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Ligunas GD, Paniagua GF, LaBelle J, Ramos-Martinez A, Shen K, Gerlt EH, Aguilar K, Nguyen N, Materna SC, Woo S. Tissue-specific and endogenous protein labeling with split fluorescent proteins. Dev Biol 2024; 514:109-116. [PMID: 38908500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The ability to label proteins by fusion with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins is a powerful tool for understanding dynamic biological processes. However, current approaches for expressing fluorescent protein fusions possess drawbacks, especially at the whole organism level. Expression by transgenesis risks potential overexpression artifacts while fluorescent protein insertion at endogenous loci is technically difficult and, more importantly, does not allow for tissue-specific study of broadly expressed proteins. To overcome these limitations, we have adopted the split fluorescent protein system mNeonGreen21-10/11 (split-mNG2) to achieve tissue-specific and endogenous protein labeling in zebrafish. In our approach, mNG21-10 is expressed under a tissue-specific promoter using standard transgenesis while mNG211 is inserted into protein-coding genes of interest using CRISPR/Cas-directed gene editing. Each mNG2 fragment on its own is not fluorescent, but when co-expressed the fragments self-assemble into a fluorescent complex. Here, we report successful use of split-mNG2 to achieve differential labeling of the cytoskeleton genes tubb4b and krt8 in various tissues. We also demonstrate that by anchoring the mNG21-10 component to specific cellular compartments, the split-mNG2 system can be used to manipulate protein localization. Our approach should be broadly useful for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria D Ligunas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - German F Paniagua
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Jesselynn LaBelle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Adela Ramos-Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Emma H Gerlt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Kaddy Aguilar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Stefan C Materna
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Woo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA, USA; Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA, USA.
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2
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van Zwam MC, Dhar A, Bosman W, van Straaten W, Weijers S, Seta E, Joosten B, van Haren J, Palani S, van den Dries K. IntAct: A nondisruptive internal tagging strategy to study the organization and function of actin isoforms. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002551. [PMID: 38466773 PMCID: PMC10957077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammals have 6 highly conserved actin isoforms with nonredundant biological functions. The molecular basis of isoform specificity, however, remains elusive due to a lack of tools. Here, we describe the development of IntAct, an internal tagging strategy to study actin isoforms in fixed and living cells. We identified a residue pair in β-actin that permits tag integration and used knock-in cell lines to demonstrate that IntAct β-actin expression and filament incorporation is indistinguishable from wild type. Furthermore, IntAct β-actin remains associated with common actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and can be targeted in living cells. We demonstrate the usability of IntAct for actin isoform investigations by showing that actin isoform-specific distribution is maintained in human cells. Lastly, we observed a variant-dependent incorporation of tagged actin variants into yeast actin patches, cables, and cytokinetic rings demonstrating cross species applicability. Together, our data indicate that IntAct is a versatile tool to study actin isoform localization, dynamics, and molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime C. van Zwam
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anubhav Dhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Willem Bosman
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy van Straaten
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Weijers
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Seta
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Saravanan Palani
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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3
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Ligunas GD, Paniagua G, LaBelle J, Ramos-Martinez A, Shen K, Gerlt EH, Aguilar K, Nguyen A, Materna SC, Woo S. Tissue-specific and endogenous protein labeling with split fluorescent proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.581822. [PMID: 38464062 PMCID: PMC10925240 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.581822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to label proteins by fusion with genetically encoded fluorescent proteins is a powerful tool for understanding dynamic biological processes. However, current approaches for expressing fluorescent protein fusions possess drawbacks, especially at the whole organism level. Expression by transgenesis risks potential overexpression artifacts while fluorescent protein insertion at endogenous loci is technically difficult and, more importantly, does not allow for tissue-specific study of broadly expressed proteins. To overcome these limitations, we have adopted the split fluorescent protein system mNeonGreen21-10/11 (split-mNG2) to achieve tissue-specific and endogenous protein labeling in zebrafish. In our approach, mNG21-10 is expressed under a tissue-specific promoter using standard transgenesis while mNG211 is inserted into protein-coding genes of interest using CRISPR/Cas-directed gene editing. Each mNG2 fragment on its own is not fluorescent, but when co-expressed the fragments self-assemble into a fluorescent complex. Here, we report successful use of split-mNG2 to achieve differential labeling of the cytoskeleton genes tubb4b and krt8 in various tissues. We also demonstrate that by anchoring the mNG21-10 component to specific cellular compartments, the split-mNG2 system can be used to manipulate protein function. Our approach should be broadly useful for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria D. Ligunas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - German Paniagua
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Jesselynn LaBelle
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | | | - Kyle Shen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Emma H. Gerlt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Kaddy Aguilar
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Alice Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Stefan C. Materna
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA USA
| | - Stephanie Woo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, CA USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA USA
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4
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Phillips TA, Marcotti S, Cox S, Parsons M. Imaging actin organisation and dynamics in 3D. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261389. [PMID: 38236161 PMCID: PMC10906668 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in cell architecture and the control of fundamental processes including cell division, migration and survival. The dynamics and organisation of F-actin have been widely studied in a breadth of cell types on classical two-dimensional (2D) surfaces. Recent advances in optical microscopy have enabled interrogation of these cytoskeletal networks in cells within three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, tissues and in vivo. Emerging studies indicate that the dimensionality experienced by cells has a profound impact on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, with cells in 3D environments exhibiting cytoskeletal arrangements that differ to cells in 2D environments. However, the addition of a third (and fourth, with time) dimension leads to challenges in sample preparation, imaging and analysis, necessitating additional considerations to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio and spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarise the current tools for imaging actin in a 3D context and highlight examples of the importance of this in understanding cytoskeletal biology and the challenges and opportunities in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Phillips
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Microscopy Innovation Centre, King's College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Jeruzalska E, Mazur AJ. The Role of non-muscle actin paralogs in cell cycle progression and proliferation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151315. [PMID: 37099935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation leads to several pathologies, including cancer. Thus, this process must be tightly regulated. The cell cycle accounts for cell proliferation, and its progression is coordinated with changes in cell shape, for which cytoskeleton reorganization is responsible. Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton allows for its participation in the precise division of genetic material and cytokinesis. One of the main cytoskeletal components is filamentous actin-based structures. Mammalian cells have at least six actin paralogs, four of which are muscle-specific, while two, named β- and γ-actin, are abundantly present in all types of cells. This review summarizes the findings that establish the role of non-muscle actin paralogs in regulating cell cycle progression and proliferation. We discuss studies showing that the level of a given non-muscle actin paralog in a cell influences the cell's ability to progress through the cell cycle and, thus, proliferation. Moreover, we elaborate on the non-muscle actins' role in regulating gene transcription, interactions of actin paralogs with proteins involved in controlling cell proliferation, and the contribution of non-muscle actins to different structures in a dividing cell. The data cited in this review show that non-muscle actins regulate the cell cycle and proliferation through varying mechanisms. We point to the need for further studies addressing these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Jeruzalska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
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Shakhov AS, Kovaleva PA, Churkina AS, Kireev II, Alieva IB. Colocalization Analysis of Cytoplasmic Actin Isoforms Distribution in Endothelial Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123194. [PMID: 36551950 PMCID: PMC9775052 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is an essential component of living cells and plays a decisive role in many cellular processes. In mammals, β- and γ-actin are cytoplasmic actin isoforms in non-muscle cells. Despite minor differences in the amino acid sequence, β- and γ-actin localize in different cell structures and perform different functions. While cytoplasmic β-actin is involved in many intracellular processes including cell contraction, γ-actin is responsible for cell mobility and promotes tumor transformation. Numerous studies demonstrate that β- and γ-actin are spatially separated in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts and epithelial cells; this separation is functionally determined. The spatial location of β/γ-actin in endothelial cells is still a subject for discussion. Using super-resolution microscopy, we investigated the β/γ-actin colocalization in endotheliocytes and showed that the β/γ-actin colocalization degree varies widely between different parts of the marginal regions and near the cell nucleus. In the basal cytoplasm, β-actin predominates, while the ratio of isoforms evens out as it moves to the apical cytoplasm. Thus, our colocalization analysis suggests that β- and γ-actin are segregated in the endotheliocyte cytoplasm. The segregation is greatly enhanced during cell lamella activation in the nocodazole-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction, reflecting a different functional role of cytoplasmic actin isoforms in endothelial cells.
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Jiang H, Wen X, Zhang X, Zhong X, Li Z, Zhang B. Lens culinaris agglutinin inhibits human hepatoma cell migration via mannose and fucose-mediated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 signalling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7665-7676. [PMID: 35717475 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main types of primary liver cancer, which shows some abnormal glycosylation, such as the increase of fucose. Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA), a natural plant lectin that can bind to mannose and fucose, has been reported to be antiproliferative to may tumors. However, the effect of LCA on the vitality and migration ability of human hepatoma cells is not demonstrated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of LCA on vitality and migration in human hepatoma cells and its potential mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS LCA had no significant effect on viability of human hepatoma cells (HCCLM3, MHCC97L and HepG2) and hepatocytes (L02) by CCK-8 kit, but it could inhibit human hepatoma cells migration significantly without affecting hepatocytes by Transwell method. Sugar inhibition assay was used to verify the possible binding site between LCA and human hepatoma cells. The result showed that Mannose- and fucose- related sites were associated with LCA inhibiting human hepatoma cells migration. Moreover, LCA could affect HCCLM3 migration by activating ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 signalling pathways. LCA did not affect MMP-2 and MMP-9 of HCCLM3 through gelatinase zymography. However, the results of immunofluorescence standing showed that LCA could reduce the F-actin formation in HCCLM3 via ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS LCA might inhibit human hepatoma cell migration by reducing the F-actin formation via the mannose and fucose-mediated ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3 signalling pathway. This result will deepen people's understanding on plant lectin as a drug in tumor glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianxin Wen
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianhua Zhong
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhangyong Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics and Information Technology, College of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 400065, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Gibieža P, Petrikaitė V. The regulation of actin dynamics during cell division and malignancy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4050-4069. [PMID: 34659876 PMCID: PMC8493394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin is the most abundant protein in almost all the eukaryotic cells. Actin amino acid sequences are highly conserved and have not changed a lot during the progress of evolution, varying by no more than 20% in the completely different species, such as humans and algae. The network of actin filaments plays a crucial role in regulating cells' cytoskeleton that needs to undergo dynamic tuning and structural changes in order for various functional processes, such as cell motility, migration, adhesion, polarity establishment, cell growth and cell division, to take place in live cells. Owing to its fundamental role in the cell, actin is a prominent regulator of cell division, a process, whose success directly depends on morphological changes of actin cytoskeleton and correct segregation of duplicated chromosomes. Disorganization of actin framework during the last stage of cell division, known as cytokinesis, can lead to multinucleation and formation of polyploidy in post-mitotic cells, eventually developing into cancer. In this review, we will cover the principles of actin regulation during cell division and discuss how the control of actin dynamics is altered during the state of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Gibieža
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, LT-50162, Lithuania
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9
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Suresh R, Picard D, Lo R, Beaulieu J, Remke M, Diaz RJ. Expression of cell type incongruent alpha-cardiac actin 1 subunit in medulloblastoma reveals a novel mechanism for cancer cell survival and control of migration. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab064. [PMID: 34337410 PMCID: PMC8320690 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in actin subunit expression have been reported in multiple cancers, but have not been investigated previously in medulloblastoma. Methods Bioinformatic analysis of multiple medulloblastoma tumor databases was performed to profile ACTC1 mRNA levels. Western blot was used to verify protein expression in established medulloblastoma cell lines. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to assess ACTC1 localization. Stable cell lines with ACTC1 overexpression were generated and shRNA knockdown of ACTC1 was accomplished. We used PARP1 cleavage by Western blot as a marker of apoptosis and cell survival was determined by FACS viability assay and colony formation. Cell migration with overexpression or knockdown of ACTC1 was determined by the scratch assay. Stress fiber length distribution was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Results ACTC1 mRNA expression is highest in SHH and WNT medulloblastoma among all subgroups. ACTC1 protein was confirmed by Western blot in SHH subgroup and Group 3 subgroup cell lines with the lowest expression in Group 3 cells. Microscopy demonstrated ACTC1 co-localization with F-actin. Overexpression of ACTC1 in Group 3 cells abolished the apoptotic response to Aurora kinase B inhibition. Knockdown of ACTC1 in SHH cells and in Myc overexpressing SHH cells induced apoptosis, impaired colony formation, and inhibited migration. Changes in stress fiber length distribution in medulloblastoma cells are induced by alterations in ACTC1 abundance. Conclusions Alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC1) is expressed in SHH medulloblastoma. Expression of this protein in medulloblastoma modifies stress fiber composition and functions in promoting resistance to apoptosis induced by mitotic inhibition, enhancing cell survival, and controlling migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rita Lo
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jamie Beaulieu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University (HHU), University Hospital Düsseldorf (UKD), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roberto Jose Diaz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Roberto Jose Diaz, MD, PhD, FRCSC, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada ()
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10
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Zhou X, Du HH, Ni L, Ran J, Hu J, Yu J, Zhao X. Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Combined With Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 Reduces the Photoaging Damage in Murine Skin by Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:643089. [PMID: 33841160 PMCID: PMC8027253 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to UVB (280-320 nm) can cause oxidative skin damage, inflammatory injury, and skin cancer. Research on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with regard to antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and prevention of other age-related diseases has received increasing attention. In the present study, the in vitro antioxidant analysis showed that NMN combined with Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 (L. fermentum TKSN041) has a high scavenging ability on hydroxyl (OH), 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and it also possess a good total antioxidant capacity. The animal experimental results show that NMN combined with LAB maintained normal liver morphology of mice and reduced pathological damage to murine skin. NMN combined with LAB significantly increased the serum levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and interleukin (IL)-10, but reduced the levels of malondialdehyde, advanced glycation end products, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-6. NMN combined with LAB increased T-SOD, CAT, IL-10, Na+-K+-ATPase, and NAD+ levels in the skin, but reduced TNF-α level in the skin. NMN combined with LAB increased the mRNA expression levels of SOD1, CAT, glutathione (GSH), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB-α), IL-10, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), adaptor protein, phosphotyros ineinteraction, PH domain and leucine zipper containing 1 (APPL1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α), and forkhead transcription factor O (FOXO) in the skin and liver, but decreased the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κBp65, TNF-α, IL-6, and rapamycin target protein (mTOR). NMN combined with LAB increased the protein expression levels of AMPK, IκB-α, SOD1, and CAT in the skin tissues and reduced protein expression of NF-κBp65. NMN combined with L. fermentum TKSN041 improved murine skin damage caused by UVB irradiation, and the protective mechanism may be related to activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for preventing and the treating skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Hang-Hang Du
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Chongqing Huamei Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Luyao Ni
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ran
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Effepharm (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Yu
- Effepharm (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
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11
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Malek N, Michrowska A, Mazurkiewicz E, Mrówczyńska E, Mackiewicz P, Mazur AJ. The origin of the expressed retrotransposed gene ACTBL2 and its influence on human melanoma cells' motility and focal adhesion formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3329. [PMID: 33558623 PMCID: PMC7870945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82074-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently found that β-actin-like protein 2 (actbl2) forms complexes with gelsolin in human melanoma cells and can polymerize. Phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses showed that actbl2 has a common origin with two non-muscle actins, which share a separate history from the muscle actins. The actin groups' divergence started at the beginning of vertebrate evolution, and actbl2 actins are characterized by the largest number of non-conserved amino acid substitutions of all actins. We also discovered that ACTBL2 is expressed at a very low level in several melanoma cell lines, but a small subset of cells exhibited a high ACTBL2 expression. We found that clones with knocked-out ACTBL2 (CR-ACTBL2) or overexpressing actbl2 (OE-ACTBL2) differ from control cells in the invasion, focal adhesion formation, and actin polymerization ratio, as well as in the formation of lamellipodia and stress fibers. Thus, we postulate that actbl2 is the seventh actin isoform and is essential for cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malek
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Michrowska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Mrówczyńska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, 50-383, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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12
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Chen S, Wang X, Yuan J, Deng C, Xie X, Kang J. Reduced levels of actin gamma 1 predict poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:1827-1834. [DOI: 10.1111/jog.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Cui Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Xueman Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Jiali Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou First People's HospitalGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
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13
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Malek N, Mrówczyńska E, Michrowska A, Mazurkiewicz E, Pavlyk I, Mazur AJ. Knockout of ACTB and ACTG1 with CRISPR/Cas9(D10A) Technique Shows that Non-Muscle β and γ Actin Are Not Equal in Relation to Human Melanoma Cells' Motility and Focal Adhesion Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082746. [PMID: 32326615 PMCID: PMC7216121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle actins have been studied for many decades; however, the reason for the existence of both isoforms is still unclear. Here we show, for the first time, a successful inactivation of the ACTB (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTB, CR-ACTB) and ACTG1 (CRISPR clones with inactivated ACTG1, CR-ACTG1) genes in human melanoma cells (A375) via the RNA-guided D10A mutated Cas9 nuclease gene editing [CRISPR/Cas9(D10A)] technique. This approach allowed us to evaluate how melanoma cell motility was impacted by the lack of either β actin coded by ACTB or γ actin coded by ACTG1. First, we observed different distributions of β and γ actin in the cells, and the absence of one actin isoform was compensated for via increased expression of the other isoform. Moreover, we noted that γ actin knockout had more severe consequences on cell migration and invasion than β actin knockout. Next, we observed that the formation rate of bundled stress fibers in CR-ACTG1 cells was increased, but lamellipodial activity in these cells was impaired, compared to controls. Finally, we discovered that the formation rate of focal adhesions (FAs) and, subsequently, FA-dependent signaling were altered in both the CR-ACTB and CR-ACTG1 clones; however, a more detrimental effect was observed for γ actin-deficient cells. Our research shows that both non-muscle actins play distinctive roles in melanoma cells’ FA formation and motility.
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14
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Kriegsmann J, Kriegsmann M, Kriegsmann K, Longuespée R, Deininger SO, Casadonte R. MALDI Imaging for Proteomic Painting of Heterogeneous Tissue Structures. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 13:e1800045. [PMID: 30471204 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging as a powerful method to highlight various tissue compartments. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue of a uterine cervix, a pancreas, a duodenum, a teratoma, and a breast cancer tissue microarray (TMA) are analyzed by MALDI imaging and by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Peptide images are visualized and analyzed using FlexImaging and SCiLS Lab software. Different histological compartments are compared by hierarchical cluster analysis. RESULTS MALDI imaging highlights tissue compartments comparable to IHC. In cervical tissue, normal epithelium can be discerned from intraepithelial neoplasia. In pancreatic and duodenal tissues, m/z signals from lymph follicles, vessels, duodenal mucosa, normal pancreas, and smooth muscle structures can be visualized. In teratoma, specific m/z signals to discriminate squamous epithelium, sebaceous glands, and soft tissue are detected. Additionally, tumor tissue can be discerned from the surrounding stroma in small tissue cores of TMAs. Proteomic data acquisition of complex tissue compartments in FFPE tissue requires less than 1 h with recent mass spectrometers. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The simultaneous characterization of morphological and proteomic features in the same tissue section adds proteomic information for histopathological diagnostics, which relies at present on conventional hematoxylin and eosin staining, histochemical, IHC and molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kriegsmann
- Proteopath GmbH, Trier 54296, Germany.,MVZ for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostics, Trier 54296, Germany
| | - Mark Kriegsmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Rémi Longuespée
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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15
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Hylin MJ, Zhao J, Tangavelou K, Rozas NS, Hood KN, MacGowan JS, Moore AN, Dash PK. A role for autophagy in long-term spatial memory formation in male rodents. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:416-426. [PMID: 29230855 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of long-term memory formation is the requirement for protein synthesis. Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors impairs long-term memory formation without influencing short-term memory. Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) that has been shown to block protein synthesis and impair long-term memory. In addition to regulating protein synthesis, TORC1 also phosphorylates Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase-1 (Ulk-1) to suppress autophagy. As autophagy can be activated by rapamycin (and rapamycin inhibits long-term memory), our aim was to test the hypothesis that autophagy inhibitors would enhance long-term memory. To examine if learning alters autophagosome number, we used male reporter mice carrying the GFP-LC3 transgene. Using these mice, we observed that training in the Morris water maze task increases the number of autophagosomes, a finding contrary to our expectations. For learning and memory studies, male Long Evans rats were used due to their relatively larger size (compared to mice), making it easier to perform intrahippocampal infusions in awake, moving animals. When the autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Spautin-1 were administered bilaterally into the hippocampii prior to training in the Morris water maze task, the drugs did not alter learning. In contrast, when memory was tested 24 hours later by a probe trial, significant impairments were observed. In addition, intrahippocampal infusion of an autophagy activator peptide (TAT-Beclin-1) improved long-term memory. These results indicate that autophagy is not necessary for learning, but is required for long-term memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hylin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karthikeyan Tangavelou
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalia S Rozas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly N Hood
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacalyn S MacGowan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anthony N Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, the University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Bloch MB, Yavin E, Nissan A, Ariel I, Kenett R, Brass D, Rubinstein A. The effect of linker type and recognition peptide conjugation chemistry on tissue affinity and cytotoxicity of charged polyacrylamide. J Control Release 2017; 257:102-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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miR-10a suppresses colorectal cancer metastasis by modulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and anoikis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2739. [PMID: 28383561 PMCID: PMC5477594 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a critical role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, which are major obstacles of cancer therapy. However, the role of miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) metastasis remains poorly understood. Here, we found that miRNA-10a (miR-10a) was upregulated in primary CRC tissues and cell line (SW480) derived from primary CRC compared with metastatic cancer tissues in lymph node and cell line (SW620). The differential expression of miR-10a was inversely correlated with distant metastasis and invasion depth. miR-10a promoted migration and invasion in vitro but inhibited metastasis in vivo by regulating the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and anoikis. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteinase 14 (MMP14) and actin gamma 1 (ACTG1) were validated as target genes of miR-10a in CRC cells. Ectopic expression of MMP14 and ACTG1 counteracted the decreased cell adhesion and anoikis resistance activities induced by miR-10a. These findings not only describe the mechanism by which miR-10a suppresses CRC metastasis but also suggest the potential prognostic and therapeutic value of miR-10a in CRC patients.
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18
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Dratkiewicz E, Nowak D. Involvement of β- and γ-actin isoforms in actin cytoskeleton organization and migration abilities of bleb-forming human colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173709. [PMID: 28333953 PMCID: PMC5363831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoeboid movement is characteristic for rounded cells, which do not form strong adhesion contacts with the ECM and use blebs as migratory protrusions. It is well known that actin is the main component of mature forms of these structures, but the exact role fulfilled by non-muscle actin isoforms β- and γ- in bleb formation and migration of these cells is still not fully understood. The aim of this study was to establish the role of β- and γ-actin in migration of bleb-forming cancer cells using isoform-specific antibodies and expression of fluorescently tagged actin isoforms. We observed, after staining with monoclonal antibodies, that both actins are present in these cells in the form of a cortical ring as well as in the area of blebs. Additionally, using simultaneous expression of differentially tagged β- and γ-actin in cells, we observed that the actin isoforms are present together in a single bleb. They were involved during bleb expansion as well as retraction. Also present in the area of these protrusions formed by both isoforms were the bleb markers–ezrin and myosin II. The overexpression of β- or γ-actin led to actin cytoskeletal rearrangement followed by the growth of migration and invasion abilities of examined human colon cancer cells, LS174T line. In summary these data prove that both actin isoforms have an impact on motility of bleb-forming cancer cells. Moreover, we conclude that monoclonal antibodies directed against actin isoforms in combination with the tagged actins are good tools to study their role in important biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, Wroclaw, Poland
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19
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Makowiecka A, Simiczyjew A, Nowak D, Mazur AJ. Varying effects of EGF, HGF and TGFβ on formation of invadopodia and invasiveness of melanoma cell lines of different origin. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2728. [PMID: 28076931 PMCID: PMC5178804 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of melanoma malignancy mechanisms is essential for patient survival, because melanoma is responsible for ca. 75% of deaths related to skin cancers. Enhanced formation of invadopodia and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation are two important drivers of cell invasion, and actin dynamics facilitate protrusive activity by providing a driving force to push through the ECM. We focused on the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) on melanoma cell invasiveness, since they are observed in the melanoma microenvironment. All three factors stimulated invasion of A375 and WM1341D cells derived from primary tumor sites. In contrast, only EGF and HGF stimulated invasion of WM9 and Hs294T cells isolated from lymph node metastasis. Enhanced formation of invadopodia and ECM degradation underlie the increased amount of invasive cells after stimulation with the tested agents. Generally, a rise in invasive potential was accompanied by a decrease in actin polymerization state (F:G ratio). The F:G ratio remained unchanged or was even increased in cell lines from a metastasis treated with TGFβ. Our findings indicate that the effects of stimulation with EGF, HGF and TGFβ on melanoma cell invasiveness could depend on melanoma cell progression stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Makowiecka
- University of Wrocław, Department of Cell Pathology.
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20
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Yang RH, Qi SH, Ruan SB, Lin ZP, Lin Y, Zhang FG, Chen XD, Xie JL. EGFL7-overexpressing epidermal stem cells promotes fibroblast proliferation and migration via mediating cell adhesion and strengthening cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 423:1-8. [PMID: 27766530 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2812-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like family members mediate a wide range of biological activities including cell proliferation and migration. Increasing evidence indicated that EGF plays an important role in the process of wound healing by stimulating fibroblast motility. The aim of this study was to see whether EGF-like domain 7 (EGFL7)-overexpressing epidermal stem cells (EGFL7-ESCs) would promote fibroblast proliferation and migration. We found that mRNA and protein levels of EGFL7 expression were significantly increased in EGFL7-ESCs. The protein expression of EGFL7 was significantly elevated in conditioned media (CM) of EGFL7-ESCs compared to ESCs CM or vector-ESCs CM. The cell count and cell viability of EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts were also significantly increased compared to control. In addition, EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts showed elevated migration compared with control. Moreover, the expressions of β1-integrin, β-tubulin, β-actin, and Vimentin were increased, while that of E-cadherin was decreased in EGFL7-ESCs CM-treated fibroblasts. These results indicate that EGFL7-ESCs contribute towards promoting fibroblast migration through enhancing cell adhesion, strengthening cytoskeleton, and reducing intercellular aggregation. These findings suggest that the stimulating effect of EGFL7-ESCs on fibroblast proliferation and migration may provide a useful strategy for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Hai Qi
- Department of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Bin Ruan
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Peng Lin
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng-Gang Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ju-Lin Xie
- Department of Burn Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.
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21
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Schulten HJ, Hussein D, Al-Adwani F, Karim S, Al-Maghrabi J, Al-Sharif M, Jamal A, Bakhashab S, Weaver J, Al-Ghamdi F, Baeesa SS, Bangash M, Chaudhary A, Al-Qahtani M. Microarray expression profiling identifies genes, including cytokines, and biofunctions, as diapedesis, associated with a brain metastasis from a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:2140-2161. [PMID: 27822408 PMCID: PMC5088282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastatic papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are afflicted with unfavorable prognosis; however, the underlying molecular genetics of these rare metastases are virtually unknown. In this study, we compared whole transcript microarray expression profiles of a BRAF mutant, brain metastasis from a PTC, including its technical replicate (TR), with eight non-brain metastatic PTCs and eight primary brain tumors. The top 95 probe sets (false discovery rate (FDR) p-value < 0.05 and fold change (FC) > 2) that were differentially expressed between the brain metastatic PTC, including the TR, and both, non-brain metastatic PTCs and primary brain tumors were in the vast majority upregulated and comprise, e.g. ROS1, MYBPH, SLC18A3, HP, SAA2-SAA4, CP, CCL20, GFAP, RNU1-120P, DMBT1, XDH, CXCL1, PI3, and NAPSA. Cytokines were represented by 10 members in the top 95 probe sets. Pathway and network analysis (p-value < 0.05 and FC > 2) identified granulocytes adhesion and diapedesis as top canonical pathway. Most significant upstream regulators were lipopolysaccharide, TNF, NKkB (complex), IL1A, and CSF2. Top networks categorized under diseases & functions were entitled migration of cells, cell movement, cell survival, apoptosis, and proliferation of cells. Probe sets that were significantly shared between the brain metastatic PTC, the TR, and primary brain tumors include CASP1, CASP4, C1R, CC2D2B, RNY1P16, WDR72, LRRC2, ZHX2, CITED1, and the noncoding transcript AK128523. Taken together, this study identified a set of candidate genes and biofunctions implicated in, so far nearly uncharacterized, molecular processes of a brain metastasis from a PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Al-Adwani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research CenterJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Jamal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jolanta Weaver
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Fahad Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University HospitalJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Finkenstaedt-Quinn SA, Qiu TA, Shin K, Haynes CL. Super-resolution imaging for monitoring cytoskeleton dynamics. Analyst 2016; 141:5674-5688. [PMID: 27549146 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is a key cellular structure that is important in the control of cellular movement, structure, and sensing. To successfully image the individual cytoskeleton components, high resolution and super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods are needed. This review covers the three basic cytoskeletal elements and the relative benefits and drawbacks of fixed versus live cell imaging before moving on to recent studies using high resolution and super-resolution techniques. The techniques covered include the near-diffraction limited imaging methods of confocal microscopy and TIRF microscopy and the super-resolution fluorescence imaging methods of STORM, PALM, and STED.
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23
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Geng F, Huang X, Ma M. Hen egg white ovomacroglobulin promotes fibroblast migration via mediating cell adhesion and cytoskeleton. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3188-3194. [PMID: 26467490 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hen egg white ovomacroglobulin (OVM) possesses a variety of bioactivities and could potentially be used as a pharmaceutical agent. It has been reported that OVM is involved in wound healing and cancer pathological processes, and previous results suggest that OVM plays a potential role in cell proliferation and migration; however, this has not yet been proven. In the present study, the effects of OVM on fibroblast proliferation and migration were evaluated. RESULTS Results of cell counting, cell viability, and cell cycle indicated that proliferation of fibroblasts was not altered by OVM treatment. However, scratch assays showed that OVM could promote the migration of 3 T6 mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human skin fibroblasts (HSF). Also, the adhesion of HSF to the collagen matrix was also enhanced by OVM treatment. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis showed that β1 -integrin, β-tubulin, and β-actin were up-regulated while E-cadherin was down-regulated in OVM-treated HSF cells. The effect of OVM was silenced after forming a complex with trypsin, suggesting that the protease inhibitory ability of OVM is important for its effect on cell migration. CONCLUSION These results suggested that promotion of OVM on cell migration was achieved by enhancing cell adhesion to extracellular matrix, reducing intercellular aggregation, and strengthening cytoskeleton. The finding of the promotion effect of OVM on cell migration is important for understanding its role in wound healing and cancer pathological processes. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Geng
- National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xi Huang
- National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Meihu Ma
- National R&D Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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24
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Dugina V, Khromova N, Rybko V, Blizniukov O, Shagieva G, Chaponnier C, Kopnin B, Kopnin P. Tumor promotion by γ and suppression by β non-muscle actin isoforms. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14556-71. [PMID: 26008973 PMCID: PMC4546487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have shown that β-cytoplasmic actin acts as a tumor suppressor, inhibiting cell growth and invasion in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In contrast, γ-cytoplasmic actin increases the oncogenic potential via ERK1/2, p34-Arc, WAVE2, cofilin1, PP1 and other regulatory proteins. There is a positive feedback loop between γ-actin expression and ERK1/2 activation. We conclude that non-muscle actin isoforms should not be considered as merely housekeeping proteins and the β/γ-actins ratio can be used as an oncogenic marker at least for lung and colon carcinomas. Agents that increase β- and/or decrease γ-actin expression may be useful for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vera Rybko
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Galina Shagieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Christine Chaponnier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Boris Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Abstract
Actin is the central building block of the actin cytoskeleton, a highly regulated filamentous network enabling dynamic processes of cells and simultaneously providing structure. Mammals have six actin isoforms that are very conserved and thus share common functions. Tissue-specific expression in part underlies their differential roles, but actin isoforms also coexist in various cell types and tissues, suggesting specific functions and preferential interaction partners. Gene deletion models, antibody-based staining patterns, gene silencing effects, and the occurrence of isoform-specific mutations in certain diseases have provided clues for specificity on the subcellular level and its consequences on the organism level. Yet, the differential actin isoform functions are still far from understood in detail. Biochemical studies on the different isoforms in pure form are just emerging, and investigations in cells have to deal with a complex and regulated system, including compensatory actin isoform expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marleen Van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Bolaños V, Díaz-Martínez A, Soto J, Marchat LA, Sanchez-Monroy V, Ramírez-Moreno E. Kaempferol inhibits Entamoeba histolytica growth by altering cytoskeletal functions. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 204:16-25. [PMID: 26620675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The flavonoid kaempferol obtained from Helianthemum glomeratum, an endemic Mexican medicinal herb used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, has been shown to inhibit growth of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in vitro; however, the mechanisms associated with this activity have not been documented. Several works reported that kaempferol affects cytoskeleton in mammalian cells. In order to gain insights into the action mechanisms involved in the anti-amoebic effect of kaempferol, here we evaluated the effect of this compound on the pathogenic events driven by the cytoskeleton during E. histolytica infection. We also carried out a two dimensional gel-based proteomic analysis to evidence modulated proteins that could explain the phenotypical changes observed in trophozoites. Our results showed that kaempferol produces a dose-dependent effect on trophozoites growth and viability with optimal concentration being 27.7 μM. Kaempferol also decreased adhesion, it increased migration and phagocytic activity, but it did not affect erythrocyte binding nor cytolytic capacity of E. histolytica. Congruently, proteomic analysis revealed that the cytoskeleton proteins actin, myosin II heavy chain and cortexillin II were up-regulated in response to kaempferol treatment. In conclusion, kaempferol anti-amoebic effects were associated with deregulation of proteins related with cytoskeleton, which altered invasion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Bolaños
- Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Díaz-Martínez
- Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico
| | - Jacqueline Soto
- Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico
| | - Laurence A Marchat
- Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico
| | - Virginia Sanchez-Monroy
- Laboratorio Multidisciplinario de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, México City 11620, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Posgrado en Biomedicina Molecular, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias en Biotecnología, ENMyH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City 07320, Mexico.
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27
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Simiczyjew A, Mazur AJ, Ampe C, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M, van Troys M, Nowak D. Active invadopodia of mesenchymally migrating cancer cells contain both β and γ cytoplasmic actin isoforms. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:206-19. [PMID: 26548725 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions formed by mesenchymally migrating cancer cells. They are mainly composed of actin, actin-associated proteins, integrins and proteins of signaling machineries. These protrusions display focalized proteolytic activity towards the extracellular matrix. It is well known that polymerized (F-)actin is present in these structures, but the nature of the actin isoform has not been studied before. We here show that both cytoplasmic actin isoforms, β- and γ-actin, are present in the invadopodia of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells cultured on a 2D-surface, where they colocalize with the invadopodial marker cortactin. Invadopodial structures formed by the cells in a 3D-collagen matrix also contain β- and γ-actin. We demonstrate this using isoform-specific antibodies and expression of fluorescently-tagged actin isoforms. Additionally, using simultaneous expression of differentially tagged β- and γ-actin in cells, we show that the actin isoforms are present together in a single invadopodium. Cells with an increased level of β- or γ-actin, display a similar increase in the number and size of invadopodia in comparison to control cells. Moreover, increasing the level of either actin isoforms also increases invasion velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Antonina Joanna Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Malicka-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marleen van Troys
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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28
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Migocka-Patrzałek M, Makowiecka A, Nowak D, Mazur AJ, Hofmann WA, Malicka-Błaszkiewicz M. β- and γ-Actins in the nucleus of human melanoma A375 cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:417-28. [PMID: 26239425 PMCID: PMC4628621 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin is a highly conserved protein that is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and has essential functions in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Nuclear actin is involved in transcription by all three RNA polymerases, chromatin remodelling, RNA processing, intranuclear transport, nuclear export and in maintenance of the nuclear architecture. The nuclear actin level and polymerization state are important factors regulating nuclear processes such as transcription. Our study shows that, in contrast to the cytoplasm, the majority of endogenous nuclear actin is unpolymerized in human melanoma A375 cells. Most mammalian cells express the two non-muscle β- and γ-actin isoforms that differ in only four amino acids. Despite their sequence similarity, studies analysing the cytoplasmic functions of these isoforms demonstrated that β- and γ-actins show differences in localization and function. However, little is known about the involvement of the individual actin isoforms in nuclear processes. Here, we used the human melanoma A375 cell line to analyse actin isoforms in regard to their nuclear localization. We show that both β- and γ-non-muscle actin isoforms are present in nuclei of these cells. Immunolocalization studies demonstrate that both isoforms co-localize with RNA polymerase II and hnRNP U. However, we observe differences in the ratio of cytoplasmic to nuclear actin distribution between the isoforms. We show that β-actin has a significantly higher nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio than γ-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Migocka-Patrzałek
- Department of Animal Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Aleksandra Makowiecka
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Wilma A Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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29
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Andrade LR. Evidence for changes in beta- and gamma-actin proportions during inner ear hair cell life. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:282-91. [PMID: 26033950 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic actin isoforms beta (β-) and gamma (γ-) perform crucial physiological roles in inner ear hair cells (HC). The stereocilium, which is structured by parallel actin filaments composed of both isoforms, is the responsive organelle to mechanical stimuli such as sound, gravity and head movements. Modifications in isoform proportions affect the function of the stereocilia as previously shown in genetic studies of mutant mice. Here, immunogold labeling TEM studies in mice showed that both β- and γ-actin isoforms colocalize throughout stereocilia actin filaments, adherens junctions and cuticular plates as early as embryonic stage 16.5. Gold-particle quantification indicated that there was 40% more γ- actin than β-actin at E16.5. In contrast, β- and γ-actin were equally concentrated in adult stereocilia of cochlear and vestibular HC. Interestingly, all actin-based structures presented almost five-fold more β-actin than γ-actin in 22 month- old mice, suggesting that γ-actin is probably under-expressed during the aging process. These data provide evidence of dynamic modifications of the actin isoforms in stereocilia, cuticular plates and cell junctions during the whole HC life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R Andrade
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Laboratory of Biomineralization, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
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30
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The Histochemistry and Cell Biology pandect: the year 2014 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 143:339-68. [PMID: 25744491 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses a brief synopsis of the articles published in 2014 in Histochemistry and Cell Biology. Out of the total of 12 issues published in 2014, two special issues were devoted to "Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy." The present review is divided into 11 categories, providing an easy format for readers to quickly peruse topics of particular interest to them.
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