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Ivaniski-Mello A, Cubillos-Arcila DM, Dell'Anna S, de Liz Alves L, Martinez FG, Buzzachera CF, Saute JAM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Postural adjustments and perceptual responses of Nordic running: concurrent effects of poles and irregular terrain. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1733-1745. [PMID: 38231230 PMCID: PMC11129971 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05397-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the natural environment, humans must continuously negotiate irregular and unpredictable terrain. Recently, the poles have been extensively used during trial running events. However, we know little about how humans adjust posture and bilateral coordination to use poles in irregular terrain. Here, we compared kinematics, bilateral coordination and perceptual responses between regular (compact dust) and irregular terrain (medium-length grass) during running at preferred speed with and without poles. METHODS In this transversal observational study, thirteen young healthy adults (8 men; mean ± SD; age 29.1 ± 8.0 years, body mass 76.8 ± 11.4 kg; height 1.75 ± 0.08 m) were evaluated during running at a self-selected comfortable speed with and without poles on regular and irregular terrains. RESULTS Our results show that, despite more flexed pattern on lower-limb joints at irregular terrain, the usage of poles was not enough to re-stabilize the bilateral coordination. Also, the perceived exertion was impaired adding poles to running, probably due to more complex movement pattern using poles in comparison to free running, and the invariance in the bilateral coordination. CONCLUSION Besides the invariability of usage poles on bilateral coordination and lower-limb kinematics, the runners seem to prioritize postural stability over lower limb stiffness when running in medium-length grass given the larger range of ankle and knee motion observed in irregular terrain. Further investigations at rougher/hilly terrains will likely provide additional insights into the neuromotor control strategies used to maintain the stability and on perceptual responses using poles during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Ivaniski-Mello
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Diana Maria Cubillos-Arcila
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefano Dell'Anna
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucas de Liz Alves
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Flávia Gomes Martinez
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Cosme Franklim Buzzachera
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Morales Saute
- Graduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alexandre Peyré-Tartaruga
- LaBiodin Biodynamics Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Felizardo Street, 750, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil.
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensic Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Szpala A, Winiarski S, Kołodziej M, Jasiński R, Lejczak A, Kałka D, Lorek K, Bałchanowski J, Wudarczyk S, Woźniewski M, Pietraszewski B. Effects of nordic walking training on gait and exercise tolerance in male ischemic heart disease patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11249. [PMID: 38755348 PMCID: PMC11099289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This technique-focused observational study explores the impact of a 6-week Nordic Walking (NW) program on physiological and biomechanical aspects in ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients. Twelve male IHD patients (66.2 ± 5.2 years, 12.2 ± 7.5 years of disease duration) were evaluated pre- and post-training for (i) gait parameters, (ii) exercise tolerance using electrocardiographic (ECG) stress test, (iii) a 6-min walk test (6MWT). The NW training, adhering to IHD patient guidelines, involved a 100-m walk at a self-selected, preferred speed without sticks, with classic NW sticks and mechatronic sticks. A mechatronic measuring system, specifically engineered for measuring, diagnosing and monitoring the patient's gait, was integrated into mechatronic sticks. Post-training, significant enhancements were observed in ECG stress test duration, metabolic equivalency, and 6MWT distance, irrespective of the stick type. However, no significant changes were noted in spatiotemporal parameters concerning the measured side, stick utilisation, or type. The results suggest that NW training boosts exercise capacity and refines gait mechanics in male IHD patients. However, the improvement in exercise capacity was not linked to changes in gait mechanics from NW training but rather to the movement during NW gait. Hence, the key to enhancing exercise capacity in IHD patients is the movement during NW gait, not the quality of gait mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szpala
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58 Street, 51-684, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sławomir Winiarski
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58 Street, 51-684, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Kołodziej
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58 Street, 51-684, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ryszard Jasiński
- Department of Human Biology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35 Avenue, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lejczak
- Department of Physiotherapy in Surgical Medicine and Oncology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35 Avenue, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kałka
- Department of Physiotherapy in Internal Diseases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35 Avenue, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Lorek
- Department of Kinesiology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35 Avenue, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Bałchanowski
- Department of Fundamentals of Machine Design and Mechatronics Systems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 7/9 Street, 50-371, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wudarczyk
- Department of Fundamentals of Machine Design and Mechatronics Systems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 7/9 Street, 50-371, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marek Woźniewski
- Department of Physiotherapy in Surgical Medicine and Oncology, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Paderewskiego 35 Avenue, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bogdan Pietraszewski
- Department of Biomechanics, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Mickiewicza 58 Street, 51-684, Wrocław, Poland
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Grigoletto A, Mauro M, Toselli S. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Nordic Walking and a Resistance Indoor Training Program: Anthropometric, Body Composition, and Functional Parameters in the Middle-Aged Population. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:79. [PMID: 37367243 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors are increasing in the population, so strategies for the increment of physical activity levels are needed. The use of green space seems to be a valid support to be more active. The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a period of outdoor training (Nordic walking (NW)) with indoor resistance training (GYM) in a nonclinical population based on anthropometric characteristics, body composition, and functional parameters. This study was conducted on 102 participants (77 middle-aged people performed NW and 25 performed indoor training). Participants were measured twice: at baseline and after three months. Anthropometric measurements (weight, BMI, skinfolds, perimeters), body composition, bioelectrical impedance, vectorial analysis (BIA and BIVA), and physical tests were carried out. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effect of the treatments, groups, and sexes. There were several intervention effects linked to a decrease in fat parameters (such as skinfolds, fat mass, and percentage of fat mass). Considering the type of intervention, NW showed a higher increase in muscle mass and a higher decrease in fat parameters than the GYM group. In conclusion, the two types of training could represent a good way to remain active and prevent sedentary behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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Saulicz M, Saulicz A, Myśliwiec A, Knapik A, Rottermund J, Saulicz E. Effect of Nordic Walking Training on Physical Fitness and Self-Assessment of Health of People with Chronic Non-Specific Lower Back Pain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095720. [PMID: 37174238 PMCID: PMC10178667 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the impact of a four-week cycle of Nordic Walking (NW) training on the physical fitness of people with chronic non-specific lower back pain and the impact of this form of activity on their self-assessment of health quality, the study included 80 men and women aged 29 to 63 years. The subjects were divided into two equal (40-person) groups: experimental and control. In both study groups the degree of disability in daily activities caused by back pain was assessed with the FFb-H-R questionnaire, the physical fitness was evaluated with the modified Fullerton test and the sense of health quality was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire. The same tests were repeated after four weeks. In the experimental group NW training was applied between the two studies. During four weeks, 10 training units were carried out, and each training session lasted 60 min with a two-day break between each training. The four-week NW training resulted in a statistically significant sense of disability due to back pain (p < 0.001), significant improvement of physical fitness expressed by improvement in upper (p < 0.001) and lower (p < 0.01) body strength, upper and lower body flexibility (p < 0.001) and ability to walk a longer distance in a 6-min walk test (p < 0.001). The training participants also showed significant improvements in health quality in both physical (p < 0.001) and mental (p < 0.001) components. The four-week NW training has a positive impact on the physical fitness of men and women with chronic lower back pain. Participation in NW training also contributes to a significant reduction in the sense of disability caused by back pain and improvement in the self-assessment of health quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Saulicz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Saulicz
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Andrzej Myśliwiec
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Knapik
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity and Sport, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Medyków 12, 40-751 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Rottermund
- Health and Social Work, St. Elizabeth University, Namestie 1, maja 1, 811 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Edward Saulicz
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Russo L, Belli G, Di Blasio A, Lupu E, Larion A, Fischetti F, Montagnani E, Di Biase Arrivabene P, De Angelis M. The Impact of Nordic Walking Pole Length on Gait Kinematic Parameters. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020050. [PMID: 37218846 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nordic walking (NW) is a popular physical activity used to manage chronic diseases and maintain overall health and fitness status. This study aimed to compare NW to ordinary walking (W) with regard to pole length and to identify kinematic differences associated with different poles' length (55%, 65% and 75% of the subject's height, respectively). Twelve male volunteers (21.1 ± 0.7 years; 1.74 ± 0.05 m; 68.9 ± 6.1 kg) were tested in four conditions (W, NW55, NW65 and NW75) at three different speeds (4-5-6 km∗h-1). Each subject performed a total of twelve tests in a random order. Three-dimensional kinematics of upper and lower body were measured for both W and NW, while oxygen consumption levels (VO2) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured only for NW trials with different poles' length. NW showed a higher step length, lower elbow motion and higher trunk motion (p < 0.05) compared to W. Additionally, NW65 did not show any kinematic or RPE differences compared to NW55 and NW75. Only NW75 showed a higher elbow joint (p < 0.05) and lower pole (p < 0.05) range of motion compared to NW55 and a higher VO2 (p < 0.05) compared to NW55 and NW65 at 6 km∗h-1. In conclusion, the use of the poles affects the motion of the upper and lower body during gait. Poles with shorter or longer length do not produce particular changes in NW kinematics. However, increasing the length of the pole can be a smart variation in NW to increase exercise metabolic demand without significantly affecting the kinematics and the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Russo
- Department of Human Sciences, Università Telematica degli Studi IUL, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Belli
- Department of Sciences for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Elena Lupu
- Department of Motor Activities, Petroleum Gas University Ploiesti, 100600 Ploiesti, Romania
| | - Alin Larion
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Ovidius University of Constanta, 900029 Constanta, Romania
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Montagnani
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4AT, UK
| | | | - Marco De Angelis
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Di Bacco VE, Kiriella JB, Gage WH. The Influence of the Relative Timing between Pole and Heel Strike on Lower Limb Loading among Young and Older Naïve Pole Walkers. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3938075. [PMID: 38655163 PMCID: PMC11022778 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3938075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Current research is unclear with respect to whether pole walking (PW) reduces lower limb loading when compared to regular walking (RW). Contradictory findings in the literature may be related to the relative timing between pole and foot contact events, which were examined in the current study among naïve pole walkers. Fourteen young (4 F; 25.3 ± 5.4 years) and 8 older adults (4 F; 68.5 ± 3.2 years) performed PW and RW trials along a force plate embedded walkway at two different visits. The time difference between pole and foot contact during both the onset of ground contact and the peak force application was calculated. Several kinetic measures were calculated for the lower limbs and poles. A significant decrease during PW, compared to RW, was found for foot impulse (2.1%; p < 0.01), peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (3.4%; p < 0.01), rate of loading (5.2%; p=0.02), and peak push-off vGRF (2.1%; p=0.01). No difference in pole loading was found between age groups and visits. No significant correlations were found between the relative timing and foot loading measures. Significant low-to-moderate negative correlations were found between peak foot and pole vGRFs (p=0.04), peak foot vGRF and pole strike impulse (p=0.01), peak foot vGRF and pole impulse (p=0.02), and peak foot push-off vGRF and pole impulse (p=0.01), suggesting that as pole loading increased, foot loading decreased. Findings suggest timing between pole and heel contact may not be related to unloading the lower limbs but may be related to other aspects of pole use since PW reduced lower limb loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeevaka B. Kiriella
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William H. Gage
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Grigoletto A, Mauro M, Oppio A, Greco G, Fischetti F, Cataldi S, Toselli S. Effects of Nordic Walking Training on Anthropometric, Body Composition and Functional Parameters in the Middle-Aged Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127433. [PMID: 35742680 PMCID: PMC9224194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Nordic walking (NW) is an easy physical exercise that is usually proposed for clinical populations and for the elderly. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a period of NW training in a non-clinical middle-aged population on anthropometric, body composition and functional parameters. A pre-test/post-test study design was conducted on 77 participants: 56 women (72.7%, age 55.53 ± 9.73 years) and 21 men (27.3%, age 60.51 ± 8.15 years). The measurements were carried out with physical tests at the baseline and at the follow up. Participants did two weekly NW training sessions of about 60 min each. A questionnaire was administered to evaluate their feelings after the training period. Paired Students' test was carried out to evaluate the pre-post differences, and the analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the questionnaire. Participants had significantly less stress and anxiety after the NW training. Body fat parameters showed a significant decrease, especially for women. Phase angle and strength of lower body presented a significant increase in both sexes after the training period. In conclusion, NW shows many potential benefits also for the nonclinical population and could be an important exercise to remain active and to maintain a good health condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.G.); (S.T.)
| | - Mario Mauro
- Department of Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Alberto Oppio
- School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and sport Science, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gianpiero Greco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesco Fischetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.G.); (F.F.)
| | - Stefania Cataldi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Study of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.G.); (S.T.)
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Cokorilo N, Ruiz-Montero PJ, González-Fernández FT, Martín-Moya R. An Intervention of 12 Weeks of Nordic Walking and Recreational Walking to Improve Cardiorespiratory Capacity and Fitness in Older Adult Women. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102900. [PMID: 35629025 PMCID: PMC9142967 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The main aim of this study was to examine the effect of an intervention of 12 weeks in three groups on anthropometric measurement and heart rate (HR) variables, fitness index, and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in older women. (2) Methods: In total, 166 Serbian adult women, aged 50 to 69 years old, participated in this study, comprising a control group (60 participants, μage = 57.8 + 6.6), Nordic-walking (NW) group (53 participants, μage = 57.5 + 6.8), and recreational-walking (RW) group (53 participants, μage = 57.8 + 6.6) in a physical fitness programme for 12 weeks. (3) Results: Anthropometric measurement variables were measured using a stadiometer and an electronic scale. The data showed differences in walking heart rate (bt/min) (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.088) between control, NW, and RW groups in the pretest analysis. Moreover, there were significant differences in walking heart rate (bt/min) (η2 = 0.155), heart rate at the end of the test (bt/min) (η2 = 0.093), total time of fitness index test (min) (η2 = 0.097), fitness index (η2 = 0.130), and VO2max (η2 = 0.111) (all, p < 0.001) between control, NW, and RW groups in the posttest analysis. (4) Conclusions: NW group training resulted in slightly greater benefits than RW group training. The present study demonstrated that both groups could act as modalities to improve the functionality and quality of life of people during the ageing process, reflected mainly in HR variables; UKK test measurements, and VO2max. It also contributes to the extant research on older women during exercise and opens interesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Cokorilo
- Faculty of Sport, University UNION Nikola Tesla, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Pedro Jesús Ruiz-Montero
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain; (F.T.G.-F.); (R.M.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco Tomás González-Fernández
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain; (F.T.G.-F.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Ricardo Martín-Moya
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, 52005 Melilla, Spain; (F.T.G.-F.); (R.M.-M.)
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Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Boccia G, Feijó Martins V, Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Pellegrini B. Margins of stability and trunk coordination during Nordic walking. J Biomech 2022; 134:111001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Galloway R, Booker R, Loftin M, Holmes ME, Gdovin J. Physiological and perceptual responses during walking at set and preferred pace in normal and overweight adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:100-106. [PMID: 34508154 PMCID: PMC11008182 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the influence of body weight, exercise modality, and pace on physiological and perceptual responses to determine the relation between perceptual and physiological responses. METHODS Aerobically untrained, normal weight, and overweight males and females participated. Participants were randomly assigned to one exercise condition for a 1-mile walk. RESULTS Prescribed pace resulted in a greater physiological stress than self-selected pace (all p < 0.001) through blood lactate (1.3 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 mmol), systolic blood pressure (128.9 ± 10.3 vs 139.2 ± 13.2 mmHg), heart rate recovery (2.1 ± 1.7 vs 4.5 ± 2.6 min), oxygen consumption (15.1 ± 2.6 vs 18.1 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min), heart rate (111.7 ± 16.6 vs 134.4 ± 8.3 bpm), and energy expenditure (5.5 ± 1.4 vs 6.8 ± 1.7 kcal/min). Overweight individuals exhibited higher values than normal weight for heart rate (113 ± 8.8 vs 125.5 ± 13.2 bpm, p < 0.001), percentage of max heart rate (60.7 vs 69.0%, p < 0.001), percent of VO2peak (42.2 vs 55.6%, p < 0.001), and total energy expenditure (100.9 ± 27.4 vs 114.1 ± 33.5 kcal, p = 0.022). Greater perceived effort was seen on a treadmill (6.3 ± 0.5 vs 12.5 ± 2.0 RPE, p < 0.001) and at prescribed pace (6.5 ± 1.1 vs 8.9 ± 1.9 RPE, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A novel finding of this study was the increased physiological stress and perception of effort on a treadmill and at a prescribed pace, while total energy expenditure showed no significant differences. This could indicate an unfavorable perception and less affective response to the treadmill modality. These results indicate exercise at self-selected pace in preferred environments promotes enjoyable experiences with similar health benefits as those during prescribed higher intensity exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Galloway
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
| | - R Booker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Loftin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - M E Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J Gdovin
- Department of Physical Education, Sport, and Human Performance, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, MS, USA
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Verch R, Stoll J, Hadzic M, Quarmby A, Völler H. Whole-Body EMS Superimposed Walking and Nordic Walking on a Treadmill-Determination of Exercise Intensity to Conventional Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715417. [PMID: 34671269 PMCID: PMC8523069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is an increasingly popular training method and has become the focus of research in recent years. New EMS devices offer a wide range of mobile applications for whole-body EMS (WB-EMS) training, e.g., the intensification of dynamic low-intensity endurance exercises through WB-EMS. The present study aimed to determine the differences in exercise intensity between WB-EMS-superimposed and conventional walking (EMS-CW), and CON and WB-EMS-superimposed Nordic walking (WB-EMS-NW) during a treadmill test. Eleven participants (52.0 ± years; 85.9 ± 7.4 kg, 182 ± 6 cm, BMI 25.9 ± 2.2 kg/m2) performed a 10 min treadmill test at a given velocity (6.5 km/h) in four different test situations, walking (W) and Nordic walking (NW) in both conventional and WB-EMS superimposed. Oxygen uptake in absolute (VO2) and relative to body weight (rel. VO2), lactate, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before and after the test. WB-EMS intensity was adjusted individually according to the feedback of the participant. The descriptive statistics were given in mean ± SD. For the statistical analyses, one-factorial ANOVA for repeated measures and two-factorial ANOVA [factors include EMS, W/NW, and factor combination (EMS*W/NW)] were performed (α = 0.05). Significant effects were found for EMS and W/NW factors for the outcome variables VO2 (EMS: p = 0.006, r = 0.736; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.870), relative VO2 (EMS: p < 0.001, r = 0.850; W/NW: p < 0.001, r = 0.937), and lactate (EMS: p = 0.003, r = 0.771; w/NW: p = 0.003, r = 0.764) and both the factors produced higher results. However, the difference in VO2 and relative VO2 is within the range of biological variability of ± 12%. The factor combination EMS*W/NW is statistically non-significant for all three variables. WB-EMS resulted in the higher RPE values (p = 0.035, r = 0.613), RPE differences for W/NW and EMS*W/NW were not significant. The current study results indicate that WB-EMS influences the parameters of exercise intensity. The impact on exercise intensity and the clinical relevance of WB-EMS-superimposed walking (WB-EMS-W) exercise is questionable because of the marginal differences in the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Verch
- Clinical Exercise Science, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Josephine Stoll
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miralem Hadzic
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andrew Quarmby
- Clinical Exercise Science, University Outpatient Clinic Potsdam, Department Sports and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Heinz Völler
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Health Science Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Klinik am See, Rüdersdorf, Germany
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12
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Kantorowicz M, Szymura J, Szygula Z, Kusmierczyk J, Maciejczyk M, Wiecek M. Nordic Walking at Maximal Fat Oxidation Intensity Decreases Circulating Asprosin and Visceral Obesity in Women With Metabolic Disorders. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726783. [PMID: 34539448 PMCID: PMC8446531 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Excess visceral adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders, including deregulation of adipokine secretion, which may be corrected by aerobic exercise training. Asprosin is a novel adipokine responsible for the regulation of appetite and the release of glucose from the liver, and its levels are pathologically elevated in obesity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 8-week Nordic walking (NW) training at maximal fat oxidation intensity (FATmax) on changes in body mass, as well as those in insulin resistance and asprosin levels among young women with visceral obesity and metabolic disorders. Materials and Methods The study was completed by 14 women (30.14 ± 3.63 years) representing low levels of physical activity, visceral obesity (waist circumference 105.50 ± 14.87 cm, BMI 33.85 ± 5.48 kg/m2) and with metabolic disorders, who for 8 weeks (three times a week, 60 min), participated in NW training at the FATmax intensity (61.92 ± 6.71% HRmax, 42.33 ± 8.69% VO2max) controlled on the basis of heart rate (114.21 ± 14.10 bpm). Results After 4 and 8 weeks of NW training, a significant decrease in the concentration of asprosin, waist and hip circumference (HC), waist-to-height ratio and body adiposity index (BAI) (p < 0.05, large effect size) were found. Conclusion The 8-week NW training at an FATmax intensity decreases the concentration of asprosin in the blood as well as visceral obesity in young women with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kantorowicz
- Ph.D. Studies, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Szymura
- Department of Clinical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Kusmierczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wiecek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Kraków, Poland
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13
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Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Mazzuca P, Rossi E, Schena F, Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Schena F, Mazzuca P, Rossi E. Walking for subjects with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and joint AMD/SID/SISMES evidence-based practical guideline. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Aims
Regular exercise is considered a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and also improves general well-being, likely playing a role in the prevention of chronic complications of diabetes. However, compliance to exercise recommendations is generally inadequate in subjects with T2DM. Walking is the most ancestral form of physical activity in humans, easily applicable in daily life. It may represent, in many patients, a first simple step towards lifestyle changes. Nevertheless, while most diabetic patients do not engage in any weekly walking, exercise guidelines do not generally detail how to improve its use. The aims of this document are to conduct a systematic review of available literature on walking as a therapeutic tool for people with T2DM, and to provide practical, evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding its utilization in these subjects.
Data synthesis
Analysis of available RCTs proved that regular walking training, especially when supervised, improves glucose control in subjects with T2DM, with favorable effects also on cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight, and blood pressure. Moreover, some recent studies have shown that even short bouts of walking, used for breaking prolonged sitting, can ameliorate glucose profiles in diabetic patients with sedentary behavior.
Conclusions
There is sufficient evidence to recognize that walking is a useful therapeutic tool for people with T2DM. This document discusses theoretical and practical issues for improving its use.
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14
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Baek S, Ha Y. Estimation of energy expenditure of Nordic walking: a crossover trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:14. [PMID: 33608046 PMCID: PMC7893942 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Nordic walking (NW) requires more energy compared with conventional walking (W). However, the metabolic equation for NW has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize responses in oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and surface electromyography of the upper and lower limb muscles during NW and W and develop a metabolic equation for energy expenditure (E, mL·kg− 1·min− 1) of NW. Methods This study was performed in a randomized, controlled, crossover design to test the energy expenditure during NW and W. Fifteen healthy young men were enrolled (aged 23.7 ± 3.0 years). All participants performed two randomly ordered walking tests (NW and W) on a treadmill at a predetermined stepwise incremental walking speed (3–5 km·h− 1) and grade (0–7%). The oxygen uptake, minute ventilation, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and surface electromyography signals of the three upper limb muscles and three lower limb muscles in their right body were recorded and compared between NW and W using paired-t test. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to draw estimation of E during W and NW. Results Oxygen uptake (+ 15.8%), minute ventilation (+ 17.0%), heart rate (+ 8.4%), and systolic blood pressure (+ 7.7%) were higher in NW than in W (P < .05). NW resulted in increased muscle activity in all of the upper limb muscles (P < .05). In the lower limb, surface electromyography activities in two of the three lower limb muscles were increased in NW than in W only during level walking (P < .05). Energy expenditure during W and NW was estimated as follows: ENW = 6.1 + 0.09 × speed + 1.19 × speed × grade and EW = 4.4 + 0.09 × speed + 1.20 × speed × grade. Conclusion NW showed higher work intensity than W, with an oxygen consumption difference of 1.7 mL·kg− 1·min− 1. The coefficients were not different between the two walking methods. NW involved more muscles of the upper body than W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Baek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Baengnyeong-ro 156, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24289, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yuncheol Ha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Baengnyeong-ro 156, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, 24289, Republic of Korea
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15
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Moghetti P, Balducci S, Guidetti L, Mazzuca P, Rossi E, Schena F. Walking for subjects with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and joint AMD/SID/SISMES evidence-based practical guideline. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1882-1898. [PMID: 32998820 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Regular exercise is considered a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors, contributes to weight loss, and also improves general well-being, likely playing a role in the prevention of chronic complications of diabetes. However, compliance to exercise recommendations is generally inadequate in subjects with T2DM. Walking is the most ancestral form of physical activity in humans, easily applicable in daily life. It may represent, in many patients, a first simple step towards lifestyle changes. Nevertheless, while most diabetic patients do not engage in any weekly walking, exercise guidelines do not generally detail how to improve its use. The aims of this document are to conduct a systematic review of available literature on walking as a therapeutic tool for people with T2DM, and to provide practical, evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding its utilization in these subjects. DATA SYNTHESIS Analysis of available RCTs proved that regular walking training, especially when supervised, improves glucose control in subjects with T2DM, with favorable effects also on cardiorespiratory fitness, body weight and blood pressure. Moreover, some recent studies have shown that even short bouts of walking, used for breaking prolonged sitting, can ameliorate glucose profiles in diabetic patients with sedentary behavior. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to recognize that walking is a useful therapeutic tool for people with T2DM. This document discusses theoretical and practical issues for improving its use. This article is co-published in the journals Sport Sciences for Health and Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moghetti
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - S Balducci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Diabetes Unit, Sant'Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Metabolic Fitness Association, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - L Guidetti
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - P Mazzuca
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Center, Romagna Health District, Rimini, Italy; Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - E Rossi
- Diabetes Unit, ASL of Benevento, Benevento, Italy
| | - F Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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16
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Spatiotemporal characteristics of locomotor adaptation of walking with two handheld poles. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2973-2982. [PMID: 33074403 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pole walking (PW) has received attention not only as a whole-body exercise that can be adapted for elderly people with poor physical fitness but also as a possible intervention for the restoration of gait function in normal walking without the use of poles (i.e., conventional walking CW). However, the characteristics of PW, especially how and why PW training affects CW, remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of locomotor adaptation in PW from the perspective of kinematic variables. For this purpose, we compared the locomotor adaptation in PW and CW to that when walking on a split-belt treadmill in terms of spatial and temporal coordination. The result showed that adaptations to the split-belt treadmill in PW and CW were found only in interlimb parameters (step length and double support time ratios (fast/slow limb)), not in intralimb parameters (stride length and stance time ratios). In these interlimb parameters, the movement patterns acquired through split-belt locomotor adaptations (i.e., the aftereffects) were transferred between CW and PW regardless of whether the novel movement patterns were learned in CW or PW. The aftereffects of double support time and step length learned in CW were completely washed out by the subsequent execution in PW. On the other hand, the aftereffect of double support time learned in PW was not completely washed out by the subsequent execution in CW, whereas the aftereffect of step length learned in PW was completely washed out by the subsequent execution in CW. These results suggest that the neural mechanisms related to controlling interlimb parameters are shared between CW and PW, and it is possible that, in interlimb coordination, temporal coordination is preferentially stored in adaptation during PW.
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17
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Domaszewska K, Koper M, Wochna K, Czerniak U, Marciniak K, Wilski M, Bukowska D. The Effects of Nordic Walking With Poles With an Integrated Resistance Shock Absorber on Cognitive Abilities and Cardiopulmonary Efficiency in Postmenopausal Women. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:586286. [PMID: 33192480 PMCID: PMC7604469 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.586286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Late adulthood is associated with atrophy of brain areas, which contribute to cognitive deterioration and increase the risk of depression. On the other hand, aerobic exercise can improve learning and memory function, ameliorate mood, and prevent neurodegenerative changes. This study demonstrates the effect of Nordic walking (NW) and NW with poles with an integrated resistance shock absorber (NW with RSA) on aerobic capacity and body composition in postmenopausal women. It also measures the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) serum levels and determines correlations with cognitive functions and depression symptoms. These relationships with the use of NW with RSA as a new form of exercise have not been described thus far. In this study, 31 women (NW - 16, NW with RSA - 15) participated in eight weeks of training. The findings showed that only NW with RSA training caused a significant decrease in body mass and body mass index (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in GDNF levels between groups studied. Regarding BDNF, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the NW group and an increase (not statistically significant) in the NW with RSA group was found. A comparative analysis of cognitive and depression outcomes and changes in BDNF and GDNF concentration showed no significant differences in the efficacy of either form of training. Training loads resulted in a significant increase in VO2max in both the NW (p < 0.01) and NW with RSA (p < 0.05) groups. This indicates an improvement in cardiopulmonary efficiency of the examined women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Domaszewska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Koper
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krystian Wochna
- Laboratory of Swimming and Water Lifesaving, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Urszula Czerniak
- Department of Anthropology and Biometry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Marciniak
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences and Health Promotion, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Wilski
- Department of Adapted Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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18
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Cebula A, Tyka AK, Tyka A, Pałka T, Pilch W, Luty L, Mucha D. Physiological response and cardiorespiratory adaptation after a 6-week Nordic Walking training targeted at lipid oxidation in a group of post-menopausal women. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230917. [PMID: 32236147 PMCID: PMC7112189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of a 6-week Nordic Walking (NW) training, at the intensity corresponding to the dominance of lipid metabolism, on the levels of selected physiological indices, the haemodynamic indices of the cardiovascular system and physical fitness in sedentary women older than 55 years of age. In addition, the physiological response of the female body to the walking effort on treadmill with poles (NW) and without poles (W) was compared and the influence of training on this response was determined. A single group study with a pre-test/post-test study design was conducted. Eighteen women performed NW controlled intensity training 3 times a week for 6 weeks. Body composition, resting blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) as well as circulatory and respiratory indices in two graded walking efforts on mechanical treadmill NW and W were measured before and after training period. The intensity of workouts, which considered the dominance of lipid metabolism, was determined individually, based on the dynamics of changes in the level of physiological indices during the graded intensity NW. After the course of training, body mass, fat mass, resting BP and HR decreased significantly (p < 0.05). HR and respiratory exchange ratio recorded during NW and W at 1.75 m.s-1 walking speed decreased, while the oxygen pulse increased (p < 0.05). VO2max increased significantly (p < 0.05). Before and after the training period HR, oxygen uptake per minute, and energy expenditure during NW were significantly higher than in W (p < 0.05). The study showed that 6-week NW training at the intensity corresponding to the dominance of lipid metabolism can provide improvement in body composition, cardiovascular function and physical performance in previously sedentary women. NW compared to the regular walk with the same speed revealed higher energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Cebula
- Department of Biological Regeneration and Posture Correction, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Katarzyna Tyka
- Department of Recreation and Biological Regeneration, Faculty of Tourism and Leisure, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Tyka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wanda Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry and Basic of Cosmetology, Faculty of Cosmetology, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lidia Luty
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Department of Biological Regeneration and Posture Correction, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
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Gomeñuka NA, Oliveira HB, da Silva ES, Passos-Monteiro E, da Rosa RG, Carvalho AR, Costa RR, Rodríguez Paz MC, Pellegrini B, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Nordic walking training in elderly, a randomized clinical trial. Part II: Biomechanical and metabolic adaptations. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:3. [PMID: 31932999 PMCID: PMC6957599 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Nordic walking is an attractive method of endurance training. Nevertheless, the biomechanic response due to the additional contribution of using poles in relation to free walking training has been less explored in the elderly. Purpose: This randomized parallel controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of 8 weeks of Nordic walking and free walking training on the walking economy, mechanical work, metabolically optimal speed, and electromyographic activation in elderly. Methods Thirty-three sedentary elderly were randomized into Nordic walking (n = 16) and free walking group (n = 17) with equalized loads. Submaximal walking tests were performed from 1 to 5 km h−1 on the treadmill. Results Walking economy was improved in both free and Nordic walking groups (x2 4.91, p = 0.014) and the metabolically optimal speed was increased by approximately 0.5 km h−1 changing the speed-cost profile. The electromyographic activation in lower and upper limbs, pendular recovery, and total, external, and internal mechanical work remained unchanged (p > 0.05). Interestingly, the internal mechanical work associated with arm movement was higher in the Nordic walking group than in the free walking group after training, while the co-contraction from upper limb muscles was reduced similarly to both groups. Conclusions Eight weeks of Nordic walking training effectively improved the walking economy and functionality as well as maintained the gait mechanics, similar to free walking training in elderly people. This enhancement in the metabolic economy may have been mediated by a reduction in the co-contraction from upper limb muscles. Trial registration ClinicalTrails.gov NCT03096964
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Gomeñuka
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil.,Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, (UCAMI) Universidad Católica de las Misiones, Posadas, Argentina
| | - Henrique Bianchi Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares da Silva
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Elren Passos-Monteiro
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Alberito Rodrigo Carvalho
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil.,Physical Therapy College, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 750 Felizardo Street, Porto Alegre, 90690-200, Brazil
| | | | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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20
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Muollo V, Rossi AP, Milanese C, Masciocchi E, Taylor M, Zamboni M, Rosa R, Schena F, Pellegrini B. The effects of exercise and diet program in overweight people - Nordic walking versus walking. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1555-1565. [PMID: 31695344 PMCID: PMC6717875 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nordic walking (NW) has been recommended as a form of exercise for clinical populations. Despite intervention programs designed to face a clinical status may last several months, no longitudinal studies have compared the effect of NW to another usual form of exercise, like walking (W). We evaluated the effects of diet combined with a long-supervised NW versus W training on body composition, aerobic capacity and strength in overweight adults. Patients and methods Thirty-eight participants, randomized into a NW (n=19, 66±7 years, body mass index (BMI) 33±5)) and a W (n=19, 66±8 years, BMI 32±5) group, followed a diet and a supervised training routine 3 times/week for 6 months. The variables assessed at baseline, after 3 and 6 months were: anthropometric indexes (ie, BMI and waist circumference (WC)), body composition, aerobic capacity (oxygen consumption (VO2peak), peak power output (PPO), 6-min walking test (6MWT)) and strength (maximal voluntary contraction of biceps brachialis (MVCBB) and quadriceps femoris (MVCQF), chair stand and arm curl (AC)). Results After 6 months both NW and W group decreased significantly BMI (6% and 4%, respectively) and WC (8% and 4%, respectively), but only the NW group reduced (P<0.05) total body fat (8%), android fat (14%) and leg fat (9%). After 6 months, PPO increased (P<0.05) in both groups, but VO2peak improved (P<0.05) only in the NW group (8%). After 6 months, 6MWT increased (P<0.001) in both groups and only the NW group improved (P<0.05) in MVCBB (14%), MVCQF (17%) and AC (35%). Conclusion Our results suggest that NW can give in some relevant health parameters, greater and faster benefits than W. Thus, NW can be a primary tool to counteract the obesity and overweight state in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Muollo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Verona Healthy Aging Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Masciocchi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Verona Healthy Aging Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Miriam Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Verona Healthy Aging Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, University of Verona Healthy Aging Center, Verona, Italy
| | - Raffaela Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,CeRiSM, Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
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21
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Rossi AP, Muollo V, Fantin F, Masciocchi E, Urbani S, Taylor M, Caruso B, Milanese C, Capelli C, Schena F, Zamboni M. Effects of diet combined with Nordic walking or walking programme on weight loss and arterial stiffness in postmenopausal overweight and obese women: The Walking and Aging Verona pilot study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 27:2208-2211. [PMID: 31581818 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319877712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Muollo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Fantin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Masciocchi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Urbani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Miriam Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Caruso
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center, University of Verona, Italy
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Benefits of a Pole Walking Program Offered by Community Organizations on Physical Fitness, Psychological Well-Being, and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2019; 27:653–662. [PMID: 30676213 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2018-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the effects of a 12-week pole walking program on function and well-being in 123 older adults aged 60 years and older, recruited by community organizations. The results showed a significant improvement in the participants' upper and lower limb strength in the experimental groups compared with those in the control groups (p < .05) and a significant deterioration in the walking speed and grip strength in women in the control groups compared with those in the experimental groups (p < .05). Although not statistically significant, the results also showed a trend toward greater improvement in global cognitive function in the participants in the experimental groups (p = .076). These results suggest that a pole walking program provided in natural conditions can improve physical capabilities in older adults. Other studies are warranted to further explore the impact of pole walking programs on older adults offered in such conditions, especially their impact on cognitive functions.
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Sánchez-Lastra MA, Torres J, Martínez-Lemos I, Ayán C. Nordic walking for women with breast cancer: A systematic review. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2019; 28:e13130. [PMID: 31389108 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nordic walking (NW) seems to be an interesting rehabilitation strategy for women with breast cancer (BC). No review article that has synthesised and summarised the existing scientific evidence about the effect of NW on BC survivors has been published so far. A systematic review was conducted aimed at identifying the characteristics and methodological quality of the studies that have analysed the effects of NW on women with BC. The critical appraisal of the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was retrieved from the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). The methodological quality of the uncontrolled studies was evaluated by means of the Quality Assessment Tool for Before-After Studies with No Control Group. Nine investigations (four RCTs and five quasi-experimental studies) were included in the final analysis. The RCTs showed a fair methodological quality, while the quasi-experimental studies obtained a score ranging from "fair" to "poor". Judging from the findings of the analysed studies, NW had a significant and positive impact on a number of BC symptoms, including lymphedema, physical fitness, disability and morbid perceptions. No adverse effects were reported. However, due to the methodological limitations observed, further research is needed to confirm such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sánchez-Lastra
- HealthyFit Research Group, Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jorge Torres
- Department of Special Didactics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Lemos
- Well-Move Research Group, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, Univeristy of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n E-36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Carlos Ayán
- Well-Move Research Group, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports, Univeristy of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n E-36005, Pontevedra, Spain
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Nordic Walking Promoted Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese People: A Systematic Review for Future Exercise Prescription. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:jfmk4020036. [PMID: 33467351 PMCID: PMC7739406 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of Nordic Walking (NW) on anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, aerobic capacity, blood sample, and glucose tolerance in overweight and obese subjects. The main keywords "Nordic Walking" or "Pole Walking", associated with either "obese", "obesity", "overweight", or "weight loss" were used on the online database MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Additionally, references of the studies included were screened to identify eligible articles. Applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten manuscripts were considered as eligible for this review. The results of the studies were categorized in several domains with regard to "anthropometric parameters and body composition", "cardiovascular parameters and aerobic capacity", and "blood sample and glucose tolerance". The results showed positive effects on the anthropometric parameters, body composition, cardiovascular parameters, blood sample, and glucose tolerance. The greatest improvements were observed in supervised and high weekly frequency of NW interventions. NW could be considered as an effective modality through which to involve the obese in physical activity. For weight loss, NW should be prescribed 4-5 times per week, at least 60 min per session, preferably combined with diet control.
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Giovanelli N, Sulli M, Kram R, Lazzer S. Do poles save energy during steep uphill walking? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1557-1563. [PMID: 31020400 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In trail running and in uphill races many athletes use poles. However, there are few data about pole walking on steep uphill. The aim of this study was to compare the energy expenditure during uphill walking with (PW) and without (W) poles at different slopes. METHODS Fourteen mountain running athletes walked on a treadmill in two conditions (PW and W) for 5 min at seven different angles (10.1°, 15.5°, 19.8°, 25.4°, 29.8°, 35.5° and 38.9°). We measured cardiorespiratory parameters, blood lactate concentration (BLa) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Then, we calculated the vertical cost of transport (CoTvert). Using video analysis, we measured stride frequency (SF) and stride length (SL). RESULTS Compared to W, CoTvert during PW was lower at 25.4°, 29.8° and 35.5° PW ([Formula: see text] 2.55 ± 3.97%; [Formula: see text] 2.79 ± 3.88% and [Formula: see text] 2.00 ± 3.41%, p < 0.05). RPE was significantly lower during PW at 15.5°, 19.8°, 29.8°, 35.5° and 38.9° ([Formula: see text] 14.4 ± 18.3%; [Formula: see text] 16.2 ± 15.2%; [Formula: see text] 16.6 ± 16.9%; [Formula: see text] 17.9 ± 18.7% and [Formula: see text] 18.5 ± 17.8%, p < 0.01). There was no effect of pole use on BLa. However, BLa was numerically lower with poles at every incline except for 10.1°. On average, SF for PW was lower than for W ([Formula: see text] 6.7 ± 5.8%, p = 0.006) and SL was longer in PW than in W (+ 8.6 ± 4.5%, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS PW on steep inclines was only slightly more economical than W, but the substantially lower RPE during PW suggests that poles may delay fatigue effects during a prolonged effort. We advocate for the use of poles during steep uphill walking, although the energetic savings are small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Giovanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, Italy.
- School of Sport Science, Udine, Italy.
| | - Michele Sulli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Science, Udine, Italy
| | - Rodger Kram
- Locomotion Laboratory, Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stefano Lazzer
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, P.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine, Italy
- School of Sport Science, Udine, Italy
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26
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Obata H, Ogawa T, Nakazawa K. Unique controlling mechanisms underlying walking with two handheld poles in contrast to those of conventional walking as revealed by split-belt locomotor adaptation. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1699-1707. [PMID: 30997538 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05541-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pole walking (PW), a form of locomotion in which a person holds a pole in each hand, enhances the involvement of alternating upper-limb movement. While this quadruped-like walking increases postural stability for bipedal conventional walking (CW), in terms of the neural controlling mechanisms underlying the two locomotion forms (PW and CW), the similarities and differences remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the neural control of PW and CW from the perspective of locomotor adaptation to a novel environment on a split-belt treadmill. We measured the anterior component of the ground reaction (braking) force during and after split-belt treadmill walking in 12 healthy subjects. The results demonstrated that (1) PW delayed locomotor adaptation when compared with CW; (2) the degrees of transfer of the acquired movement pattern to CW and PW were not different, regardless of whether the novel movement pattern was learned in CW or PW; and (3) the movement pattern learned in CW was washed out by subsequent execution in PW, whereas the movement pattern learned in PW was not completely washed out by subsequent execution in CW. These results suggest that the neural control mechanisms of PW and CW are not independent, and it is possible that PW could be a locomotor behavior built upon a basic locomotor pattern of CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Obata
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Institute of Liberal Arts, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-cho, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Ogawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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27
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Mamen A, Fredriksen PM. Tyre-pulling as concurrent training. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Gomeñuka NA, Oliveira HB, Silva ES, Costa RR, Kanitz AC, Liedtke GV, Schuch FB, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Effects of Nordic walking training on quality of life, balance and functional mobility in elderly: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211472. [PMID: 30699211 PMCID: PMC6353202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is physiological and biomechanical evidence suggesting a possible advantage of using poles in walking training programs. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to test the hypothesis that untrained elderly training Nordic walking for eight weeks will show higher improvements on the functional mobility, quality of life and postural balance than that training without poles; more likely to occur in self-selected walking speed (primary outcome), and the locomotor rehabilitation index than the quality of life, the static balance and the dynamic stability. It was a two-arm randomized sample- and load-controlled study. METHODS Thirty-three untrained older people were randomly assigned into Nordic walking (n = 16, age: 64.6±4.1 years old) and free walking (n = 17, age: 68.6±3.9 years old) training groups. RESULTS Improvements in the self-selected walking speed (primary outcome, p = 0.011, ES = 0.42 95%CI -0.31 to 1.16), locomotor rehabilitation index (p = 0.013, ES = 0.36; (95%CI -0.39 to 1.10), quality of life (p<0.05), static balance (p<0.05) and dynamic variability (p<0.05) were found in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis was not supported, our findings indicated that after 8 weeks, the Nordic walking training did not result in greater improvements than free walking training for the primary outcome (self-selected walking speed) and most of the secondary outcomes (including locomotor rehabilitation index, static balance, dynamic stability, and psychological and social participation domains of quality of life). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03096964.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Andrea Gomeñuka
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Catholic University of Misiones–UCAMI–Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Henrique Bianchi Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Edson Soares Silva
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kanitz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giane Veiga Liedtke
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Felipe Barreto Schuch
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Escola de Educação Física, Fisioterapia e Dança, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Fujita E, Yakushi K, Takeda M, Islam MM, Nakagaichi M, Taaffe DR, Takeshima N. Proficiency in pole handling during Nordic walking influences exercise effectiveness in middle-aged and older adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208070. [PMID: 30481199 PMCID: PMC6258543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordic walking (NW) is a total body version of walking increasingly used as a health-promoting activity by middle-aged and older adults. The present study examined the relationship between force exerted through the pole and physiological response during NW. In this non-randomized exercise trial, 17 participants comprising 8 middle-aged and older recreationally trained Nordic walkers (NWrec: 63.7 ± 8.1 years) and 9 experienced NW instructors (NWinstr: 57.5 ± 7.8 years) underwent outdoor ordinary walking (OW) and NW bouts as fast as possible for 12 minutes. Walking distance, speed, heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (METs and J/kg/m) and upper and lower limb muscle activities using surface electromyogram (EMG) were assessed. A pole with a built-in load cell measured force applied to the pole with peak pole force, pole contact time, % of pole contact time with respect to the gait cycle, and pole impulse derived. We conducted two-way analysis of covariance adjusted for age and BMI. There was a significant group and walking type interaction for walking distance and speed (P = 0.04), METs (P < 0.01), and HR (P = 0.04) with higher values in the NWinstr group during NW than OW. As expected, upper limb EMG activities increased (P < 0.01) with NW in both groups. All pole force measures were significantly higher in NWinstr than NWrec (P ≤ 0.01). Change in walking distance and speed were correlated with pole peak force (r = 0.67, P < 0.01) and pole impulse (r = 0.63, P = 0.01). Similarly, change in METs was associated with peak pole force (r = 0.66, P < 0.01) and pole impulse (r = 0.56, P = 0.02). These results indicate that planting the pole on the ground more forcefully and for longer periods to derive a driving force in NW enhances the effectiveness of the exercise and potentially the health-derived benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Fujita
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizucho, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Karen Yakushi
- Graduate School of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizucho,Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1–3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mohammod Monirul Islam
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizucho, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masaki Nakagaichi
- Department of Sports and Life Science, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizucho, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Dennis Robert Taaffe
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Nobuo Takeshima
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, 1851 Hozumi, Mizuho, Gifu, Japan
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Pellegrini B, Boccia G, Zoppirolli C, Rosa R, Stella F, Bortolan L, Rainoldi A, Schena F. Muscular and metabolic responses to different Nordic walking techniques, when style matters. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195438. [PMID: 29621317 PMCID: PMC5886538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to poling action and upper body engagement, Nordic walking (NW) has additional health benefits with respect to conventional walking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in muscle activation and metabolic responses between NW, performed with the technique suggested by NW instructors, and with some modifications in the way to move upper limb and poles. Ten NW instructors volunteered to walk on a treadmill at 5.5 km•h-1 in five conditions: walking (W), Nordic walking (NW), NW with a weak poling action (NWweak), with straight-upper limbs moving the shoulders (NWshoulder) and with elbow flexion-extension pattern and shoulder freezed (NWelbow). Poling forces, body segments and poles movement, upper and lower body muscle activation, as well as metabolic parameters were measured.All modified NW techniques elicited lower muscular activation and metabolic responses with respect to the suggested NW technique (P < 0.05). All NW techniques elicited higher muscular activation and metabolic responses than W. All parameters observed with the NWweak were lower than NW. A decreased activation of shoulder extensor muscles and increased activation of anterior deltoid muscle were the main features of NWshoulder. Lower triceps brachii muscle activation and reduced propulsive poling action with respect to NW were seen for NWelbow, resulting also in shorter steps.Nordic walking instructors, sport technicians and practitioners should be aware that any deviation from the technique usually suggested might lead to lower benefits. However it is worth to note that any walking technique with poles elicits higher metabolic responses and muscular activation than walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- NeuroMuscularFunction | Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Raffaela Rosa
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Federico Stella
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
| | - Alberto Rainoldi
- NeuroMuscularFunction | Research Group, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, (TO), Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM Research Centre “Sport, Mountain, and Health”, Rovereto, (TN), Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, (VR), Italy
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Franzoni LT, Monteiro EP, Oliveira HB, da Rosa RG, Costa RR, Rieder C, Martinez FG, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. A 9-Week Nordic and Free Walking Improve Postural Balance in Parkinson's Disease. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E28-E34. [PMID: 30539114 PMCID: PMC6225959 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-124757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic training has a neuroprotective effect in people with Parkinson's disease. Recent evidence indicates that Nordic walking seems a promising alternative due to positive outcomes in functional mobility. However, the effects of Nordic walking compared to free walking on static and functional balance parameters are still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nine weeks of Nordic and free walking training on static and functional balance. The sample size was 33 individuals with eight dropouts, leaving 25 individuals in the final sample (Nordic Walking, n=14, Free Walking, n=11). The participants underwent two evaluations in the present randomized clinical trial, pre- and post-training, to determine average velocity and root-mean-square values from center of pressure with eyes open and eyes closed. The functional balance showed approximately 5% improvement for the two groups ( p =0.04). The results indicate that nine weeks of Nordic and free walking training were enough to induce improvements in the proprioceptive system and functional balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Tolfo Franzoni
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Exercise Research Laboratory, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elren Passos Monteiro
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Exercise Research Laboratory, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Exercise Research Laboratory, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Exercise Research Laboratory, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rieder
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Sleep and Movement Disorders Clinics, Division of Neurology, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flávia Gomes Martinez
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Exercise Research Laboratory, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Patterns of trunk muscle activation during walking and pole walking using statistical non-parametric mapping. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 37:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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33
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Boccia G, Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Schena F, Pellegrini B. Shared and task-specific muscle synergies of Nordic walking and conventional walking. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:905-918. [PMID: 29027265 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nordic walking is a form of walking that includes a poling action, and therefore an additional subtask, with respect to conventional walking. The aim of this study was to assess whether Nordic walking required a task-specific muscle coordination with respect to conventional walking. We compared the electromyographic (EMG) activity of 15 upper- and lower-limb muscles of 9 Nordic walking instructors, while executing Nordic walking and conventional walking at 1.3 ms-1 on a treadmill. Non-negative matrix factorization method was applied to identify muscle synergies, representing the spatial and temporal organization of muscle coordination. The number of muscle synergies was not different between Nordic walking (5.2 ± 0.4) and conventional walking (5.0 ± 0.7, P = .423). Five muscle synergies accounted for 91.2 ± 1.1% and 92.9 ± 1.2% of total EMG variance in Nordic walking and conventional walking, respectively. Similarity and cross-reconstruction analyses showed that 4 muscle synergies, mainly involving lower-limb and trunk muscles, are shared between Nordic walking and conventional walking. One synergy acting during upper limb propulsion is specific to Nordic walking, modifying the spatial organization and the magnitude of activation of upper limb muscles compared to conventional walking. The inclusion of the poling action in Nordic walking does not increase the complexity of movement control and does not change the coordination of lower limb muscles. This makes Nordic walking a physical activity suitable also for people with low motor skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Boccia
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,NeuroMuscularFunction Research Group, Department of Medical Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - L Bortolan
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - F Schena
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - B Pellegrini
- CeRiSM Research Centre for Sport, Mountain, and Health, University of Verona, Rovereto, Trento, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Grainer A, Zerbini L, Reggiani C, Marcolin G, Steele J, Pavei G, Paoli A. Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Nordic Walking in a Natural Mountain Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101235. [PMID: 29039775 PMCID: PMC5664736 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Interest around Nordic Walking (NW) has increased in recent years. However, direct comparisons of NW with normal walking (W), particularly in ecologically valid environments is lacking. The aim of our study was to compare NW and W, over long distances in a natural mountain environment. Methods: Twenty one subjects (13 male/8 female, aged 41 ± 12 years, body mass index BMI 24.1 ± 3.7), walked three distinct uphill paths (length 2.2/3.4/7 km) with (NW) or without (W) walking poles over two separate days. Heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (EE), step length (SL), walking speed (WS), total steps number (SN) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored. Results: HR (+18%) and EE (+20%) were higher in NW than in W whilst RPE was similar. SN (−12%) was lower and SL (+15%) longer in NW. WS was higher (1.64 vs. 1.53 m s−1) in NW. Conclusions: Our data confirm that, similarly to previous laboratory studies, differences in a range of walking variables are present between NW and W when performed in a natural environment. NW appears to increase EE compared to W, despite a similar RPE. Thus, NW could be a useful as aerobic training modality for weight control and cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grainer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Livio Zerbini
- CeRiSM, Sport Mountain Health Research Center, 38068 Rovereto, Italy.
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - James Steele
- Centre for Health, Exercise and Sport Science, Southampton Solent University, Southampton SO14 0YN, UK.
| | - Gaspare Pavei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Encarnación-Martínez A, Lucas-Cuevas ÁG, Pérez-Soriano P, Menayo R, Gea-García GM. Plantar Pressure Differences between Nordic Walking Techniques. J Hum Kinet 2017; 57:221-231. [PMID: 28713474 PMCID: PMC5504594 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High plantar pressure has been associated with increased risk of injury. The characteristics of each physical activity determine the load on the lower limbs. The influence of Nordic Walking (NW) technique on plantar pressure is still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences between plantar pressure during NW with the Diagonal technique (DT) versus Alpha technique (AT) and compare them with the pressure obtained during normal walking (W). The normality and sphericity of the plantar pressure data were checked before performing a two-way repeated measures ANOVA in order to find differences between speeds (preferred, fast) and the gait (NW, W) as within-subject factors. Then, a t-test for independent measures was used to identify the specific differences between NW techniques. The strength of the differences was calculated by means of the effect size (ES). The results demonstrated that during NW with AT at preferred speed the pressure was lower under the Calcaneus, Lateral Metatarsal and Toes compared to the DT group (p = 0.046, ES = 1.49; p = 0.015, ES = 1.44; p = 0.040, ES = 1.20, respectively). No differences were found at the fast speed (p > 0.05). Besides the increase in walking speed during NW (p < 0.01), both technique groups showed lower pressure during NW compared to W under the Hallux and Central Metatarsal heads (F = 58.321, p = 0.000, ES = 2.449; F = 41.917, p = 0.012, ES = 1.365, respectively). As a practical conclusion, the AT technique may be the most effective of the NW techniques at reducing plantar pressure while allowing NW practitioners to achieve the physiological benefits of NW.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ruperto Menayo
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gemma María Gea-García
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Metabolic and kinematic parameters during walking with poles in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2017; 264:1785-1790. [PMID: 28695362 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In healthy people, energy expenditure is generally higher during walking with poles (WP) than during conventional walking (W). In persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), walking is slower and may be associated with greater energy consumption, stride-to-stride variability, and difficulty in regulating stride length. The aim of this study was to determine whether treadmill WP at three different speeds could induce changes in gait kinematics and oxygen consumption in PD patients. The study sample was 20 patients with mild-to-moderate PD and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Subjects underwent 5-min W and WP treadmill tests at three different speeds (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 km/h). Metabolic and gait parameters (ventilation, gas exchange, stride count and length) were recorded. As compared with the healthy controls, higher energy consumption (P < 0.05) (and other metabolic parameters), shorter stride, and reduced cadence (P < 0.05) were observed for the PD patients, independent of the walking technique. All subjects were noted to take longer strides during WP (P < 0.001), especially at the lowest treadmill speed. However, significantly higher energy consumption was observed only for the healthy controls (P < 0.05). No changes in metabolic parameters during WP were recorded; however, a substantial improvement in gait cycle length was noted for the PD patients.
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Bombieri F, Schena F, Pellegrini B, Barone P, Tinazzi M, Erro R. Walking on four limbs: A systematic review of Nordic Walking in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Krishnamurthi N, Shill H, O'Donnell D, Mahant P, Samanta J, Lieberman A, Abbas J. Polestriding Intervention Improves Gait and Axial Symptoms in Mild to Moderate Parkinson Disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 98:613-621. [PMID: 27984031 PMCID: PMC5367944 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 12-week polestriding intervention on gait and disease severity in people with mild to moderate Parkinson disease (PD). DESIGN A-B-A withdrawal study design. SETTING Outpatient movement disorder center and community facility. PARTICIPANTS Individuals (N=17; 9 women [53%] and 8 men [47%]; mean age, 63.7±4.9y; range, 53-72y) with mild to moderate PD according to United Kingdom brain bank criteria with Hoehn & Yahr score ranging from 2.5 to 3.0 with a stable medication regimen and ability to tolerate "off" medication state. INTERVENTIONS Twelve-week polestriding intervention with 12-week follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gait was evaluated using several quantitative temporal, spatial, and variability measures. In addition, disease severity was assessed using clinical scales such as Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn & Yahr scale, and Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39. RESULTS Step and stride lengths, gait speed, and step-time variability were improved significantly (P<.05) because of 12-week polestriding intervention. Also, the UPDRS motor score, the UPDRS axial score, and the scores of UPDRS subscales on walking and balance improved significantly after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Because increased step-time variability and decreased step and stride lengths are associated with PD severity and an increased risk of falls in PD, the observed improvements suggest that regular practice of polestriding may reduce the risk of falls and improve mobility in people with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Krishnamurthi
- Center for Adaptive Neural Systems, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ; Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ.
| | - Holly Shill
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ
| | - Darolyn O'Donnell
- Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Padma Mahant
- Banner Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Abraham Lieberman
- Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - James Abbas
- Center for Adaptive Neural Systems, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
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Ossowski ZM, Skrobot W, Aschenbrenner P, Cesnaitiene VJ, Smaruj M. Effects of short-term Nordic walking training on sarcopenia-related parameters in women with low bone mass: a preliminary study. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1763-1771. [PMID: 27942207 PMCID: PMC5137931 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s118995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have demonstrated the positive effects of physical activity on skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in women with osteoporosis. However, the impact of Nordic walking training on sarcopenia-related parameters in women with low bone mass remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of 12 weeks of Nordic walking training on skeletal muscle index, muscle strength, functional mobility, and functional performance in women with low bone mass. Materials and methods The participants were 45 women, aged 63–79 years, with osteopenia or osteoporosis. The subjects were randomly assigned either to an experimental group (12 weeks of Nordic walking training, three times a week) or to a control group. Skeletal muscle mass and other body composition factors were measured with octapolar bioimpedance InBody 720 analyser. Knee extensor and flexor isometric muscle strength were measured using Biodex System 4 Pro™ dynamometers. This study also used a SAEHAN Digital Hand Dynamometer to measure handgrip muscle strength. The timed up-and-go test was used to measure functional mobility, and the 6-minute walk test was used to measure functional performance. Results Short-term Nordic walking training induced a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass (P=0.007), skeletal muscle index (P=0.007), strength index of the knee extensor (P=0.016), flexor (P<0.001), functional mobility (P<0.001), and functional performance (P<0.001) and a significant decrease in body mass (P=0<006), body mass index (P<0.001), and percent body fat (P<0.001) in participants. Regarding handgrip muscle strength, no improvement was registered (P=0.315). No significant changes in any of the analyzed parameters were observed in the control group. Conclusion Overall, short-term Nordic walking training induces positive changes in knee muscle strength and functional performance in women with low bone mass. This finding could be applied in clinical practice for intervention programs in women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Mirosław Smaruj
- Department of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, Poland
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Zoffoli L, Lucertini F, Federici A, Ditroilo M. Trunk muscles activation during pole walking vs. walking performed at different speeds and grades. Gait Posture 2016; 46:57-62. [PMID: 27131178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Given their functional role and importance, the activity of several trunk muscles was assessed (via surface electromyography-EMG) during Walking (W) and Pole Walking (PW) in 21 healthy adults. EMG data was collected from the external oblique (EO), the erector spinae longissimus (ES), the multifidus (MU), and the rectus abdominis (RA) while performing W and PW on a motorized treadmill at different speeds (60, 80, and 100% of the highest speed at which the participants still walked naturally; PTS60, PTS80 and PTS100, respectively) and grades (0 and 7%; GRADE0 and GRADE7, respectively). Stride length, EMG area under the curve (AUC), muscles activity duration (ACT), and percentage of coactivation (CO-ACT) of ES, MU and RA, were calculated from the averaged stride for each of the tested combinations. Compared to W, PW significantly increased the stride length, EOAUC, RAAUC and the activation time of all the investigated muscles, to different extents depending on treadmill speeds and grades. In addition, MUAUC was higher in PW than in W at GRADE0 only (all speeds, p<0.01), while ESAUC during W and PW was similar at all the speeds and grades. These changes resulted in longer CO-ACT in PW than W, at GRADE0-PTS100 (p<0.01) and GRADE7 (all speeds, p<0.01). In conclusion, when compared to W, PW requires a greater engagement of the abdominal muscles and, in turn, a higher control of the trunk muscles. These two factors taken together may suggest an elevated spinal stability while walking with poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Zoffoli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences-Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Lucertini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences-Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Ario Federici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences-Division of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Six-Week Nordic Treadmill Training Compared with Treadmill Training on Balance, Gait, and Activities of Daily Living for Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25:848-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Monteiro E, Franzoni L, Cubillos D, de Oliveira Fagundes A, Carvalho A, Oliveira H, Pantoja P, Schuch F, Rieder C, Martinez F, Peyré-Tartaruga L. Effects of Nordic walking training on functional parameters in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:351-358. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E.P. Monteiro
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Laboratory; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - L.T. Franzoni
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - D.M. Cubillos
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Laboratory; Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - A. de Oliveira Fagundes
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - A.R. Carvalho
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - H.B. Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - P.D. Pantoja
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - F.B. Schuch
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - C.R. Rieder
- Sleep and Movement Disorders Clinics; Division of Neurology; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - F.G. Martinez
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - L.A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory; Escola de Educação Física; Fisioterapia e Dança; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates exercise programs on blood glucose and lipid profile in overweight and obese postmenopausal women in an experimental, nonrandomized, open-label, prospective controlled trial. Menopause 2015; 22:1215-23. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hagner-Derengowska M, Kałużny K, Hagner W, Kochański B, Plaskiewicz A, Borkowska A, Bronisz A, Budzyński J. The influence of a ten-week Nordic walking training-rehabilitation program on the level of lipids in blood in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3039-44. [PMID: 26644639 PMCID: PMC4668130 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a ten-week Nordic Walking
(NW) rehabilitation program on chosen anthropometric parameters and the level of basic
lipids in overweight and obese postmenopausal women’s blood. [Subjects and Methods] The
subjects were 32 women aged 50–68 (average: 59.7 ± 5.9 years). The study was carried out
following a non-randomized model and entailed NW rehabilitation 5 times a week, which
lasted for 10 weeks, as well as a low-calorie 1,500 kcal diet. The therapeutic results of
the study were measured through changes in anthropometric and biochemical parameters. The
results were subjected to a statistical analysis. [Results] After 10 weeks of NW
rehabilitation it was observed that participants lost weight and their body mass index
dropped. Additionally, whereas levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides dropped,
and the level of HDL increased. [Conclusion] Rehabilitation carried out according to the
NW model resulted in statistically significant changes in basic lipids in blood which,
considerably increased the percentage of persons who achieved the recommended level of
blood lipids. Obese persons were characterised by a smaller rehabilitation weight loss.
More intense workouts and cooperation with a dietician are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska
- Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland ; University of Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krystian Kałużny
- Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Wojciech Hagner
- Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kochański
- Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Anna Plaskiewicz
- Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Borkowska
- Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Agata Bronisz
- Chair of Endocrinology and Dialectology, Clinic of Metabolic Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Jacek Budzyński
- Chair of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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Pellegrini B, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Zoppirolli C, Bortolan L, Bacchi E, Figard-Fabre H, Schena F. Exploring Muscle Activation during Nordic Walking: A Comparison between Conventional and Uphill Walking. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138906. [PMID: 26418339 PMCID: PMC4587792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nordic Walking (NW) owes much of its popularity to the benefits of greater energy expenditure and upper body engagement than found in conventional walking (W). Muscle activation during NW is still understudied, however. The aim of the present study was to assess differences in muscle activation and physiological responses between NW and W in level and uphill walking conditions. Nine expert Nordic Walkers (mean age 36.8±11.9 years; BMI 24.2±1.8 kg/m2) performed 5-minute treadmill trials of W and NW at 4 km/h on inclines of 0% and 15%. The electromyographic activity of seven upper body and five leg muscles and oxygen consumption (VO2) were recorded and pole force during NW was measured. VO2 during NW was 22.3% higher at 0% and only 6.9% higher at 15% than during W, while upper body muscle activation was 2- to 15-fold higher under both conditions. Lower body muscle activation was similarly increased during NW and W in the uphill condition, whereas the increase in erector spinae muscle activity was lower during NW than W. The lack of a significant increase in pole force during uphill walking may explain the lower extra energy expenditure of NW, indicating less upper body muscle activation to lift the body against gravity. NW seemed to reduce lower back muscle contraction in the uphill condition, suggesting that walking with poles may reduce effort to control trunk oscillations and could contribute to work production during NW. Although the difference in extra energy expenditure between NW and W was smaller in the uphill walking condition, the increased upper body muscle involvement during exercising with NW may confer additional benefit compared to conventional walking also on uphill terrains. Furthermore, people with low back pain may gain benefit from pole use when walking uphill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Hélène Figard-Fabre
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Departmental Office of Sports, General Council of High Pyrenees, Tarbes, France
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Centre of Mountain Sport and Health), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Park SD, Yu SH. The effects of Nordic and general walking on depression disorder patients' depression, sleep, and body composition. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2481-5. [PMID: 26357429 PMCID: PMC4563295 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study examined Nordic walking as an exercise intervention for the elderly
with depression. [Subjects] Twenty-four patients who were diagnosed with depression were
randomly selected and divided into two groups, an experimental group which performed
Nordic walking, and a control group, which performed normal walking. [Methods] Both groups
practiced their respective walking exercise for 50 minutes per day, three times a week for
eight weeks. To compare the effects of the intervention, psychological factors using the
Beck depression inventory and sleep quality was assessed using the Korean version
Pittsburgh sleep quality index. Skeletal muscle mass, fat free mass, body mass index, body
fat percentage, and basal metabolism were estimated three times by a body composition
analyzer, before the intervention, four weeks after the intervention, and eight weeks
after the intervention. [Results] There was a significant difference in depression with a
main effect of time in both groups. There was also a significant difference in sleep in
over time and interaction. The differences over time between the two groups were
significant for depression, sleep, and skeletal muscle mass. [Conclusion] The results
suggests that Nordic walking has a positive effect on depression and sleeping disorders of
the elderly, suggesting that Nordic walking based exercise programs should be developed
for the elderly who suffer from depression or a sleeping disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Doo Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Woosuk University Oriental Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hun Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gwang ju Trauma Center, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Background To prevent weight regain, patients undergoing weight loss surgery are encouraged to change their exercise and dietary habits. Building on previous research, the aim of this study was to explore women's experiences of changing exercise habits – focusing on women participating in a group based rehabilitation program including surgical as well as non-surgical participants. Findings Based on interviews with the 11 women included in this study, as well as participant observation, two themes were identified; 1) Pushing ones tolerance limits, and 2) Rebutting the “quick fix” fallacy. Taken together, the findings showcase how being a part of this mixed group involved having to relate to social stigmas, as well as notions regarding successful and non-successful surgical outcomes. Although such notions may be useful in identifying potential challenges related to changing exercise habits, they do not illuminate the complexity of undergoing such changes following weight loss surgery. Conclusion The findings point to the need of acknowledging patients' own exceriences to determine how successful they are after surgery. Given the findings, I argue for the need to reconsider the notion of success in relation to group based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Synne Groven
- Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Physiotherapy, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway;
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48
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Spafford C, Oakley C, Beard JD. Randomized clinical trial comparing Nordic pole walking and a standard home exercise programme in patients with intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 2014; 101:760-7. [PMID: 24760745 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This was a randomized clinical trial to determine whether Nordic pole walking (NPW) is more effective in improving walking distance than a standard home exercise programme (HEP) in patients with intermittent claudication. METHODS Fifty-two patients with stable claudication were allocated randomly to a standard HEP or NPW group, and asked to complete three 30-min walks per week for 12 weeks. Claudication distance (CD) and maximum walking distance (MWD) were measured at 0 (baseline), 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Patients in the NPW group were tested with (NPW+) and without (NPW-) poles. RESULTS For NPW+, CD increased immediately from a median (range) of 124 (71-248) m to 148 (116-426) m, and MWD from 248 (149-900) to 389 (194-1099) m (P = 0.004 and P < 0.001 respectively). By 12 weeks, CD had further increased to 199 (118-550) m and MWD had more than doubled to 538 (250-1750) m (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001). For NPW-, CD at 12 weeks had increased significantly to 151 (100-328) m and MWD to 400 (200-900) m (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006 respectively). At 12 weeks the changes in the standard HEP group were not significant, despite excellent compliance: CD from 107 (56-332) to 153 (59-321) m and MWD from 355 (92-600) to 334 (149-874) m (P = 0.030 and P = 0.260 respectively). CONCLUSION A 12-week exercise programme using Nordic poles significantly improved walking distance in claudicants compared with a standard HEP. REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN78168304 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spafford
- Sheffield Nordic Walking Research, Steps Physiotherapy and Circulation Clinics, Sheffield, UK
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49
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Fritschi JO, Brown WJ, van Uffelen JGZ. On your feet: protocol for a randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of pole walking and regular walking on physical and psychosocial health in older adults. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:375. [PMID: 24742126 PMCID: PMC4022438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity is associated with better physical and mental health in older adults. Pole walking is a form of walking which may have additional health benefits in older adults, because of the addition of hand held poles, and consequent upper limb involvement. However, few studies have examined the potential additional effects of pole walking on physical and psychosocial health in older adults compared with walking. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of a pole walking program with the effects of a walking program, on physical and psychosocial wellbeing, in older adults in assisted living facilities. Methods/Design Sixty men and women from assisted living communities over 65 years will be recruited from senior retirement facilities and randomized into a group based, pole walking program, or walking program. The pole walking group will use the Exerstrider method of pole walking. Total duration of the programs is 12 weeks, with three sessions per week, building from 20 minute to 30 minute sessions. The primary outcome is physical function, as measured by items from the Seniors Fitness Test and hand grip strength. Secondary outcomes include, physical activity levels, sedentary behaviour, joint pain, and quality of life. All outcomes will be assessed before and after the programs, using valid and reliable measures. Discussion The study will add to the evidence base for the effects of pole walking, compared with walking, on physical and psychosocial health and physical function, in healthy older adults. This will improve understanding about the feasibility of pole walking programs and its specific benefits in this population. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
ACTRN12612001127897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette O Fritschi
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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50
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Shim JM, Kwon HY, Kim HR, Kim BI, Jung JH. Comparison of the Effects of Walking with and without Nordic Pole on Upper Extremity and Lower Extremity Muscle Activation. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 25:1553-6. [PMID: 24409018 PMCID: PMC3885837 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.25.1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Nordic pole walking on the electromyographic activities of upper extremity and lower extremity muscles. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were randomly divided into two groups as follows: without Nordic pole walking group (n=13) and with Nordic pole walking group (n=13). The EMG data were collected by measurement while the subjects walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes by measuring from one heel strike to the next. [Results] Both the average values and maximum values of the muscle activity of the upper extremity increased in both the group that used Nordic poles and the group that did not use Nordic poles, and the values showed statistically significant differences. There was an increase in the average value for muscle activity of the latissimus dorsi, but the difference was not statistically significant, although there was a statistically significant increase in its maximum value. The average and maximum values for muscle activity of the lower extremity did not show large differences in either group, and the values did not show any statistically significant differences. [Conclusion] The use of Nordic poles by increased muscle activity of the upper extremity compared with regular walking but did not affect the lower extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Myung Shim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Science, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Pusan Catholic University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Roo Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-In Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Daegu University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gimhae Goodmorning Hospital, Republic of Korea
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