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Khurana D, Dutta N, Malik S, Sharma S, Minhaj M, Sharma RK, Sharma S. Blood flow restriction therapy with exercise are no better than exercise alone in improving athletic performance, muscle strength, and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Somatosens Mot Res 2024; 41:97-114. [PMID: 36825612 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2181328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy (BFRT) have gained attention in recent times. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to evaluate the immediate (up to 24 hours), intermediate (up to 6 weeks), and long term (6-10 weeks) effects of BFRT plus exercises (EX) compared to EX only on athletic performance (sprint and jump performance), muscle strength, and hypertrophy in athletes and physically active population. METHODS A literature search was conducted to select randomized controlled trials across four electronic databases from inception till April 2021. The search yielded twenty-seven studies in total. RESULTS Based on eligibility criteria, twenty-one studies were analyzed. No differences were found between both groups for immediate (standardized mean difference [SMD] -0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.31, 0.27) and long-term effects (SMD -0.30, 95%CI -0.90, 0.30) on sprint performance. For jump performance, no significant effect was observed immediately (SMD -0.02 (95% CI -1.06, 1.02) and long term (SMD -0.40 (95% CI -1.46, 0.67). Similarly, muscle torque at intermediate (SMD 0.90 (95% CI -1.01, 2.81) and long term (SMD -0.54 (95% CI -1.19, 0.12), muscle strength at intermediate (SMD 1.12 (95% CI 0.20, 2.04), and long term (SMD -0.07 (95% CI -0.56, 0.42) also showed non-significant effects. Muscle hypertrophy at intermediate (SMD 0.16 (95% CI -0.31, 0.63) and long term (SMD -0.20 (95% CI -0.90, 0.50) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference observed in BFRT plus EX group compared to the EX-group on athletic performance, muscle strength, and muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Khurana
- Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central university, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Dutta
- Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central university, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Malik
- Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central university, New Delhi, India
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Department of Physiotherapy, Geri Care Home, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Minhaj
- Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central university, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Sharma
- Occupational therapy Department, Santosh University, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Jamia Millia Islamia, A Central university, New Delhi, India
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Wong V, Spitz RW, Song JS, Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Kang A, Seffrin A, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Blood flow restriction augments the cross-education effect of isometric handgrip training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1575-1585. [PMID: 38168713 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-intensity exercise may be able to increase strength not only in the trained limb but also in the homologous untrained limb. Whether this effect is repeatable and how that change compares to that observed with higher intensity exercise is unknown. PURPOSE Examine whether low-intensity training with BFR enhances the cross-education of strength compared to exercise without BFR and maximal efforts. METHODS A total of 179 participants completed the 6-week study, with 135 individuals performing isometric handgrip training over 18 sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) low-intensity (4 × 2 min of 30% MVC; LI, n = 47), 2) low-intensity with blood flow restriction (LI + 50% arterial occlusion pressure; LI-BFR, n = 41), 3) maximal effort (4 × 5 s of 100% MVC; MAX, n = 47), and 4) non-exercise control (CON, n = 44). RESULTS LI-BFR was the only group that observed a cross-education in strength (CON: 0.64 SD 2.9 kg, LI: 0.95 SD 3.6 kg, BFR-LI: 2.7 SD 3.3 kg, MAX: 0.80 SD 3.1 kg). In the trained hand, MAX observed the greatest change in strength (4.8 SD 3.3 kg) followed by LI-BFR (2.8 SD 4.0 kg). LI was not different from CON. Muscle thickness did not change in the untrained arm, but ulna muscle thickness was increased within the trained arm of the LI-BFR group (0.06 SD 0.11 cm). CONCLUSION Incorporating BFR into low-intensity isometric training led to a cross-education effect on strength that was greater than all other groups (including high-intensity training).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vickie Wong
- Department of Sport and Health, Solent University, Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 0YN, UK
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, USA.
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Chang Y, Liu X, Hurr C. Effect of 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training for repeated vertical jump performance in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:213-221. [PMID: 37791831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful in sports, it is critical to maintain a high level of muscular power throughout a game. Physiological adaptations induced by hypoxic exercise training would provide benefits for fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training program is more effective in improving power endurance during repeated vertical jumps (VJs) when compared with a normoxic counterpart. METHODS Eighteen young adult males were divided into two training groups: 1) normoxic training group (NT, FiO2: 20.9%, N.=9); and 2) hypoxic training group (HT, FiO2: 13.7%, N.=9). For both NT and HT, participants performed three sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of a 60-min exercise session including strength and power training. A repeated VJ (40 reps/set, 2 sets with 5 min rest given between them) was performed before and after the training (pretraining and post-training). RESULTS The HT group displayed an improvement in repeated VJ performance in a later phase of set 1 following the training (25-30 rep: pretraining 26.49±6.20 vs. post-training 30.55±5.37cm, P=0.0285; 30-35 rep: pretraining 25.08±5.29 vs. post-training 29.56±5.37cm, P=0.0064; 35-40 rep: pretraining 25.05±5.51 vs. post-training 29.28±5.71cm, P=0.0161). In set 2, repeated VJ performance in the later phase was also enhanced in HT following the training (P<0.05 for all). No changes in repeated VJ performance were seen in NT following the training (P>0.05 for all). Also, the HT group showed a trend towards a decrease in Fatigue Index in set 1 (pretraining 23.51±13.27 vs. Post 11.87±12.51%, P=0.1308) and set 2 (pretraining 29.11±13.66 vs. post-training 17.81±17.97%, P=0.1588) following the training. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training can be an effective training modality to improve fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea -
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de Castro FMP, Oliveira LDP, Aquino R, Tourinho Filho H, Puggina EF. Impact of Complete Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction in Upper Limbs Strength and Neural Function. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38306672 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2294092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the chronic effects of low-load strength training (LT) with complete intermittent blood flow restriction (IBFR) on neural adaptations and strength in biceps brachii. Methods: Nineteen volunteers were randomly assigned into two different 9-week training protocols consisting of three assessment weeks and six training weeks: (a) LT with complete IBFR (LT-IBFR; n = 10) and (b) LT without complete IBFR (LT; n = 9). Strength was evaluated by predicted 1 repetition maximum (1RM) at weeks 1, 5, and 9 and neural function by root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MDF) at sessions 1, 7, and 12 during the first three and last three repetitions. Both groups performed three sets of Scott curl with 20% of predicted 1RM interspersed with 90s rest twice a week. Results: No changes were found in predicted 1RM throughout the training protocols nor between groups. LT-IBFR group showed lower RMS in the first set than LT for the first three repetitions and higher RMS in all sets for the last three repetitions with decreases in this value across the sets with no longitudinal changes for both groups. MDF in the first three repetitions did not differentiate between groups, however, in the last three repetitions, MDF were lower for LTIBFR group in all sets and it increased across the sets for this condition with no chronical changes for both groups in both repetitions zones. These results suggest that LT-IBFR may be ineffective for increasing Q5 strength and it did not promote chronic neural adaptations.
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Davids CJ, Roberts LA, Bjørnsen T, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Raastad T. Where Does Blood Flow Restriction Fit in the Toolbox of Athletic Development? A Narrative Review of the Proposed Mechanisms and Potential Applications. Sports Med 2023; 53:2077-2093. [PMID: 37578669 PMCID: PMC10587223 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Blood flow-restricted exercise is currently used as a low-intensity time-efficient approach to reap many of the benefits of typical high-intensity training. Evidence continues to lend support to the notion that even highly trained individuals, such as athletes, still benefit from this mode of training. Both resistance and endurance exercise may be combined with blood flow restriction to provide a spectrum of adaptations in skeletal muscle, spanning from myofibrillar to mitochondrial adjustments. Such diverse adaptations would benefit both muscular strength and endurance qualities concurrently, which are demanded in athletic performance, most notably in team sports. Moreover, recent work indicates that when traditional high-load resistance training is supplemented with low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise, either in the same session or as a separate training block in a periodised programme, a synergistic and complementary effect on training adaptations may occur. Transient reductions in mechanical loading of tissues afforded by low-load, blood flow-restricted exercise may also serve a purpose during de-loading, tapering or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injury. This narrative review aims to expand on the current scientific and practical understanding of how blood flow restriction methods may be applied by coaches and practitioners to enhance current athletic development models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence (SPIKE), Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Science, Oslo, Norway
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Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Raberin A, Krumm B, Hohenauer E, Egg M, Lichtblau M, Müller J, Rybnikova EA, Gatterer H, Debevec T, Baillieul S, Manferdelli G, Behrendt T, Schega L, Ehrenreich H, Millet GP, Gassmann M, Schwarzer C, Glazachev O, Girard O, Lalande S, Hamlin M, Samaja M, Hüfner K, Burtscher M, Panza G, Mallet RT. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37860950 DOI: 10.1113/jp285230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and performance and is emerging as a potent non-pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether IH is detrimental or beneficial for health is largely determined by the intensity, duration, number and frequency of the hypoxic exposures and by the specific responses they engender. Adaptive responses to hypoxia protect from future hypoxic or ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience and functions, and boost mental and physical performance. The cellular and systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, and the failure of different components can shift long-term adaptation to maladaptation and the development of pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail the well-characterized individual responses and adaptations to IH, we here aim to summarize and integrate hypoxia-activated mechanisms into a holistic picture of the body's adaptive responses to hypoxia and specifically IH, and demonstrate how these mechanisms might be mobilized for their health benefits while minimizing the risks of hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Baillieul
- Service Universitaire de Pneumologie Physiologie, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tom Behrendt
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, University Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleg Glazachev
- Department of Normal Physiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gino Panza
- The Department of Health Care Sciences, Program of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3676. [PMID: 36871095 PMCID: PMC9985626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [- 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60-80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3-16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Therapy for Muscular Strength, Hypertrophy, and Endurance in Healthy and Special Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:531-545. [PMID: 36083329 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is an increasingly applied tool with potential benefits in muscular hypertrophy, strength, and endurance. This study investigates the effectiveness of BFR training relative to other forms of training on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. DATA SOURCES We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed and assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. MAIN RESULTS We included 53 randomized controlled trials with 31 included in meta-analyses. For muscular strength comparing low-intensity BFR (LI-BFR) training with high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), the pooled mean difference (MD) for 1 repetition maximum was 5.34 kg (95% CI, 2.58-8.09; P < 0.01) favoring HIRT. When comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT for torque, the MD was 6.35 N·m (95% CI, 0.5-12.3; P = 0.04) also favoring HIRT. However, comparing LI-BFR with low-intensity resistance training (LIRT) for torque, there was a MD of 9.94 N·m (95% CI, 5.43-14.45; P < 0.01) favoring BFR training. Assessing muscle hypertrophy, the MD in cross-sectional area was 0.96 cm2 (95% CI, 0.21-1.7; P = 0.01) favoring pooled BFR training compared with nonocclusive training. Assessing endurance, V̇o2 maximum demonstrated a greater mean increase of 0.37 mL/kg/min (95% CI, -0.97 to 3.17; P = 0.64) in BFR endurance training compared with endurance training alone. CONCLUSION Blood flow restriction training produced increases in muscular strength, hypertrophy, and endurance. Comparing LI-BFR training with HIRT, HIRT was a significantly better training modality for increasing muscle hypertrophy and strength. However, LI-BFR was superior when compared with a similar low-intensity protocol. Blood flow restriction training is potentially beneficial to those unable to tolerate the high loads of HIRT; however, better understanding of its risk to benefit ratio is needed before clinical application. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1.
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Lambrianides Y, Epro G, Smith K, Mileva KN, James D, Karamanidis K. Impact of Different Mechanical and Metabolic Stimuli on the Temporal Dynamics of Muscle Strength Adaptation. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3246-3255. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Benjanuvatra N, Bradbury D, Landers G, Goods PSR, Girard O. How does multi-set high-load resistance exercise impact neuromuscular function in normoxia and hypoxia? Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35770524 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2095929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether hypoxia during multi-set, high-load resistance exercise alters neuromuscular responses. Using a single-blinded (participants), randomised crossover design, eight resistance-trained males completed five sets of five repetitions of bench press at 80% of one repetition maximum in moderate normobaric hypoxia (inspiratory oxygen fraction = 0.145) and normoxia. Maximal isometric bench press trials were performed following the warm-up, after 10 min of altitude priming and 5 min post-session (outside, inside and outside the chamber, respectively). Force during pre-/post-session maximal voluntary isometric contractions and bar velocity during exercise sets were measured along with surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and lateral and medial triceps muscles. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (condition×time) were used. A significant time effect (p = 0.048) was found for mean bar velocity, independent of condition (p = 0.423). During sets of the bench press exercise, surface EMG amplitude of all studied muscles remained unchanged (p > 0.187). During maximal isometric trials, there were no main effects of condition (p > 0.666) or time (p > 0.119), nor were there any significant condition×time interactions for peak or mean forces and surface EMG amplitudes (p > 0.297). Lower end-exercise blood oxygen saturation (90.9 ± 1.8 vs. 98.6 ± 0.6%; p < 0.001) and higher blood lactate concentration (5.8 ± 1.4 vs. 4.4 ± 1.6 mmol/L; p = 0.007) values occurred in hypoxia. Acute delivery of systemic normobaric hypoxia during multi-set, high-load resistance exercise increased metabolic stress. However, only subtle neuromuscular function adjustments occurred with and without hypoxic exposure either during maximal isometric bench press trials before versus after the session or during actual exercise sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Benjanuvatra
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D Bradbury
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P S R Goods
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - O Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Hill EC, Rivera PM, Proppe CE, Gonzalez Rojas DH, Wizenberg AM, Keller JL. Greater Neuromuscular Fatigue Following Low Load Blood Flow Restriction than Non Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Among Recreationally Active Men. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:73-85. [PMID: 35704398 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00028.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LLBFR) and low-load non-BFR (LL) on neuromuscular function following a bout of standardized, fatiguing leg extension muscle actions. METHODS Fourteen men (mean age ± SD = 23±4 yrs) volunteered to participate in this investigation and randomly performed LLBFR and LL on separate days. Resistance exercise consisted of 75 isotonic, unilateral leg extension muscle actions performed at 30% of one-repetition maximum. Prior to (pretest) and after (posttest) performing each bout of exercise, strength and neural assessments were determined. RESULTS There was no pretest to posttest differences between LLBFR and LL for maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque or V-wave/M-wave responses (muscle compound action potentials assessed during a superimposed MVIC muscle action) which exhibited decreases (collapsed across condition) of 41.2% and 26.2%, respectively. There were pretest to posttest decreases in peak twitch torque (36.0%) and sEMG (29.5%) for LLBFR but not LL, and larger decreases in voluntary activation for LLBFR (11.3%) than LL (4.5%). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that LLBFR elicited greater fatigue-induced decreases in several indices of neuromuscular function relative to LL. Despite this, both LLBFR and LL resulted in similar decrements in performance as assessed by maximal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.,Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Paola M Rivera
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Christopher E Proppe
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - David H Gonzalez Rojas
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Aaron M Wizenberg
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Joshua L Keller
- College of Education and Professional Studies, Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport Integrated Laboratory of Exercise and Applied Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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12
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Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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13
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Albertus-Cámara I, Ferrer-López V, Martínez-González-Moro I. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia in Middle- and/or Long-Distance Runners: Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:689. [PMID: 35625417 PMCID: PMC9138601 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of normobaric hypoxia can bring benefits to sports performance because it improves haematological parameters and/or physical activity tests. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review so as to analyse the methods used in hypoxia and to detect its effects on middle- and/or long-distance runners. METHODS Research was conducted using five electronic databases (PubMed, SportDiscus, Cochrane Library, Scopus and PEDro) until December 2021. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale. RESULTS Having analysed 158 studies, 12 were chosen for the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. A significant improvement on time until exhaustion was detected, and oxygen saturation decreased after the intervention. There were no significant changes in the 3000-metre time trial or in the haematocrit percentage. The changes in percentage of reticulocytes, heart rate, maximal heart rate, lactate concentration and erythropoietin were heterogeneous between the different research studies. CONCLUSION short exposure (less than 3 h to normobaric hypoxia significantly increases the time to exhaustion). However, longer exposure times are necessary to increase haemoglobin. Altitude and exposure time are highly heterogeneous in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ignacio Martínez-González-Moro
- Research Group of Physical Exercise and Human Performance, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (I.A.-C.); (V.F.-L.)
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14
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Short-term effects of isometric exercise with local and systemic hypoxia and normoxia on fatigue and muscle function in trained men. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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N Jørgensen A, Y Jensen K, L Nielsen J, Frandsen U, G Hvid L, Bjørnshauge M, P Diederichsen L, Aagaard P. Effects of blood-flow restricted resistance training on mechanical muscle function and thigh lean mass in sIBM patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:359-371. [PMID: 34637559 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM) is an idiopathic inflammatory muscle disease associated with skeletal muscle inflammation and a parallel progressive decline in muscle strength and physical function. Eventually, most sIBM patients require use of wheelchair after about 10 years of diagnosis and assistance to perform activities of daily living. This study presents data from a randomized controlled intervention trial (NCT02317094) that examined the effect of 12 weeks low-load blood-flow restricted (BFR) resistance training on maximal muscle strength, power, rate of force development (RFD), thigh lean mass (TLM), and voluntary muscle activation (VA) in sIBM patients. A time-by-group interaction in knee extensor strength was observed in the stronger leg (p ≤ 0.033) but not the weaker leg. Within-group changes were observed with BFR training (BFR) manifested by increased knee extensor strength in the strongest leg (+13.7%, p = 0.049), whereas non-exercising patients (CON) showed reduced knee extensor strength (-7.7%, p = 0.018). Maximal leg extensor power obtained for the stronger leg remained unchanged following BFR training (+9.5%, p = 0.37) while decreasing in CON (-11.1%, p = 0.05). No changes in TLM were observed. VA declined post-training (p = 0.037) in both BFR (-6.3% points) and CON (-7.5% points). The present data indicate that BFR resistance training can attenuate the rate of decline in mechanical muscle function typically experienced by sIBM patients. The preservation of muscle mass and mechanical muscle function with BFR resistance training may be considered of high clinical importance in sIBM patients to countermeasure the disease-related decline in physical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders N Jørgensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kasper Y Jensen
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob L Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars G Hvid
- Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjørnshauge
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Louise P Diederichsen
- Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Bielitzki R, Behrendt T, Behrens M, Schega L. Time to Save Time: Beneficial Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training and the Need to Quantify the Time Potentially Saved by Its Application During Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6315163. [PMID: 34228788 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of musculoskeletal rehabilitation is to achieve the pre-injury and/or pre-surgery physical function level with a low risk of re-injury. Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is a promising alternative to conventional therapy approaches during musculoskeletal rehabilitation because various studies support its beneficial effects on muscle mass, strength, aerobic capacity, and pain perception. In this perspective article, we used an evidence-based progressive model of a rehabilitative program that integrated BFR in 4 rehabilitation phases: (1) passive BFR, (2) BFR combined with aerobic training, (3) BFR combined with low-load resistance training, and (4) BFR combined with low-load resistance training and traditional high-load resistance training. Considering the current research, we propose that a BFR-assisted rehabilitation has the potential to shorten the time course of therapy to reach the stage where the patient is able to tolerate resistance training with high loads. The information and arguments presented are intended to stimulate future research, which compares the time to achieve rehabilitative milestones and their physiological bases in each stage of the musculoskeletal rehabilitation process. This requires the quantification of BFR training-induced adaptations (eg, muscle mass, strength, capillary-to-muscle-area ratio, hypoalgesia, molecular changes) and the associated changes in performance with a high measurement frequency (≤1 week) to test our hypothesis. This information will help to quantify the time saved by BFR-assisted musculoskeletal rehabilitation. This is of particular importance for patients, because the potentially accelerated recovery of physical functioning would allow them to return to their work and/or social life earlier. Furthermore, other stakeholders in the health care system (eg, physicians, nurses, physical therapists, insurance companies) might benefit from that with regard to work and financial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Wilburn DT, Machek SB, Zechmann B, Willoughby DS. Comparison of skeletal muscle ultrastructural changes between normal and blood flow-restricted resistance exercise: A case report. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2177-2184. [PMID: 34438467 DOI: 10.1113/ep089858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the main observation in this case? The main observation of this case report is that blood flow-restricted exercise can cause myofibrils to have an aberrant wave-like appearance that is accompanied by irregular pockets of sarcoplasm in the intermyofibrillar space, while traditional forms of damage to the Z-discs and contractile elements are not as apparent. What insights does it reveal? Our findings indicate that blood flow restriction-mediated fluid pooling might cause alterations in skeletal muscle ultrastructure after exercise that might be directly related to myofibre swelling. ABSTRACT The acute effects of blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise training on skeletal muscle ultrastructure are poorly understood owing to inconsistent findings and the use of largely imprecise systemic markers for indications of muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to compare myofibrillar ultrastructure before and 30 min after normal and BFR resistance exercise using transmission electron microscopy in a single individual to evaluate the feasibility of this more nuanced approach. One apparently healthy male with 13 years of resistance exercise completed six sets of both BFR [30% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM)] and normal non-occluded (70% of 1-RM) unilateral angled leg press on the contralateral leg, as a control, after assessment of 1-RM 72 h before. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected before and 30 min after each exercise session. The lengths and widths of 250 sarcomeres and the sarcoplasmic area were assessed via 20 individual transmission electron photomicrographs. Analysis revealed that BFR training (1.769 ± 0.12 μm) increased sarcomere length when compared with normal exercise (1.64 ± 0.17 μm; P < 0.001), without differences in sarcomere width between conditions (BFR, 0.90 ± 0.26 μm; normal, 0.93 ± 0.27 μm; P = 0.172). Furthermore, there were no significant interaction (P = 0.168) or condition effects between BFR (25.98 ± 4.17%) and normal (27.3 ± 6.49%) resistance exercise for sarcoplasmic area (P = 0.229). Exercise also increased sarcoplasmic area within the myofibril (pre-exercise, 24.42 ± 5.13%; postexercise, 28.95 ± 5.92%) for both conditions (P = 0.001). This case study demonstrates a unique BFR training-induced alteration in myofibril ultrastructure that appeared wave like and was accompanied by intracellular abnormalities that appeared to be fluid pockets of sarcoplasm disrupting the surrounding myofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T Wilburn
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Steven B Machek
- Exercise & Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Bernd Zechmann
- Center for Microscopy and Imaging, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, USA
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18
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van Doorslaer de Ten Ryen S, Warnier G, Gnimassou O, Belhaj MR, Benoit N, Naslain D, Brook MS, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Nielens H, Atherton PJ, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Higher strength gain after hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training despite no changes in muscle thickness and fractional protein synthetic rate. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21773. [PMID: 34324735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute hypoxia has previously been suggested to potentiate resistance training-induced hypertrophy by activating satellite cell-dependent myogenesis rather than an improvement in protein balance in human. Here, we tested this hypothesis after a 4-week hypoxic vs normoxic resistance training protocol. For that purpose, 19 physically active male subjects were recruited to perform 6 sets of 10 repetitions of a one-leg knee extension exercise at 80% 1-RM 3 times/week for 4 weeks in normoxia (FiO2 : 0.21; n = 9) or in hypoxia (FiO2 : 0.135, n = 10). Blood and skeletal muscle samples were taken before and after the training period. Muscle fractional protein synthetic rate was measured over the whole period by deuterium incorporation into the protein pool and muscle thickness by ultrasound. At the end of the training protocol, the strength gain was higher in the hypoxic vs the normoxic group despite no changes in muscle thickness and in the fractional protein synthetic rate. Only early myogenesis, as assessed by higher MyoD and Myf5 mRNA levels, appeared to be enhanced by hypoxia compared to normoxia. No effects were found on myosin heavy chain expression, markers of oxidative metabolism and lactate transport in the skeletal muscle. Though the present study failed to unravel clearly the mechanisms by which hypoxic resistance training is particularly potent to increase muscle strength, it is important message to keep in mind that this training strategy could be effective for all athletes looking at developing and optimizing their maximal muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mehdi R Belhaj
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Benoit
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Henri Nielens
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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19
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Haghighi AH, Zaferanieh A, Hosseini-Kakhak SA, Maleki A, Esposito F, Cè E, Castellar C, Toro-Román V, Pradas F. Effects of Power and Ballistic Training on Table Tennis Players' Electromyography Changes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7735. [PMID: 34360028 PMCID: PMC8345760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of ballistic and power training on table tennis players' electromyography (EMG) changes. Thirty male table tennis players, who were able to perform top spin strikes properly, were randomly assigned to three groups: power training (PT; n = 10); ballistic training (BT; n = 10); and no training (CON = control group; n = 10). PT and BT were performed 3 times weekly for 8 weeks. Before and after training programs, a one-repetition maximum test (1RM) and the EMG activity of all the subjects' upper/lower body muscles while performing top spin strokes were analyzed. After training, significant interactions (group × time) were observed in increasing 1RM strength in upper/lower muscles (p < 0.05). However, neither training type had any significant effect on muscle EMG activity. These findings suggest that there should not necessarily be any significant change in the EMG signal after BT and PT despite the increase in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Haghighi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran; (A.H.H.); (A.Z.); (S.A.H.-K.)
| | - Ali Zaferanieh
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran; (A.H.H.); (A.Z.); (S.A.H.-K.)
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Seyed Alireza Hosseini-Kakhak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran; (A.H.H.); (A.Z.); (S.A.H.-K.)
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan 3513119111, Iran;
| | - Fabio Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Emiliano Cè
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (F.E.); (E.C.)
| | - Carlos Castellar
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Pradas
- ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22001 Huesca, Spain; (C.C.); (F.P.)
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20
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Davids CJ, Raastad T, James LP, Gajanand T, Smith E, Connick M, McGorm H, Keating S, Coombes JS, Peake JM, Roberts LA. Similar Morphological and Functional Training Adaptations Occur Between Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1784-1793. [PMID: 34027913 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Davids, CJ, Raastad, T, James, L, Gajanand, T, Smith, E, Connick, M, McGorm, H, Keating, S, Coombes, JS, Peake, JM, and Roberts, LA. Similar morphological and functional training adaptations occur between continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1784-1793, 2021-The aim of the study was to compare skeletal muscle morphological and functional outcomes after low-load resistance training using 2 differing blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols. Recreationally active men and women (n = 42 [f = 21], 24.4 ± 4.4 years) completed 21 sessions over 7 weeks of load-matched and volume-matched low-load resistance training (30% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) with either (a) no BFR (CON), (b) continuous BFR (BFR-C, 60% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]), or (c) intermittent BFR (BFR-I, 60% AOP). Muscle mass was assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography before and after training. Muscular strength, endurance, and power were determined before and after training by assessing isokinetic dynamometry, 1RM, and jump performance. Ratings of pain and effort were taken in the first and final training session. An alpha level of p < 0.05 was used to determine significance. There were no between-group differences for any of the morphological or functional variables. The muscle cross sectional area (CSA) increased pre-post training (p = 0.009; CON: 1.6%, BFR-C: 1.1%, BFR-I: 2.2%). Maximal isometric strength increased pre-post training (p < 0.001; CON: 9.6%, BFR-C: 14.3%, BFR-I: 19.3%). Total work performed during an isokinetic endurance task increased pre-post training (p < 0.001, CON: 3.6%, BFR-C: 9.6%, BFR-I: 11.3%). Perceptions of pain (p = 0.026) and effort (p = 0.033) during exercise were higher with BFR-C; however, these reduced with training (p = 0.005-0.034). Overall, these data suggest that when 30% 1RM loads are used with a frequency of 3 times per week, the addition of BFR does not confer superior morphological or functional adaptations in recreationally active individuals. Furthermore, the additional metabolic stress that is proposed to occur with a continuous BFR protocol does not seem to translate into proportionally greater training adaptations. The current findings promote the use of both intermittent BFR and low-load resistance training without BFR as suitable alternative training methods to continuous BFR. These approaches may be practically applicable for those less tolerable to pain and discomfort associated with ischemia during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie J Davids
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Truls Raastad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lachlan P James
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trishan Gajanand
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emily Smith
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Connick
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hamish McGorm
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia
| | - Shelley Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Academy of Sport, Nathan, Australia.,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Cerqueira MS, Maciel DG, Barboza JAM, Centner C, Lira M, Pereira R, De Brito Vieira WH. Effects of low-load blood flow restriction exercise to failure and non-failure on myoelectric activity: a meta-analysis. J Athl Train 2021; 57:402-417. [PMID: 34038945 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0603.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the short- and long-term effects of low load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) versus low- (LL-RT) or high-load (HL-RT) resistance training with free blood flow on myoelectric activity, and investigate the differences between failure and non-failure protocols. DATA SOURCE We identified sources by searching the MEDLINE/PUBMED, CINAHL, WEB OF SCIENCE, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and PEDro electronic databases. STUDY SELECTION We screened titles and abstracts of 1048 articles using our inclusion criteria. A total of 39 articles were selected for further analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of each study and extracted data from studies. A meta-analytic approach was used to compute standardized mean differences (SMD ± 95% confidence intervals (CI)). Subgroup analyses were conducted for both failure or non-failure protocols. DATA SYNTHESIS The search identified n = 39 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Regarding the short-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during non-failure exercises (SMD 0.61, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.88), whereas HL-RT increased muscle excitability compared with LL-BFR regardless of voluntary failure (SMD -0.61, 95% CI -1.01 to 0.21) or not (SMD -1.13, CI -1.94 to -0.33). Concerning the long-term effects, LL-BFR increased muscle excitability compared with LL-RT during exercises performed to failure (SMD 1.09, CI 0.39 to 1.79). CONCLUSIONS Greater short-term muscle excitability levels are observed in LL-BFR than LL-RT during non-failure protocols. Conversely, greater muscle excitability is present during HL-RT compared with LL-BFR, regardless of volitional failure. Furthermore, LL-BFR performed to failure increases muscle excitability in the long-term compared with LL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Daniel Germano Maciel
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Jean Artur Mendonça Barboza
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Praxisklinik Rennbahn, Muttenz, Switzerland,
| | - Maria Lira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Integrative Physiology Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil,
| | - Wouber Hérickson De Brito Vieira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory - Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil,
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Ferguson RA, Mitchell EA, Taylor CW, Bishop DJ, Christiansen D. Blood-flow-restricted exercise: Strategies for enhancing muscle adaptation and performance in the endurance-trained athlete. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:837-860. [PMID: 33486814 DOI: 10.1113/ep089280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? Blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise represents a potential approach to augment the adaptive response to training and improve performance in endurance-trained individuals. What advances does it highlight? When combined with low-load resistance exercise, low- and moderate-intensity endurance exercise and sprint interval exercise, BFR can provide an augmented acute stimulus for angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. These augmented acute responses can translate into enhanced capillary supply and mitochondrial function, and subsequent endurance-type performance, although this might depend on the nature of the exercise stimulus. There is a requirement to clarify whether BFR training interventions can be used by high-performance endurance athletes within their structured training programme. ABSTRACT A key objective of the training programme for an endurance athlete is to optimize the underlying physiological determinants of performance. Training-induced adaptations are governed by physiological and metabolic stressors, which initiate transcriptional and translational signalling cascades to increase the abundance and/or function of proteins to improve physiological function. One important consideration is that training adaptations are reduced as training status increases, which is reflected at the molecular level as a blunting of the acute signalling response to exercise. This review examines blood-flow-restricted (BFR) exercise as a strategy for augmenting exercise-induced stressors and subsequent molecular signalling responses to enhance the physiological characteristics of the endurance athlete. Focus is placed on the processes of capillary growth and mitochondrial biogenesis. Recent evidence supports that BFR exercise presents an intensified training stimulus beyond that of performing the same exercise alone. We suggest that this has the potential to induce enhanced physiological adaptations, including increases in capillary supply and mitochondrial function, which can contribute to an improvement in performance of endurance exercise. There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the potency of BFR training, which is invariably attributable to the different modes, intensities and durations of exercise and BFR methods. Further studies are needed to confirm its potential in the endurance-trained athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Ferguson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Emma A Mitchell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Conor W Taylor
- Ineos Grenadiers Cycling Team, Bollin House, Wilmslow, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Lockhart C, Scott BR, Thoseby B, Dascombe BJ. Acute Effects of Interset Rest Duration on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Resistance Exercise in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2241-2249. [PMID: 30063554 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lockhart, C, Scott, BR, Thoseby, B, and Dascombe, BJ. Acute effects of interset rest duration on physiological and perceptual responses to resistance exercise in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2241-2249, 2020-This study aimed to determine whether manipulating interset rest periods during resistance training in hypoxia impacts on physiological and perceptual responses to exercise. Twelve healthy males completed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing for the bilateral leg extension, before completing 4 separate randomized trials comprising 5 × 10 repetitions of leg extensions at 70% 1RM. Experimental trials were completed in both moderate hypoxia (FIO2 = 15%) and normoxia (FIO2 = 21%), using interset rest periods of both 60 and 180 seconds for each environmental condition. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify muscle oxygenation of vastus lateralis , and surface electromyography assessed the activation of vastus lateralis and medialis. Blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) and midthigh circumference were assessed before and immediately after each trial. Heart rate (HR) responses, blood oxygen saturation, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also assessed after each set and the whole session RPE (sRPE). Perceived quadriceps soreness was reported before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 hours after each trial. Muscle activation (sets 4-5), RPE (sets 3-5), and sRPE were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 60-second trials of the resistance exercise protocol. Significant increases (p < 0.01) were observed for [BLa] and midthigh circumference across sets within each condition. No significant main effect was observed for interset rest duration or environmental condition for muscle oxygenation, HR, or perceived quadriceps soreness. These findings indicate that performing resistance exercise in hypoxia or normoxia with shortened interset rest periods increases muscle activation and perceived exertion, without exacerbating muscle soreness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Lockhart
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley Thoseby
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Acute Effects of Resistance Exercise With Blood Flow Restriction in Elderly Women: A Pilot Study. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:361-371. [PMID: 33373977 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the acute effects of two resistance exercise sessions with different partial blood flow restrictions (BFR) on hemodynamic parameters and cardiac autonomic modulation in older women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS Thirty-nine older women (64.4 ± 4.5 years) were allocated into three groups: BFR0 = resistance exercise (20%, 1 maximum repetition [MR]) + 0% BFR; BFR60 = 20% 1 MR resistance exercise + 60% BFR; and BFR80 = 20% 1MR resistance exercise + 80% BFR. RESULTS A reduction of 14 mmHg (BFR60 group) and 13 mmHg (BRF80 group) was observed 48 hr after the first exercise session, while vagal modulation was increased in the BRF60 group after 24 and 48 hr. CONCLUSION A low-intensity resistance exercise session with 60% and 80% of BFR resulted in blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean) reduction and positive changes on heart rate variability after 24 h of a RE session.
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26
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Soo J, Girard O, Ihsan M, Fairchild T. The Use of the SpO 2 to FiO 2 Ratio to Individualize the Hypoxic Dose in Sport Science, Exercise, and Health Settings. Front Physiol 2020; 11:570472. [PMID: 33329021 PMCID: PMC7714921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.570472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Soo
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences, Exercise and Sport Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Human Potential and Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Fairchild
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- The Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Centner C, Lauber B. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Neural Adaptations Following Blood Flow Restriction Training: What We Know and What We Don't Know. Front Physiol 2020; 11:887. [PMID: 32848843 PMCID: PMC7417362 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To summarize the existing evidence on the long-term effects of low-load (LL) blood flow restricted (BFR) exercise on neural markers including both central and peripheral adaptations. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. The literature search was performed independently by two reviewers in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and CENTRAL. The systematic review included long-term trials investigating the effects of LL-BFR training in healthy subjects and compared theses effects to either LL or high-load (HL) training without blood flow restriction. Results: From a total of N = 4499 studies, N = 10 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and N = 4 studies in a meta-analysis. The findings indicated that LL-BFR resulted in enhanced levels of muscle excitation compared to LL training with pooled effect sizes of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.38-1.36). Compared to HL training, muscle excitation following LL-BFR was reported as either similar or slightly lower. Differences between central activation between LL-BFR and LL or HL are less clear. Conclusion: The summarized effects in this systematic review and meta-analysis highlight that BFR training facilitates neural adaptations following LL training, although differences to conventional HL training are less evident. Future research is urgently needed to identify neural alterations following long-term blood flow restricted exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Centner
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lauber
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Törpel A, Peter B, Schega L. Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32411007 PMCID: PMC7198789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) under hypoxic conditions has been used to increase muscular performance under normoxic conditions in young people. However, the effects of RT and thus of RT under hypoxia (RTH) could also be valuable for parameters of physical capacity and body composition across the lifespan. Therefore, we compared the effects of low- to moderate-load RTH with matched designed RT on muscular strength capacity, cardiopulmonary capacity, hematological adaptation, and body composition in young and older people. Methods In a pre–post randomized, blinded, and controlled experiment, 42 young (18 to 30 year) and 42 older (60 to 75 year) participants were randomly assigned to RTH or RT (RTH young, RT young, RTH old, RT old). Both groups performed eight resistance exercises (25–40% of 1RM, 3 × 15 repetitions) four times a week over 5 weeks. The intensity of hypoxic air for the RTH was administered individually in regards to the oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2): ∼80–85%. Changes and differences in maximal isokinetic strength, cardiopulmonary capacity, total hemoglobin mass (tHb), blood volume (BV), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined pre–post, and the acute reaction of erythropoietin (EPO) was tested during the intervention. Results In all parameters, no significant pre–post differences in mean changes (time × group effects p = 0.120 to 1.000) were found between RTH and RT within the age groups. However, within the four groups, isolated significant improvements (p < 0.050) of the single groups were observed regarding the muscular strength of the legs and the cardiopulmonary capacity. Discussion Although the hypoxic dose and the exercise variables of the resistance training in this study were based on the current recommendations of RTH, the RTH design used had no superior effect on the tested parameters in young and older people in comparison to the matched designed RT under normoxia after a 5-week intervention period. Based on previous RTH-studies as well as the knowledge about RT in general, it can be assumed that the expected higher effects of RTH can may be achieved by changing exercise variables (e.g., longer intervention period, higher loads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beate Peter
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Grønfeldt BM, Lindberg Nielsen J, Mieritz RM, Lund H, Aagaard P. Effect of blood‐flow restricted vs heavy‐load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:837-848. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Birk Mygind Grønfeldt
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research – Copenhagen (PMR‐C) Clinical Research Center Amager‐Hvidovre Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jakob Lindberg Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Rune Mygind Mieritz
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of Neurosurgery Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Hans Lund
- Centre for Evidence‐Based Practice Western Norway University of Applied Sciences Bergen Norway
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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30
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Martínez-Guardado I, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timon R, Olcina G. EFFECTS OF REPEATED-SPRINT TRAINING IN HYPOXIA ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF TEAM SPORTS PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602188454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The traditional hypoxic training program used by endurance athletes was included in the training of team and/or racquet sports players. Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of a new lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) as compared with previous studies on short and long-term physical performance of team sports players. Methods: Tests were performed before and after four weeks of supervised specific training and after two weeks of detraining. Twenty-four team-sport players voluntarily participated in the study (age: 22.73±2.87 years; weight: 70.20±3.42 kg; height: 176.95±1.63 cm; BMI: 22.42±2.26 kg/m2); the participants were randomly assigned to the RSH training group (n=8; FiO2= 14.6%), to the normoxia group (RSN) (n=8; FiO2= 20.9%) or to a third control group (CON) (n=8). The participants performed eight training sessions of two sets of five 10-second repeated sprints, with a recovery period of 20 seconds between sprints and a recovery period of 10 minutes at 120 W between sets. Body composition was measured following standard anthropometric evaluation procedures. The Wingate Test, Repeated-Sprint Ability Test, SJ, CMJ and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test were used to evaluate aerobic and anaerobic outcomes. Results: In the hypoxia group, maximal power increased by 14.96% and the total number of sprints performed increased by 20.36%, both with a large effect size (ES=0.78 and ES = 0.71, respectively). Conclusion: A lower dose of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia produces improvements in maximal power and number of sprints in the hypoxia group, in team sports players, as shown by the large effect size in both cases. Level of evidence II; Comparative prospective study.
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31
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Lu Y, Patel BH, Kym C, Nwachukwu BU, Beletksy A, Forsythe B, Chahla J. Perioperative Blood Flow Restriction Rehabilitation in Patients Undergoing ACL Reconstruction: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120906822. [PMID: 32232065 PMCID: PMC7097877 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120906822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-load blood flow restriction (BFR) training has attracted attention as a potentially effective method of perioperative clinical rehabilitation for patients undergoing orthopaedic procedures. Purpose: To (1) compare the effectiveness of low-load BFR training in conjunction with a standard rehabilitation protocol, pre- and postoperatively, and non-BFR interventions in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and (2) evaluate protocols for implementing BFR perioperatively for patients undergoing ACLR. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A systematic review of the 3 medical literature databases was conducted to identify all level 1 and 2 clinical trials published since 1990 on BFR in patients undergoing ACLR. Patient demographics from included studies were pooled. Outcome data were documented, including muscle strength and size, and perceived pain and exertion. A descriptive analysis of outcomes from BFR and non-BFR interventions was performed. Results: A total of 6 studies (154 patients; 66.2% male; mean ± SD age, 24.2 ± 3.68 years) were included. Of these, 2 studies examined low-load BFR as a preoperative intervention, 1 of which observed a significant increase in muscle isometric endurance (P = .014), surface electromyography of the vastus medialis (P < .001), and muscle blood flow to the vastus lateralis at final follow-up (P < .001) as compared with patients undergoing sham BFR. Four studies investigated low-load BFR as a postoperative intervention, and they observed significant benefits in muscle hypertrophy, as measured by cross-sectional area; strength, as measured by extensor torque; and subjective outcomes, as measured by subjective knee pain during session, over traditional low-load resistance training (all P < .05). BFR occlusion periods ranged from 3 to 5 minutes, with rest periods ranging from 45 seconds to 3 minutes. Conclusion: This systematic review found evidence on the topic of BFR rehabilitation after ACLR to be sparse and heterogeneous likely because of the relatively recent onset of its popularity. While a few authors have demonstrated the potential strength and hypertrophy benefits of perioperative BFR, future investigations with standardized outcomes, long-term follow-up, and more robust sample sizes are required to draw more definitive conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Lu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bhavik H Patel
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig Kym
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benedict U Nwachukwu
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexander Beletksy
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Forsythe
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jorge Chahla
- Division of Sports Medicine, Midwest Orthopaedics at Rush, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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[Effectiveness of blood flow restriction training in competitive sports]. Unfallchirurg 2020; 123:176-179. [PMID: 32030479 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-020-00779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training under conditions of blood flow restriction (BFR) has recently been advocated as an option for alternative training in athletes. OBJECTIVE Does BFR make sense in athlete training? MATERIAL AND METHODS An overview of the currently available literature is given. RESULTS The use of BFR appears to be a possibility to achieve muscle hypertrophy and an increase in muscular strength and can also improve parameters of cardiocirculatory function. CONCLUSION Various approaches for implementation of BFR in athletes can be found in the literature. These approaches differ in the frequency, force used, duration and finally type of implementation of BFR itself. Clear recommendations for training cannot be given to date and the individual weighing up of possibilities and supervised implementation of BFR in athlete training by the trainer are still necessary.
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The Evidence for Common Nonsurgical Modalities in Sports Medicine, Part 2: Cupping and Blood Flow Restriction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020; 4:e1900105. [PMID: 32672728 PMCID: PMC7028774 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-19-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are a number of nonsurgical modalities used by athletes in attempts to improve performance or prevent, treat, and rehabilitate musculoskeletal injuries. A concise review of available evidence on common nonsurgical modalities used today is necessary, so that practitioners may appropriately counsel patients.
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Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Bonitch-Gongora J, de la Fuente B, Almeida F, Argüelles J, Benavente C, Padial P. Altitude-induced effects on muscular metabolic stress and hypertrophy-related factors after a resistance training session. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1083-1092. [PMID: 31699003 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1691270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of exposure to moderate altitude on factors associated with muscular adaptations following whole-body hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (R T) sessions. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed both counterbalanced standard hypertrophic R T sessions (3 sets × 10RM, 2 min rest) at moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Participants rested 72 h between training sessions. Before and after the exercise session, blood samples were obtained for determination of metabolites and ions (lactate, inorganic phosphate, liquid carbon dioxide and calcium) and hormones (testosterone and growth hormone). Session-related performance and perception of effort (s-RPE) were also monitored. Results showed no meaningful differences in performance or s-RPE (8.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.6 ± 0.8 respectively for N and H; p = 0.603). All blood variables displayed statistically significant changes throughout the recovery period compared to basal levels (p < 0.05), except for the testosterone. However, no altitude effect was observed in maximal blood lactate, calcium or anabolic hormones (p > 0.05). The reduction observed in the liquid carbon dioxide concentration in H (21.11 ± 1.46 vs 16.19 ± 1.61 mmol·l-1) seems compatible with an increase in buffering capacity. Compared to N, inorganic phosphate displayed lower recovery values after the R T in H (2.89 ± 0.64 vs 2.23 ± 0.60 mg dl-1; p = 0.007). The results of this study do not support an accentuated effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic and hormonal factors linked to muscle growth during hypertrophic resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Bonitch-Gongora
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Argüelles
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Hwang PS, Willoughby DS. Mechanisms Behind Blood Flow-Restricted Training and its Effect Toward Muscle Growth. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33 Suppl 1:S167-S179. [PMID: 30011262 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hwang, P and Willoughby, DS. Mechanisms behind blood flow-restricted training and its effect toward muscle growth. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S167-S179, 2019-It is widely established throughout the literature that skeletal muscle can induce hypertrophic adaptations after progressive overload of moderate-to-high-intensity resistance training. However, there has recently been a growing body of research that shows that the combination of blood flow-restricted (BFR) training with low-intensity resistance exercise can induce similar gains in muscular strength and hypertrophic adaptations. The implementation of external pressure cuffs over the most proximal position of the limb extremities with the occlusion of venous outflow of blood distal to the occlusion site defines the BFR training protocol. There are various mechanisms through which BFR training may cause the stimulations for skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increases in strength. These may include increases in hormonal concentrations, increases within the components of the intracellular signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis such as the mTOR pathway, increases within biomarkers denoting satellite cell activity and apparent patterns in fiber type recruitment. There have also been scientific findings demonstrating hypertrophic effects within both BFR limbs and non-BFR muscles during BFR training programs. The purpose behind this critical review will be to provide a comprehensive discussion on relevant literature that can help elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms leading to hypertrophic adaptations after BFR training programs. This review will also explicate the various findings within the literature that focalizes on both BFR limb and non-BFR muscle hypertrophy after bouts of BFR training. Furthermore, this critical review will also address the various needs for future research in the many components underlying the novel modality of BFR training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Hwang
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Exercise and Biochemical Nutrition Laboratory, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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Rodríguez-Zamora L, Padial P, Schoenfeld BJ, Feriche B. Mean Propulsive Velocity Is a Viable Method for Adjusting the Resistance-Training Load at Moderate Altitude. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:52. [PMID: 33344975 PMCID: PMC7739744 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the viability of using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) to adjust the load in the countermovement jump (CMJ) at moderate altitude. Twenty-four volunteers were assigned to a 4-week power-oriented resistance training (RT) program in either normoxia (N, 690 m) or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH, 2,320 m). The load was adjusted to maintain execution velocity of CMJ at 1m·s-1 of MPV. Relative peak power output (Prel), and percentage of velocity loss throughout the sets (VL) were determined for each session. The internal load was measured by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The absolute load lifted was higher in IH compared to N (75.6 ± 8.4 vs. 58.5 ± 12.3 kg P < 0.001). However, similar relative increases for both groups were found when comparing the final values (IH: 8.2%, P = 0.007; N: 9.8%, P = 0.03) with no changes in VL between groups (P = 0.36). Post-study Prel improved significantly only in IH (+7% W·kg-1, P = 0.002). Mean RPE was greater in IH vs. N (6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 5.6 ± 2, P < 0.001). The MPV seems to be a viable method for adjusting external load during RT at moderate altitude. However, given that RT at moderate altitude increases RPE, it is prudent to monitor internal load when using the MPV to best determine the actual physiological stress of the session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Division of Sport Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Ilett MJ, Rantalainen T, Keske MA, May AK, Warmington SA. The Effects of Restriction Pressures on the Acute Responses to Blood Flow Restriction Exercise. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1018. [PMID: 31456694 PMCID: PMC6700307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose No current guidelines or recommendations exist informing the selection of restriction pressure during blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE). Moreover, the effects of specific relative restriction pressures on the acute muscle, metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to BFRE are unclear. The purpose of this study was to characterize these acute responses at different levels of restriction pressure. Methods Participants (n = 10) completed rhythmic isometric knee extension exercise across five experimental trials in a balanced randomized order. Three were BFRE trials {B-40 [restriction pressure set to 40% LOP (total limb occlusion pressure)]; B-60 (60% LOP); and B-80 (80% LOP)} with a workload equivalent to 20% maximal voluntary force (MVC), one was non-BFRE at 20% MVC (LL) and one was non-BFRE at 80% MVC (HL). Measurements recorded were torque, muscle activity via electromyography (EMG), tissue oxygenation via near infrared spectroscopy, whole body oxygen consumption, blood lactate and heart rate. Results For the LL and B-40 trials, most measures remained constant. However, for the B-60 and B-80 trials, significant fatigue was demonstrated by a reduction in MVC torque across the trial (p < 0.05). Blood lactate increased from baseline in HL, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05). Submaximal EMG was greater in B-60 and B-80 than LL, but lower compared with HL (p < 0.05). Tissue oxygenation decreased in HL, B-40, B-60, and B-80 (p < 0.05), which was lower in the B-80 trial compared to all other trials (p < 0.01). Whole body oxygen consumption was not different between the BFRE trials (p > 0.05). Conclusion We demonstrate graded/progressive acute responses with increasing applied pressure during BFRE, from which we speculate that an effective minimum “threshold” around 60% LOP may be necessary for BFRE to be effective with training. While these data provide some insight on the possible mechanisms by which BFRE develops skeletal muscle size and strength when undertaken chronically across a training program, the outcomes of chronic training programs using different levels of applied restriction pressures remain to be tested. Overall, the present study recommends 60–80% LOP as a suitable “minimum” BFRE pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ilett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Michelle A Keske
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony K May
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart A Warmington
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Anderson AB, Owens JG, Patterson SD, Dickens JF, LeClere LE. Blood Flow Restriction Therapy: From Development to Applications. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2019; 27:119-123. [PMID: 31361722 DOI: 10.1097/jsa.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to produce beneficial adaptations to skeletal muscle. These adaptations have been documented in the civilian and military populations. BFR therapy may provide patients a safe method to begin strength training at earlier stages of rehabilitation to allow for earlier and more effective return to activity and improved military readiness. The purpose was to review BFR therapy physiology, complications, side effects, standardized treatment algorithms, and long-term patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Anderson
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda
| | | | | | - Jonathan F Dickens
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda.,John A. Feagin Jr. Sports Medicine Fellowship, West Point, NY
| | - Lance E LeClere
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda.,United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD
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COPITHORNE DAVIDB, RICE CHARLESL. Neuromuscular Function and Blood Flow Occlusion with Dynamic Arm Flexor Contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:205-213. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ross CI, Shute RJ, Ruby BC, Slivka DR. Skeletal Muscle mRNA Response to Hypobaric and Normobaric Hypoxia After Normoxic Endurance Exercise. High Alt Med Biol 2019; 20:141-149. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2018.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb I. Ross
- Exercise Physiology Lab, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Robert J. Shute
- Exercise Physiology Lab, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Brent C. Ruby
- Montana Center for Work Physiology and Exercise Metabolism, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
| | - Dustin R. Slivka
- Exercise Physiology Lab, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
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de Castro F, Alves G, Oliveira L, Tourinho Filho H, Puggina E. Strength training with intermittent blood flow restriction improved strength without changes in neural aspects on quadriceps muscle. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia en hipoxia: efecto en la hipertrofia muscular. BIOMEDICA 2019; 39:212-220. [PMID: 31021559 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i1.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
El entrenamiento en altitud y el entrenamiento en hipoxia simulada producen adaptaciones fisiológicas y bioquímicas en el músculo esquelético como la capacidad oxidativa, así como modificaciones de la actividad mitocondrial, en el metabolismo aerobio y en el contenido de mioglobina.El propósito de esta revisión fue analizar las adaptaciones del músculo esquelético en respuesta a la exposición temporal a la hipoxia combinada con ejercicios de fuerza y resistencia. Según los hallazgos de numerosos autores, las adaptaciones estructurales del músculo son similares en la hipoxia y en la ‘normoxia’, con excepción de un aumento en el volumen muscular y en el área de la sección transversal de la fibra muscular, que son mayores en la hipoxia.En conclusión, la sinergia del entrenamiento de fuerza y resistencia y la hipoxia normobárica produce mejores y mayores adaptaciones, ganancias y cambios fisiológicos beneficiosos en el tejido muscular, lo cual genera cambios fenotípicos favorables, como la hipertrofia del músculo esquelético.
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Copithorne DB, Rice CL. The effect of blood flow occlusion during acute low-intensity isometric elbow flexion exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:587-595. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Technical and Training Related Aspects of Resistance Training Using Blood Flow Restriction in Competitive Sport - A Review. J Hum Kinet 2018; 65:249-260. [PMID: 30687436 PMCID: PMC6341949 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with resistance training (RT-BFR) shows significant benefits in terms of muscle strength and hypertrophy. Such effects have been observed in clinical populations, in groups of physically active people, and among competitive athletes. These effects are comparable or, in some cases, even more efficient compared to conventional resistance training (CRT). RT-BFR stimulates muscle hypertrophy and improves muscle strength even at low external loads. Since no extensive scientific research has been done in relation to groups of athletes, the aim of the present study was to identify technical, physiological and methodological aspects related to the use of RT-BFR in competitive athletes from various sport disciplines. RT-BFR in groups of athletes has an effect not only on the improvement of muscle strength or muscle hypertrophy, but also on specific motor abilities related to a particular sport discipline. The literature review reveals that most experts do not recommend the use RT-BFR as the only training method, but rather as a complementary method to CRT. It is likely that optimal muscle adaptive changes can be induced by a combination of CRT and RT-BFR. Some research has confirmed benefits of using CRT followed by RT-BFR during a training session. The use of BFR in training also requires adequate progression or modifications in the duration of occlusion in a training session, the ratio of exercises performed with BFR to conventional exercises, the value of pressure or the cuff width.
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Effects of Altitude/Hypoxia on Single- and Multiple-Sprint Performance: A Comprehensive Review. Sports Med 2018; 47:1931-1949. [PMID: 28451905 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many sport competitions, typically involving the completion of single- (e.g. track-and-field or track cycling events) and multiple-sprint exercises (e.g. team and racquet sports, cycling races), are staged at terrestrial altitudes ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. Our aim was to comprehensively review the current knowledge on the responses to either acute or chronic altitude exposure relevant to single and multiple sprints. Performance of a single sprint is generally not negatively affected by acute exposure to simulated altitude (i.e. normobaric hypoxia) because an enhanced anaerobic energy release compensates for the reduced aerobic adenosine triphosphate production. Conversely, the reduction in air density in terrestrial altitude (i.e. hypobaric hypoxia) leads to an improved sprinting performance when aerodynamic drag is a limiting factor. With the repetition of maximal efforts, however, repeated-sprint ability is more altered (i.e. with earlier and larger performance decrements) at high altitudes (>3000-3600 m or inspired fraction of oxygen <14.4-13.3%) compared with either normoxia or low-to-moderate altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%). Traditionally, altitude training camps involve chronic exposure to low-to-moderate terrestrial altitudes (<3000 m or inspired fraction of oxygen >14.4%) for inducing haematological adaptations. However, beneficial effects on sprint performance after such altitude interventions are still debated. Recently, innovative 'live low-train high' methods, in isolation or in combination with hypoxic residence, have emerged with the belief that up-regulated non-haematological peripheral adaptations may further improve performance of multiple sprints compared with similar normoxic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Research Department, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Gnimassou O, Fernández-Verdejo R, Brook M, Naslain D, Balan E, Sayda M, Cegielski J, Nielens H, Decottignies A, Demoulin JB, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2018; 32:5272-5284. [PMID: 29672220 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800049rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that a single session of resistance exercise performed in moderate hypoxic (FiO2: 14%) environmental conditions would potentiate the anabolic response during the recovery period spent in normoxia. Twenty subjects performed a 1-leg knee extension session in normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Muscle biopsies were taken 15 min and 4 h after exercise in the vastus lateralis of the exercised and the nonexercised legs. Blood and saliva samples were taken at regular intervals before, during, and after the exercise session. The muscle fractional-protein synthetic rate was determined by deuterium incorporation into proteins, and the protein-degradation rate was determined by methylhistidine release from skeletal muscle. We found that: 1) hypoxia blunted the activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise; 2) hypoxia down-regulated the transcriptional program of autophagy; 3) hypoxia regulated the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism at rest and the genes involved in myoblast differentiation and fusion and in muscle contraction machinery after exercise; and 4) the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α pathway was not activated at the time points studied. Contrary to our hypothesis, environmental hypoxia did not potentiate the short-term anabolic response after resistance exercise, but it initiated transcriptional regulations that could potentially translate into satellite cell incorporation and higher force production in the long term.-Gnimassou, O., Fernández-Verdejo, R., Brook, M., Naslain, D., Balan, E., Sayda, M., Cegielski, J., Nielens, H., Decottignies, A., Demoulin, J.-B., Smith, K., Atherton, P. J., Fancaux, M., Deldicque, L. Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olouyomi Gnimassou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthew Brook
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Naslain
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Estelle Balan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mariwan Sayda
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cegielski
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Henri Nielens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | | | - Kenneth Smith
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Atherton
- Medical Research Council-Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
- Clinical, Metabolic, and Molecular Physiology, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Viscor G, Torrella JR, Corral L, Ricart A, Javierre C, Pages T, Ventura JL. Physiological and Biological Responses to Short-Term Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Exposure: From Sports and Mountain Medicine to New Biomedical Applications. Front Physiol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 30038574 PMCID: PMC6046402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the altitude acclimatization responses elicited by short-term intermittent exposure to hypoxia have been subject to renewed attention. The main goal of short-term intermittent hypobaric hypoxia exposure programs was originally to improve the aerobic capacity of athletes or to accelerate the altitude acclimatization response in alpinists, since such programs induce an increase in erythrocyte mass. Several model programs of intermittent exposure to hypoxia have presented efficiency with respect to this goal, without any of the inconveniences or negative consequences associated with permanent stays at moderate or high altitudes. Artificial intermittent exposure to normobaric hypoxia systems have seen a rapid rise in popularity among recreational and professional athletes, not only due to their unbeatable cost/efficiency ratio, but also because they help prevent common inconveniences associated with high-altitude stays such as social isolation, nutritional limitations, and other minor health and comfort-related annoyances. Today, intermittent exposure to hypobaric hypoxia is known to elicit other physiological response types in several organs and body systems. These responses range from alterations in the ventilatory pattern to modulation of the mitochondrial function. The central role played by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in activating a signaling molecular cascade after hypoxia exposure is well known. Among these targets, several growth factors that upregulate the capillary bed by inducing angiogenesis and promoting oxidative metabolism merit special attention. Applying intermittent hypobaric hypoxia to promote the action of some molecules, such as angiogenic factors, could improve repair and recovery in many tissue types. This article uses a comprehensive approach to examine data obtained in recent years. We consider evidence collected from different tissues, including myocardial capillarization, skeletal muscle fiber types and fiber size changes induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure, and discuss the evidence that points to beneficial interventions in applied fields such as sport science. Short-term intermittent hypoxia may not only be useful for healthy people, but could also be considered a promising tool to be applied, with due caution, to some pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan R. Torrella
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Corral
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ricart
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pages
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep L. Ventura
- Exercise Physiology Unit, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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García-Ramos A, Štirn I, Padial P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Strojnik V, Feriche B. The Maximal Mechanical Capabilities of Leg Muscles to Generate Velocity and Power Improve at Altitude. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:475-481. [PMID: 27537408 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
García-Ramos, A, Štirn, I, Padial, P, Argüelles-Cienfuegos, J, De la Fuente, B, Strojnik, V, and Feriche, B. The maximal mechanical capabilities of leg extensors muscles to generate velocity and power improve at altitude. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 475-481, 2018-This study aimed (a) to analyze the effect of an acute exposure to terrestrial altitude on the force-velocity relationship parameters (maximum force [F0], maximum velocity [V0], and maximum power [P0]) during a loaded squat jump (SJ), and (b) to compare unloaded SJ and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance between sea level and altitude conditions. Seventeen international swimmers were tested at sea level (295 m asl) and 7 days later at terrestrial altitude (2,320 m asl) during their first 24 hours of altitude exposure. The maximum values of force and velocity were recorded during a loaded SJ (25-100% of body weight) to determine F0, V0, and P0 parameters. Inconsequential differences between environmental conditions were found for F0 (p = 0.993, 0.02%). However, V0 (p = 0.038, 7.6%) and P0 (p = 0.004, 6.8%) were higher at altitude. Peak values of force (SJ: p = 0.420, 1.19%; CMJ: p = 0.010, 3.6%), power (SJ: p = 0.028, 3.5%; CMJ: p = 0.005, 3.82%), and take-off velocity (SJ: p = 0.071, 1.6%; CMJ: p = 0.009, 1.9%) recorded during the SJ and CMJ were also higher at altitude. These results highlight the potential effect of an acute exposure to terrestrial altitude on enhancing vertical jump performance. The increase in maximal power of the leg muscles at altitude is caused by an improvement in the theoretical maximal velocity at which lower limbs can extend with no significant changes in the theoretical maximal force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Igor Štirn
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Vojko Strojnik
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Silva JCG, Aniceto RR, Oliota-Ribeiro LS, Neto GR, Leandro LS, Cirilo-Sousa MS. Mood Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise Among Basketball Players. Percept Mot Skills 2018; 125:788-801. [PMID: 29768966 DOI: 10.1177/0031512518776847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR) on basketball players' mood states. A total of 11 male basketball players (M age = 19.9, SD = 2.8 years; M height = 180.8, SD = 7.8 cm; M weight = 71.1, SD = 9.1 kg; M body mass index = 22.1, SD = 1.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: (a) low-load resistance exercise with BFR (LLRE + BFR) and high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) without BFR. We measured mood state with the Brunel Mood Scale before and after each session. There was a significant interaction effect such that there was increased fatigue over time with LLRE + BFR ( p = .001, Δ% = 169.2). Regarding total mood disorder, there were significant pre and postexercise differences between athletes exposed to both the LLRE + BFR and HLRE conditions ( p = .048) and a decharacterization of the iceberg mood profile in the post-training LLRE + BFR condition. LLRE + BFR, compared to HLRE, promoted an acute negative effect on mood state, decharacterization of the iceberg profile, total mood disturbance, and increased participant fatigue, suggesting that this method of strength training should be avoided before sports competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio C G Silva
- 1 Associate Program of Graduate Studies in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,3 Coordination of Physical Education, Center for Higher Education and Development, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Aniceto
- 1 Associate Program of Graduate Studies in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,4 Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Camocim, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Leandro S Oliota-Ribeiro
- 1 Associate Program of Graduate Studies in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Neto
- 1 Associate Program of Graduate Studies in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,3 Coordination of Physical Education, Center for Higher Education and Development, Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil.,5 Coordination of Physical Education/Professional Master's in Family Health, Nursing and Medical Schools, Nova Esperança, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Leonardo S Leandro
- 2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,4 Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Camocim, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Maria S Cirilo-Sousa
- 1 Associate Program of Graduate Studies in Physical Education, University of Pernambuco/Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,2 Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,4 Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Department of Physical Education, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Camocim, Ceará, Brazil
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