic force microscopy: High resolution dynamic imaging of cellular and molecular structure in health and disease. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1949-55. [PMID: 23526453 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM), invented in 1986, and a member of the scanning probe family of microscopes, offers the unprecedented ability to image biological samples unfixed and in a hydrated environment at high resolution. This opens the possibility to investigate biological mechanisms temporally in a heretofore unattainable resolution. We have used AFM to investigate: (1) fundamental issues in cell biology (secretion) and, (2) the pathological basis of a human thrombotic disease, the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). These studies have incorporated the imaging of live cells at nanometer resolution, leading to discovery of the "porosome," the universal secretory portal in cells, and a molecular understanding of membrane fusion from imaging the interaction and assembly of proteins between opposing lipid membranes. Similarly, the development of an in vitro simulacrum for investigating the molecular interactions between proteins and lipids has helped define an etiological explanation for APS. The prime importance of AFM in the success of these investigations will be presented in this manuscript, as well as a discussion of the limitations of this technique for the study of biomedical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Microscopy Imaging Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Hou X, Lewis KT, Wu Q, Wang S, Chen X, Flack A, Mao G, Taatjes DJ, Sun F, Jena BP. Proteome of the porosome complex in human airway epithelia: interaction with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). J Proteomics 2013; 96:82-91. [PMID: 24220302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The surface of the airways is coated with a thin film of mucus composed primarily of mucin, which is under continuous motion via ciliary action. Mucin not only serves to lubricate the airways epithelia, but also functions as a trap for foreign particles and pathogens, thereby assisting in keeping the airways clean and free of particulate matter and infections. Altered mucin secretion especially increased mucin viscosity, results in mucin stagnation due to the inability of the cilia to propel them, leading to infections and diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Since porosomes have been demonstrated to be the secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane in cells, their presence, structure, and composition in the mucin-secreting human airway epithelial cell line Calu-3 expressing CF transmembrane receptor (CFTR), were investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of Calu-3 cells demonstrates the presence of approximately 100nm in diameter porosome openings at the plasma membrane surface. Electron microscopy confirms the AFM results, and tandem mass spectrometry and immunoanalysis performed on isolated Calu-3 porosomes, reveal the association of CFTR with the porosome complex. These new findings will facilitate understanding of CFTR-porosome interactions influencing mucous secretion, and provide critical insights into the etiology of CF disease. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In the present study, the porosome proteome in human airway epithelia has been determined. The interaction between the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the porosome complex in the human airway epithelia is further demonstrated. The possible regulation by CFTR on the quality of mucus secretion via the porosome complex at the cell plasma membrane is hypothesized. These new findings will facilitate understanding of CFTR-porosome interactions influencing mucous secretion, and provide critical insights into the etiology of CF disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Kenneth T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Qingtian Wu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sunxi Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, MI 48202, USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Amanda Flack
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, MI 48202, USA
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology, Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bhanu P Jena
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, MI 48202, USA.
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Kovari LC, Brunzelle JS, Lewis KT, Cho WJ, Lee JS, Taatjes DJ, Jena BP. X-ray solution structure of the native neuronal porosome-synaptic vesicle complex: Implication in neurotransmitter release. Micron 2013; 56:37-43. [PMID: 24176623 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoportals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes, mediate secretion from cells. In neurons porosomes are 15 nm cup-shaped lipoprotein structure composed of nearly 40 proteins. The size and complexity of the porosome has precluded determination of its atomic structure. Here we report at nanometer resolution the native 3D structure of the neuronal porosome-synaptic vesicle complex within isolated nerve terminals using small-angle X-ray solution scattering. In addition to furthering our understanding of the porosome structure, results from the study suggests the molecular mechanism involved in neurotransmitter release at the nerve terminal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislau C Kovari
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Detroit, MI, USA
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology compendium: a review of 2012. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:815-46. [PMID: 23665922 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The year 2012 was another exciting year for Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Innovations in immunohistochemical techniques and microscopy-based imaging have provided the means for advances in the field of cell biology. Over 130 manuscripts were published in the journal during 2012, representing methodological advancements, pathobiology of disease, and cell and tissue biology. This annual review of the manuscripts published in the previous year in Histochemistry and Cell Biology serves as an abbreviated reference for the readership to quickly peruse and discern trends in the field over the past year. The review has been broadly divided into multiple sections encompassing topics such as method advancements, subcellular components, extracellular matrix, and organ systems. We hope that the creation of this subdivision will serve to guide the reader to a specific topic of interest, while simultaneously providing a concise and easily accessible encapsulation of other topics in the broad area of Histochemistry and Cell Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Lee JS, Hou X, Bishop N, Wang S, Flack A, Cho WJ, Chen X, Mao G, Taatjes DJ, Sun F, Zhang K, Jena BP. Aquaporin-assisted and ER-mediated mitochondrial fission: a hypothesis. Micron 2013; 47:50-8. [PMID: 23416165 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the status of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and the interactions between them, is critical to numerous cellular functions including apoptosis. Mitochondrial dynamics is greatly influenced by cell stress, and recent studies implicate ER in mitochondrial fission. Although a number of proteins have been identified to participate in ER-induced mitochondrial fission, the molecular mechanism of the process is little understood. In the current study, we confirm the involvement of ER in mitochondrial fission and hypothesize the involvement of water channels or aquaporins (AQP) in the process. Previous studies demonstrate the presence of AQP both in the ER and mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondrial swelling has been observed following mitochondrial calcium overload, and studies report that chelation of cytosolic calcium induces extensive mitochondrial division at ER contact sites. Based on this information, the involvement of ER in mitochondrial division, possibly via water channels, is hypothesized. Utilizing a multi-faceted imaging approach consisting of atomic force microscopy on aldehyde-fixed and semi-dry cells, transmission electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy on live cells, the physical interactions between the two organelles are demonstrated. Mitochondrial fission following ER stress was abrogated with exposure of cells to the AQP inhibitor mercuric chloride, suggesting the involvement of AQP(s) especially AQP8 and AQP9 known to be present in the mitochondrial membrane, in mitochondrial fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sook Lee
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Multiple roles for the actin cytoskeleton during regulated exocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2099-121. [PMID: 22986507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is the main mechanism utilized by specialized secretory cells to deliver molecules to the cell surface by virtue of membranous containers (i.e., secretory vesicles). The process involves a series of highly coordinated and sequential steps, which include the biogenesis of the vesicles, their delivery to the cell periphery, their fusion with the plasma membrane, and the release of their content into the extracellular space. Each of these steps is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the involvement of actin and its associated molecules during each of the exocytic steps in vertebrates, and suggest that the overall role of the actin cytoskeleton during regulated exocytosis is linked to the architecture and the physiology of the secretory cells under examination. Specifically, in neurons, neuroendocrine, endocrine, and hematopoietic cells, which contain small secretory vesicles that undergo rapid exocytosis (on the order of milliseconds), the actin cytoskeleton plays a role in pre-fusion events, where it acts primarily as a functional barrier and facilitates docking. In exocrine and other secretory cells, which contain large secretory vesicles that undergo slow exocytosis (seconds to minutes), the actin cytoskeleton plays a role in post-fusion events, where it regulates the dynamics of the fusion pore, facilitates the integration of the vesicles into the plasma membrane, provides structural support, and promotes the expulsion of large cargo molecules.
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Craciun C, Barbu-Tudoran L. Identification of new structural elements within 'porosomes' of the exocrine pancreas: a detailed study using high-resolution electron microscopy. Micron 2012; 44:137-42. [PMID: 22819153 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, great progress has been made in our knowledge of how cells secrete. This progress has been possible primarily due to discovery of the 'porosome', the universal secretory portals at the plasma membrane in cells. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane, where membrane-bounded secretory vesicles temporarily dock and fuse to expel all or part of their contents during cellular secretion. Porosomes have been found in neurons, in neuroendocrine cells, as well as in the exocrine pancreas. Furthermore, porosomes have been isolated, functionally reconstituted, and their composition determined. Although, the neuronal porosome has been exhaustively investigated, the detailed morphology of porosomes in the exocrine pancreas in situ remains to be further explored. The current study was carried out to determine the detailed morphology of the porosome in rat exocrine pancreas using high-resolution electron microscopy. Results from our study, demonstrate for the first time the presence of tethers or cables (which could be t-SNAREs) associated at the base of porosomes. Furthermore, for the first time our studies demonstrate the docking of a single secretory vesicle at the base of more than one porosome complex. Detailed spoke-like elements lining the porosome cup are also demonstrated for the first time in our study, providing a better understanding of the molecular architecture and physiology of this important cellular organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Craciun
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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