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Tsoukos A, Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. The Impact of Range of Motion on Applied Force Characteristics and Electromyographic Activity during Repeated Sets of Bench Press Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2024; 91:189-204. [PMID: 38689587 PMCID: PMC11057621 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/186341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of range of motion (ROM) on applied force, power output and surface electromyographic (sEMG) responses during repeated sets of bench press exercise executed as fast as possible. Ten resistance trained men performed three sets to momentary failure with two-min rest intervals under three different ROM conditions: (a) full ROM (FULL), (b) TOP, at the top half of ROM, and (c) BOTTOM, at the bottom half of ROM. Mean and peak force were higher in TOP compared to FULL and BOTTOM (mean force: 817 ± 80 vs. 657 ± 98 vs. 623 ± 122 N, respectively, p < 0.001) with no differences between FULL and BOTTOM. During repeated sets, large decreases were found in peak (by 29.4 to 45.3%) and mean power (by 55.5 to 64.7%) from the first to the last repetitions. However, the decrease in mean force was only 2% (p < 0.01) and decreases in peak force ranged from 6.7 and 8.8% to zero, indicating the velocity loss was the main contributor to fatigue in power output. Although force and power output in set 3 were unchanged in BOTTOM, mean power output decreased significantly, suggesting that lower performance and fatigue may be related to the longer muscle length. Fatigue was accompanied by an increase in sEMG activity and a decrease in median frequency in all muscles, with triceps brachialis sEMG reflecting more the force and power differences among ROMs. In conclusion, fatigue depends on velocity rather than force loss during bench press exercise at different ROMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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2
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Magee MK, Fields JB, Jagim AR, Jones MT. Fat-Free Mass Index in a Large Sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association Men and Women Athletes From a Variety of Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:311-317. [PMID: 37815277 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Magee, MK, Fields, JB, Jagim, AR, and Jones, MT. Fat-free mass index in a large sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association men and women athletes from a variety of sports. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 311-317, 2024-Fat-free mass index (FFMI) can be used to categorize fat-free mass (FFM) relative to height. Normative values have been established in a variety of sports, as has suggested lower and upper thresholds of FFMI. However, FFMI has not been reported in a large sample of athletes, representing both sexes and multiple sport types. The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in FFMI and establish normative values across a large sample of collegiate sports. A total of 1,961 athletes (men: n = 596, 10 sports; women: n = 1,365, 8 sports) participated. Height and mass were measured using a stadiometer and calibrated digital scale, respectively. Fat-free mass was assessed with air displacement plethysmography and used to calculate FFMI. Kruskal-Wallis test and one-way analysis of variance evaluated differences in FFMI in women's and men's sports, respectively. When collapsed across sport type and stratified by sex, men had a higher FFMI (21.5 ± 1.9 kg·m -2 vs. 17.9 ± 1.8 kg·m -2 ; p < 0.001). Differences occurred in FFMI across sport. In women, basketball athletes had the highest FFMI (18.9 kg·m -2 ) and highest 99th percentile for FFMI, whereas rowers had the lowest (16.9 kg·m -2 ). In men, throwers had the highest FFMI (25.7 kg·m -2 ) and highest 99th percentile, whereas volleyball athletes had the lowest (19.9 kg·m -2 ). Differences in FFMI may be attributable to dietary habits and physiological demands of respective sports. These results can provide information relative to differences in FFMI values across sports. In addition, sport-specific normative values can be used as benchmarks and targets for training, nutrition, and goal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K Magee
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- School of Kinesiology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Jennifer B Fields
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, Intercollegiate Athletics, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Zhao K, Siener M, Zhao Y, Hohmann A. Physical fitness and motor competence performance characteristics of Chinese elite youth athletes from four track and field throwing disciplines-a cross-sectional study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1267804. [PMID: 38162829 PMCID: PMC10754956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1267804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: For systematic athletic training and targeted talent development, it is essential to know the physical fitness and motor competencies of top athletes in detail. However, it can be difficult to identify differences in performance requirements and thus to provide adequate support, especially for sports that at first glance appear to have similar demands-such as track and field throwing disciplines. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the physical fitness and motor competence of top athletes from different throwing disciplines and to check whether the athletes' performance parameters match the specific requirements of the respective sport. Methods: The study involved 289 male youth athletes (aged 14-18 years) across four distinct throwing disciplines: shot put (n = 101), hammer throw (n = 16), discus throw (n = 63), and javelin throw (n = 109). The performance evaluation comprised three anthropometric measurements and twelve motor performance prerequisites applicable to the throwing disciplines. Discriminant analysis and neural networks (Multilayer Perceptron) were implemented to determine the possibility of distinguishing among athletes from the four sports. Results: The study's findings indicate that in male throwing athletes, disparities in general physical fitness and motor proficiency assessments discern the majority of talented young athletes based on their specific sport (discriminant analysis: 68.2%; multilayer perceptron analysis: 72.2%). This remains applicable irrespective of the classification method employed. Discus throwers possessed a height advantage, while shot putters and hammer throwers exhibited superior arm strength. Javelin throwers displayed better explosive strength and sprinting speed. Except for the hammer throwers, all events demonstrated a high level of explosive power in the medicine ball forward or backward throw test, which was especially crucial for shot put and discus athletes. Conclusion: The significance of physical fitness and motor competence tests in identifying and transferring talented athletes in track and field throwing disciplines has been affirmed. Using linear and non-linear classification methods, most athletes could be assigned to their correct sport. However, this also shows that slightly different training and talent identification is required for each of these sports. Furthermore, non-linear analysis methods can provide useful support for the development processes in junior competitive sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhao
- High Performance Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Maximilian Siener
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Professional Sport Education and Sport Qualifications, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhao
- High Performance Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Andreas Hohmann
- BaySpo—Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Hashimoto S, Fujimori T, Ohyama-Byun K, Okamoto Y, Nakajima T, Sado N. Distal muscle cross-sectional area is correlated with shot put performance. J Biomech 2023; 160:111819. [PMID: 37783186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Shot putters throw a heavy shot by "pushing". Pushing involves the coordinated extension of multiple joints and is a common motor task for both upper and lower limbs. In lower limb musculature, proximal-specific development and association with motor performance have been shown in athletes. However, as the upper limb is not mechanically loaded to support the body during daily locomotion, it may develop differently from the lower limb. We investigated the cross-sectional area of the prime movers of the upper limb and upper trunk (pectoralis major, deltoid, triceps brachii, and palmar flexors) in eleven male shot put athletes and fourteen untrained males by obtaining magnetic resonance images and manually tracing the muscles on the images. All target muscles were significantly larger in athletes than non-athletes (p < 0.01), with "huge" effect sizes for the pectoralis major and palmar flexors (d = 2.74, 2.04). All target muscle cross-sectional areas were positively correlated with season best record (r ≥ 0.62, p ≤ 0.04), with a particularly strong correlation for the palmar flexors (r = 0.96). These results suggest that the distal muscles of the upper limb are also expected to develop and are strongly associated with motor performance. This is especially true for the distal upper limb muscles (palmar flexors) in shot putters. These findings provide insight into potential training interventions for athletic performance in forceful upper limb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshihide Fujimori
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keigo Ohyama-Byun
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | | | - Natsuki Sado
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
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Wang L, Song X, Yang H, Wang C, Shao Q, Tao H, Qiao M, Niu W, Liu X. Are the antagonist muscle fatigued during a prolonged isometric fatiguing elbow flexion at very low forces for young adults? Front Physiol 2022; 13:956639. [PMID: 36277214 PMCID: PMC9585301 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.956639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether antagonist muscles may be fatigued during a prolonged isometric fatiguing elbow flexion at very low forces. Twelve healthy male subjects sustained an isometric elbow flexion at 10% maximal voluntary contraction torque until exhaustion while multichannel electromyographic signals were collected from the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB). Muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) and fractal dimension (FD) of both muscles were calculated to reflect peripheral and central fatigue. CV and FD of TB as well as FD of BB decreased progressively during the sustained fatiguing contraction, while the CV of BB declined at the beginning of the contraction and then increased progressively until the end of the contraction. The result may indicate that during the sustained low-force isometric fatiguing contraction, antagonist muscle may be peripherally fatigued, and changes in coactivation activities were modulated not only by central neuronal mechanisms of common drive but also by peripheral metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejun Wang
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lejun Wang, ; Xiaodong Liu,
| | - Xiaoqian Song
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qineng Shao
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Tao
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Qiao
- Sport and Health Research Center, Physical Education Department, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Niu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Lejun Wang, ; Xiaodong Liu,
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Giráldez-Costas V, Aguilar-Navarro M, González-García J, Del Coso J, Salinero JJ. Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:366-380. [PMID: 35813843 PMCID: PMC9261737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg/b.m.) on muscular power and strength and shot put performance in trained athletes. Methods. Thirteen shot putters (eight men and five women) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment. In two different trials, participants ingested either 3 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine or a placebo. Forty-five min after substance ingestion, athletes performed a handgrip dynamometry test, a countermovement jump (CMJ), a squat jump (SJ), and a maximum-velocity push-up. The athletes also performed three types of throws: a backwards throw, a standing shot put and a complete shot put. Results. In comparison with the placebo, caffeine ingestion increased CMJ height (32.25 ± 7.26 vs. 33.83 ± 7.72 cm, respectively; effect size (ES) = 0.82, p = 0.012; +5.0%;) and SJ height (29.93 ± 7.88 vs. 31.40 ± 7.16 cm; ES = 0.63, p = 0.042; +6.4%) and distance in the standing shot put (10.27 ± 1.77 m vs. 10.55 ± 1.94 m; ES = 0.87, p = 0.009; +2.6%). However, caffeine ingestion did not increase strength in the handgrip test, power in the ballistic push-up, or distance in the backwards throw (all p > 0.05). Shot put performance changed from 11.24 ± 2.54 to 11.35 ± . 2.57 m (ES = 0.33, p = 0.26; +1.0%), although the difference did not reach statistically significant differences. Caffeine ingestion did not increase the prevalence of side effects (nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, activeness, irritability, muscular pain, headache, and diuresis) in comparison with the placebo (p > 0.05). Conclusion. In summary, caffeine ingestion with a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg/b.m. elicited moderate improvements in several aspects of physical performance in trained shot putters but with a small effect on distance in a complete shot put.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.,Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Castilla-La Mancha University, Faculty of Sport Sciences. Sport Training Laboratory (GIRD), Toledo, Spain
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Maeo S, Wu Y, Huang M, Sakurai H, Kusagawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Triceps brachii hypertrophy is substantially greater after elbow extension training performed in the overhead versus neutral arm position. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35819335 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The biarticular triceps brachii long head (TBLong) is lengthened more in the overhead than neutral arm position. We compared triceps brachii hypertrophy after elbow extension training performed in the overhead vs. neutral arm position. Using a cable machine, 21 adults (14 males and 7 females, age: 23.4 ± 1.6 y, height: 1.69 ± 0.09 m, body mass: 64.5 ± 12.4 kg) conducted elbow extensions (90-0°) with one arm in the overhead (Overhead-Arm) and the other arm in the neutral (Neutral-Arm) position at 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM), 10 reps/set, 5 sets/session, 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Training load was gradually increased (+5% 1RM/session) when the preceding session was completed without repetition failure. 1RM of the assigned condition and MRI-measured muscle volume of the TBLong, monoarticular lateral and medial heads (TBLat+Med), and whole triceps brachii (Whole-TB) were assessed pre- and post-training. Training load and 1RM increased in both arms similarly (+62-71% at post, P = 0.285), while their absolute values/weights were always lower in Overhead-Arm (-34-39%, P < 0.001). Changes in muscle volume in Overhead-Arm compared to Neutral-Arm were 1.5-fold greater for the TBLong (+28.5% vs. +19.6%, Cohen's d = 1.272, P < 0.001), 1.4-fold greater for the TBLat+Med (+14.6% vs. +10.5%, d = 1.106, P = 0.002), and 1.4-fold greater for the Whole-TB (+19.9% vs. +13.9%, d = 1.427, P < 0.001). In conclusion, triceps brachii hypertrophy was substantially greater after elbow extension training performed in the overhead versus neutral arm position, even with lower absolute loads used during the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Meng Huang
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakurai
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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A Systematic Review of the Effects of Different Resistance Training Volumes on Muscle Hypertrophy. J Hum Kinet 2022; 81:199-210. [PMID: 35291645 PMCID: PMC8884877 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to compare responses to moderate and high training volumes aimed at inducing muscle hypertrophy. A literature search on 3 databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Chocrane Library) was conducted in January 2021. After analyzing 2083 resultant articles, studies were included if they met the following inclusion criteria: a) studies were randomized controlled trials (with the number of sets explicitly reported), b) interventions lasted at least six weeks, c) participants had a minimum of one year of resistance training experience, d) participants’ age ranged from 18 to 35 years, e) studies reported direct measurements of muscle thickness and/or the cross-sectional area, and f) studies were published in peer-review journals. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis, whereas just six were included in the quantitative analysis. All participants were divided into three groups: “low” (<12 weekly sets), “moderate” (12-20 weekly sets) and “high” volume (>20 weekly sets). According to the results of this meta-analysis, there were no differences between moderate and high training volume responses for the quadriceps (p = 0.19) and the biceps brachii (p = 0.59). However, it appears that a high training volume is better to induce muscle mass gains in the triceps brachii (p = 0.01). According to the results of this review, a range of 12-20 weekly sets per muscle group may be an optimum standard recommendation for increasing muscle hypertrophy in young, trained men.
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The Effects of Resistance Training on Architecture and Volume of the Upper Extremity Muscles: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To systematically review the effects of exercise on fascicle geometry and muscle size parameters of the upper extremity muscles, the CENTRAL, CINAHL, PubMed and OpenGrey databases were searched on 31 July 2021. Finally, 17 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in this systematic review. High-intensity bench press training (g = 1.03) and 12 RM bench press exercises (g = 1.21) showed a large effect size on increasing pectoralis major muscle size. In the elbow extensors, large effects were reported for an increase in muscle size with isometric maximal voluntary co-contraction training (g = 1.97), lying triceps extension exercise (g = 1.25), and nonlinear periodised resistance training (g = 2.07). In addition, further large effects were achieved in the elbow flexors via traditional elbow flexion exercises (g = 0.93), concentric low-load forearm flexion-extension training (g = 0.94, g = 1), isometric maximal voluntary co-contraction training (g = 1.01), concentric low-load forearm flexion-extension training with blood flow restriction (g = 1.02, g = 1.07), and nonlinear periodised resistance training (g = 1.13, g = 1.34). Regarding the forearm muscles, isometric ulnar deviation training showed a large effect (g = 2.22) on increasing the flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis muscle size. Results show that these training modalities are suitable for gaining hypertrophy in the relevant muscles with at least four weeks of training duration. Future RCTs should investigate the effects of exercise modalities on the triceps brachii fascicle geometry, the infraspinatus muscle thickness (MT) and the subscapular MT due to their associations with sports performance.
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Fares MY, Khachfe HH, Salhab HA, Bdeir A, Fares J, Baydoun H. Physical Testing in Sports Rehabilitation: Implications on a Potential Return to Sport. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e189-e198. [PMID: 35141551 PMCID: PMC8811492 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Degot M, Blache Y, Vigne G, Franger G, Neyton L, Rogowski I. Intra- and intersession reliability and agreement of the Unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test outcome measures in healthy male athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:72. [PMID: 34229740 PMCID: PMC8261983 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test (USSPT) consists of pushing an overweight ball as far as possible to assess upper extremity power unilaterally and bilateral symmetry. Literature however reports various body positions and upper limb pushing patterns to perform USSPT, demanding to provide additional guideline to achieve overweight ball push. This study therefore aimed at assessing the reliability and agreement of USSPT outcome measures when pushing an overweight ball in a horizontal direction. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy male athletes performed two sessions, one week apart, of three unilateral pushes per upper limb using a 3-kg medicine ball, for which the distances were measured. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change at a 95 % confidence level (MDC95 %) and coefficient of variation (CV) were assessed for the pushing distances based on one, two or three trials per side to produce two outcome measures: the pushing distance per limb and USSPT Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) when dividing pushing distance of the dominant side by that of the non-dominant side. RESULTS The most reliable pushing distance per limb was obtained when averaging three pushing distances, normalized by body mass with the exponent 0.35. The mean USSPT LSI was 1.09 ± 0.10 for the first session and 1.08 ± 0.10 for the second session, highlighting good reliability and agreement (ICC = 0.82; SEM = 0.045; MDC95 % = 0.124; CV = 5.02 %). CONCLUSIONS When the overweight ball is pushed in a horizontal direction, averaging the distances of three trials for both the dominant and non-dominant limbs is advised to provide the most reliable USSPT distance per limb and USSPT LSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Degot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UFRSTAPS, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Yoann Blache
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UFRSTAPS, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Vigne
- Athletic France, 4 rue Jean Sarrazin, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel Franger
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Fifa Medical Center of Excellence, 24 Avenue Paul Santy, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Neyton
- Centre Orthopédique Santy, Fifa Medical Center of Excellence, 24 Avenue Paul Santy, 69008, Lyon, France.,Hôpital Privé Jean Mermoz, Ramsay-Générale de Santé, 55 avenue Jean Mermoz, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA 7424, Université de Lyon, UFRSTAPS, 27-29 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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12
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Effect of elbow joint angles on electromyographic activity versus force relationships of synergistic muscles of the triceps brachii. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252644. [PMID: 34081721 PMCID: PMC8174684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The electromyographic (EMG) activity and force relationship, i.e. EMG-force relationship, is a valuable indicator of the degree of the neuromuscular activation during isometric force production. However, there is minimal information available regarding the EMG-force relationship of individual triceps brachii (TB) muscles at different elbow joint angles. This study aimed to compare the EMG-force relationships of the medial (TB-Med), lateral (TB-Lat), and long heads (TB-Long) of the TB. 7 men and 10 women performed force matching isometric tasks at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) at 60°, 90°, and 120° of extension. During the submaximal force matching tasks, the surface EMG signals of the TB-Med, TB-Lat, and TB-Long were recorded and calculated the root mean square (RMS). RMS of each force level were then normalized by RMS at 100%MVC. For the TB-Med, ultrasonography was used to determine the superficial region of the muscle that faced the skin surface to minimize cross-talk. The joint angle was monitored using an electrogoniometer. The elbow extension force, elbow joint angle, and surface EMG signals were simultaneously sampled at 2 kHz and stored on a personal computer. The RMS did not significantly differ between the three muscles, except between the TB-Med and TB-Lat during 20%MVC at 60°. The RMS during force levels of ≥ 60%MVC at 120° was significantly lower than that at 60° or 90° for each muscle. The sum of difference, which represents the difference in RMS from the identical line, did not significantly differ in any of the assessed muscles in the present study. This suggests that a relatively smaller neuromuscular activation could be required when the elbow joint angle was extended. However, neuromuscular activation levels and relative force levels were matched in all three TB synergists when the elbow joint angle was at 90° or a more flexed position.
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Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Terzis G. Biological Determinants of Track and Field Throwing Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:40. [PMID: 34067149 PMCID: PMC8163003 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Track and field throwing performance is determined by a number of biomechanical and biological factors which are affected by long-term training. Although much of the research has focused on the role of biomechanical factors on track and field throwing performance, only a small body of scientific literature has focused on the connection of biological factors with competitive track and field throwing performance. The aim of this review was to accumulate and present the current literature connecting the performance in track and field throwing events with specific biological factors, including the anthropometric characteristics, the body composition, the neural activation, the fiber type composition and the muscle architecture characteristics. While there is little published information to develop statistical results, the results from the current review suggest that major biological determinants of track and field throwing performance are the size of lean body mass, the neural activation of the protagonist muscles during the throw and the percentage of type II muscle fiber cross-sectional area. Long-term training may enhance these biological factors and possibly lead to a higher track and field throwing performance. Consequently, coaches and athletes should aim at monitoring and enhancing these parameters in order to increase track and field throwing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Zaras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 1700, Cyprus
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.-N.S.); (G.T.)
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Muscle Force Patterns in Lower Extremity Muscles for Elite Discus Throwers, Javelin Throwers and Shot-Putters - A Case Study. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:5-14. [PMID: 34025859 PMCID: PMC8120960 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal release variables, as well as the kinematics and kinetics of athletes, are crucial for the maximization of throwing distance in athletics. Mathematical models and simulations allow throwing techniques to be studied. However, muscle force patterns and the contribution of specific muscle groups in athletics throwing events are not well understood and require detailed research. In this study, important variables of the muscle force generated during the javelin, discus and shot put events were determined using OpenSim software. Musculoskeletal simulations were carried out based on kinematic and kinetic data collected using the Vicon system and Kistler plates with the help of nine top Polish athletes (three in each event). OpenSim software was used to calculate muscle forces and joint velocities. For each discipline, it was found that the main muscle groups involved in the throwing movement were better at distinguishing throwers than joint velocities. The contribution of right ankle plantar flexors at the beginning of the final acceleration phase as well as left hip extensors at the end of the final acceleration phase was given special attention. This work provides a better understanding of the techniques used in athletics throws. Musculoskeletal simulations of throwing styles might help coaches analyze the techniques of individual athletes, resulting in better adjustment of training programmes and injury prevention protocols.
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15
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Reliability and validity of a return to sports testing battery for the shoulder. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 48:1-11. [PMID: 33341516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the validity, intra- and inter-rater, and absolute reliability of a return to sport testing battery for the shoulder in a healthy cohort. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. All participants completed a battery of strength (isokinetic, isometric, and repetition to failure) and functional assessments on two occasions. Concurrent validity to isokinetic testing was assessed, and intra-rater, inter-rater, and absolute reliability were established for all assessments. SETTING Controlled clinical environment. PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy adults active in recreational sports participated, mean age 24.0 ± 1.6 years; MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Correlations (Pearson's r), reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient), Standard error of the measurement, Minimal detectable change. RESULTS Correlations to isokinetic assessments at 60° & 180°/second were moderate to strong for isometric (r: 0.68-0.80) and functional testing (r: 0.55-0.83) and weak for repetition to failure testing (r: 0.37-0.74). All isokinetic (ICC: 0.88-0.94), isometric (ICC: 0.83-0.94), and functional assessments (ICC: 0.80-0.92) had good to excellent intra-rater reliability, while repetition to failure testing had poor to moderate reliability (ICC: 0.48-0.57). The inter-rater reliability of the isometric assessments was moderate to excellent (ICC: 0.71-0.92) across movements. Expressed as a percentage of the mean, the standard error of the measurement ranged from 7% to 25% and the minimal detectable change ranged from 20% to 69% across all assessment methods. CONCLUSION The isokinetic, isometric, and functional assessments used in this return to sports testing battery demonstrates acceptable validity and reliability. Further refinement to the methods used to assess muscular endurance is needed to improve reliability. This study offers clinicians information that can be utilized in clinical decision-making as it relates the testing battery's psychometric properties.
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16
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Emphasizing Task-Specific Hypertrophy to Enhance Sequential Strength and Power Performance. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2020; 5:jfmk5040076. [PMID: 33467291 PMCID: PMC7739346 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk5040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While strength is indeed a skill, most discussions have primarily considered structural adaptations rather than ultrastructural augmentation to improve performance. Altering the structural component of the muscle is often the aim of hypertrophic training, yet not all hypertrophy is equal; such alterations are dependent upon how the muscle adapts to the training stimuli and overall training stress. When comparing bodybuilders to strength and power athletes such as powerlifters, weightlifters, and throwers, while muscle size may be similar, the ability to produce force and power is often inequivalent. Thus, performance differences go beyond structural changes and may be due to the muscle's ultrastructural constituents and training induced adaptations. Relative to potentiating strength and power performances, eliciting specific ultrastructural changes should be a variable of interest during hypertrophic training phases. By focusing on task-specific hypertrophy, it may be possible to achieve an optimal amount of hypertrophy while deemphasizing metabolic and aerobic components that are often associated with high-volume training. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to briefly address different types of hypertrophy and provide directions for practitioners who are aiming to achieve optimal rather than maximal hypertrophy, as it relates to altering ultrastructural muscular components, to potentiate strength and power performance.
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Pérez-Castilla A, Comfort P, McMahon JJ, Pestaña-Melero FL, García-Ramos A. Comparison of the Force-, Velocity-, and Power-Time Curves Between the Concentric-Only and Eccentric-Concentric Bench Press Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1618-1624. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Wilk M, Filip A, Krzysztofik M, Gepfert M, Zajac A, Del Coso J. Acute Caffeine Intake Enhances Mean Power Output and Bar Velocity during the Bench Press Throw in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine. Nutrients 2020; 12:E406. [PMID: 32033103 PMCID: PMC7071256 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on power output and bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. METHODS Twelve resistance trained individuals habituated to caffeine ingestion participated in a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed three identical experimental sessions 60 min after the intake of a placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine. In each experimental session, the participants performed 5 sets of 2 repetitions of the bench press throw (with a load equivalent to 30% repetition maximum (RM), measured in a familiarization trial) on a Smith machine, while bar velocity and power output were registered with a rotatory encoder. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, the intake of caffeine increased mean bar velocity during 5 sets of the bench press throw (1.37 ± 0.05 vs. 1.41 ± 0.05 and 1.41 ± 0.06 m/s for placebo, 3, and 6 mg/kg/b.m., respectively; p < 0.01), as well as mean power output (545 ± 117 vs. 562 ± 118 and 560 ± 107 W; p < 0.01). However, caffeine was not effective at increasing peak velocity (p = 0.09) nor peak power output (p = 0.07) during the explosive exercise. CONCLUSION The acute doses of caffeine before resistance exercise may increase mean power output and mean bar velocity during the bench press throw training session in a group of habitual caffeine users. Thus, caffeine prior to ballistic exercises enhances performance during a power-specific resistance training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.F.); (M.K.); (M.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain;
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Schofield M, Neville J, Hébert-Losier K, Cronin JB, Uthoff AM. Kinematic and kinetic variability associated with the cable put and seated rotation assessments. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:597-606. [PMID: 32005085 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1721202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When new protocols are developed, there is a requirement to investigate test-retest reliability of measures for valid use and interpretation of data in research and practice. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine the inter-day reliability of the cable put and seated rotation assessment protocols. On three occasions, nine resistance-trained men performed cable puts and cable rotations at different loads between 6 and 42 kg on a commercially available cable cross over machine. Load stack movement was recorded using a PT5A linear position transducer from which all kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated. Reliability was excellent for peak velocity and displacement based on intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) across the majority of loads and movements (cable put: ICC = 0.92 to 0.99, CV = 3.1% to 8.6%; cable seated rotation: ICC = 0.76 to 0.99, CV = -1.7% to 16.1%). However, kinetic variables demonstrated inadequate reliability across the majority of days, loads and movements (ICC = 0.70, CV >10%). It was concluded that peak velocity is a reliable kinematic measure to assess muscular capability from cable put and seated rotation protocols; however, kinetic measures are too variable to provide reliable outputs across testing occasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Schofield
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,High Performance Sport New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jono Neville
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aaron M Uthoff
- School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Pérez-Castilla A, Martínez-García D, Jerez-Mayorga D, Rodríguez-Perea Á, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, García-Ramos A. Influence of the grip width on the reliability and magnitude of different velocity variables during the bench press exercise. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1168-1177. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1704068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Dario Martínez-García
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Facultad Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ángela Rodríguez-Perea
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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21
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Schofield M, Cronin JB, Macadam P, Hébert-Losier K. Rotational shot put: a phase analysis of current kinematic knowledge. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:278-296. [PMID: 31368410 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1636130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The biomechanics of the rotational shot put is used to direct coaching to enhance throwing performance. Maximising shot put distance and velocity at the point of release through increasing momentum is of interest to coaches. This narrative review aimed to examine and summarise the critical kinematic variables within each of the six phases of rotational shot put associated with performance and release velocity. Databases were searched using 'shot put', 'biomechanics' and 'track and field throwing', from which 20 articles based on the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The results indicate that the magnitude of transverse thrower-shot angular momentum and thrower-shots path of translation are crucial to performance. In achieving high angular momentum, sweep leg and arm actions need to be well-timed, and their timings and movement likely determine key biomechanical events such as hip to shoulder separations. Generating high release velocities stems from the development and transference of momentum through each phase. Kinematics and kinetics within each phase are co-dependent within and across each phase; therefore, coaches should consider the biomechanics of an athlete through preceding phases when seeking biomechanical change within a given phase. Further research and consideration of kinetics and energy transfer would add value to kinematic observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schofield
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - John B Cronin
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Paul Macadam
- a Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Kim Hébert-Losier
- b Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, University of Waikato , Tauranga , New Zealand
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22
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García-Ramos A, Haff GG, Jiménez-Reyes P, Pérez-Castilla A. Assessment of Upper-Body Ballistic Performance Through the Bench Press Throw Exercise: Which Velocity Outcome Provides the Highest Reliability? J Strength Cond Res 2019; 32:2701-2707. [PMID: 29847530 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
García-Ramos, A, Haff, GG, Jiménez-Reyes, and P, Pérez-Castilla, A. Assessment of upper-body ballistic performance through the bench press throw exercise: Which velocity outcome provides the highest reliability? J Strength Cond Res 32(10): 2701-2707, 2018-This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of 3 velocity variables (mean velocity [MV], mean propulsive velocity [MPV], and maximum velocity [Vmax]) to assess bench press throw (BPT) performance. Twenty-one men were tested during 2 consecutive weeks in 2 variants of the BPT exercise (concentric-only and eccentric-concentric) against 5 different loading conditions (17, 27, 37, 47, and 57 kg). The 2 sessions of each BPT variant were performed within the same week separated by 48-72 hours. The main findings revealed that (a) the highest reliability was observed for Vmax (median coefficient of variation [CV] and range) (CV = 2.14% [1.43-4.02%]), followed by MV (CV = 3.18% [1.47-5.22%]), and finally, the MPV was the least reliable variable (CV = 4.27% [1.98-6.38%]), (b) all velocity variables demonstrated a higher reliability during the eccentric-concentric BPT (CV = 2.41% [1.43-5.30%]) when compared with the concentric-only BPT (CV = 4.02% [1.74-6.38%]), and (c) the reliability tended to decrease with the increment of the load: 17 kg (CV = 2.12% [1.43-4.68%]), 27 kg (CV = 1.96% [1.74-3.86%]), 37 kg (CV = 2.98% [2.47-5.67%]), 47 kg (CV = 4.59% [2.32-6.38%]), and 57 kg (CV = 3.92% [1.95-5.52%]). These results indicate that the assessment of the Vmax should be performed with a light-loading condition during the eccentric-concentric BPT for obtaining the most reproducible measure of upper-body ballistic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception, Conception, Chile
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Center for Exercise and Sport Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- Department of Science in Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University of San Antonio, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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23
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Singla D, Hussain ME, Bhati P. Correlation Between Upper Body Balance, Muscle Strength, and Power in Cricketers Belonging to Different Age Groups. J Chiropr Med 2018; 17:160-166. [PMID: 30228807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to assess correlation between variables of upper body balance, muscular strength, and power in cricketers belonging to different age groups. Methods Forty-eight healthy male cricketers (26 adolescents aged 14-17 years and 22 adults aged 18-25 years) were recruited from Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India. After a warm-up, the participants underwent Upper Quarter Y Balance Test, backward overhead medicine ball throw test, and back-strength testing in a random order. Results Values of the Pearson correlation coefficient for muscle strength and upper body power were found to be 0.397 and 0.499 for adolescent and adult cricketers, respectively. Correlation coefficient values for upper body balance and strength range from -0.008 to 0.05 and 0.325 to 0.414 and for upper body balance and power range from 0.059 to 0.062 and 0.133 to 0.153 for adolescent and adult cricketers, respectively. Conclusion Statistically significant, moderate-sized correlations were demonstrated between muscular strength and upper body power in adolescent and adult cricketers. However, no correlations existed between upper body balance and power and upper body balance and muscular strength in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singla
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - M Ejaz Hussain
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
| | - Pooja Bhati
- Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, Okhla, Delhi, India
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24
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Kontou EI, Berberidou FT, Pilianidis TC, Mantzouranis NI, Methenitis SK. Acute Effect of Upper and Lower Body Postactivation Exercises on Shot Put Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:970-982. [PMID: 28486339 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Kontou, EI, Berberidou, FT, Pilianidis, TC, Mantzouranis, NI, and Methenitis, SK. Acute effect of upper and lower body postactivation exercises on shot put performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 970-982, 2018-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of upper and lower' extremities exercises on acute increase of shot put performance, in moderate experienced throwers. Eight (n = 8) males and 9 (n = 9) female throwers participated in this study. Their bench press and squat maximum strength were measured while their shot put performance from power position was evaluated before and after 4 interventions: (a) plyometric push-ups (Plyo), (b) 6 s isometric push-ups (Iso), (c) 3 countermovement jumps (CMJs) and (d) 10 reps. of skipping (Skip). Interventions were performed in counterbalanced order with a 48-hour interval. Significant increase (p < 0.05) of shot put performances was observed after Plyo, Iso, and CMJ (range: 2.30 ± 1.82%-5.72 ± 4.32%). In addition, Iso induced the highest increase while Skip did not induce any improvement of throwing performance. The highest increases were recorded in men's performance after CMJ (5.72 ± 4.32%) while in women's performance after Iso (3.59 ± 2.7%). Javelin and discus throwers increase higher their performance after CMJs while shot putters after Iso. Significant correlations were found between training experience, maximum/relative strength, shot put performance and increase of throwing performance (%) after the interventions (r: 0.519-0.991, p < 0.05). Percentage increase of performance between Iso and Plyo have negative correlations (r: -0.569, p < 0.05) in contrast of those between Skip and CMJ (r: 0.710, p < 0.05). These results suggest that upper or lower body postactivation interventions may acutely increase the throwing performance. However, experience and strength are significant determinant of this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni I Kontou
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Fani T Berberidou
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Theophilos C Pilianidis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Mantzouranis
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Spyridon K Methenitis
- Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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25
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Landolsi M, Labiadh L, Zarrouk F, Maaref K, Ghannouchi S, Tabka Z, Lacouture P. Kinematic analysis of the shot-put: A method of assessing the mechanical work of the hand action force. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:1208-1216. [PMID: 29869946 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1478449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) propose a method for evaluating shot-putters mechanical power, (2) investigate the relationship between mechanical work of hand action force (WHAF), peak power output (PPO) of different limbs and shot-put performance and (3) show which of these two parameters (WHAF, PPO) were the most appropriate to characterize the explosive abilities of the shot-putter. Twelve junior right-handed shot-putters, practised glide technique shot-put throwers (personal best = 13.57 ± 1.72 m), participated in this study. Arm and leg force-velocity tests were performed to measure PPO. Kinematic analysis was conducted during a shot-putting event in regular conditions to quantify the WHAF at the release moment and shot-put performance. Significant correlations were found between absolute arm and leg PPO with upper and lower muscle volumes (r = .67; p = .03; r = .76; p = .01; r = .74, p = .01; r = .65, p = .04). Positive relationships were recorded between absolute arm and leg PPO and shot-put performance (r = .67, p = .02; r = .81, p = .004, respectively). Shot-put performance was also closely related to the WHAF (r = .93, p = .0001) and release velocity parameter (r = .86, p = .001). The present results confirm that force-velocity test and WHAF constitute useful tools for assessing mechanical power in throwing. The WHAF could be considered as more suitable than force-velocity test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Landolsi
- a Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia.,b Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Lazhar Labiadh
- c Laboratory TEC Team: Body Techniques and Challenges , UFR STAPS , Paris , France
| | - Fayçal Zarrouk
- d Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education , University of Manouba , Tunis , Tunisia
| | - Khaled Maaref
- a Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Slaheddine Ghannouchi
- a Laboratory of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- b Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse , University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Patrick Lacouture
- e PPrime Institute, UPR 3346 CNRS, University of Poitiers, ENSMA - Department: Mechanical Engineering and Complex Systems, Axis: RoBioSS , Poitiers , France
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Borms D, Maenhout A, Cools AM. Upper Quadrant Field Tests and Isokinetic Upper Limb Strength in Overhead Athletes. J Athl Train 2016; 51:789-796. [PMID: 27834503 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Isokinetic testing is used to determine possible deficits in upper extremity strength in overhead athletes. Given that isokinetic testing is restricted to a laboratory setting, field tests, such as the Seated Medicine Ball Throw (SMBT) and Upper Quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT-UQ), were developed to assess upper body performance. The relationships between these field tests and isokinetic strength have not been examined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between isokinetic strength testing for shoulder external and internal rotation and elbow flexion and extension and SMBT distance and YBT-UQ performance in overhead athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Institutional laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 29 healthy overhead athletes (14 men, 15 women; age = 21.6 ± 2.5 years, height = 177.7 ± 9.7 cm, mass = 70.3 ± 11.5 kg). INTERVENTION(S) A Biodex dynamometer was used to measure the isokinetic strength of the shoulder and elbow muscles. Upper extremity performance was assessed using the SMBT and YBT-UQ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We used Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination to analyze the relationship between SMBT and YBT-UQ performance and the isokinetic strength variables. RESULTS We observed moderate to strong correlations between the SMBT and isokinetic shoulder and elbow strength (r range = 0.595-0.855) but no correlations between the YBT-UQ and isokinetic strength variables. The shared variance between these strength variables and the SMBT ranged from 35.4% to 64.5% for shoulder strength and 58.5% to 73.1% for elbow strength. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the SMBT is a reliable, low-cost, and easy- and quick-to-administer alternative to isokinetic testing for evaluating upper extremity strength in a clinical setting. Performance on the YBT-UQ did not seem to be related to upper limb strength and, therefore, cannot be used for this purpose. Using the YBT-UQ for other purposes may have value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Borms
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Annelies Maenhout
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ann M Cools
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Belgium
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Methenitis SK, Zaras ND, Spengos KM, Stasinaki ANE, Karampatsos GP, Georgiadis GV, Terzis GD. Role of Muscle Morphology in Jumping, Sprinting, and Throwing Performance in Participants With Different Power Training Duration Experience. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:807-17. [PMID: 26907845 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between muscle morphology and jumping, sprinting, and throwing performance in participants with different power training duration experience. Thirty-six power-trained young men were assigned to 3 groups according to the length of their power training: less experienced (<1 year), moderately experienced (1-3 years), and experienced (4-7 years). All participants performed countermovement and squat jumps, 60-m sprint, and shot throws twice. Lean body mass (LBM) was evaluated with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) with anthropometry. The vastus lateralis architecture and fiber type composition were evaluated with ultrasonography and muscle biopsies, respectively. When all subjects were considered as 1 group (n = 36), jumping performance was correlated with LBM, fascicle length, and type II fiber CSA; sprinting performance was correlated with estimated thigh muscle CSA alone; and shot throwing was correlated with LBM and type I, IIA fiber CSA. In the least experienced group, the LBM of the lower extremities was the most significant contributor for power performance, whereas in the moderately experienced group, the LBM, architectural properties, and type II fiber percentage CSA were the most significant contributors. For the experienced group, fascicle length and type II fiber percentage CSA were the most significant factors for power performance. These data suggest that jumping performance is linked with muscle morphology, regardless of strength or power training. The vastus lateralis muscle morphology could only partially explain throwing performance, whereas it cannot predict sprinting performance. Power performance in experienced participants rely more on the quality of the muscle tissue rather than the quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon K Methenitis
- 1Athletics Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and2A' Neurology Clinic, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Loturco I, Nakamura FY, Winckler C, Bragança JR, da Fonseca RA, Moraes-Filho J, Zaccani WA, Kobal R, Cal Abad CC, Kitamura K, Pereira LA, Franchini E. Strength-Power Performance of Visually Impaired Paralympic and Olympic Judo Athletes From the Brazilian National Team: A Comparative Study. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:743-749. [PMID: 27379958 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loturco, I, Nakamura, FY, Winckler, C, Bragança, JR, da Fonseca, RA, Filho, JM, Zaccani, WA, Kobal, R, Cal Abad, CC, Kitamura, K, Pereira, LA, and Franchini, E. Strength-power performance of visually impaired paralympic and olympic judo athletes from the brazilian national team: a comparative study. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 743-749, 2017-The aim of this study was to compare the muscle power and maximal isometric strength capacities of Olympic and visually impaired Paralympic judo athletes. Twenty-eight elite judo athletes (7 men and 7 women per group) from the permanent Brazilian National Paralympic and Olympic teams took part in this study. After a specific warm-up, the athletes performed loaded jump squat (JS), bench press (BP), and standing barbell row (SBR) exercises to determine their values of maximum mean propulsive power (MPP) in these respective exercises. The maximal isometric strength (MIS) was also determined for both upper and lower limbs, through the use of BP and half-squat (HS) exercises. Finally, the jumping ability was assessed using unloaded squat jump (SJ). The magnitude-based inference was used to compare the groups. The Olympic judo athletes presented a likely higher SJ height than the Paralympic athletes. The Olympic group presented almost certainly higher MPP in the loaded JS and in the SBR exercises and likely higher MPP in the BP exercise. Importantly, in the MIS assessments the differences between groups in the HS and BP exercises were rated as unclear. In conclusion, our results showed that both Olympic and Paralympic judo athletes present similar levels of maximal isometric strength, but muscle power performance is superior in Olympic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- 1NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil; 2Department of Physical Education, UEL-State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil; 3CPB-Brazilian Paralympic Committee, Brasília, Brazil; 4CBJ-Brazilian Judo Confederation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 5Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, Department of Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Loturco I, Pereira LA, Abad CCC, Tabares F, Moraes JE, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Nakamura FY. Bar velocities capable of optimising the muscle power in strength-power exercises. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:734-741. [PMID: 27210829 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1186813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at testing whether there are mean propulsive velocities (MPVs) capable of maximising the mean propulsive power (MPP) during the execution of bench press (BP), bench throw (BT), half squat (HS) and jump squat (JS). Additionally, we assessed the differences in MPP/MPV between ballistic and traditional exercises. Seventeen male rugby sevens players performed MPP tests in BP, BT, HS and JS and maximum isometric force (MIF) tests in HS and BP. The JS presented higher MPP (977.4 ± 156.2 W) than the HS (897.9 ± 157.7 W) (P < 0.05); the BP (743.4 ± 100.1 W) presented higher MPP than the BT (697.8 ± 70.4 W) (P < 0.05). Ballistic exercises presented higher optimum MPV (JS = 1.02 ± 0.07 m·s-1; BT = 1.67 ± 0.15 m·s-1) than traditional exercises (HS = 0.93 ± 0.08 m·s-1; BP = 1.40 ± 0.13 m·s-1) (P < 0.05). The optimum MPP in the JS, BT, HS and BP occurred at 28.2 ± 5.79, 23.3 ± 4.24, 32.4 ± 9.46 and 27.7 ± 5.33% of the MIF, respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of MPV at optimum MPP ranged from 7.4% to 9.7%, while the CV of %MIF ranged from 18.2% to 29.2%. The MPV is a more precise indicator of the optimum loads than the percentages of MIF due to its low inter-subject variability as expressed by CV. Therefore, MPV can be used to determine the optimum power load in the four investigated exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronaldo Kobal
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Katia Kitamura
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil.,b Brazilian Rugby Confederation , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- a NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport , São Paulo , Brazil.,c Department of Physical Education , State University of Londrina , Londrina , Brazil
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Lai WF, Shum HC. A stimuli-responsive nanoparticulate system using poly(ethylenimine)-graft-polysorbate for controlled protein release. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:517-528. [PMID: 26676890 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06641g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins have emerged as an important class of therapeutic agents due to their high specificity in their physiological actions. Over the years, diverse protein carriers have been developed; however, some concerns, such as the relatively low loading efficiency and release sustainability, have limited the efficiency of protein delivery. This study reports the use of hydrogel nanoparticles based on a novel copolymer, poly(ethylenimine)-graft-polysorbate (PEIP), as effective protein carriers. The copolymer is fabricated by grafting poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) with polysorbate 20 using carbonyldiimidazole chemistry. Its cytotoxicity is much lower than that of unmodified PEI in RGC5 and HEK293 cells. In comparison with nanoparticles formed by unmodified PEI, our nanoparticles are not only more efficient in cellular internalization, as indicated by the 5- to 6-fold reduction in the time they take to cause 90% of cells to exhibit intracellular fluorescence, but also give a protein loading efficiency as high as 70-90%. These, together with the salt-responsiveness of the nanoparticles in protein release and the retention of the activity of the loaded protein, suggest that PEIP and its hydrogel nanoparticles warrant further development as protein carriers for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Ho Cheung Shum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. and HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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31
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Loturco I, Nakamura FY, Artioli GG, Kobal R, Kitamura K, Cal Abad CC, Cruz IF, Romano F, Pereira LA, Franchini E. Strength and Power Qualities Are Highly Associated With Punching Impact in Elite Amateur Boxers. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:109-16. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Taylor NE, Dengel DR, Lund TC, Rudser KD, Orchard PJ, Steinberger J, Whitley CB, Polgreen LE. Isokinetic muscle strength differences in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2014; 7:353-60. [PMID: 25547887 PMCID: PMC4438747 DOI: 10.3233/prm-140305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine muscular strength differences in patients with MPS-I, II, and VI versus age- and sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS Dominant leg isokinetic knee extension strength was measured at 90 and 120 degrees per second (d/s) using a dynamometer in 30 subjects with MPS and 42 controls (5-16 yrs). MPS-I was further divided into MPS-IA (attenuated) and MPS-IH (severe). Strength measures analyzed were peak torque (PkT), peak torque per unit body weight (PkT/BW) and per unit lean body mass (PkT/LBM), and average power (AP). RESULTS Following adjusting strength measures for age, MPS-IH and MPS-II had significantly lower strength measures for all variables at both angular velocities. MPS-VI had significantly lower PkT, PkT/LBM, and AP compared to controls at 90 and 120d/s. In contrast, MPS-IA was not significantly different from controls for any strength variable at either angular velocity. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that decrements in skeletal muscle strength depend on MPS diagnosis and severity of disease. Children with MPS-IH demonstrate the greatest difference in muscular strength compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Taylor
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, WI, USA
| | - Donald R Dengel
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Troy C Lund
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paul J Orchard
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julia Steinberger
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chester B Whitley
- Division of Pediatric Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lynda E Polgreen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Harwood B, Dalton BH, Power GA, Rice CL. Motor unit properties from three synergistic muscles during ramp isometric elbow extensions. Exp Brain Res 2013; 231:501-10. [PMID: 24081681 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many tasks require synergistic activation of muscles that possess different architectural, mechanical, and neural control properties. However, investigations of the motor unit (MU) mechanisms which modulate force are mostly restricted to individual muscles and low forces. To explore the pattern of MU recruitment and discharge behavior among three elbow extensors (lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii, and anconeus) during ramp isometric contractions, recruitment thresholds of 77 MUs in five young men were determined and corresponding MU discharge rates were tracked in 1-s epochs over forces ranging from 0 to 75 % of maximal voluntary isometric force (MVC). Across all forces, MUs in the lateral head discharged at higher rates than those in the anconeus (p < 0.001, Δ = 0.23). When all MUs were considered, recruitment thresholds in the long head of the triceps brachii were higher than the lateral head (p < 0.05, Δ = 0.70) with a trend (p = 0.08, Δ = 0.48) for higher recruitment thresholds in the long head compared with the anconeus. Together, these data indicate a potential mechanical disadvantage of the long head of the triceps brachii at 0° shoulder flexion. However, among low-threshold MUs (<10 % MVC), recruitment thresholds were lower in the anconeus than in both heads of the triceps brachii consistent with the expected twitch contractile and fiber type differences among these muscles. These findings illustrate the importance of considering synergistic relations among muscles used for a coordinated task, and the sensitivity of synergies to muscle architectural, mechanical, and possibly specific synaptic input factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Harwood
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA,
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Lenetsky S, Harris N, Brughelli M. Assessment and Contributors of Punching Forces in Combat Sports Athletes. Strength Cond J 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e31828b6c12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang S, Liu J, Chen Y, Jiang J. Reversal effect of Tween-20 on multidrug resistance in tumor cells in vitro. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:187-94. [PMID: 22440896 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major barrier for chemotherapy of many cancers. Non-ionic surfactants have great potential to reverse the MDR by preventing onset or delay progression of the carcinogenic process. However, the role of Tween-20 in the development of MDR remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the reversal effect and potential mechanism of Tween-20 on tumor cells in vitro. Alamar Blue assay was used to examine the reversal index of Tween-20 to vincristine (VCR), doxorubicin (DOX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in KBv200, HepG2/R and Bel-7402/5-FU, respectively. Morphological change was determined by Gimsa and Hoechst 33258 staining. The acumulation of DOX was confirmed by spectrofluorimetric assay. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression levels of MDR were assessed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and dot blot, respectively. The results showed that Tween-20 at concentrations of 0.0025%, 0.005%, 0.01% had little cytotoxicity. When combined with the cancer drugs, it significantly promoted the sensitivity of MDR cells. Fluorescence staining confirmed that the percentage of apoptotic cell increased when combined with Tween-20. This notion was further supported by the observation that Tween-20 treatment potentiated VIN-induced G2/M arrest of the cell cycle. Furthermore, Tween-20 treatment increased significantly intracellular accumulation of DOX. RT-PCR and dot blot revealed that Tween-20 could downregulate the expression of MDR and P-glycoprotein. Low concentrations of Tween-20 can efficiently reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype by enhancing accumulation of the anticancer drugs. The potential mechanism may be via inhibiting the multidrug-resistant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Normal University, 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, China
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Negrete RJ, Hanney WJ, Kolber MJ, Davies GJ, Ansley MK, McBride AB, Overstreet AL. Reliability, minimal detectable change, and normative values for tests of upper extremity function and power. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 24:3318-25. [PMID: 21088548 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e7259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability, minimal detectable change (MDC), and determine normative values of 3 upper extremity (UE) tests of function and power. One hundred eighty participants, men (n = 69) and women (n = 111), were tested on 3 UE strength and power maneuvers in a multicenter study to determine baseline normative values. Forty-six subjects returned for a second day of testing within 5 days of the initial assessment for the reliability component of the investigation. Explosive power was assessed via a seated shot-put test for the dominant and nondominant arms. Relationships between the dominant and nondominant arms were also analyzed. A push-up and modified pull-up were performed to measure the amount of work performed in short (15-second) bursts of activity. The relationship between the push-up and modified pull-up was also determined. Analysis showed test-retest reliability for the modified pull-up, timed push-up, dominant single-arm seated shot-put tests, and nondominant single-arm seated shot-put tests to be intraclass correlation coefficient(3,1) 0.958, 0.989, 0.988, and 0.971, respectively. The MDC for both the push-up and modified pull-up was 2 repetitions. The MDCs for the shot put with the dominant arm and the nondominant arm were 17 and 18 in., respectively. The result of this study indicates that these field tests possess excellent reliability. Normative values have been identified, which require further validation. These tests demonstrate a practical and effective method to measure upper extremity functional power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney J Negrete
- Florida Hospital Celebration Health, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Celebration, Florida, USA.
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Arbanas J, Klasan GS, Nikolic M, Jerkovic R, Miljanovic I, Malnar D. Fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle with regard to the level of its origin. J Anat 2010; 215:636-41. [PMID: 19930517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to explore the fibre type composition of the human psoas major muscle at different levels of its origin, from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra, and to compare the muscle fibre size and distribution of different fibre types between levels with respect to its complex postural and dynamic function. Muscle samples were collected from 15 young males (younger than 35 years). Serial transverse sections (5 microm) of the samples were cut by cryomicrotome. Type I, IIA and IIX muscle fibres were typed using myosin heavy chain identification. The serial sections were analysed using a light microscope with a magnitude of 100x. The differences between measurements were evaluated using a repeated-measures anova and Scheffé test for post-hoc analysis. Our study showed that the human psoas major muscle was composed of type I, IIA and IIX muscle fibres. It had a predominance of type IIA muscle fibres, whereas type I muscle fibres had the largest cross-sectional area. Type IIX muscle fibres were present as a far smaller percentage and had the smallest cross-sectional area. Moreover, the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle was different between levels of its origin starting from the first lumbar to the fourth lumbar vertebra. We conclude that the fibre type composition of the psoas major muscle indicated its dynamic and postural functions, which supports the fact that it is the main flexor of the hip joint (dynamic function) and stabilizer of the lumbar spine, sacroiliac and hip joints (postural function). The cranial part of the psoas major muscle has a primarily postural role, whereas the caudal part of the muscle has a dynamic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Arbanas
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Terzis G, Spengos K, Karampatsos G, Manta P, Georgiadis G. Acute Effect of Drop Jumping on Throwing Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:2592-7. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b1b1a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Kyriazis TA, Terzis G, Boudolos K, Georgiadis G. Muscular Power, Neuromuscular Activation, and Performance in Shot Put Athletes At Preseason and at Competition Period. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:1773-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b3f91e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sanchis-Moysi J, Idoate F, Olmedillas H, Guadalupe-Grau A, Alayón S, Carreras A, Dorado C, Calbet JAL. The upper extremity of the professional tennis player: muscle volumes, fiber-type distribution and muscle strength. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:524-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Anaerobic capacity of the upper arms in top-level team handball players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009; 3:251-61. [PMID: 19211939 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.3.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Handball is a sport with high anaerobic demands in lower body as has been indicated by Wingate test (WT) performed with the legs, but there are no data available concerning power production during a WT performed with the arms in handball players (HndP). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the arm anaerobic profile of HndP during a WT. METHODS Twenty-one elite HndP and 9 physical education students (CON), performed a 30-s arm WT. Power production and muscle oxygenation were recorded. RESULTS Peak power (PP) as well as mean power (MP) was higher (P = .017 and 0.03, and ES = 1.00 and 0.86, respectively) for HndP (HndP PP: 7.6 +/- 0.8 W x kg(-1); CON PP: 6.7 +/- 1.1 W x kg(-1); HndP MP 5.3 +/- 0.6 W x kg(-1); CON MP 4.7 +/- 0.9 W x kg(-1)) with no significant difference in fatigue index between the two groups. Muscle oxygen saturation (StO2) declined approximately 30% with exercise with no differences between groups. During recovery the HndP group had higher StO2 (P = .01, ES= 3.04), total hemoglobin and oxygenated hemoglobin compared with the CON group (P < .01 ES = 3.29 and 0.99, respectively). StO2 returned to resting values in 29.5 +/- 2.3 s in HndP, whereas this variable did not recover after 2 min in CON. CONCLUSIONS The arm anaerobic capacity of the HndP was "excellent," significantly higher than that by the control group. Moreover, HndP exhibited faster recovery of StO2 compared with the control group. The greater power output and the faster muscle reoxygenation of arms in HndP can be attributed to specific training adaptations related to high performance in handball.
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Terzis G, Stratakos G, Manta P, Georgiadis G. Throwing performance after resistance training and detraining. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:1198-204. [PMID: 18545188 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816d5c97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of short-term resistance training and detraining on shot put throwing performance. Eleven young healthy subjects with basic shot put skills participated in 14 weeks of resistance training, which was followed by 4 weeks of detraining. Shot put performance in four field tests was measured before (T1) and after (T2) resistance training and after detraining (T3). At the same time points, one repetition maximum (1RM) was measured in squat, bench press, and leg press. Fat-free mass (FFM) was determined with dual x-ray absorptiometry and muscle biopsies obtained from vastus lateralis for the determination of fiber type composition and cross-sectional area (CSA). 1RM strength increased 22-34% (p < 0.01) at T2 and decreased 4-5% (not significantly different) at T3. Shot put performance increased 6-12% (p < 0.05) after training and remained unaltered after detraining. FFM increased at T2 (p < 0.05) but remained unchanged between T2 and T3. Muscle fiber CSA increased 12-18% (p < 0.05) at T2. Type I muscle fiber CSA was not altered after detraining, but type IIa and IIx fiber CSA was reduced 10-12% (p < 0.05). The percentage of type IIx muscle fibers was reduced after training (T1 = 18.7 +/- 4, T2 = 10.4 +/- 1; p < 0.05), and it was increased at T3 compared with T2 (T3 = 13.7 +/- 1; p < 0.05). These results suggest that shot put performance remains unaltered after 4 weeks of complete detraining in moderately resistance-trained subjects. This might be linked to the concomitant reduction of muscle fiber CSA and increase in the percentage of type IIx muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Terzis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Rambaud O, Rahmani A, Moyen B, Bourdin M. Importance of Upper-Limb Inertia in Calculating Concentric Bench Press Force. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:383-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816193e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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