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Drummond LR, Campos HO, Drummond FR, de Oliveira GM, Fernandes JGRP, Amorim RP, da Costa Monteiro M, Lara HFG, Leite LHR, Coimbra CC. Acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels and susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:1221-1248. [PMID: 36251066 PMCID: PMC9574171 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at evaluating acute and chronic effects of physical exercise on IgA and IgG levels, as well as its relationship with the susceptibility to develop upper respiratory tract infections (URTI). This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA statement. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE was performed in July 2020. This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies in which participants performed acute exercise or chronic physical training and were subjected to analyses of URTI incidence and concentrations of IgA and IgG. The selected studies for systematic review were divided into the following three groups: (I) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in sedentary subjects, (II) trials that evaluated the effects of acute exercise in athletes/trained individuals, and (III) trials that evaluated the effects of chronic physical training on the incidence of URTI, as well as on the levels of IgA and IgG. Acute exercise increases the IgA levels in trained subjects but does not affect its levels in untrained subjects. Such increase in IgA levels induced by acute exercise is greater in trained individual that performed ultramarathon. On the other hand, chronic physical training reduces IgA levels in both trained and untrained subjects, does not change IgA levels in non-military subjects, besides from not affecting IgG levels. The present systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that acute exercise positively influences IgA levels in trained individuals, being this effect pronounced when a strenuous exercise such as ultramarathon is executed. Chronic physical training, in turn, does not affect IgG levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Divinópolis, Av. Paraná, 3001 - Jardim Belvedere I, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helton Oliveira Campos
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais - Unidade Carangola, Carangola, MG, Brazil
| | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moraes de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Guilhermo Rios Pimenta Fernandes
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Prates Amorim
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus da Costa Monteiro
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Henrique Fernandes Gerspacher Lara
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura Hora Rios Leite
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Cândido Celso Coimbra
- Laboratório de Endocrinologia E Metabolismo, Departamento de Fisiologia E Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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2
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Derman W, Badenhorst M, Eken MM, Ezeiza-Gomez J, Fitzpatrick J, Gleeson M, Kunorozva L, Mjosund K, Mountjoy M, Sewry N, Schwellnus M. Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on 'acute respiratory illness in the athlete'. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:630-638. [PMID: 35260411 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes and by method of diagnosis, anatomical classification, ages, levels of performance and seasons. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Electronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Original research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English reporting the incidence of ARill in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15-65 years. RESULTS Across all 124 studies (n=1 28 360 athletes), the incidence of ARill, estimated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of athlete days, was 4.7 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.7) per 1000 athlete days. In studies reporting acute respiratory infections (ARinf; suspected and confirmed) the incidence was 4.9 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0), which was similar in studies reporting undiagnosed ARill (3.7; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.7). Incidences of 5.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.5) were found for studies reporting upper ARinf and general ARinf (upper or lower), respectively. The incidence of ARinf was similar across the different methods to diagnose ARinf. A higher incidence of ARinf was found in non-elite (8.7; 95% CI 6.1 to 12.5) vs elite athletes (4.2; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.3). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest: (1) the incidence of ARill equates to approximately 4.7 per athlete per year; (2) the incidence of upper ARinf was significantly higher than general (upper/lower) ARinf; (3) elite athletes have a lower incidence of ARinf than non-elite athletes; (4) if pathogen identification is not available, physicians can confidently use validated questionnaires and checklists to screen athletes for suspected ARinf. For future studies, we recommend that a clear diagnosis of ARill is reported. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020160472.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Derman
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa .,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marelise Badenhorst
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maaike Maria Eken
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Josu Ezeiza-Gomez
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jane Fitzpatrick
- Centre for Health and Exercise Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maree Gleeson
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lovemore Kunorozva
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Katja Mjosund
- Paavo Nurmi Centre, Sport and Exercise Medicine Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicola Sewry
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin Schwellnus
- International Olympic Committee Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Mariño MM, Grijota FJ, Bartolomé I, Siquier-Coll J, Román VT, Muñoz D. Influence of physical training on erythrocyte concentrations of iron, phosphorus and magnesium. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:8. [PMID: 31996219 PMCID: PMC6988285 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0339-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to determine changes occurring in the erythrocyte concentrations of Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg) and Phosphorous (P) of subjects with different levels of physical training living in the same area of Extremadura (Spain). METHODS Thirty sedentary subjects (24.34 ± 3.02 years) without sports practice and a less active lifestyle, formed the control group (CG); 24 non-professional subjects (23.53 ± 1.85 years), who perform between 4 and 6 h/week of moderate sports practice without any performance objective and without following systematic training formed the group of subjects with a moderate level of training (MTG), and 22 professional cyclists (23.29 ± 2.73 years) at the beginning of their sports season, who performed more than 20 h/week of training, formed the high-level training group (HTG). Erythrocyte samples from all subjects were collected and frozen at - 80 °C until analysis. Erythrocyte analysis of Fe, Mg and P was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All results are expressed in μg/g Hb. RESULTS The results showed that there were statistically significant lower concentrations of erythrocyte Fe, Mg and P in MTG and HTG than CG. All parameters (Fe, Mg and P concentrations in erythrocytes) correlated inversely with physical training. CONCLUSIONS Physical exercise produces a decrease in erythrocyte concentrations of Fe, Mg and P. This situation could cause alterations in the performance of athletes given the importance of these elements. For this reason, we recommend an erythrocyte control at the beginning, and during the training period, to avoid harmful deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maynar Mariño
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Grijota
- Education Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Victor Toro Román
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Lindenwald R, Pendl H, Scholtes H, Schuberth HJ, Rautenschlein S. Flow-cytometric analysis of circulating leukocyte populations in turkeys: Establishment of a whole blood analysis approach and investigations on possible influencing factors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:46-54. [PMID: 30947979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The blood cell counting methods used for diagnostic and research purposes in turkeys are, up to date, inferior to the techniques established for mammals and chickens. While microscopic counts are time consuming, previous flow cytometric approaches did not cover all blood cell types of interest due to the lack of turkey-specific markers for the different cell populations. Moreover, it is unknown to what extent the different leukocyte populations are affected by host and environmental factors including age, breed of the bird, and housing environment, respectively. In this study we established a whole blood based flow cytometric analysis method for turkeys. This method was used to determine baseline values depending on the age of the birds as well as under consideration of variations between trials and animal room effects. During three trials whole blood samples of B.U.T. 6 female turkeys were collected to analyze different leukocyte concentrations (cells/μl whole blood). In the first trial one group and in the second and third trial two groups with 22 birds/group were housed. Blood samples were collected at days one, 23, 43, 60, and 88 post hatch and concentrations of monocytes, MHC class II-positive, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes, as well as thrombocytes and granulocytes were determined by flow cytometric analysis. Concentrations of all identified populations were not only influenced by the bird's age (p < 0.05), they varied also among trials (p < 0.05) and even for some of the populations between animal rooms within the same trial despite comparable housing and management conditions. Therefore, for the establishment of baseline values for leucocyte concentrations in whole blood effects of age and housing have to be considered. In addition, our data emphasize the importance of the establishment of baseline values for different age groups, as age had the strongest effect on the blood cell numbers in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lindenwald
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H Pendl
- Pendl Lab, Untere Roostmatt 7, CH-6300 Zug, Switzerland
| | - H Scholtes
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - H-J Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - S Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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5
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Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Zieliński J. Training-induced annual changes in red blood cell profile in highly-trained endurance and speed-power athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1859-1866. [PMID: 29072032 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07819-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An extensive body of literature exists on the effects of training on hematological parameters, but the previous studies have not reported how hematological parameters respond to changes in training loads within consecutive phases of the training cycle in highly-trained athletes in extremely different sport disciplines. The aim of this study was to identify changes in red blood cell (RBC) profile in response to training loads in consecutive phases of the annual training cycle in highly-trained sprinters (8 men, aged 24±3 years) and triathletes (6 men, aged 24±4 years) who competed at the national and international level. METHODS Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and RBC distribution width (RDW) were determined in four characteristic training phases (transition, general subphase of the preparation phase, specific subphase of the preparation phase and competition phase). RESULTS Our main findings are that: 1) Hb, MCH and MCHC in triathletes and MCV in both triathletes and sprinters changed significantly over the annual training cycle; 2) triathletes had significantly higher values than sprinters only in case of MCH and MCHC after the transition and general preparation phases but not after the competition phase when MCH and MCHC were higher in sprinters; and 3) in triathletes, Hb, MCH and MCHC substantially decreased after the competition phase, which was not observed in sprinters. The athletes maintained normal ranges of all hematological parameters in four characteristic training phases. CONCLUSIONS Although highly-trained sprinters and triathletes do not significantly differ in their levels of most hematological parameters, these groups are characterized by different patterns of changes during the annual training cycle. Our results suggest that when interpreting the values of hematological parameters in speed-power and endurance athletes, a specific phase of the annual training cycle should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland -
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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6
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Noce D, Gögele M, Schwienbacher C, Caprioli G, De Grandi A, Foco L, Platzgummer S, Pramstaller PP, Pattaro C. Sequential recruitment of study participants may inflate genetic heritability estimates. Hum Genet 2017; 136:743-757. [PMID: 28374192 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1785-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
After the success of genome-wide association studies to uncover complex trait loci, attempts to explain the remaining genetic heritability (h 2) are mainly focused on unraveling rare variant associations and gene-gene or gene-environment interactions. Little attention is paid to the possibility that h 2 estimates are inflated as a consequence of the epidemiological study design. We studied the time series of 54 biochemical traits in 4373 individuals from the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) study, a pedigree-based study enrolling ten participants/day over several years, with close relatives preferentially invited within the same day. We observed distributional changes of measured traits over time. We hypothesized that the combination of such changes with the pedigree structure might generate a shared-environment component with consequent h 2 inflation. We performed variance components (VC) h 2 estimation for all traits after accounting for the enrollment period in a linear mixed model (two-stage approach). Accounting for the enrollment period caused a median h 2 reduction of 4%. For 9 traits, the reduction was of >20%. Results were confirmed by a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis with all VCs included at the same time (one-stage approach). The electrolytes were the traits most affected by the enrollment period. The h 2 inflation was independent of the h 2 magnitude, laboratory protocol changes, and length of the enrollment period. The enrollment process may induce shared-environment effects even under very stringent and standardized operating procedures, causing h 2 inflation. Including the day of participation as a random effect is a sensitive way to avoid overestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damia Noce
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Martin Gögele
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christine Schwienbacher
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giulia Caprioli
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Grandi
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luisa Foco
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | | | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Affiliated to the University of Lübeck, Via Galvani 31, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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7
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Morgado JP, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Alves F, Reis JF, Santos DA, Silva AM, Martins F, Seixas MT, Rocha-Pereira P, Sardinha LB, Laires MJ. Comparison of immunohematological profile between endurance- and power-oriented elite athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:257-262. [PMID: 28152331 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is general perception that elite athletes are highly susceptible to changes in immunohematological profile. The objective of this study was to compare immunohematological parameters of elite athletes of different aerobic and muscular strength sports and analyze changes over 2 months. Sixteen judoists and 14 swimmers were evaluated 2 months before (M1) and immediately prior to competition (M2). Hemogram and lymphocytes subpopulations were assessed with automatic counter and flow cytometry, respectively. Judoists had higher neutrophils and lower monocytes and eosinophils percentages than swimmers at M1 and M2. At M2 judoists had lower red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, and hematocrit than swimmers. At M2 judoists' hematocrit and CD16 decreased while swimmers' hemoglobin and hematocrit increased. In conclusion, neither sports characteristics nor intense training seem to displace the athletes' immunohematological profile out of the clinical range, despite the possibility of occurrence of microlesions that may stimulate production of leukocytes and reduction of RBC in judoists.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,c Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Estrada da Correia, nº 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana A Santos
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martins
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria T Seixas
- e Department of Health Promotion and Chronicle Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Petronila Rocha-Pereira
- f Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Maria J Laires
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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8
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Lin BD, Hottenga JJ, Abdellaoui A, Dolan CV, de Geus EJC, Kluft C, Boomsma DI, Willemsen G. Causes of variation in the neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratios: a twin-family study. Biomark Med 2016; 10:1061-1072. [PMID: 27690543 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are biomarkers for disease development, for whom little is known about causes of variation in the general population. MATERIALS & METHODS We estimated the heritability of PLR and NLR and examined their association with gender, demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors in a Dutch nonpatient twin family population (n = 8108). RESULTS Heritability was estimated at 64% for PLR and 36% for NLR. Men had on average higher NLR, but lower PLR levels than women. PLR and NLR increased significantly with age, decreased in colder months and showed small but significant sex- and age-specific associations with body composition and smoking. CONCLUSION NLR and PLR levels are heritable and influenced by age, sex and environmental factors, such as seasonal conditions and lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao D Lin
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health & Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Conor V Dolan
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J C de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health & Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health & Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,EMGO+ Institute for Health & Care Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Omidi M, Abbasi M, Eftekharian MM, Shishean B, Zamani A. Hematological Indices in Elite Wrestlers. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-31726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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10
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Comassi M, Vitolo E, Pratali L, Del Turco S, Dellanoce C, Rossi C, Santini E, Solini A. Acute effects of different degrees of ultra-endurance exercise on systemic inflammatory responses. Intern Med J 2015; 45:74-9. [PMID: 25371101 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intense physical stress might promote inflammatory responses, whereas a regular physical exercise has positive influence. Little is known on the acute metabolic and inflammatory responses to different levels of strenuous exercise in trained athletes. AIM To compare the short-term effect of two different ultra-endurance competitions on the inflammatory profile in male triathletes. METHODS We studied 14 Ironman (IR) and 13 Half Ironman (HIR) before and after their own specific race. We assessed body composition and measured blood cells, lipids, iron metabolism and plasma levels of some acute-phase cytokines and inflammatory markers. RESULTS After the race, IR showed reduced total body water and fat-free mass, not related with the duration of exercise, and increased white cells and platelets; high-density lipoprotein levels also increased. IR, but not HIR, showed reduced iron levels, increased ferritin and transferrin, reduced % saturated transferrin. HIR showed higher basal interleukin (IL)-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-10, IL-1β than IR; however, the post-performance rise was greater in IR. Irisin increased only in HIR and osteocalcin decreased in IR. In the whole study group, delta of white blood cells was directly related with delta of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and Δ ferritin was inversely related with Δosteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS A single ultra-endurance competition induces an inflammatory response depending on the duration of physical effort, with increased acute-phase cytokines, and an altered iron metabolism. Irisin, whose biological meaning is still uncertain, seems to be associated with acute variations of some metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Comassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Knechtle B, Knechtle R, Stiefel M, Zingg MA, Rosemann T, Rüst CA. Variables that influence Ironman triathlon performance - what changed in the last 35 years? Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6:277-90. [PMID: 26346992 PMCID: PMC4556299 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s85310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review summarizes findings for Ironman triathlon performance and intends to determine potential predictor variables for Ironman race performance in female and male triathletes. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed using the terms "Ironman", "triathlon", and "performance". All resulting articles were searched for related citations. RESULTS Age, previous experience, sex, training, origin, anthropometric and physiological characteristics, pacing, and performance in split disciplines were predictive. Differences exist between the sexes for anthropometric characteristics. The most important predictive variables for a fast Ironman race time were age of 30-35 years (women and men), a fast personal best time in Olympic distance triathlon (women and men), a fast personal best time in marathon (women and men), high volume and high speed in training where high volume was more important than high speed (women and men), low body fat, low skin-fold thicknesses and low circumference of upper arm (only men), and origin from the United States of America (women and men). CONCLUSION These findings may help athletes and coaches to plan an Ironman triathlon career. Age and previous experience are important to find the right point in the life of a triathlete to switch from the shorter triathlon distances to the Ironman distance. Future studies need to correlate physiological characteristics such as maximum oxygen uptake with Ironman race time to investigate their potential predictive value and to investigate socio-economic aspects in Ironman triathlon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland ; Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Stiefel
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Although the sport of triathlon provides an opportunity to research the effect of multi-disciplinary exercise on health across the lifespan, much remains to be done. The literature has failed to consistently or adequately report subject age group, sex, ability level, and/or event-distance specialization. The demands of training and racing are relatively unquantified. Multiple definitions and reporting methods for injury and illness have been implemented. In general, risk factors for maladaptation have not been well-described. The data thus far collected indicate that the sport of triathlon is relatively safe for the well-prepared, well-supplied athlete. Most injuries 'causing cessation or reduction of training or seeking of medical aid' are not serious. However, as the extent to which they recur may be high and is undocumented, injury outcome is unclear. The sudden death rate for competition is 1.5 (0.9-2.5) [mostly swim-related] occurrences for every 100,000 participations. The sudden death rate is unknown for training, although stroke risk may be increased, in the long-term, in genetically susceptible athletes. During heavy training and up to 5 days post-competition, host protection against pathogens may also be compromised. The incidence of illness seems low, but its outcome is unclear. More prospective investigation of the immunological, oxidative stress-related and cardiovascular effects of triathlon training and competition is warranted. Training diaries may prove to be a promising method of monitoring negative adaptation and its potential risk factors. More longitudinal, medical-tent-based studies of the aetiology and treatment demands of race-related injury and illness are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vleck
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1499-002, Portugal,
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Lippi G. Physical activity - an important preanalytical variable. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 2014; 24:68-79. [PMID: 24627716 PMCID: PMC3936967 DOI: 10.11613/bm.2014.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of several biochemical and hematological biomarkers is strongly influenced by a number of preanalytical variables. Several lines of evidence attest that short, middle, and long-term exercise, as well as the relative intensity of physical effort (from mild to strenuous), may influence a broad array of laboratory variables. The amount of extracellular release and clearance from blood of most of these biomarkers is markedly influenced by the biological characteristics of the molecule(s), level of training, type, intensity and duration of exercise, and time of recovery after training. It is hence noteworthy that test results that fall outside the conventional reference ranges in athletes not only may reflect the presence of a given disease, but may frequently mirror an adaptation to regular training or changes that have occurred during and/or following strenuous exercise, and which should be clearly acknowledged to prevent misinterpretation of laboratory data. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an update about the most significant changes of some biochemical and hematological biomarkers in response to physical exercise, for appropriate interpretation of these changes in the context of physically active subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia; Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Academic Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Michelis FV, Delitheos AK, Tiligada E. Seasonal influence on mitogen and cyclosporin responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 16:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Anemia, heart failure and exercise training. Int J Cardiol 2012; 165:587-8. [PMID: 23031281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Borges GF, Rama LMPL, Pedreiro S, Rosado F, Alves F, Santos AMC, Paiva A, Teixeira AM. Haematological changes in elite kayakers during a training season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:1140-6. [PMID: 22973999 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study monitored haematological markers in response to training load in elite kayakers during a training season. The sample comprised eight elite kayakers aged 22 ± 4.2 years with a 77.2 ± 6.7 kg body mass and a 177.5 ± 5.6 cm stature. The initial [Formula: see text]O(2max) was 61.2 ± 5.5 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1). The control group consisted of six healthy males, aged 18.6 ± 1.1 years, with an 81.3 ± 13.8 kg body mass and a 171.9 ± 4.5 cm stature. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the training season after an off-training period of six weeks (t(0)), at the 11th week after the application of high training volumes (t(1)), at the 26th week after an intense training cycle (t(2)), and at the 31st week at the end of a tapering phase (t(3)). Differences between time points were detected using ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Significant changes were found after the intense training cycle (t(2)), lymphocytes decreased while haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corposcular haemoglobin, mean concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets distribution width, and red blood cell distribution width values increased when compared with baseline values. At t(3), a reduction in monocyte numbers and an increase in mean platelet volume compared with baseline values were seen. By reducing the volume and intensity of training, many variables returned to values close to those at baseline. Although many athletes had accumulated responses over time due to training, they still suffered transient changes that appear to be influenced by training load. Haemorheology monitoring may help detect health risks, especially during times of intensified training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiely Faccin Borges
- Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tian Y, Zhao J, Zhao B, Gao Q, Xu J, Liu D. The ratio of sTfR/ferritin is associated with the expression level of TfR in rat bone marrow cells after endurance exercise. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 147:261-6. [PMID: 22207220 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is unclear which index of haematological parameters could be used to most easily monitor iron deficiency during endurance training. To address this question, 16 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: a sedentary group (n = 8) and an exercised group (n = 8). Initially, animals in the exercise group started running on a treadmill at a rate of 30 m/min, on a 0% grade, for 1 min/session. Running time was gradually increased by 2 min/day. The training plan was one session per day during the initial 2 weeks and two sessions per day during the third to ninth week. At the end of the 9-week experiment, we analysed the blood of the experimental animals for haemoglobin levels, erythrocyte numbers, haematocrit, serum iron levels, total iron binding capacity, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin levels and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels, and we calculated the ratio of sTfR/ferritin. Erythrocyte numbers, haemoglobin levels and haematocrit values were decreased after 9 weeks of exercise, but sTfR and sTfR/ferritin values were increased (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). The training regime significantly increased TfR mRNA levels in the bone marrow cells of the exercised rats compared with the sedentary group (1.8 ± 0.5 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2, P < 0.01). These results revealed a significant correlation between TfR levels in the bone marrow cells and the ratio of sTfR/ferritin (r = 0.517; P < 0.01) and sTfR levels (r = 0.206; P < 0.05) in sedentary and exercised rats. In conclusion, we show that sTfR indices and the ratio of sTfR/ferritin could be useful indicators for monitoring iron deficiency during endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Sport Biological Center, China Institute of Sport Science, General Administration of Sport, No.11 Tiyuguan Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, 100061
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Seasonal changes in activities of human neutrophils in vitro. Inflamm Res 2011; 61:11-6. [PMID: 21960458 PMCID: PMC3249202 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective and design We present a retrospective analysis of previously collected blood samples to determine whether the immune response of neutrophils depends on the season i.e., short versus long days, in which blood samples were collected. Methods The bactericidal activity and adhesive capacity of neutrophils, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and CD11b/CD18 molecule expression level were investigated. The investigated neutrophils were divided into two groups based on the time of blood collection: the winter season with short days and the summer season with long days. Results We found seasonal variation in measurements of all the analyzed functional responses of neutrophils to stimuli. The strongest adhesion, as well as maximum values of ROS production, was presented by neutrophils isolated from the summer group. The highest bactericidal activity of neutrophils was also observed in blood donors from summer group. Conclusions The magnitude of the immune functional activity of neutrophils varies with the season of the year and is decreased in winter.
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DÍAZ V, LOMBARDI G, RICCI C, JACOBS RA, MONTALVO Z, LUNDBY C, BANFI G. Reticulocyte and haemoglobin profiles in elite triathletes over four consecutive seasons. Int J Lab Hematol 2011; 33:638-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553x.2011.01348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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