1
|
Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Tkadlec S, Kay AD. Effects of once- versus twice-weekly eccentric resistance training on muscular function and structure in older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9638. [PMID: 38671049 PMCID: PMC11053087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherence rates to current twice-weekly strength training guidelines are poor among older adults. Eccentric-only training elicits substantial improvements in muscle function/size so the aim of this study was to compare the effects of once- versus twice-weekly eccentric training programmes on muscle function/size in older adults. Thirty-six participants (69.4 ± 6.0 yr) were randomised into non-active control, once-, or twice-weekly training groups. Lower-limb muscle power, strength, and size were assessed at baseline, mid-, and post-eccentric training. Training was performed for 12 min per session at 50% of maximum eccentric strength. Significant increases in power (13%), isometric (17-36%) and eccentric (40-50%) strength, and VL muscle thickness (9-18%) occurred in both training groups following 12 weeks. Minimal muscle soreness was induced throughout the 12 weeks and perceived exertion was consistently lower in the twice-weekly training group. One weekly submaximal eccentric resistance training session over 12 weeks elicits similar improvements in neuromuscular function compared to the currently recommended twice-weekly training dose. Given the substantial improvements in neuromuscular function and previously reported low adherence to current twice-weekly training guidelines, eccentric training may be pivotal to developing a minimal-dose strategy to counteract neuromuscular decline. The trial was registered retrospectively on 24/01/2024 with ISRCTN (trial registration number: ISRCTN68730580).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Stepan Tkadlec
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
- Healthy Longevity Clinic, 165 East Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33432, USA
- Healthy Longevity Clinic, Zlatniky-Hodkovice, 252 41, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN1 5PH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujii N, Igarashi Y, Ishii Y, Ito E, Lai YF, Tanabe Y, Fujimoto T, Ogawa K, Nabekura Y, Hiroyama T, Nishiyasu T. Menthol alleviates post-race elevations in muscle soreness and metabolic and respiratory stress during running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05463-w. [PMID: 38565706 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated (1) whether participating in middle- and long-distance running races augments muscle soreness, oxygen cost, respiration, and exercise exertion during subsequent running, and (2) if post-race menthol application alleviates these responses in long-distance runners. METHODS Eleven long-distance runners completed a 1500-m race on day 1 and a 3000-m race on day 2. On day 3 (post-race day), either a 4% menthol solution (Post-race menthol) or a placebo solution (Post-race placebo) serving as a vehicle control, was applied to their lower leg skin, and their perceptual and physiological responses were evaluated. The identical assessment with the placebo solution was also conducted without race participation (No-race placebo). RESULTS The integrated muscle soreness index increased in the Post-race placebo compared to the No-race placebo (P < 0.001), but this response was absent in the Post-race menthol (P = 0.058). Oxygen uptake during treadmill running tended to be higher (4.3%) in the Post-race placebo vs. No-race placebo (P = 0.074). Oxygen uptake was 5.4% lower in the Post-race menthol compared to the Post-race placebo (P = 0.018). Minute ventilation during treadmill running was 6.7-7.6% higher in the Post-race placebo compared to No-race placebo, whereas it was 6.6-9.0% lower in the Post-race menthol vs. Post-race placebo (all P ≤ 0.001). The rate of perceived exertion was 7.0% lower in the Post-race menthol vs. Post-race placebo (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Middle- and long-distance races can subsequently elevate muscle soreness and induce respiratory and metabolic stress, but post-race menthol application to the lower legs can mitigate these responses and reduce exercise exertion in long-distance runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Fujii
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Yuta Igarashi
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishii
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Eri Ito
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yin Feng Lai
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Tomomi Fujimoto
- Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keito Ogawa
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Nabekura
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hiroyama
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
- Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Devantier-Thomas B, Deakin GB, Crowther F, Schumann M, Doma K. The Impact of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Various Cycling Performance Metrics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00393. [PMID: 38241464 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Devantier-Thomas, B, Deakin, GB, Crowther, F, Schumann, M, and Doma, K. The impact of exercise-induced muscle damage on various cycling performance metrics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 196-212, 2024-This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the impact of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on cycling performance. The primary outcome measure was cycling performance, whereas secondary outcome measures included creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), and muscular contractions. Data were extracted and quantified through forest plots to report on the standardized mean difference and p values. The meta-analysis showed no significant change in oxygen consumption at 24-48 hours (p > 0.05) after the muscle damage protocol, although ventilation and rating of perceived exertion significantly increased (p < 0.05) during submaximal cycling protocols. Peak power output during both sprint and incremental cycling performance was significantly reduced (p < 0.05), but time-trial and distance-trial performance showed no change (p > 0.05). Measures of CK and DOMS were significantly increased (p < 0.05), whereas muscular force was significantly reduced following the muscle-damaging protocols (p < 0.05), confirming that cycling performance was assessed during periods of EIMD. This systematic review showed that EIMD affected both maximal and submaximal cycling performance. Therefore, coaches should consider the effect of EIMD on cycling performance when implementing unaccustomed exercise into a cycling program. Careful consideration should be taken to ensure that additional training does not impair performance and endurance adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baily Devantier-Thomas
- James Cook University, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Glen B Deakin
- James Cook University, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, Townsville, Australia; and
| | - Fiona Crowther
- James Cook University, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, Townsville, Australia; and
| | | | - Kenji Doma
- James Cook University, College of Healthcare Sciences, Sports and Exercise Science, Townsville, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Doma K, Matoso B, Protzen G, Singh U, Boullosa D. The Repeated Bout Effect of Multiarticular Exercises on Muscle Damage Markers and Physical Performances: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2504-2515. [PMID: 38015738 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Doma, K, Matoso, B, Protzen, G, Singh, U, and Boullosa, D. The repeated bout effect of multiarticular exercises on muscle damage markers and physical performances: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2504-2515, 2023-This systematic review and meta-analysis compared muscle damage markers and physical performance measures between 2 bouts of multiarticular exercises and determined whether intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises affected the outcomes. The eligibility criteria consisted of (a) healthy male and female adults; (b) multiarticular exercises to cause muscle damage across 2 bouts; (c) outcome measures were compared at 24-48 hours after the first and second bouts of muscle-damaging exercise; (d) at least one of the following outcome measures: creatine kinase (CK), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle strength, and running economy. Study appraisal was conducted using the Kmet tool, whereas forest plots were derived to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and statistical significance and alpha set a 0.05. After screening, 20 studies were included. The levels of DOMS and CK were significantly greater during the first bout when compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.001; SMD = 0.51-1.23). Muscular strength and vertical jump performance were significantly lower during the first bout compared with the second bout at T24 and T48 (p ≤ 0.05; SMD = -0.27 to -0.40), whereas oxygen consumption and rating of perceived exertion were significantly greater during the first bout at T24 and T48 (p < 0.05; SMD = 0.28-0.65) during running economy protocols. The meta-analyses were unaffected by changes in intensity and volume of muscle-damaging exercises between bouts. Multiarticular exercises exhibited a repeated bout effect, suggesting that a single bout of commonly performed exercises involving eccentric contractions may provide protection against exercise-induced muscle damage for subsequent bouts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Orthopeadic Research Institute of Queensland, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bruno Matoso
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Protzen
- Physical Education College, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; and
| | - Utkarsh Singh
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, Australia
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Baxter BA, Baross AW, Ryan DJ, Wright BH, Kay AD. The acute and repeated bout effects of multi-joint eccentric exercise on physical function and balance in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2131-2143. [PMID: 37217609 PMCID: PMC10492690 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eccentric muscle actions generate high levels of force at a low metabolic cost, making them a suitable training modality to combat age-related neuromuscular decline. The temporary muscle soreness associated with high intensity eccentric contractions may explain their limited use in clinical exercise prescription, however any discomfort is often alleviated after the initial bout (repeated bout effect). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to examine the acute and repeated bout effects of eccentric contractions on neuromuscular factors associated with the risk of falling in older adults. METHODS Balance, functional ability [timed up-and-go and sit-to-stand], and lower-limb maximal and explosive strength were measured in 13 participants (67.6 ± 4.9 year) pre- and post-eccentric exercise (0, 24, 48, and 72 hr) in Bout 1 and 14 days later in Bout 2. The eccentric exercise intervention was performed on an isokinetic unilateral stepper ergometer at 50% of maximal eccentric strength at 18 step‧min-1 per limb for 7 min (126 steps per limb). Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to identify any significant effects (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Eccentric strength significantly decreased (- 13%) in Bout 1 at 24 hr post-exercise; no significant reduction was observed at any other time-point after Bout 1. No significant reductions occurred in static balance or functional ability at any time-point in either bout. CONCLUSION Submaximal multi-joint eccentric exercise results in minimal disruption to neuromuscular function associated with falls in older adults after the initial bout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Baxter
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK.
| | - Anthony W Baross
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Declan J Ryan
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Ben H Wright
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| | - Anthony D Kay
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, Faculty of Art, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, NN1 5PH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burt D, Doma K, Connor J. The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on varying intensities of endurance running performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
Acute Neuromuscular, Physiological and Performance Responses After Strength Training in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 35976540 PMCID: PMC9385928 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Strength training (ST) is commonly used to improve muscle strength, power, and neuromuscular adaptations and is recommended combined with runner training. It is possible that the acute effects of the strength training session lead to deleterious effects in the subsequent running. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to verify the acute effects of ST session on the neuromuscular, physiological and performance variables of runners.
Methods Studies evaluating running performance after resistance exercise in runners in the PubMed and Scopus databases were selected. From 6532 initial references, 19 were selected for qualitative analysis and 13 for meta-analysis. The variables of peak torque (PT), creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), countermovement jump (CMJ), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), lactate (La) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated.
Results The methodological quality of the included studies was considered reasonable; the meta-analysis indicated that the variables PT (p = 0.003), DOMS (p < 0.0001), CK (p < 0.0001), RPE (p < 0.0001) had a deleterious effect for the experimental group; for CMJ, VE, VO2, La, FC there was no difference. By qualitative synthesis, running performance showed a reduction in speed for the experimental group in two studies and in all that assessed time to exhaustion.
Conclusion The evidence indicated that acute strength training was associated with a decrease in PT, increases in DOMS, CK, RPE and had a low impact on the acute responses of CMJ, VE, VO2, La, HR and submaximal running sessions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Harrison DC, Doma K, Leicht AS, McGuckin TA, Woods CT, Connor JD. Repeated Bout Effect of Two Resistance Training Bouts on Bowling-Specific Performance in Male Cricketers. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090126. [PMID: 36136381 PMCID: PMC9500931 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the repeated bout effect (RBE) following two identical resistance bouts and its effect on bowling-specific performance in male cricketers. Male cricket pace bowlers (N = 10), who had not undertaken resistance exercises in the past six months, were invited to complete a familiarisation and resistance maximum testing, before participating in the study protocol. The study protocol involved the collection of muscle damage markers, a battery of anaerobic (jump and sprint), and a bowling-specific performance test at baseline, followed by a resistance training bout, and a retest of physical and bowling-specific performance at 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) post-training. The study protocol was repeated 7–10 days thereafter. Indirect markers of muscle damage were lower (creatine kinase: 318.7 ± 164.3 U·L−1; muscle soreness: 3 ± 1), whilst drop jump was improved (~47.5 ± 8.1 cm) following the second resistance training bout when compared to the first resistance training bout (creatine kinase: 550.9 ± 242.3 U·L−1; muscle soreness: 4 ± 2; drop jump: ~43.0 ± 9.7 cm). However, sport-specific performance via bowling speed declined (Bout 1: −2.55 ± 3.43%; Bout 2: 2.67 ± 2.41%) whilst run-up time increased (2.34 ± 3.61%; Bout 2: 3.84 ± 4.06%) after each bout of resistance training. Findings suggest that while an initial resistance training bout reduced muscle damage indicators and improved drop jump performance following a second resistance training bout, this RBE trend was not observed for bowling-specific performance. It was suggested that pace bowlers with limited exposure to resistance training should minimise bowling-specific practice for 1–2 days following the initial bouts of their resistance training program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew C. Harrison
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anthony S. Leicht
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Teneale A. McGuckin
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Carl T. Woods
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Jonathan D. Connor
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of Exercise Sequence and Velocity Loss Threshold During Resistance Training on Following Endurance and Strength Performance During Concurrent Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:811-817. [PMID: 33547266 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the response to 4 concurrent training interventions differing in the training sequence and in the velocity loss (VL) threshold during strength training (20% vs 40%) on following endurance and strength performance. METHODS A randomized crossover research design was used. Sixteen trained men performed 4 training interventions consisting of endurance training (ET) followed by resistance training (RT), with 20% and 40% VL, respectively (ET + RT20 and ET + RT40), and RT with 20% and 40% VL, respectively, followed by ET (RT20 + ET and RT40 + ET). The ET consisted of running for 10 minutes at 90% of maximal aerobic velocity. The RT consisted of 3 squat sets with 60% of 1-repetition maximum. A 5-minute rest was given between exercises. The oxygen uptake throughout the ET and repetition velocity during RT were recorded. The blood lactate concentration, vertical jump, and squat velocity were measured at preexercise and after the endurance and strength exercises. RESULTS The RT40 + ET protocol showed an impaired running time along with higher ventilatory equivalents compared with those protocols that performed the ET without previous fatigue. No significant differences were observed in the repetitions per set performed for a given VL threshold, regardless of the exercise sequence. The protocols consisting of 40%VL induced greater reductions in jump height and squat velocity, along with elevated blood lactate concentration. CONCLUSIONS A high VL magnitude (40%VL) induced higher metabolic and mechanical stress, as well as greater residual fatigue, on the following ET performance.
Collapse
|
10
|
Doma K, Connor J, Gahreman D, Boullosa D, Ahtiainen JP, Nagata A. Resistance Training Acutely Impairs Agility and Spike-Specific Performance Measures in Collegiate Female Volleyball Players Returning from the Off-Season. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186448. [PMID: 32899731 PMCID: PMC7559839 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of resistance training (RT) on volleyball-specific performance. Sixteen female volleyball players undertook their initial, pre-season RT bout. Countermovement jump (CMJ), delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), and sport-specific performances (i.e., run-up jump, agility, and spiking speed and accuracy) were measured before, 24 (T24), and 48 (T48) hours after RT. A significant increase in DOMS was observed at T24 and T48 (~207.6% ± 119.3%; p < 0.05; ES = 1.8 (95% CI: 0.94–2.57)), whilst agility was significantly impaired at T48 (1.7% ± 2.5%; p < 0.05; ES = 0.30 (95% CI: −0.99–0.40)). However, there were no differences in CMJ (~−2.21% ± 7.6%; p > 0.05; ES = −0.11 (95% CI: −0.80–0.58)) and run-up jump (~−1.4% ± 4.7%; p > 0.05; ES = −0.07 (95% CI: −0.76–0.63)). Spiking speed was significantly reduced (−3.5% ± 4.4%; p < 0.05; ES = −0.28 (95% CI: −0.43–0.97)), although accuracy was improved (38.3% ± 81.4%: p < 0.05) at T48. Thus, the initial, preseason RT bout compromised agility and spiking speed for several days post-exercise. Conversely, spiking accuracy improved, suggesting a speed–accuracy trade-off. Nonetheless, at least a 48-h recovery may be necessary after the initial RT bout for athletes returning from the off-season or injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-747814952
| | - Jonathan Connor
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin 0909, Australia;
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, Australia; (J.C.); (D.B.)
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Juha P. Ahtiainen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Akinori Nagata
- Faculty of Social Welfare, Rissho University, Kumagaya 360-0194, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Training Considerations for Optimising Endurance Development: An Alternate Concurrent Training Perspective. Sports Med 2020; 49:669-682. [PMID: 30847824 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the "acute hypothesis" was originally coined to describe the detrimental effects of concurrent training on strength development, similar physiological processes may occur when endurance training adaptations are compromised. There is a growing body of research indicating that typical resistance exercises impair neuromuscular function and endurance performance during periods of resistance training-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that the attenuating effects of resistance training-induced muscle damage on endurance performance are influenced by exercise intensity, exercise mode, exercise sequence, recovery and contraction velocity of resistance training. By understanding the influence that training variables have on the level of resistance training-induced muscle damage and its subsequent attenuating effects on endurance performance, concurrent training programs could be prescribed in such a way that minimises fatigue between modes of training and optimises the quality of endurance training sessions. Therefore, this review will provide considerations for concurrent training prescription for endurance development based on scientific evidence. Furthermore, recommendations will be provided for future research by identifying training variables that may impact on endurance development as a result of concurrent training.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lee EJ, Van Iterson EH, Baker SE, Kasak AJ, Taylor NE, Kang C, Lundstrom CJ, Snyder EM. Foam rolling is an effective recovery tool in trained distance runners. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020; 16:105-115. [PMID: 38828260 PMCID: PMC11142630 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Many endurance athletes use foam rolling (FR) to decrease muscle soreness, but it is unclear whether FR effectively treats soreness in this population. Moreover, the effects of FR in highly trained runners are unknown. The aim of this study was to use downhill running (DHR) to induce muscle soreness in runners and to determine the influence of FR on soreness and running performance when compared to sham compression tights. Methods Participants performed a running economy (RE) test at 75% of 5-km race speed and a 3-km time trial (TT). In a crossover design, subjects then completed DHR followed by either a FR protocol or wearing sham compression tights. Two days post-DHR, subjects repeated the RE and TT tests. Crossover visits occurred 2-4 weeks later. During RE tests, VO2 and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Passive and active soreness were measured on a scale of 0 (no soreness) to 10 (extreme soreness). Results Eight runners (aged 31 ± 7 years; four females; VO2peak 57 ± 7 ml kg-1 min-1) completed the study. Both treatment conditions experienced passive (p = 0.026) and active soreness (p = 0.012) induced by DHR. Active soreness 2 days postDHR was significantly lower after FR than after sham compression tights (p = 0.025). With tights, there was a trend for an increased RPE compared to pre-DHR (p = 0.056). Conclusions Foam rolling decreases leg soreness in well-trained runners and attenuates soreness-related increases in perceived exertion during sub-maximal running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J. Lee
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Present Address: Physical Therapy Program, MMC 338 Mayo, 8388A, 420 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erik H. Van Iterson
- Section of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., JB-1, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sarah E. Baker
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander J. Kasak
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Natalie E. Taylor
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Health Hospitals and Clinics, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - ChoungHun Kang
- Department of Physical Education, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Christopher J. Lundstrom
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric M. Snyder
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, 1900 University Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lima LCR, Nosaka K, Chen TC, Pinto RS, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Decreased running economy is not associated with decreased force production capacity following downhill running in untrained, young men. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:84-92. [PMID: 32090683 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1727570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationships between changes in running economy (RE) and indirect muscle damage markers following downhill running (DHR) to test the hypothesis that decreased RE after DHR would be associated with decreases in muscle function. Forty-five young men ran downhill (-15%) for 30 min at the velocity corresponding to 70% of their peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). Oxygen uptake (VO2) and other parameters possibly associated with RE (blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion, stride length and frequency) were measured during 5-minute level running at the velocity corresponding to 80%VO2peak before, immediately after and 1-3 days after DHR. Knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC), rate of torque development, vertical jump performance, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity were assessed at the same time points. The values of the dependent variables were compared among time points by one-way ANOVAs followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests when appropriate. Pearson's correlation tests were used to examine relationships between changes in VO2 (RE parameter) and changes in muscle damage parameters. VO2 during the level run increased (p < 0.05) immediately after DHR (18.3 ± 4.6%) and sustained until 2 days post-DHR (11.7 ± 4.2%). MVC decreased (p < 0.05) immediately (-21.8 ± 6.1%) to 3 days (-13.6 ± 5.9%) post-DHR, and muscle soreness developed 1-3 days post-DHR. The magnitude of changes in VO2 did not significantly (p < 0.05) correlate with the changes in muscle damage makers (r = -0.02-0.13) nor stride length (r = -0.05) and frequency (r = -0.05). The absence of correlation between the changes in VO2 and MVC suggests that strength loss was not a key factor affecting RE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Trevor C Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doma K, Nicholls A, Gahreman D, Damas F, Libardi CA, Sinclair W. The Effect of a Resistance Training Session on Physiological and Thermoregulatory Measures of Sub-maximal Running Performance in the Heat in Heat-Acclimatized Men. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31165339 PMCID: PMC6548784 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined the acute effects of a lower body resistance training (RT) session on physiological and thermoregulatory measures during a sub-maximal running protocol in the heat in heat-acclimatized men. Ten resistance-untrained men (age 27.4 ± 4.1 years; height 1.78 ± 0.06 m; body mass 76.8 ± 9.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake 48.2 ± 7.0 mL kg-1 min-1) undertook a high-intensity RT session at six-repetition maximum. Indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., creatine kinase [CK], delayed-onset muscle soreness [DOMS], and countermovement jump [CMJ]) were collected prior to, immediately post and 24 and 48 h after the RT session. The sub-maximal running protocol was performed at 70% of the ventilatory threshold, which was conducted prior to and 24 and 48 h following the RT session to obtain physiological and thermoregulatory measures. RESULTS The RT session exhibited significant increases in DOMS (p < 0.05; effect size [ES]: 1.41-10.53), whilst reduced CMJ (p < 0.05; ES: - 0.79-1.41) for 48 h post-exercise. There were no differences in CK (p > 0.05), although increased with moderate to large ES (0.71-1.12) for 48 h post-exercise. The physiological cost of running was increased for up to 48 h post-exercise (p < 0.05) with moderate to large ES (0.50-0.84), although no differences were shown in thermoregulatory measures (p > 0.05) with small ES (0.33). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that a RT session impairs sub-maximal running performance for several days post-exercise, although thermoregulatory measures are unperturbed despite elevated muscle damage indicators in heat-acclimatized, resistance untrained men. Accordingly, whilst a RT session may not increase susceptibility to heat-related injuries in heat-acclimatized men during sub-maximal running in the heat, endurance sessions should be undertaken with caution for at least 48 h post-exercise following the initial RT session in resistance untrained men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Rehab Sciences Building, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia.
| | - Anthony Nicholls
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Rehab Sciences Building, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Daniel Gahreman
- Exercise and Sport Science, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, Australia
| | - Felipe Damas
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Wade Sinclair
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, James Cook Drive, Rehab Sciences Building, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Implications of Impaired Endurance Performance following Single Bouts of Resistance Training: An Alternate Concurrent Training Perspective. Sports Med 2018; 47:2187-2200. [PMID: 28702901 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of resistance training induces residual fatigue, which may impair performance during subsequent endurance training if inadequate recovery is allowed. From a concurrent training standpoint, such carry-over effects of fatigue from a resistance training session may impair the quality of a subsequent endurance training session for several hours to days with inadequate recovery. The proposed mechanisms of this phenomenon include: (1) impaired neural recruitment patterns; (2) reduced movement efficiency due to alteration in kinematics during endurance exercise and increased energy expenditure; (3) increased muscle soreness; and (4) reduced muscle glycogen. If endurance training quality is consistently compromised during the course of a specific concurrent training program, optimal endurance development may be limited. Whilst the link between acute responses of training and subsequent training adaptation has not been fully established, there is some evidence suggesting that cumulative effects of fatigue may contribute to limiting optimal endurance development. Thus, the current review will (1) explore cross-sectional studies that have reported impaired endurance performance following a single, or multiple bouts, of resistance training; (2) identify the potential impact of fatigue on chronic endurance development; (3) describe the implications of fatigue on the quality of endurance training sessions during concurrent training, and (4) explain the mechanisms contributing to resistance training-induced attenuation on endurance performance from neurological, biomechanical and metabolic standpoints. Increasing the awareness of resistance training-induced fatigue may encourage coaches to consider modulating concurrent training variables (e.g., order of training mode, between-mode recovery period, training intensity, etc.) to limit the carry-over effects of fatigue from resistance to endurance training sessions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Venhorst A, Micklewright DP, Noakes TD. The Psychophysiological Regulation of Pacing Behaviour and Performance Fatigability During Long-Distance Running with Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Highly Trained Runners. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 29987522 PMCID: PMC6037655 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locomotor muscle fatigue (LMMF) and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are common conditions experienced during long-distance running due to the pooled effect of mechanical and metabolic strain on the locomotor muscles. However, little is known about the instant effects of combined LMMF and EIMD on pacing behaviour and performance during the decisive final stages of 'real-world' long-distance running events. METHODS Twenty-two highly trained runners (11 females) completed two maximal self-paced 20-km treadmill time trials in a counterbalanced crossover design: (A) in a tapered condition and (B) with LMMF and EIMD. Indicators of muscle damage, muscle metabolic strain, and endocrinological stress were assessed to investigate the physiological effects, and a three-dimensional framework of perceived fatigability was applied to investigate the perceptual effects of running with LMMF and EIMD on performance fatigability. RESULTS LMMF and EIMD caused restrictions in work capacity and medium increases in blood leucocyte and neutrophil count, interleukin-6, and cortisol concentrations, collectively constituting a physiological milieu likely not conducive to high performance. LMMF and EIMD further caused large increases in perceived physical strain and large decreases in valence as well as large increases and decreases in action crisis and flow state, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Under the constraint of amplified physical duress, findings are suggestive of heuristic and rational antecedents in the goal disengagement process. Dynamic changes in physiological and perceptual effects of LMMF and EIMD are hypothesised to underpin the observed alterations in pacing behaviour and performance fatigability during long-distance running. The applied three-dimensional framework provides a more comprehensive understanding of strain-perception-thinking-action coupling in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Venhorst
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725 South Africa
| | - Dominic P. Micklewright
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Timothy D. Noakes
- Department of Human Biology, Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Newlands, 7725 South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lima LCR, Bassan NM, Cardozo AC, Gonçalves M, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Isometric pre-conditioning blunts exercise-induced muscle damage but does not attenuate changes in running economy following downhill running. Hum Mov Sci 2018; 60:1-9. [PMID: 29751254 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Running economy (RE) is impaired following unaccustomed eccentric-biased exercises that induce muscle damage. It is also known that muscle damage is reduced when maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) are performed at a long muscle length 2-4 days prior to maximal eccentric exercise with the same muscle, a phenomenon that can be described as isometric pre-conditioning (IPC). We tested the hypothesis that IPC could attenuate muscle damage and changes in RE following downhill running. Thirty untrained men were randomly assigned into experimental or control groups and ran downhill on a treadmill (-15%) for 30 min. Participants in the experimental group completed 10 MVIC in a leg press machine two days prior to downhill running, while participants in the control group did not perform IPC. The magnitude of changes in muscle soreness determined 48 h after downhill running was greater for the control group (122 ± 28 mm) than for the experimental group (92 ± 38 mm). Isometric peak torque recovered faster in the experimental group compared with the control group (3 days vs. no full recovery, respectively). No significant effect of IPC was found for countermovement jump height, serum creatine kinase activity or any parameters associated with RE. These results supported the hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in markers of muscle damage. The hypothesis that IPC attenuates changes in RE was not supported by our data. It appears that the mechanisms involved in changes in markers of muscle damage and parameters associated with RE following downhill running are not completely shared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C R Lima
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil; Faculty of Biological and Health Sciences, Centro Universitário Hermínio Ometto, Av. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Araras, SP 13607-339, Brazil; Faculty of Physical Education, Centro Universitário Salesiano de São Paulo, Rua Baronesa Geraldo Resende, 330, Campinas, SP 13075-270, Brazil.
| | - Natália M Bassan
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Adalgiso C Cardozo
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Gonçalves
- Biomechanics Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Camila C Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| | - Benedito S Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, São Paulo State University, Av 24-A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP 13506-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on critical torque. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2225-2236. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
19
|
Doma K, Schumann M, Leicht AS, Heilbronn BE, Damas F, Burt D. The repeated bout effect of traditional resistance exercises on running performance across 3 bouts. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:978-985. [PMID: 28553994 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the repeated bout effect of 3 typical lower body resistance-training sessions on maximal and submaximal effort running performance. Twelve resistance-untrained men (age, 24 ± 4 years; height, 1.81 ± 0.10 m; body mass, 79.3 ± 10.9 kg; peak oxygen uptake, 48.2 ± 6.5 mL·kg-1·min-1; 6-repetition maximum squat, 71.7 ± 12.2 kg) undertook 3 bouts of resistance-training sessions at 6-repetitions maximum. Countermovement jump (CMJ), lower-body range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness, and creatine kinase (CK) were examined prior to and immediately, 24 h (T24), and 48 h (T48) after each resistance-training bout. Submaximal (i.e., below anaerobic threshold (AT)) and maximal (i.e., above AT) running performances were also conducted at T24 and T48. Most indirect muscle damage markers (i.e., CMJ, ROM, and muscle soreness) and submaximal running performance were significantly improved (P < 0.05; 1.9%) following the third resistance-training bout compared with the second bout. Whilst maximal running performance was also improved following the third bout (P < 0.05; 9.8%) compared with other bouts, the measures were still reduced by 12%-20% versus baseline. However, the increase in CK was attenuated following the second bout (P < 0.05) with no further protection following the third bout (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the initial bout induced the greatest change in CK; however, at least 2 bouts were required to produce protective effects on other indirect muscle damage markers and submaximal running performance measures. This suggests that submaximal running sessions should be avoided for at least 48 h after resistance training until the third bout, although a greater recovery period may be required for maximal running sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- a College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville QLD4811, Australia
| | - Moritz Schumann
- b Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Anthony Scott Leicht
- a College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville QLD4811, Australia
| | | | - Felipe Damas
- c School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil
| | - Dean Burt
- d Sport and Exercise Science, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire WS12 4JH, England
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jakeman JR, Lambrick DM, Wooley B, Babraj JA, Faulkner JA. Effect of an acute dose of omega-3 fish oil following exercise-induced muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:575-582. [PMID: 28213750 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to examine the effect of two fish oil supplements, one high in EPA (750 mg EPA, 50 mg DHA) and one low in EPA (150 mg EPA, 100 mg DHA), taken acutely as a recovery strategy following EIMD. METHODS Twenty-seven physically active males (26 ± 4 year, 1.77 ± 0.07 m, 80 ± 10 kg) completed 100 plyometric drop jumps to induce muscle damage. Perceptual (perceived soreness) and functional (isokinetic muscle strength at 60° and 180° s-1, squat jump performance and countermovement jump performance) indices of EIMD were recorded before, and 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96h after the damaging protocol. Immediately after the damaging protocol, volunteers ingested either a placebo (Con), a low-EPA fish oil (Low EPA) or a high-EPA fish oil (High EPA) at a dose of 1 g per 10 kg body mass. RESULTS A significant group main effect was observed for squat jump, with the High EPA group performing better than Con and Low EPA groups (average performance decrement, 2.1, 8.3 and 9.8%, respectively), and similar findings were observed for countermovement jump performance, (average performance decrement, 1.7, 6.8 and 6.8%, respectively, p = 0.07). Significant time, but no interaction main effects were observed for all functional and perceptual indices measured, although large effect sizes demonstrate a possible ameliorating effect of high dose of EPA fish supplementation (effect sizes ≥0.14). CONCLUSION This study indicates that an acute dose of high-EPA fish oil may ameliorate the functional changes following EIMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Jakeman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - D M Lambrick
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - B Wooley
- School of Sport and Exercise, Massey University, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - J A Babraj
- Division of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Abertay, Dundee, DD1 1HG, UK
| | - J A Faulkner
- Department of Sport and Exercise, University of Winchester, Winchester, SO22 4NR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Baxter C, Mc Naughton LR, Sparks A, Norton L, Bentley D. Impact of stretching on the performance and injury risk of long-distance runners. Res Sports Med 2016; 25:78-90. [PMID: 27912252 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1258640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stretching, either prior to exercise or at the end, or both, is typically carried out by all individuals undertaking sporting activity whether they be elite or recreational athletes. The many forms of stretching available to the athlete, either passive or active, have long been thought to improve performance, decrease injury and generally be advantageous to the athlete. This review examines the current state of the literature and evaluates what athletes can and should do with respect to this controversial topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Baxter
- a School of Health Science , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Lars R Mc Naughton
- b Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , United Kingdom
| | - Andy Sparks
- b Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , United Kingdom
| | - Lynda Norton
- a School of Health Science , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - David Bentley
- a School of Health Science , Flinders University , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Caldwell JT, Wardlow GC, Branch PA, Ramos M, Black CD, Ade CJ. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on vascular function and skeletal muscle microvascular deoxygenation. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/22/e13032. [PMID: 27884955 PMCID: PMC5358004 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of unaccustomed eccentric exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD) on macro‐ and microvascular function. We tested the hypotheses that resting local and systemic endothelial‐dependent flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and microvascular reactivity would decrease, V˙O2max would be altered, and that during ramp exercise, peripheral O2 extraction, evaluated via near‐infrared‐derived spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated hemoglobin + myoglobin ([HHb]), would be distorted following EIMD. In 13 participants, measurements were performed prior to (Pre) and 48 h after a bout of knee extensor eccentric exercise designed to elicit localized muscle damage (Post). Flow‐mediated dilation and postocclusive reactive hyperemic responses measured in the superficial femoral artery served as a measurement of local vascular function relative to the damaged tissue, while the brachial artery served as an index of nonlocal, systemic, vascular function. During ramp‐incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer, [HHb] and tissue saturation (TSI%) in the m. vastus lateralis were measured. Superficial femoral artery FMD significantly decreased following EIMD (pre 6.75 ± 3.89%; post 4.01 ± 2.90%; P < 0.05), while brachial artery FMD showed no change. The [HHb] and TSI% amplitudes were not different following EIMD ([HHb]: pre, 16.9 ± 4.7; post 17.7 ± 4.9; TSI%: pre, 71.0 ± 19.7; post 71.0 ± 19.7; all P > 0.05). At each progressive increase in workload (i.e., 0–100% peak), the [HHb] and TOI% responses were similar pre‐ and 48 h post‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Additionally, V˙O2max was similar at pre‐ (3.0 ± 0.67 L min−1) to 48 h post (2.96 ± 0.60 L min−1)‐EIMD (P > 0.05). Results suggest that moderate eccentric muscle damage leads to impaired local, but not systemic, macrovascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas .,Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Garrett C Wardlow
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Patrece A Branch
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Macarena Ramos
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, the University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Carl J Ade
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rose Chrismas BC, Taylor L, Siegler JC, Midgley AW. Muscle-damaging exercise 48 h prior to a maximal incremental exercise treadmill test reduces time to exhaustion: is it time to reconsider our pretest procedures? Res Sports Med 2016; 25:11-25. [DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1258641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Taylor
- Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marcello RT, Greer BK, Greer AE. Acute Effects of Plyometric and Resistance Training on Running Economy in Trained Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 31:2432-2437. [PMID: 27806012 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Marcello, RT, Greer, BK, and Greer, AE. Acute effects of plyometric and resistance training on running economy in trained runners. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2432-2437, 2017-Results regarding the acute effects of plyometrics and resistance training (PRT) on running economy (RE) are conflicting. Eight male collegiate distance runners (21 ± 1 years, 62.5 ± 7.8 ml·kg·min V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak) completed V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak and 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing. Seven days later, subjects completed a 12 minutes RE test at 60 and 80% V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak, followed by a PRT protocol or a rested condition of equal duration (CON). The PRT protocol consisted of 3 sets of 5 repetitions at 85% 1RM for barbell squats, Romanian deadlifts, and barbell lunges; the same volume was used for resisted lateral lunges, box jumps, and depth jumps. Subjects completed another RE test immediately after the treatments and 24 hours later. Subjects followed an identical protocol 6 days later with condition assignment reversed. Running economy was determined by both relative V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (ml·kg·min) and energy expenditure (EE) (kcal·min). There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) between-trial increase in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 (37.1 ± 4.2 ml·kg·min PRT vs. 35.5 ± 3.9 ml·kg·min CON) and EE (11.4 ± 1.3 kcal·min PRT vs. 11.0 ± 1.4 kcal·min CON) immediately after PRT at 60% V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak, but no significant changes were observed at 80% V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak. Respiratory exchange ratio was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced 24 hours after PRT (0.93 ± 0.0) as compared to the CON trial (0.96 ± 0.0) at 80% V[Combining Dot Above]O2 peak. Results indicate that high-intensity PRT may acutely impair RE in aerobically trained individuals at a moderate running intensity, but that the attenuation lasts less than 24 hours in duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Marcello
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Science, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, Connecticut
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Higino WP, Aparecido de Souza R, Cavalcanti FDS, Cardoso ADS, Vasconcelos MV, Fernandes da Silva F, Leme JACA. Influence of repeated bouts of eccentric exercise on high-intensity aerobic performance. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:2369-72. [PMID: 27630434 PMCID: PMC5011598 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] It is believed that eccentric high-intensity exercise can decrease performance in subsequent exercise. However, with repetition, the deleterious effects can be minimized. Thus, this study evaluated the influence of repeated bouts of eccentric exercise on subsequent high-intensity aerobic performance. [Subjects and Methods] Seven healthy and sedentary male volunteers were recruited. a) Visit 1: determination of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and speed associated with maximum oxygen uptake (vVO2max) in incremental treadmill testing; b) Visit 2: run to exhaustion at vVO2max (Tlim control); c) Visit 3: 10 sets of 10 depth jumps, followed by a run to exhaustion at vVO2max (Tlim 1); d) Visit 4: after 6 weeks without any physical training, the volunteers carried out the same procedures as on the third visit (Tlim 2). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the post-hoc Tukey test. [Results] Significant differences were found between Tlim control and Tlim 1 (283.4 ± 47.7 s vs. 125.2 ± 64.1 s, respectively), these were not different from Tlim 2. [Conclusion] Eccentric exercise showed deleterious effects on subsequent high-intensity aerobic performance. These effects were minimized after the exercise protocol was repeated 6 weeks after the first event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonder Passoni Higino
- Group of Studies and Research in Health Sciences (GEP-CS), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS): Estrada de Muzambinho, km 35, Caixa Postal 02, 37890-000, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Aparecido de Souza
- Group of Studies and Research in Health Sciences (GEP-CS), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS): Estrada de Muzambinho, km 35, Caixa Postal 02, 37890-000, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabiano Fernandes da Silva
- Group of Studies and Research in Health Sciences (GEP-CS), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais (IFSULDEMINAS): Estrada de Muzambinho, km 35, Caixa Postal 02, 37890-000, Muzambinho, MG, Brazil; Biomedical Engineering Institute, Camilo Castelo Branco University (UNICASTELO), Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schumann M, Yli-Peltola K, Abbiss CR, Häkkinen K. Cardiorespiratory Adaptations during Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training in Men and Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139279. [PMID: 26418015 PMCID: PMC4587735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of endurance followed by strength training (ES, men n = 16; women n = 15), the reverse exercise order (SE, men n = 18, women n = 13) and concurrent endurance and strength training performed on alternating days (AD, men n = 21, women n = 18) on cardiorespiratory parameters. Peak oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]O2peak) and oxygen consumption at sub-maximal power outputs ([Formula: see text]O2submax) of 50 to 175 Watts in men and 50 to 125 Watts in women were assessed during an incremental cycling test both before and after 24 weeks of training. Increases in [Formula: see text]O2peak in both men and women were statistically larger in AD (18±9% and 25±11%) compared to ES (7±9% and 12±12%, p = 0.002 and 0.009, respectively) and SE (7±9% and 10±8%, p = 0.005 and 0.008, respectively). No statistical group interaction was observed for [Formula: see text]O2submax in men, but in women [Formula: see text]O2submax was statistically lower at week 24 in ES compared to AD at 75 W (-2±6% vs. +3±6%, p = 0.027) and 125 W (-4±5% vs. +2±5%, p = 0.010). These findings indicate that endurance and strength training performed on alternating days may optimize the adaptations in [Formula: see text]O2peak in both sexes, while performing ES training in women may optimize cardiorespiratory fitness at sub-maximal power outputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schumann
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisu Yli-Peltola
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Chris R. Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Exercise and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Black CD, Gonglach AR, Hight RE, Renfroe JB. Time-course of recovery of peak oxygen uptake after exercise-induced muscle damage. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2015; 216:70-7. [PMID: 26102253 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
V̇O2 peak has been shown to be reduced 48 h following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), but it is unclear how long this reduction may persist. In this study eight endurance trained participants (21.5 ± 1.1 years old) performed a maximal exercise tests over 10-days followings EIMD. Cardiorespiratory variables were collected via open-circuit spirometry and soreness, maximal strength (MVC), motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties were assessed prior to each test. MVC was reduced for up to 4-days (p ≤ 0.05) and soreness was evident for 10-days in the quadriceps (p < 0.05). V̇O2peak was reduced 7.4% 2-days post EIMD (55.5 ± 6.0 vs. 51.3 ± 5.8; p = 0.006) and remained reduced in 6 of 8 participants at 10-days post (p = 0.005). No relationship was found between changes in MVC, soreness, motor-unit recruitment, and contractile properties and changes in V̇O2peak (p > 0.05). EIMD resulted in small, but prolonged reductions in V̇O2peak. Our findings suggest mechanisms aside from force loss and soreness are primarily responsible for the reductions in V̇O2peak after EIMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA; Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA.
| | - Alexander R Gonglach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Robert E Hight
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| | - Jessica B Renfroe
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Doma K, Schumann M, Sinclair WH, Leicht AS, Deakin GB, Häkkinen K. The repeated bout effect of typical lower body strength training sessions on sub-maximal running performance and hormonal response. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1789-99. [PMID: 25828143 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effects of two typical strength training sessions performed 1 week apart (i.e. repeated bout effect) on sub-maximal running performance and hormonal. METHODS Fourteen resistance-untrained men (age 24.0 ± 3.9 years; height 1.83 ± 0.11 m; body mass 77.4 ± 14.0 kg; VOpeak 48.1 ± 6.1 M kg(-1) min(-1)) undertook two bouts of high-intensity strength training sessions (i.e. six-repetition maximum). Creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), counter-movement jump (CMJ) as well as concentrations of serum testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio (T/C) were examined prior to and immediately post, 24 (T24) and 48 (T48) h post each strength training bout. Sub-maximal running performance was also conducted at T24 and T48 of each bout. RESULTS When measures were compared between bouts at T48, the degree of elevation in CK (-58.4 ± 55.6 %) and DOMS (-31.43 ± 42.9 %) and acute reduction in CMJ measures (4.1 ± 5.4 %) were attenuated (p < 0.05) following the second bout. Cortisol was increased until T24 (p < 0.05) although there were no differences between bouts and no differences were found for testosterone and T/C ratio (p > 0.05). Sub-maximal running performance was impaired until T24, although changes were not attenuated following the second bout. CONCLUSIONS The initial bout appeared to provide protection against a number of muscle damage indicators suggesting a greater need for recovery following the initial session of typical lower body resistance exercises in resistance-untrained men although sub-maximal running should be avoided following the first two sessions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lower-volume muscle-damaging exercise protects against high-volume muscle-damaging exercise and the detrimental effects on endurance performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1523-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
30
|
Baumann CW, Green MS, Doyle JA, Rupp JC, Ingalls CP, Corona BT. Muscle injury after low-intensity downhill running reduces running economy. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:1212-8. [PMID: 24531437 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Contraction-induced muscle injury may reduce running economy (RE) by altering motor unit recruitment, lowering contraction economy, and disturbing running mechanics, any of which may have a deleterious effect on endurance performance. The purpose of this study was to determine if RE is reduced 2 days after performing injurious, low-intensity exercise in 11 healthy active men (27.5 ± 5.7 years; 50.05 ± 1.67 VO2peak). Running economy was determined at treadmill speeds eliciting 65 and 75% of the individual's peak rate of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) 1 day before and 2 days after injury induction. Lower extremity muscle injury was induced with a 30-minute downhill treadmill run (6 × 5 minutes runs, 2 minutes rest, -12% grade, and 12.9 km·h(-1)) that elicited 55% VO2peak. Maximal quadriceps isometric torque was reduced immediately and 2 days after the downhill run by 18 and 10%, and a moderate degree of muscle soreness was present. Two days after the injury, steady-state VO2 and metabolic work (VO2 L·km(-1)) were significantly greater (4-6%) during the 65% VO2peak run. Additionally, postinjury VCO2, VE and rating of perceived exertion were greater at 65% but not at 75% VO2peak, whereas whole blood-lactate concentrations did not change pre-injury to postinjury at either intensity. In conclusion, low-intensity downhill running reduces RE at 65% but not 75% VO2peak. The results of this study and other studies indicate the magnitude to which RE is altered after downhill running is dependent on the severity of the injury and intensity of the RE test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Baumann
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Burt DG, Lamb K, Nicholas C, Twist C. Effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on resting metabolic rate, sub-maximal running and post-exercise oxygen consumption. Eur J Sport Sci 2013; 14:337-44. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2013.783628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
32
|
Assumpção CDO, Lima LCR, Oliveira FBD, Greco CC, Denadai BS. Exercise-induced muscle damage and running economy in humans. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:189149. [PMID: 23431253 PMCID: PMC3575608 DOI: 10.1155/2013/189149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, has been identified as a critical factor of overall distance running performance. Plyometric and resistance trainings, performed during a relatively short period of time (~15-30 days), have been successfully used to improve RE in trained athletes. However, these exercise types, particularly when they are unaccustomed activities for the individuals, may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, swelling, and reduced muscle strength. Some studies have demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle damage has a negative impact on endurance running performance. Specifically, the muscular damage induced by an acute bout of downhill running has been shown to reduce RE during subsequent moderate and high-intensity exercise (>65% VO₂max). However, strength exercise (i.e., jumps, isoinertial and isokinetic eccentric exercises) seems to impair RE only for subsequent high-intensity exercise (~90% VO₂max). Finally, a single session of resistance exercise or downhill running (i.e., repeated bout effect) attenuates changes in indirect markers of muscle damage and blunts changes in RE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Camila Coelho Greco
- Human Performance Laboratory, UNESP, Avenue 24 A, Bela Vista-Rio, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Benedito Sérgio Denadai
- Human Performance Laboratory, UNESP, Avenue 24 A, Bela Vista-Rio, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Doma K, Deakin GB. The effects of strength training and endurance training order on running economy and performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 38:651-6. [PMID: 23724883 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effect of strength and endurance training sequence on running economy (RE) at 70% and 90% ventilatory threshold (VT) and on running time to exhaustion (TTE) at 110% VT the following day. Fourteen trained and moderately trained male runners performed strength training prior to running sessions (SR) and running prior to strength training sessions (RS) with each mode of training session separated by 6 h. RE tests were conducted at baseline (Base-RE) and the day following each sequence to examine cost of running (CR), TTE, and lower extremity kinematics. Maximal isometric knee extensor torque was measured prior to and following each training session and the RE tests. Results showed that CR at 70% and 90% VT for SR-RE (0.76 ± 0.10 and 0.77 ± 0.07 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) was significantly greater than Base-RE (0.72 ± 0.10 and 0.70 ± 0.11 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) and RS-RE (0.73 ± 0.09 and 0.72 ± 0.09 mL·kg(-0.75)·m(-1)) (P < 0.05). TTE was significantly less for SR-RE (237.8 ± 67.4 s) and RS-RE (275.3 ± 68.0 s) compared with Base-RE (335.4 ± 92.1 s) (P < 0.01). The torque during the SR sequence was significantly reduced for every time point following the strength training session (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in torque following the running session (P > 0.05), although it was significantly reduced following the strength training session (P < 0.05) during the RS sequence. These findings show that running performance is impaired to a greater degree the day following the SR sequence compared with the RS sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Doma
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, James Cook University, Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Building DB043, Townsville, QLD 4811.
| | | |
Collapse
|