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Gopinath P, Veluswami S, Gopisetty G, Sundersingh S, Rajaraman S, Thangarajan R. Identification of tumor biomarkers for pathological complete response to neoadjuvant treatment in locally advanced breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:207-220. [PMID: 35597840 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic response predictors like age, nodal status, and tumor grade and markers, like ER/PR, HER2, and Ki67, are not reliable in predicting the response to a specific form of chemotherapy. The current study aims to identify and validate reliable markers that can predict pathological complete response (pCR) in fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC)-based neoadjuvant therapy with (NACT/RT) and without concurrent radiation (NACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins from core needle breast biopsy between pCR (n = 4) and no-pCR (n = 4). Immunoblotting of shortlisted proteins with the tissue lysates confirmed the differential expression of the markers. Further, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of treatment-naive core needle biopsies. In the NACT, 29 pCR and 130 no-pCR and in NACT/RT, 32 pCR and 71 no-pCR were used. RESULTS 733 and 807 proteins were identified in NACT and NACT/RT groups, respectively. Ten proteins were shortlisted for validation as potential pCR-predictive markers. THBS1, TNC, and DCN were significantly overexpressed in no-pCR in both the groups. In NACT, CPA3 was significantly upregulated in the no-pCR. In NACT/RT, HnRNPAB was significantly upregulated and HMGB1 significantly downregulated in the no-pCR. HMGB1 was the only marker to show prognostic significance. CONCLUSION Quantitative proteomics followed by IHC identified and validated potential biomarkers for predicting patient response to therapy. These markers can be used, following larger-scale validation, in combination with routine histological analysis providing vital indications of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Gopinath
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sridevi Veluswami
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gopal Gopisetty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shirley Sundersingh
- Department of Oncopatholology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Cancer Registry, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajkumar Thangarajan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Gopinath P, Natarajan A, Sathyanarayanan A, Veluswami S, Gopisetty G. The multifaceted role of Matricellular Proteins in health and cancer, as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Gene 2022; 815:146137. [PMID: 35007686 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of a mesh of proteins, proteoglycans, growth factors, and other secretory components. It constitutes the tumor microenvironment along with the endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipocytes, and immune cells. The proteins of ECM can be functionally classified as adhesive proteins and matricellular proteins (MCP). In the tumor milieu, the ECM plays a major role in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. The current review encompasses thrombospondins, osteonectin, osteopontin, tenascin C, periostin, the CCN family, laminin, biglycan, decorin, mimecan, and galectins. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are also discussed as they are an integral part of the ECM with versatile functions in the tumor stroma. In this review, the role of these proteins in tumor initiation, growth, invasion and metastasis have been highlighted, with emphasis on their contribution to tumor therapeutic resistance. Further, their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets based on existing evidence are discussed. Owing to the recent advancements in protein targeting, the possibility of agents to modulate MCPs in cancer as therapeutic options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prarthana Gopinath
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aparna Natarajan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sridevi Veluswami
- Deaprtment of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopal Gopisetty
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute WIA, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Xie C, Mondal DK, Ulas M, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Oncosuppressive roles of decorin through regulation of multiple receptors and diverse signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C554-C566. [PMID: 35171698 PMCID: PMC8917911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00016.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decorin is a stromal-derived prototype member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family. In addition to its functions as a regulator of collagen fibrillogenesis and TGF-β activity soluble decorin acts as a pan-receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor. Decorin binds to various RTKs including EGFR HER2 HGFR/Met VEGFR2 TLR and IGFR. Although the molecular mechanism for the action of decorin on these receptors is not entirely elucidated overall decorin evokes transient activation of these receptors with suppression of downstream signaling cascades culminating in growth inhibition followed by their physical downregulation via caveosomal internalization and degradation. In the case of Met decorin leads to decreased β-catenin signaling pathway and growth suppression. As most of these RTKs are responsible for providing a growth advantage to cancer cells the result of decorin treatment is oncosuppression. Another decorin-driven mechanism to restrict cancer growth and dissemination is by impeding angiogenesis via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and the concurrent activation of protracted endothelial cell autophagy. In this review we will dissect the multiple roles of decorin in cancer biology and its potential use as a next-generation protein-based adjuvant therapy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dipon K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mikdat Ulas
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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4
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Down-Regulation of the Proteoglycan Decorin Fills in the Tumor-Promoting Phenotype of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Senescent Human Breast Stromal Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081987. [PMID: 33924197 PMCID: PMC8074608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ionizing radiation (a typical remedy for breast cancer) results in the premature senescence of the adjacent to the neoplastic cells stromal fibroblasts. Here, we showed that these senescent fibroblasts are characterized by the down-regulation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin, a poor prognostic factor for the progression of the disease. Decorin down-regulation is mediated by secreted growth factors in an autocrine and paracrine (due to the interaction with breast cancer cells) manner, with bFGF and VEGF being the key players of this regulation in young and senescent breast stromal fibroblasts. Autophagy activation increases decorin mRNA levels, indicating that impaired autophagy is implicated in the reduction in decorin in this cell model. Decorin down-regulation acts additively to the already tumor-promoting phenotype of ionizing radiation-induced prematurely senescent human stromal fibroblasts, confirming that stromal senescence is a side-effect of radiotherapy that should be taken into account in the design of anticancer treatments. Abstract Down-regulation of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin in the stroma is considered a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer progression. Ionizing radiation, an established treatment for breast cancer, provokes the premature senescence of the adjacent to the tumor stromal fibroblasts. Here, we showed that senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts are characterized by the down-regulation of decorin at the mRNA and protein level, as well as by its decreased deposition in the pericellular extracellular matrix in vitro. Senescence-associated decorin down-regulation is a long-lasting process rather than an immediate response to γ-irradiation. Growth factors were demonstrated to participate in an autocrine manner in decorin down-regulation, with bFGF and VEGF being the critical mediators of the phenomenon. Autophagy inhibition by chloroquine reduced decorin mRNA levels, while autophagy activation using the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin enhanced decorin transcription. Interestingly, the secretome from a series of both untreated and irradiated human breast cancer cell lines with different molecular profiles inhibited decorin expression in young and senescent stromal fibroblasts, which was annulled by SU5402, a bFGF and VEGF inhibitor. The novel phenotypic trait of senescent human breast stromal fibroblasts revealed here is added to their already described cancer-promoting role via the formation of a tumor-permissive environment.
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Baghy K, Reszegi A, Tátrai P, Kovalszky I. Decorin in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1272:17-38. [PMID: 32845500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48457-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a determining role in cancer development through a plethora of interactions between the extracellular matrix and tumor cells. Decorin is a prototype member of the SLRP family found in a variety of tissues and is expressed in the stroma of various forms of cancer. Decorin has gained recognition for its essential roles in inflammation, fibrotic disorders, and cancer, and due to its antitumor properties, it has been proposed to act as a "guardian from the matrix." Initially identified as a natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β, soluble decorin is emerging as a pan-RTK inhibitor targeting a multitude of RTKs, including EGFR, Met, IGF-IR, VEGFR2, and PDGFR. Besides initiating signaling, decorin/RTK interaction can induce caveosomal internalization and receptor degradation. Decorin also triggers cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and evokes antimetastatic and antiangiogenic processes. In addition, as a novel regulatory mechanism, decorin was shown to induce conserved catabolic processes, such as endothelial cell autophagy and tumor cell mitophagy. Therefore, decorin is a promising candidate for combatting cancer, especially the cancer types heavily dependent on RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Baghy
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Reszegi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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The Protective Role of Decorin in Hepatic Metastasis of Colorectal Carcinoma. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081199. [PMID: 32824864 PMCID: PMC7465536 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, the prototype member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, acts as a powerful tumor suppressor by inducing the p21Waf1/Cip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, as well as through its ability to directly bind and block the action of several tyrosine kinase receptors. Our previous studies suggested that the lack of decorin promotes hepatic carcinogenesis in mice. Based on this, we set out to investigate whether excess decorin may protect against the liver metastases of colon carcinoma. We also analyzed the effect of decorin in tissue microarrays of human colon carcinoma liver metastasis and examined whether the tumor cells can directly influence the decorin production of myofibroblasts. In humans, low levels of decorin in the liver facilitated the development of colon carcinoma metastases in proportion with more aggressive phenotypes, indicating a possible antitumor action of the proteoglycan. In vitro, colon carcinoma cells inhibited decorin expression in LX2 hepatic stellate cells. Moreover, liver-targeted decorin delivery in mice effectively attenuated metastasis formation of colon cancer. Overexpressed decorin reduced the activity of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), an important player in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Downstream of that, we observed weakened signaling of ERK1/2, PLCγ, Akt/mTOR, STAT and c-Jun pathways, while p38 MAPK/MSK/CREB and AMPK were upregulated culminating in enhanced p53 function. In conclusion, decorin may effectively inhibit metastatic tumor formation in the liver.
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7
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Szczubiał M, Kankofer M, Wawrzykowski J, Dąbrowski R, Łopuszyński W, Bochniarz M, Brodzki P. Decorin concentrations in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:1404-1410. [PMID: 33470009 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the concentration of decorin in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues was examined to understand the potential role of decorin in development and progression of canine mammary tumours. The homogenates of 48 mammary gland tumours (10 benign and 38 malignant) and 10 samples of normal canine mammary gland tissue were used in the study. The presence and quantification of decorin was examined in the homogenates using Western blot and specific canine ELISA. Western blotting confirmed the presence of decorin both in the normal mammary gland tissues and in the mammary gland tumours. The concentration of decorin was significantly higher (p < .05) in the benign tumours and non-metastatic malignant tumours than in the normal mammary gland. The concentration of decorin was significantly lower (p < .05) in the malignant tumours with metastasis to regional lymph nodes compared with benign tumours and non-metastatic malignant tumours. No significant differences were found in the level of decorin between the benign and the non-metastatic malignant tumours. Both the histological type of malignant tumours and the histological grade did not significantly affect the concentration of decorin. These findings suggest that neoplastic transformation in the canine mammary gland leads to increase in the decorin protein synthesis. The reducing decorin concentration in canine malignant mammary tumours appears to facilitate the metastatic spread of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Szczubiał
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Kankofer
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Wawrzykowski
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Roman Dąbrowski
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łopuszyński
- Sub-Department of Pathomorphology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Bochniarz
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Brodzki
- Department and Clinic of Animal Reproduction, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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8
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Nyman MC, Jokilammi AB, Boström PC, Kurki SH, Sainio AO, Grenman SE, Orte KJ, Hietanen SH, Elenius K, Järveläinen HT. Decorin Expression in Human Vulva Carcinoma: Oncosuppressive Effect of Decorin cDNA Transduction on Carcinoma Cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:511-522. [PMID: 31009269 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419845373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix proteoglycan decorin is well-known for its oncosuppressive activity. Here, decorin expression was examined in human vulva carcinoma tissue samples and in primary and commercial cell lines representing this malignant disease. Furthermore, the effect of adenovirus-mediated decorin cDNA (Ad-DCN) transduction on the viability, proliferation, and the expression and activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB/HER) family members of the cell lines were investigated. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for decorin, it was demonstrated that malignant cells in human vulva carcinoma tissues lack decorin expression. This result was true independently on tumor stage, grade or human papillomavirus status. RT-qPCR analyses showed that the human vulva carcinoma cell lines used in this study were also negative for decorin expression. Transduction of the cell lines with Ad-DCN caused a marked reduction in cell viability, while the proliferation of the cells was not affected. Experiments examining potential mechanisms behind the oncosuppressive effect of Ad-DCN transduction revealed that ErbB2/HER2 expression and activity in carcinoma cells were markedly downregulated. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that human vulva carcinoma cells lack decorin expression, and that Ad-DCN transduction of these cells induces oncosuppressive activity in part via downregulation of ErbB2/HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Nyman
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne B Jokilammi
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia C Boström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Samu H Kurki
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Annele O Sainio
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Seija E Grenman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Katri J Orte
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari H Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Medicity Research Laboratory, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu T Järveläinen
- Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Pori, Finland
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9
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Yu Q, Xin K, Miao Y, Li Z, Fu S, Hu S, Zhang Q, Zhou S. Anti-tumor responses to hypofractionated radiation in mice grafted with triple negative breast cancer is associated with decorin induction in peritumoral muscles. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1150-1157. [PMID: 30124739 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal one for all types of breast cancer. Though radiotherapy is an efficient treatment, long-term survival rate of TNBC patients is still suboptimal. Hyprofractionated radiotherapy, an improved radiotherapy, has made an inspiring result in clinic. However, the mechanism underlying TNBC treated with hyprofractionated radiotherapy is not clear. Decorin (DCN) is a small poteoglycan of matrix which has an inhibitory effect on the breast cancer and is secreted by muscle under certain conditions. In this study, we demonstrated that peritumoral muscles secrete more DCN at higher dose irradiation than that at conventional irradiation dose in TNBC tumor-bearing mice. Thus, it indicates that DCN secreted from peritumoral muscle may be one of the reasons why hyprofractionated radiotherapy could inhibit the growth of TNBC more effectively. Moreover, we also indicated that the up-regulated DCN attenuated lung metastasis of TNBC. In conclusion, we demonstrated that hypofractionated radiation promotes the secretion of DCN in peritumoral muscle, thus enhancing the inhibitory effect on TNBC, which might help to optimize the strategy of radiotherapy for TNBC patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kedao Xin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Miao
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaobin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Fu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shudong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated of Renmin Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumin Zhou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Sainio AO, Järveläinen HT. Decorin-mediated oncosuppression - a potential future adjuvant therapy for human epithelial cancers. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:5-15. [PMID: 29488209 PMCID: PMC6284329 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the multifaceted role of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in tumourigenesis has been realized. One ECM macromolecule exhibiting potent oncosuppressive actions in tumourigenesis is decorin, the prototype of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family. The actions of decorin include its ability to function as an endogenous pan-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, a regulator of both autophagy and mitophagy, as well as a modulator of the immune system. In this review, we will discuss these topics in more detail. We also provide a summary of preclinical studies exploring the value of decorin-mediated oncosuppression, as a potential future adjuvant therapy for epithelial cancers. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annele Orvokki Sainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Tapio Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500, Pori, Finland
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11
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Subbarayan K, Leisz S, Wickenhauser C, Bethmann D, Massa C, Steven A, Seliger B. Biglycan-mediated upregulation of MHC class I expression in HER-2/neu-transformed cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1373233. [PMID: 29632715 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1373233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix protein biglycan (BGN) has oncogenic or tumor suppressive potential depending on the cellular origin. HER-2/neu overexpression in murine fibroblasts and human model systems is inversely correlated with BGN expression. Upon its restoration BGNhigh HER-2/neu+ fibroblasts were less tumorigenic in immune competent mice when compared to BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells, which was associated with enhanced immune cell responses and higher frequencies of immune effector cells in tumors and peripheral blood. The increased immunogenicity of BGNhigh HER-2/neu+ fibroblasts appears to be due to upregulated MHC class I surface antigens and reduced expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoforms and the TGF-β receptor 1 suggesting a link between BGN, TGF-β pathway and HER-2/neu-mediated downregulation of MHC class I antigens. Treatment of BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells with recombinant BGN or an inhibitor of TGF-β enhanced MHC class I surface antigens in BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu-overexpressing murine fibroblasts, which was mediated by a transcriptional upregulation of major MHC class I antigen processing components. Furthermore, BGN expression in HER-2/neu+ cells was accompanied by an increased expression of the proteoglycan decorin (DCN). Since recombinant DCN also elevated MHC class I surface expression in BGNlow/neg HER-2/neu+ cells, both proteoglycans might act synergistically. This was in accordance with in silico analyses of mRNA data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset available for breast cancer (BC) patients. Thus, our data provide for the first time evidence that proteoglycan signatures are modulated by HER-2/neu and linked to MHC class I-mediated immune escape associated with an altered TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subbarayan
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Sandra Leisz
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Daniel Bethmann
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - André Steven
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle/ Saale, Germany
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12
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Kehlet SN, Bager CL, Willumsen N, Dasgupta B, Brodmerkel C, Curran M, Brix S, Leeming DJ, Karsdal MA. Cathepsin-S degraded decorin are elevated in fibrotic lung disorders - development and biological validation of a new serum biomarker. BMC Pulm Med 2017; 17:110. [PMID: 28793886 PMCID: PMC5550991 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Decorin is one of the most abundant proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix and is mainly secreted and deposited in the interstitial matrix by fibroblasts where it plays an important role in collagen turnover and tissue homeostasis. Degradation of decorin might disturb normal tissue homeostasis contributing to extracellular matrix remodeling diseases. Here, we present the development and validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantifying a specific fragment of degraded decorin, which has potential as a novel non-invasive serum biomarker for fibrotic lung disorders. Methods A fragment of decorin cleaved in vitro using human articular cartilage was identified by mass-spectrometry (MS/MS). Monoclonal antibodies were raised against the neo-epitope of the cleaved decorin fragment and a competitive ELISA assay (DCN-CS) was developed. The assay was evaluated by determining the inter- and intra-assay precision, dilution recovery, accuracy, analyte stability and interference. Serum levels were assessed in lung cancer patients, patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy controls. Results The DCN-CS ELISA was technically robust and was specific for decorin cleaved by cathepsin-S. DCN-CS was elevated in lung cancer patients (p < 0.0001) and IPF patients (p < 0.001) when compared to healthy controls. The diagnostic power for differentiating lung cancer patients and IPF patients from healthy controls was 0.96 and 0.77, respectively. Conclusion Cathepsin-S degraded decorin could be quantified in serum using the DCN-CS competitive ELISA. The clinical data indicated that degradation of decorin by cathepsin-S is an important part of the pathology of lung cancer and IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Kehlet
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Denmark. .,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | | | - B Dasgupta
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of J & J, LLC, Springhouse, PA, USA
| | - C Brodmerkel
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of J & J, LLC, Springhouse, PA, USA
| | - M Curran
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of J & J, LLC, Springhouse, PA, USA
| | - S Brix
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Boström P, Sainio A, Eigėlienė N, Jokilammi A, Elenius K, Koskivuo I, Järveläinen H. Human Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma and Decorin. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2017; 10:39-48. [PMID: 28653173 PMCID: PMC5750199 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-017-0195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of invasive breast cancer and has poor prognosis. In general, cancers are heterogeneous cellular masses comprised of different cell types and their extracellular matrix (ECM). However, little is known about the composition of the ECM and its constituents in MBC. Decorin is a ubiquitous ECM macromolecule known of its oncosuppressive activity. As such, it provides an intriguing molecule in the development of novel therapeutics for different malignancies such as MBC. In this study, decorin immunoreactivity and the effect of adenoviral decorin cDNA (Ad-DCN) transduction were examined in MBC. Multiple immunohistochemical stainings were used to characterize a massive breast tumour derived from an old woman. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) explant cultures derived from the tumour were transduced with Ad-DCN to study the effect of the transduction on the explants. The MBC tumour was shown to be completely negative for decorin immunoreactivity demonstrating that the malignant cells were not able to synthesize decorin. Ad-DCN transduction resulted in a markedly altered cytological phenotype of MBC explants by decreasing the amount of atypical cells and by inhibiting cell proliferation. The results of this study support approaches to develop new, decorin-based adjuvant therapies for MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Boström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Natalja Eigėlienė
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Oncology Clinic, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Hietalahdenkatu 2-4, 65130, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500, Pori, Finland.
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14
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Dawoody Nejad L, Biglari A, Annese T, Ribatti D. Recombinant fibromodulin and decorin effects on NF-κB and TGFβ1 in the 4T1 breast cancer cell line. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4475-4480. [PMID: 28599447 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) stimulates cell proliferation and metastasis, and inhibits apoptosis in breast cancer. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is deregulated in breast cancer progression and metastasis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effects of the two small leucine rich proteoglycans fibromodulin (Fmod) and decorin (Dcn), overexpressed using adenovirus gene transfer, on NF-κB-activity and TGF-β1-expression in the highly metastatic 4T1 breast cancer cell line. The results demonstrate that Fmod and Dcn overexpression is associated with NF-κB and TGF-β1 downregulation, and that Fmod promotes this effect more effectively compared with Dcn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Dawoody Nejad
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry Institute, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45154 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Biglari
- Department of Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45154 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Institute Giovanni Paolo II, I-70126 Bari, Italy
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15
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Hong X, Yang Z, Wang M, Wang L, Xu Q. Reduced decorin expression in the tumor stroma correlates with tumor proliferation and predicts poor prognosis in patients with I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5431-1. [PMID: 27726099 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5431-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin, chiefly synthesized by tumor stroma, is known as a tumor suppressor. However, the clinical and prognostic significance in lung cancer remained unclear. Here, decorin and Ki67 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in I-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues (n = 264) in comparison to adjacent normal tissues (n = 40). The relationship between the expression of decorin and clinical characteristics, as well as Ki67 index and prognosis, was analyzed. Decorin expression was decreased in both the stroma (P < 0.001) and the tumor cells (P = 0.038) in NSCLC specimens. There was the lowest stromal expression of decorin in patients with G3 adenocarcinoma and higher Ki67 index in the stromal decorin-negative group. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that lack of decorin in the stroma was correlated with a shorter DFS and OS (P = 0.005 and P = 0.010, respectively), while there was no significant association between decorin expression in the tumor cells and outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that reduced expression of decorin in the stroma was an independent prognostic factor for poor outcome including DFS (HR = 5.685, 95 % CI 0.493-0.933; P = 0.017) and OS (HR = 6.579, 95 % CI 0.484-0.908; P = 0.010). Negative decorin in the stroma combined with high Ki67 index predicted poorer outcomes for I-IIIA NSCLC patients. Our results provide data on decorin expression in both the stroma and cancer cells in NSCLC and reveal that reduced expression of stromal decorin correlates with high Ki67 index and has prognostic significance for poor outcome in I-IIIA NSCLC. Our data suggest that evaluating stromal decorin expression might be useful in assessing the prognosis and malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, 150 Haping Road, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decorin as a multivalent therapeutic agent against cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:174-85. [PMID: 26522384 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decorin is a prototypical small leucine-rich proteoglycan that epitomizes the multifunctional nature of this critical gene family. Soluble decorin engages multiple receptor tyrosine kinases within the target-rich environment of the tumor stroma and tumor parenchyma. Upon receptor binding, decorin initiates signaling pathways within endothelial cells downstream of VEGFR2 that ultimately culminate in a Peg3/Beclin 1/LC3-dependent autophagic program. Concomitant with autophagic induction, decorin blunts capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration, thereby significantly compromising tumor angiogenesis. In parallel within the tumor proper, decorin binds multiple RTKs with high affinity, including Met, for a multitude of oncosuppressive functions including growth inhibition, tumor cell mitophagy, and angiostasis. Decorin is also pro-inflammatory by modulating macrophage function and cytokine secretion. Decorin suppresses tumorigenic growth, angiogenesis, and prevents metastatic lesions in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Therefore, decorin would be an ideal therapeutic candidate for combating solid malignancies.
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17
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Trotter TN, Yang Y. Matricellular proteins as regulators of cancer metastasis to bone. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:301-314. [PMID: 26807761 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of death in cancer patients, and a frequent site of metastasis for many cancers is the bone marrow. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the metastatic process is necessary for future prevention and treatment. The tumor microenvironment is now known to play a role in the metastatic cascade, both at the primary tumor and in metastatic sites, and includes both cellular and non-cellular components. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support and signaling cues to cells. One particular group of molecules associated with the ECM, known as matricellular proteins, modulate multiple aspects of tumor biology, including growth, migration, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. These proteins are also important for normal function in the bone by regulating bone formation and bone resorption. Recent studies have described a link between some of these proteins and metastasis of various tumors to the bone. The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about matricellular protein influence on bone metastasis. Particular attention to the contribution of both tumor cells and non-malignant cells in the bone has been given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy N Trotter
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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18
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Decorin: A Growth Factor Antagonist for Tumor Growth Inhibition. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:654765. [PMID: 26697491 PMCID: PMC4677162 DOI: 10.1155/2015/654765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Decorin (DCN) is the best characterized member of the extracellular small leucine-rich proteoglycan family present in connective tissues, typically in association with or “decorating” collagen fibrils. It has substantial interest to clinical medicine owing to its antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Studies on DCN knockout mice have established that a lack of DCN is permissive for tumor development and it is regarded as a tumor suppressor gene. A reduced expression or a total disappearance of DCN has been reported to take place in various forms of human cancers during tumor progression. Furthermore, when used as a therapeutic molecule, DCN has been shown to inhibit tumor progression and metastases in experimental cancer models. DCN affects the biology of various types of cancer by targeting a number of crucial signaling molecules involved in cell growth, survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The active sites for the neutralization of different growth factors all reside in different parts of the DCN molecule. An emerging concept that multiple proteases, especially those produced by inflammatory cells, are capable of cleaving DCN suggests that native DCN could be inactivated in a number of pathological inflammatory conditions. In this paper, we review the role of DCN in cancer.
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19
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Nyman MC, Sainio AO, Pennanen MM, Lund RJ, Vuorikoski S, Sundström JTT, Järveläinen HT. Decorin in Human Colon Cancer: Localization In Vivo and Effect on Cancer Cell Behavior In Vitro. J Histochem Cytochem 2015; 63:710-20. [PMID: 26001829 DOI: 10.1369/0022155415590830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin is generally recognized as a tumor suppressing molecule. Nevertheless, although decorin has been shown to be differentially expressed in malignant tissues, it has often remained unclear whether, in addition to non-malignant stromal cells, cancer cells also express it. Here, we first used two publicly available databases to analyze the current information about decorin expression and immunoreactivity in normal and malignant human colorectal tissue samples. The analyses demonstrated that decorin expression and immunoreactivity may vary in cancer cells of human colorectal tissues. Therefore, we next examined decorin expression in normal, premalignant and malignant human colorectal tissues in more detail using both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for decorin. Our results invariably demonstrate that malignant cells within human colorectal cancer tissues are devoid of both decorin mRNA and immunoreactivity. Identical results were obtained for cells of neuroendocrine tumors of human colon. Using RT-qPCR, we showed that human colon cancer cell lines are also decorin negative, in accordance with the above in vivo results. Finally, we demonstrate that decorin transduction of human colon cancer cell lines causes a significant reduction in their colony forming capability. Thus, strategies to develop decorin-based adjuvant therapies for human colorectal malignancies are highly rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Nyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MCN, AOS, MMP, HTJ)
| | - Annele O Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MCN, AOS, MMP, HTJ)
| | - Mirka M Pennanen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MCN, AOS, MMP, HTJ)
| | - Riikka J Lund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology , University of Turku, Turku, Finland(RJL, SV)
| | - Sanna Vuorikoski
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology , University of Turku, Turku, Finland(RJL, SV)
| | | | - Hannu T Järveläinen
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland (HTJ)
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20
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 780] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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21
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Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Oncosuppressive functions of decorin. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975645. [PMID: 27308453 PMCID: PMC4905288 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is rapidly emerging as a prominent contributor to various fundamental processes of tumorigenesis. In particular, decorin, a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, is assuming a central role as a potent soluble tumor repressor. Decorin binds and antagonizes various receptor tyrosine kinases and inhibits downstream oncogenic signaling in several solid tumors. Among other functions, decorin evokes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic programs. Recent work has revealed a paradigmatic shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumoricidal properties. Decorin adversely compromises the genetic signature of the tumor microenvironment and induces endothelial cell autophagy downstream of VEGFR2. Moreover, decorin selectively evokes destruction of tumor cell mitochondria downstream of Met through mitophagy. Acting as a partial agonist, decorin signals via proautophagic receptors and triggers procatabolic processes that parallel the classical tumoricidal properties of this multifaceted proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology; Anatomy and Cell Biology; and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program; Kimmel Cancer Center ; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology; Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology; Anatomy and Cell Biology; and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program; Kimmel Cancer Center ; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia, PA USA
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22
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Wight TN. Pivotal role for decorin in angiogenesis. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:15-26. [PMID: 25661523 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is a highly complex process. It is regulated in a finely-tuned manner by numerous molecules including not only soluble growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and several other growth factors, but also a diverse set of insoluble molecules, particularly collagenous and non-collagenous matrix constituents. In this review we have focused on the role and potential mechanisms of a multifunctional small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin in angiogenesis. Depending on the cellular and molecular microenvironment where angiogenesis occurs, decorin can exhibit either a proangiogenic or an antiangiogenic activity. Nevertheless, in tumorigenesis-associated angiogenesis and in various inflammatory processes, particularly foreign body reactions and scarring, decorin exhibits an antiangiogenic activity, thus providing a potential basis for the development of decorin-based therapies in these pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies extracellular matrix gene expression by pancreatic circulating tumor cells. Cell Rep 2014. [PMID: 25242334 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.029.single-cell] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed from primary tumors into the bloodstream, mediating the hematogenous spread of cancer to distant organs. To define their composition, we compared genome-wide expression profiles of CTCs with matched primary tumors in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, isolating individual CTCs using epitope-independent microfluidic capture, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. CTCs clustered separately from primary tumors and tumor-derived cell lines, showing low-proliferative signatures, enrichment for the stem-cell-associated gene Aldh1a2, biphenotypic expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and expression of Igfbp5, a gene transcript enriched at the epithelial-stromal interface. Mouse as well as human pancreatic CTCs exhibit a very high expression of stromal-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including SPARC, whose knockdown in cancer cells suppresses cell migration and invasiveness. The aberrant expression by CTCs of stromal ECM genes points to their contribution of microenvironmental signals for the spread of cancer to distant organs.
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24
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Ting DT, Wittner BS, Ligorio M, Vincent Jordan N, Shah AM, Miyamoto DT, Aceto N, Bersani F, Brannigan BW, Xega K, Ciciliano JC, Zhu H, MacKenzie OC, Trautwein J, Arora KS, Shahid M, Ellis HL, Qu N, Bardeesy N, Rivera MN, Deshpande V, Ferrone CR, Kapur R, Ramaswamy S, Shioda T, Toner M, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies extracellular matrix gene expression by pancreatic circulating tumor cells. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1905-1918. [PMID: 25242334 PMCID: PMC4230325 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed from primary tumors into the bloodstream, mediating the hematogenous spread of cancer to distant organs. To define their composition, we compared genome-wide expression profiles of CTCs with matched primary tumors in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer, isolating individual CTCs using epitope-independent microfluidic capture, followed by single-cell RNA sequencing. CTCs clustered separately from primary tumors and tumor-derived cell lines, showing low-proliferative signatures, enrichment for the stem-cell-associated gene Aldh1a2, biphenotypic expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers, and expression of Igfbp5, a gene transcript enriched at the epithelial-stromal interface. Mouse as well as human pancreatic CTCs exhibit a very high expression of stromal-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, including SPARC, whose knockdown in cancer cells suppresses cell migration and invasiveness. The aberrant expression by CTCs of stromal ECM genes points to their contribution of microenvironmental signals for the spread of cancer to distant organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Ting
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ben S Wittner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matteo Ligorio
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicole Vincent Jordan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ajay M Shah
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David T Miyamoto
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Francesca Bersani
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brian W Brannigan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kristina Xega
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jordan C Ciciliano
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Huili Zhu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olivia C MacKenzie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Julie Trautwein
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kshitij S Arora
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Haley L Ellis
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Na Qu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Miguel N Rivera
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shyamala Maheswaran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Daniel A Haber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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25
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The motile breast cancer phenotype roles of proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:124321. [PMID: 25140302 PMCID: PMC4129668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/124321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The consecutive stages of cancer growth and dissemination are obligatorily perpetrated through specific interactions of the tumor cells with their microenvironment. Importantly, cell-associated and tumor microenvironment glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)/proteoglycan (PG) content and distribution are markedly altered during tumor pathogenesis and progression. GAGs and PGs perform multiple functions in specific stages of the metastatic cascade due to their defined structure and ability to interact with both ligands and receptors regulating cancer pathogenesis. Thus, GAGs/PGs may modulate downstream signaling of key cellular mediators including insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), estrogen receptors (ERs), or Wnt members. In the present review we will focus on breast cancer motility in correlation with their GAG/PG content and critically discuss mechanisms involved. Furthermore, new approaches involving GAGs/PGs as potential prognostic/diagnostic markers or as therapeutic agents for cancer-related pathologies are being proposed.
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26
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Sainio A, Järveläinen H. Extracellular matrix macromolecules: potential tools and targets in cancer gene therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:14. [PMID: 26056582 PMCID: PMC4452050 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells create their own microenvironment where they closely interact with a variety of soluble and non-soluble molecules, different cells and numerous other components within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Interaction between tumour cells and the ECM is bidirectional leading to either progression or inhibition of tumourigenesis. Therefore, development of novel therapies targeted primarily to tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly rational. Here, we give a short overview of different macromolecules of the ECM and introduce mechanisms whereby they contribute to tumourigenesis within the TME. Furthermore, we present examples of individual ECM macromolecules as regulators of cell behaviour during tumourigenesis. Finally, we focus on novel strategies of using ECM macromolecules as tools or targets in cancer gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland ; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Fl-20520 Turku, Finland
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27
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Sainio A, Järveläinen H. Extracellular matrix macromolecules: potential tools and targets in cancer gene therapy. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:14. [PMID: 26056582 PMCID: PMC4452050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumour cells create their own microenvironment where they closely interact with a variety of soluble and non-soluble molecules, different cells and numerous other components within the extracellular matrix (ECM). Interaction between tumour cells and the ECM is bidirectional leading to either progression or inhibition of tumourigenesis. Therefore, development of novel therapies targeted primarily to tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly rational. Here, we give a short overview of different macromolecules of the ECM and introduce mechanisms whereby they contribute to tumourigenesis within the TME. Furthermore, we present examples of individual ECM macromolecules as regulators of cell behaviour during tumourigenesis. Finally, we focus on novel strategies of using ECM macromolecules as tools or targets in cancer gene therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annele Sainio
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- />Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- />Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Fl-20520 Turku, Finland
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28
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The Histochem Cell Biol conspectus: the year 2013 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 141:337-63. [PMID: 24610091 PMCID: PMC7087837 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide a brief synopsis of all manuscripts published in Histochem Cell Biol in the year 2013. For ease of reference, we have divided the manuscripts into the following categories: Advances in Methodologies; Molecules in Health and Disease; Organelles, Subcellular Structures and Compartments; Golgi Apparatus; Intermediate Filaments and Cytoskeleton; Connective Tissue and Extracellular Matrix; Autophagy; Stem Cells; Musculoskeletal System; Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems; Gastrointestinal Tract; Central Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Excretory Glands; Kidney and Urinary Bladder; and Male and Female Reproductive Systems. We hope that the readership will find this annual journal synopsis of value and serve as a quick, categorized reference guide for “state-of-the-art” manuscripts in the areas of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and cell biology.
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29
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Sainio A, Nyman M, Lund R, Vuorikoski S, Boström P, Laato M, Boström PJ, Järveläinen H. Lack of decorin expression by human bladder cancer cells offers new tools in the therapy of urothelial malignancies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76190. [PMID: 24146840 PMCID: PMC3795759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin, a multifunctional small leucine-rich extracellular matrix proteoglycan, has been shown to possess potent antitumour activity. However, there is some uncertainty whether different cancer cells express decorin in addition to non-malignant stromal cells. In this study we clarified decorin expression by human bladder cancer cells both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the effect of adenovirus-mediated decorin expression on human bladder cancer cells in vitro was examined. We first demonstrated using the publicly available GeneSapiens databank that decorin gene expression is present in both normal and malignant human bladder tissues. However, when we applied in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes for decorin on human bladder carcinoma tissue samples derived from a large radical cystectomy patient cohort (n = 199), we unambiguously demonstrated that invasive and non-invasive bladder carcinoma cells completely lack decorin mRNA. The cancer cells were also negative for decorin immunoreactivity. Instead, decorin expression was localized solely to original non-malignant stromal areas of bladder tissue. In accordance with the aforementioned results, human bladder cancer cells in vitro were also negative for decorin expression as shown by RT-qPCR analyses. The lack of decorin expression by bladder cancer cells was shown not to be due to the methylation of the proximal promoter region of the decorin gene. When bladder cancer cells were transfected with a decorin adenoviral vector, their proliferation was significantly decreased. In conclusion, we have shown that human bladder cancer cells are totally devoid of decorin expression. We have also shown that adenovirus-mediated decorin gene transduction of human bladder cancer cell lines markedly inhibits their proliferation. Thus, decorin gene delivery offers new potential therapeutic tools in urothelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marie Nyman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Lund
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Vuorikoski
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Boström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Laato
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter J. Boström
- Division of Digestive Surgery and Urology, Department of Urology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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30
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Skandalis SS, Afratis N, Smirlaki G, Nikitovic D, Theocharis AD, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Cross-talk between estradiol receptor and EGFR/IGF-IR signaling pathways in estrogen-responsive breast cancers: focus on the role and impact of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:182-93. [PMID: 24063949 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In hormone-dependent breast cancer, estrogen receptors are the principal signaling molecules that regulate several cell functions either by the genomic pathway acting directly as transcription factors in the nucleus or by the non-genomic pathway interacting with other receptors and their adjacent pathways like EGFR/IGFR. It is well established in literature that EGFR and IGFR signaling pathways promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Moreover, recent data indicate the cross-talk between ERs and EGFR/IGFR signaling pathways causing a transformation of cell functions as well as deregulation on normal expression pattern of matrix molecules. Specifically, proteoglycans, a major category of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell surface macromolecules, are modified during malignancy and cause alterations in cancer cell signaling, affecting eventually functional cell properties such as proliferation, adhesion and migration. The on-going strategies to block only one of the above signaling effectors result cancer cells to overcome such inactivation using alternative signaling pathways. In this article, we therefore review the underlying mechanisms in respect to the role of ERs and the involvement of cross-talk between ERs, IGFR and EGFR in breast cancer cell properties and expression of extracellular secreted and cell bound proteoglycans involved in cancer progression. Understanding such signaling pathways may help to establish new potential pharmacological targets in terms of using ECM molecules to design novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros S Skandalis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Afratis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Gianna Smirlaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece.
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31
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Van Bockstal M, Lambein K, Gevaert O, De Wever O, Praet M, Cocquyt V, Van den Broecke R, Braems G, Denys H, Libbrecht L. Stromal architecture and periductal decorin are potential prognostic markers for ipsilateral locoregional recurrence in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Histopathology 2013; 63:520-33. [PMID: 23889174 DOI: 10.1111/his.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has increased since the introduction of screening mammography. Recurrence prediction is still not accurate, and could be improved by identifying additional prognostic markers. Periductal stroma actively participates in early breast cancer progression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the prognostic potential of stromal characteristics in DCIS. METHODS AND RESULTS Histopathological features and hormone receptor/HER2 status were analysed in a first cohort of 65 cases of DCIS with a median follow-up of 112 months. Cox regression analysis revealed that myxoid stromal architecture was significantly associated with increased ipsilateral locoregional recurrence (P = 0.015). Next, we performed immunohistochemical screening of nine stromal proteins in a second cohort of 82 DCIS cases, and correlated their expression with stromal architecture. Because reduced stromal decorin expression correlated most strongly with myxoid stroma (P < 0.001), it was selected for further analysis in the first cohort. Patients with reduced periductal decorin expression had a higher risk of recurrence (P = 0.008). Furthermore, HER2 overexpression was significantly associated with invasive but not with in situ recurrence (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Periductal myxoid stroma and reduced periductal decorin expression seem to be prognostic for overall ipsilateral locoregional recurrence in DCIS, whereas HER2 expression might be a more specific biomarker for invasive recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Van Bockstal
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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