1
|
Reis JF, Matias CN, Campa F, Morgado JP, Franco P, Quaresma P, Almeida N, Curto D, Toselli S, Monteiro CP. Bioimpedance Vector Patterns Changes in Response to Swimming Training: An Ecological Approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E4851. [PMID: 32640533 PMCID: PMC7369706 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Monitoring bioelectric phase angle (PhA) provides important information on the health and the condition of the athlete. Together with the vector length, PhA constitutes the bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) patterns, and their joint interpretation exceeds the limits of the evaluation of the PhA alone. The present investigation aimed to monitor changes in the BIVA patterns during a training macrocycle in swimmers, trying to ascertain if these parameters are sensitive to training load changes across a 13-week training period. METHODS Twelve national and international level swimmers (four females; eight males; 20.9 ± 1.9 years; with a competitive swimming background of 11.3 ± 1.8 years; undertaking 16-20 h of pool training and 4-5 h of dry-land training per week and 822.0 ± 59.0 International Swimming Federation (FINA) points) were evaluated for resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) using a single frequency phase sensitive bioimpedance device at the beginning of the macrocycle (M1), just before the beginning of the taper period (M2), and just before the main competition of the macrocycle (M3). At the three-time assessment points, swimmers also performed a 50 m all-out first stroke sprint with track start (T50 m) while time was recorded. RESULTS The results of the Hotelling T2 test showed a significant vector displacement due to simultaneous R and Xc changes (p < 0.001), where shifting from top to bottom along the major axis of the R-Xc graph from M1 to M2 was observed. From M2 to M3, a vector displacement up and left along the minor axis of the tolerance ellipses resulted in an increase in PhA (p < 0.01). The results suggest a gain in fluid with a decrease in cellular density from M1 to M2 due to decrements in R and Xc. Nevertheless, the reduced training load characterizing taper seemed to allow for an increase in PhA and, most importantly, an increase of Xc, thus demonstrating improved cellular health and physical condition, which was concomitant with a significant increase in the T50 m performance (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS PhA, obtained by bioelectrical R and Xc, can be useful in monitoring the condition of swimmers preparing for competition. Monitoring BIVA patterns allows for an ecological approach to the swimmers' health and condition assessment without resorting to equations to predict the related body composition variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Reis
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Catarina N. Matias
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - José P. Morgado
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
- Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Franco
- Federação Portuguesa de Natação, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Quaresma
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Nuno Almeida
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalia Curto
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Stefania Toselli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Science, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal; (J.F.R.); (C.N.M.); (J.P.M.); (P.Q.); (N.A.); (D.C.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morgado JP, Matias CN, Reis JF, Curto D, Alves FB, Monteiro CP. The Cellular Composition of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System Is Changed in Blood in Response to Long-Term Swimming Training. Front Physiol 2020; 11:471. [PMID: 32477166 PMCID: PMC7235416 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive swimming requires high training load cycles including consecutive sessions with little recovery in between which may contribute to the onset of fatigue and eventually illness. We aimed to investigate immune changes over a 7-month swimming season. Fifty-four national and international level swimmers (25 females, 29 males), ranging from 13 to 20 years of age, were evaluated at rest at: M1 (beginning of the season), M2 (after the 1st macrocycle’s main competition), M3 (highest training load phase of the 2nd macrocycle) and M4 (after the 2nd macrocycle’s main competition) and grouped according to sex, competitive age-groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Hemogram and the lymphocytes subsets were assessed by automatic cell counting and by flow cytometry, respectively. Self-reported Upper Respiratory Symptoms (URS) and training load were quantified. Although the values remained within the normal range reference, at M2, CD8+ decreased (M1 = 703 ± 245 vs. M2 = 665 ± 278 cell μL−1; p = 0.032) and total lymphocytes (TL, M1 = 2831 ± 734 vs. M2 = 2417 ± 714 cell μL−1; p = 0.007), CD3+ (M1 = 1974 ± 581 vs. M2 = 1672 ± 603 cell μL−1; p = 0.003), and CD4+ (M1 = 1102 ± 353 vs. M2 = 929 ± 329 cell μL−1; p = 0.002) decreased in youth. At M3, CD8+ remained below baseline (M3 = 622 ± 245 cell μL−1; p = 0.008), eosinophils (M1 = 0.30 ± 0.04 vs. M3 = 0.25 ± 0.03 109 L–1; p = 0.003) and CD16+56+ (M1 = 403 ± 184 vs. M3 = 339 ± 135 cell μL−1; p = 0.019) decreased, and TL, CD3+, and CD4+ recovered in youth. At M4, CD19+ were elevated (M1 = 403 ± 170 vs. M4 = 473 ± 151 cell μL−1; p = 0.022), CD16+56+ continued to decrease (M4 = 284 ± 131 cell μL−1; p < 0.001), eosinophils remained below baseline (M4 = 0.29 ± 0.05 109 L–1; p = 0.002) and CD8+ recovered; monocytes were also decreased in male seniors (M1 = 0.77 ± 0.22 vs. M4 = 0.57 ± 0.16 109 L–1; p = 0.031). The heaviest training load and higher frequency of URS episodes happened at M3. The swimming season induced a cumulative effect toward a decrease of the number of innate immune cells, while acquired immunity appeared to be more affected at the most intense period, recovering after tapering. Younger athletes were more susceptible at the beginning of the training season than older ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior de Ciências Educativas, Lisbon, Portugal.,Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Filipa Reis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dalia Curto
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Bessone Alves
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nunes CL, Matias CN, Santos DA, Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Sousa M, Minderico CS, Rocha PM, St-Onge MP, Sardinha LB, Silva AM. Characterization and Comparison of Nutritional Intake between Preparatory and Competitive Phase of Highly Trained Athletes. Medicina (Kaunas) 2018; 54:E41. [PMID: 30344272 PMCID: PMC6122105 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and objective: For a high level athlete, it is essential to ensure optimal energy as well as macro- and micro-nutrient and fluid intakes, in order to improve their performance during training and competition. Protein intake should be 1.2⁻2.1 g/kg/d, whereas the requirements for carbohydrate and fat intakes should be >5g/kg/d and 20⁻35% of energy, respectively. The micronutrient and fluid intakes in athletes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations, respectively. This study aimed to characterize and compare the nutritional habits of athletes at the preparatory and competitive phase, and to test if their nutritional intakes were in accordance with the recommendations. Materials and methods: A total of 276 professional athletes were assessed. To evaluate their nutritional intake, the athletes completed a 7 days food record. Under reporting was defined using a ratio of energy intake to basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 1.1. Body composition was assessed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Almost half (49%) of the athletes from the final sample reported lower measured intakes of carbohydrates and 27% reported a higher consumption of proteins than what was recommended. In both the preparatory and competitive phases, the micronutrients with a higher mismatch between the actual and recommended intakes were vitamins D and E, magnesium, folate, calcium, and zinc for both sexes, and iron intake for females. A large proportion of athletes reported a lower water intake. Compared to the recommendations, males reported a higher intake of carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins E, calcium, and magnesium (p <0.05) in the competitive phase, while females reported a lower ingestion of water, vitamins A and D, and calcium (p <0.05) in the preparatory phase. Conclusions: Overall, in the preparatory and competitive phases of the season, athletes reported a macro- and micro-nutrient intake below the recommendations, especially in the female athletic population. Dietary intakes in athletes need to be optimized and adjusted to their requirements, according to sex and sport, so as to avoid compromising health and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina L Nunes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Diana A Santos
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - José P Morgado
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Nutrition & Metabolism, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1169-056, Portugal.
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, R. Dr. Plácido da Costa, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Paulo M Rocha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Matias CN, Reis JF, Teles J, Laires MJ, Alves F. Long-term swimming training modifies acute immune cell response to a high-intensity session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:573-583. [PMID: 29313111 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-term training influence on athletes' immune cell response to acute exercise has been poorly studied, despite the complexity of both chronic and acute adaptations induced by training. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of a 4-month swimming training cycle on the immune cell response to a high-intensity training session, during 24 h of recovery, considering sex, maturity, and age group. METHODS Forty-three swimmers (16 females, 14.4 ± 1.1 years; 27 males, 16.2 ± 2.0) performed a standardized high-intensity session, after the main competition of the first (M1), and second (M2) macrocycles. Blood samples were collected before (Pre), immediately after (Post), 2 h after (Post2h) and 24 h after (Post24h) exercise. Haemogram and lymphocytes subsets were assessed by an automatic cell counter and by flow cytometry, respectively. Subjects were grouped according to sex, competitive age groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Results express the percentage of relative differences from Pre to Post, Post2h and Post24h. Upper respiratory symptoms (URS) and training load were quantified. RESULTS At M2, we observed smaller increases of leukocytes (M1: 14.0 ± 36.3/M2: 2.33 ± 23.0%) and neutrophils (M1: 57.1 ± 71.6/M2: 38.9 ± 49.9%) at Post; and less efficient recoveries of total lymphocytes (M1: - 22.0 ± 20.1/M2: - 30.0 ± 18.6%) and CD19+ (M1: 4.09 ± 31.1/M2: - 19.1 ± 24.4%) at Post2h. At Post2h, the increment of CD4+/CD8+ was smaller in youth (M1: 21.5 ± 16.0/M2: 9.23 ± 21.4%), and bigger in seniors (M1: 3.68 ± 9.21/M2: 23.2 ± 15.0%); and at Post24h late pubertal swimmers' CD16+56+ recovered less efficiently (M1: - 0.66 ± 34.6/M2: - 20.5 ± 34.2%). CONCLUSIONS The training cycle induced an attenuated immune change immediately after exercise and a less efficient recovery of total lymphocytes, involving an accentuated CD19+ decrease. The concomitant higher URS frequency suggests a potential immune depression and a longer interval of susceptibility to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal. .,Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Universidade Europeia, Laureate International Universities, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Júlia Teles
- Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Laboratory of Mathematical Methods, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| | - Maria José Laires
- Centro de Medicina Ambiental, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Center of Human Performance Studies (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Estrada da Costa, Cruz Quebrada, 1499-002, Dafundo, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morgado JP, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Alves F, Reis JF, Santos DA, Silva AM, Martins F, Seixas MT, Rocha-Pereira P, Sardinha LB, Laires MJ. Comparison of immunohematological profile between endurance- and power-oriented elite athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 42:257-262. [PMID: 28152331 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is general perception that elite athletes are highly susceptible to changes in immunohematological profile. The objective of this study was to compare immunohematological parameters of elite athletes of different aerobic and muscular strength sports and analyze changes over 2 months. Sixteen judoists and 14 swimmers were evaluated 2 months before (M1) and immediately prior to competition (M2). Hemogram and lymphocytes subpopulations were assessed with automatic counter and flow cytometry, respectively. Judoists had higher neutrophils and lower monocytes and eosinophils percentages than swimmers at M1 and M2. At M2 judoists had lower red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, and hematocrit than swimmers. At M2 judoists' hematocrit and CD16 decreased while swimmers' hemoglobin and hematocrit increased. In conclusion, neither sports characteristics nor intense training seem to displace the athletes' immunohematological profile out of the clinical range, despite the possibility of occurrence of microlesions that may stimulate production of leukocytes and reduction of RBC in judoists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,c Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Estrada da Correia, nº 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana A Santos
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martins
- d Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria T Seixas
- e Department of Health Promotion and Chronicle Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Petronila Rocha-Pereira
- f Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- b Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Maria J Laires
- a Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Teles J, Reis JF, Matias C, Seixas MT, Alvim MG, Bourbon M, Laires MJ, Alves F. Immune cell changes in response to a swimming training session during a 24-h recovery period. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:476-83. [PMID: 27028294 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of training sessions on the immune response is crucial for the adequate periodization of training, to prevent both a negative influence on health and a performance impairment of the athlete. This study evaluated acute systemic immune cell changes in response to an actual swimming session, during a 24-h recovery period, controlling for sex, menstrual cycle phases, maturity, and age group. Competitive swimmers (30 females, 15 ± 1.3 years old; and 35 males, 16.5 ± 2.1 years old) performed a high-intensity training session. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, 2 h after, and 24 h after exercise. Standard procedures for the assessment of leukogram by automated counting (Coulter LH 750, Beckman) and lymphocytes subsets by flow cytometry (FACS Calibur BD, Biosciences) were used. Subjects were grouped according to competitive age groups and pubertal Tanner stages. Menstrual cycle phase was monitored. The training session induced neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and a low eosinophil count, lasting for at least 2 h, independent of sex and maturity. At 24 h postexercise, the acquired immunity of juniors (15-17 years old), expressed by total lymphocytes and total T lymphocytes (CD3(+)), was not fully recovered. This should be accounted for when planning a weekly training program. The observed lymphopenia suggests a lower immune surveillance at the end of the session that may depress the immunity of athletes, highlighting the need for extra care when athletes are exposed to aggressive environmental agents such as swimming pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Júlia Teles
- b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,c Escola de turismo, desporto e hospitalidade, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina Matias
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria T Seixas
- d Department of Health Promotion and Prevention of non-Communicable Diseases, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta G Alvim
- d Department of Health Promotion and Prevention of non-Communicable Diseases, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Bourbon
- d Department of Health Promotion and Prevention of non-Communicable Diseases, National Health Institute Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria J Laires
- c Escola de turismo, desporto e hospitalidade, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal.,b Interdisciplinary Center for Human Performance Study (CIPER), Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morgado JP, Monteiro CP, Matias CN, Alves F, Pessoa P, Reis J, Martins F, Seixas T, Laires MJ. Sex-based effects on immune changes induced by a maximal incremental exercise test in well-trained swimmers. J Sports Sci Med 2014; 13:708-714. [PMID: 25177203 PMCID: PMC4126313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining the immune response to acute intensive swimming have shown increased leukocytosis and lymphocyte populations. However, studies concerning mucosal immunity and sex differences remain controversial. The objective of the study was to examine sex differences on the immune response to maximal incremental swimming exercise in well trained swimmers. Participants (11 females, controlled for menstrual cycle phase effects; 10 males) performed a maximal incremental 7x200 m front crawl set. Fingertip capillary blood samples were obtained after each 200 m swim for lactate assessment. Venous blood and saliva samples were collected before and 5 minutes after the swimming test to determine total numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes and subpopulations, and serum and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. IgA secretion rate was calculated. Menstrual cycle phase did not influence the immune response to exercise. As for sex differences, exercise induced an increase in leukocytes, total lymphocytes, CD3(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD16(+)/56(+) in males. In females, only leukocytosis, of a lower magnitude than was observed in males, occurred. CD19(+) increased and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio decreased in both groups following exercise whilst IgA, SIgA concentrations, and srIgA did not change. Both males and females finished the incremental exercise very close to the targeted race velocity, attaining peak blood lactate concentrations of 14.6±2.25 and 10.4±1.99 mmol.L(-1), respectively. The effect of a maximal incremental swimming task on immunity is sex dependent and more noticeable in men. Males, as a consequence of higher levels of immunosurveillance may therefore be at a lower risk of infection than females. Key PointsMaximal exercise induces an immune response.This study investigated the influence of sex over the leukocytes subpopulations and mucosal immune responses to maximal swimming.Male swimmers showed a stronger increase of T helper, T cytotoxic and NK lymphocytes than females, suggesting they may be at a lower risk of infection, due to a higher immunosurveillance.Mucosal immunity remained unchanged in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José P Morgado
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- Health and Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pessoa
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Reis
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martins
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Seixas
- Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria J Laires
- Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise Laboratory, CIPER, Fac Motricidade Humana , Univ Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|