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Banks NF, Rogers EM, Helwig NJ, Schwager LE, Alpers JP, Schulte SL, Trachta ER, Lockwood CM, Jenkins ND. Acute effects of commercial energy drink consumption on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2297988. [PMID: 38197606 PMCID: PMC10783828 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2297988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of a non-caloric energy drink (C4E) compared to a traditional sugar-containing energy drink (MED) and non-caloric placebo (PLA) on exercise performance and cardiovascular safety. Thirty healthy, physically active males (25 ± 4 y) completed three experimental visits under semi-fasted conditions (5-10 h) and in randomized order, during which they consumed C4E, MED, or PLA matched for volume, appearance, taste, and mouthfeel. One hour after drink consumption, participants completed a maximal, graded exercise test (GXT) with measurement of pulmonary gases, an isometric leg extension fatigue test (ISOFTG), and had their cardiac electrical activity (ECG), leg blood flow (LBF), and blood pressure (BP) measured throughout the visit. Neither MED nor C4E had an ergogenic effect on maximal oxygen consumption, time to exhaustion, or peak power during the GXT (p > 0.05). Compared to PLA, MED reduced fat oxidation (respiratory exchange ratio (RER) +0.030 ± 0.01; p = 0.026) during the GXT and did not influence ISOFTG performance. Compared to PLA, C4E did not alter RER (p = 0.94) and improved impulse during the ISOFTG (+0.658 ± 0.25 V·s; p = 0.032). Relative to MED, C4E did not significantly improve gas exchange threshold (p = 0.05-0.07). Both MED and C4E increased systolic BP at rest (+7.1 ± 1.2 mmHg; p < 0.001 and + 5.7 ± 1.0 mmHg; p < 0.001, respectively), C4E increased SBP post-GXT (+13.3 ± 3.8 mmHg; p < 0.001), and MED increased SBP during recovery (+3.2 ± 1.1 mmHg; p < 0.001). Neither MED nor C4E influenced ECG measures (p ≥ 0.08) or LBF (p = 0.37) compared to PLA. C4E may be more efficacious for improving performance in resistance-type tasks without altering fat oxidation under semi-fasted conditions during fatiguing exercise bouts, but promotes similar changes in BP and HR to MED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nile F. Banks
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily M. Rogers
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nate J. Helwig
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura E. Schwager
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Justin P. Alpers
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sydni L. Schulte
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emma R. Trachta
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- University of Iowa, Integrative Laboratory of Applied Physiology and Lifestyle Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- University of Iowa, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Bello ML, Gillen ZM, Smith JW. Changes in muscular strength following nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:439-445. [PMID: 38385637 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.24.15569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional resistance training schemes often utilize higher loads for strength gains and lower loads for muscular endurance or hypertrophy. This study aimed to investigate muscular strength adaptations after nine weeks of high- or low-load resistance training. METHODS Seventeen recreationally-trained male lifters were recruited for this study (age 20.4±2.7 years) and split into high-load (85% 1-RM; N.=8) or low-load (30% 1-RM; N.=9), completing three whole-body training sessions per week for nine weeks. Each session included three working sets of repetitions to failure. At baseline and every three weeks after, knee extension/flexion were tested using an isokinetic dynamometer. Participants completed three 5-s MVIC and isokinetic muscle actions at 60°/s and 120°/s, with the highest torque value used in analysis. Predicted 1-RM testing was at baseline and end of training program. ANCOVAs were conducted to analyze changes in strength, with significance set at P<0.05. RESULTS This study demonstrated similar MVIC and peak torque values for both isokinetic speeds, although there were nonsignificant decreases largely driven by the 30% group. The high-load group showed greater increases in 1-RM following the training program. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests training with lighter loads may be detrimental for long term isokinetic strength, whereas heavier loads could result in maintenance and greater increases in 1-RM despite performing repetitions to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Bello
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA -
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA -
| | - Zachary M Gillen
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Nuzzo JL, Pinto MD, Nosaka K, Steele J. Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise. Sports Med 2024; 54:303-321. [PMID: 37792272 PMCID: PMC10933212 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Human Performance, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - James Steele
- School of Sport, Health, and Social Sciences, Solent University, Southampton, UK
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4
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Benitez B, Dinyer-McNeely TK, McCallum L, Kwak M, Succi PJ, Bergstrom HC. Electromyographic and mechanomyographic responses of the biceps brachii during concentric and eccentric muscle actions to failure at high and low relative loads. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2145-2156. [PMID: 37219738 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined neuromuscular responses of the biceps brachii (BB) for concentric and eccentric muscle actions during bilateral, dynamic constant external resistance (DCER), reciprocal forearm flexions and extensions to failure at high (80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and low (30% 1RM) relative loads. METHODS Nine women completed 1RM testing and repetitions to failure (RTF) at 30 and 80% 1RM. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were measured from the BB. Analyses included repeated measures ANOVAs (p < 0.05) and post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrected alpha of p < 0.008 and p < 0.01 for between and within factor pairwise comparisons, respectively. RESULTS EMG AMP and MPF were significantly greater for concentric than eccentric muscle actions, regardless of load or time. However, time course of change analysis revealed parallel increases in EMG AMP for concentric and eccentric muscle actions during the RTF trials at 30% 1RM, but no change at 80% 1RM. There were significant increases in MMG AMP during concentric muscle actions, but decreases or no change during eccentric muscle actions. EMG and MMG MPF decreased over time, regardless of muscle action type and loading condition. CONCLUSION The greater EMG AMP and MPF values during concentric compared to eccentric muscle actions may reflect the difference in the efficiency characteristic of these muscle actions. The neuromuscular responses suggested that fatigue may be mediated by recruitment of additional motor units with lower firing rates during concentric muscle actions, and changes in motor unit synchronization during eccentric muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Lindsay McCallum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Murphy J, Hodson-Tole E, Vigotsky AD, Potvin JR, Fisher JP, Steele J. Surface electromyographic frequency characteristics of the quadriceps differ between continuous high- and low-torque isometric knee extension to momentary failure. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 72:102810. [PMID: 37549475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface EMG (sEMG) has been used to compare loading conditions during exercise. Studies often explore mean/median frequencies. This potentially misses more nuanced electrophysiological differences between exercise tasks. Therefore, wavelet-based analysis was used to evaluate electrophysiological characteristics in the sEMG signal of the quadriceps under both higher- and lower-torque (70 % and 30 % of MVC, respectively) isometric knee extension performed to momentary failure. Ten recreationally active adult males with previous resistance training experience were recruited. Using a within-session, repeated-measures, randomised crossover design, participants performed isometric knee extension whilst sEMG was collected from the vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL). Mean signal frequency showed similar characteristics in each condition at momentary failure. However, individual wavelets revealed different frequency component changes between the conditions. All frequency components increased during the low-torque condition. But low-frequency components increased, and high-frequency components decreased, in intensity throughout the high-torque condition. This resulted in convergence of the low-torque and high-torque trial wavelet characteristics towards the end of the low-torque trial. Our results demonstrate a convergence of myoelectric signal properties between low- and high-torque efforts with fatigue via divergent signal adaptations. Further work should disentangle factors influencing frequency characteristics during exercise tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Murphy
- Solent University, Department of Sport and Health, Southampton, UK
| | - Emma Hodson-Tole
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Musculoskeletal Sciences and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - James P Fisher
- Solent University, Department of Sport and Health, Southampton, UK
| | - James Steele
- Solent University, Department of Sport and Health, Southampton, UK.
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T Balachandran A, Wang Y, Szabo F, Watts-Battey C, Schoenfeld BJ, Zenko Z, Quiles N. Comparison of traditional vs. lighter load strength training on fat-free mass, strength, power and affective responses in middle and older-aged adults: A pilot randomized trial. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112219. [PMID: 37236327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Strength training is widely recommended to improve strength, muscle mass and power. However, the feasibility and potential efficacy of strength training using lighter loads near failure on these outcomes in middle and older-aged adults remains unclear. METHODS 23 community-living adults were randomized into two groups: Traditional strength training (ST) (8-12 repetitions) or a lighter load, higher repetitions (LLHR) (20-24 repetitions) group. Participants performed a full-body workout (twice a week) with 8 exercises at a perceived exertion of 7-8 (0-10 scale) for 10 weeks. Post-testing was performed by an assessor blinded to group assignments. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine between group differences using baseline values as a covariate. RESULTS The study involved individuals with a mean age of 59 years, of which 61 % were women. The LLHR group demonstrated a high attendance rate of 92 % (9.5 %) and reported leg press exercise RPE of 7.1 (0.53), along with a session feeling scale of 2.0 (1.7). There was a trivial difference in fat free mass (FFM) favoring LLHR vs ST [0.27 kg 95 % CI (-0.87, 1.42)]. The ST group exhibited superior increases in leg press 1 repetition maximum (1RM) strength [-14 kg (-23, -5)], while the LLHR group showed greater strength endurance increases (65 % 1RM) [8 repetitions (2, 14)]. Leg press power [41 W (-42, 124)] and exercise efficacy [-3.8 (-21.2, 13.5)] demonstrated trivial between-group differences. CONCLUSION A pragmatic, full-body strength training program with lighter loads taken close to failure appears to be a viable option for promoting muscular adaptations in middle- and older-aged adults. These results are exploratory and require a larger trial for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop T Balachandran
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA.
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Frank Szabo
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Catharyn Watts-Battey
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Zenko
- California State University Bakersfield, Department of Kinesiology, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Norberto Quiles
- Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
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7
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Benitez B, Dinyer-McNeely TK, McCallum L, Kwak M, Succi PJ, Bergstrom HC. Load-Specific Performance Fatigability, Coactivation, and Neuromuscular Responses to Fatiguing Forearm Flexion Muscle Actions in Women. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:769-779. [PMID: 36961986 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Benitez, B, Dinyer-McNeeley, TK, McCallum, L, Kwak, M, Succi, PJ, and Bergstrom, HC. Load-specific performance fatigability, coactivation, and neuromuscular responses to fatiguing forearm flexion muscle actions in women. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 769-779, 2023-This study examined the effects of fatiguing, bilateral, dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) forearm flexion on performance fatigability, coactivation, and neuromuscular responses of the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) at high (80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and low (30% 1RM) relative loads in women. Ten women completed 1RM testing and repetitions to failure (RTF) at 30 and 80% 1RM. Maximal voluntary isometric force was measured before and after RTF. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were measured from the BB and TB. Performance fatigability was greater (p < 0.05) after RTF at 30% (%∆ = 41.56 ± 18.61%) than 80% (%∆ = 19.65 ± 8.47%) 1RM. There was an increase in the coactivation ratio (less coactivation) between the initial and final repetitions at 30%, which may reflect greater increases in agonist muscle excitation (EMG AMP) relative to the antagonist for RTF at 30% than 80% 1RM. The initial repetitions EMG AMP was greater for 80% than 30% 1RM, but there was no difference between loads for the final repetitions. For both loads, there were increases in EMG MPF and MMG AMP and decreases in MMG MPF that may suggest fatigue-dependent recruitment of higher-threshold motor units. Thus, RTF at 30 and 80% 1RM during DCER forearm flexion may not necessitate additional muscle excitation to the antagonist muscle despite greater fatigability after RTF at 30% 1RM. These specific acute performance and neuromuscular responses may provide insight into the unique mechanism underlying adaptations to training performed at varying relative loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Benitez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Taylor K Dinyer-McNeely
- School of Kinesiology, Applied Health and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Lindsay McCallum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Minyoung Kwak
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Pasquale J Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; and
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Serum Metabolites Associated with Muscle Hypertrophy after 8 Weeks of High- and Low-Load Resistance Training. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030335. [PMID: 36984775 PMCID: PMC10058868 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the similar muscle growth attained with high- and low-load resistance training (RT) have not yet been fully elucidated. One mechanism is related to the mechanical stimulus and the level of motor unit recruitment; another mechanism is related to the metabolic response. We investigated the electromyographic signal amplitude (sEMG) and the general metabolic response to high-load RT (HL) and low-load resistance training (LL). We measured muscle thickness by ultrasound, sEMG amplitude by electromyography, and analysis of metabolites expressed through metabolomics. No differences were observed between the HL and LL groups for metabolic response and muscle thickness. A greater amplitude of sEMG was observed in the HL group. In addition, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle in the HL group and levels of the metabolites carnitine, creatine, 3-hydroxyisovalerate, phenylalanine, asparagine, creatine phosphate, and methionine. In the LL group, a correlation was observed between changes in muscle thickness of the vastus lateralis muscle and levels of the metabolites acetoacetate, creatine phosphate, and oxypurinol. These correlations seem to be related to the characteristics of activated muscle fibers, the metabolic demand of the training protocols used, and the process of protein synthesis.
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Albarello JCDS, Cabral HV, Leitão BFM, Halmenschlager GH, Lulic-Kuryllo T, Matta TTD. Non-uniform excitation of pectoralis major induced by changes in bench press inclination leads to uneven variations in the cross-sectional area measured by panoramic ultrasonography. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 67:102722. [PMID: 36334406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combined surface electromyography with panoramic ultrasound imaging to investigate whether non-uniform excitation could lead to acute localized variations in cross-sectional area and muscle thickness of the clavicular and sternocostal heads of pectoralis major (PM). Bipolar surface electromyograms (EMGs) were acquired from both PM heads, while 13 men performed four sets of the flat and 45° inclined bench press exercises. Before and immediately after exercise, panoramic ultrasound images were collected transversely to the fibers. Normalized root mean square (RMS) amplitude and variations in the cross-sectional area and muscle thickness were calculated separately for each PM head. For all sets of the inclined bench press, the normalized RMS amplitude was greater for the clavicular head than the sternocostal head (P < 0.001), and the opposite was observed during the flat bench press (P < 0.001). Similarly, while greater increases in cross-sectional area were observed in the clavicular than in the sternocostal head after the inclined bench press (P < 0.001), greater increases were quantified in the sternocostal than in the clavicular head after the flat bench press exercise (P = 0.046). Therefore, our results suggest that the PM regional excitation induced by changes in bench press inclination leads to acute, uneven responses of muscle architecture following the exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Dos Santos Albarello
- Laboratório de Biomecânica Muscular, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hélio V Cabral
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Bruno Felipe Mendonça Leitão
- Laboratório de Biomecânica Muscular, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Halmenschlager
- Laboratório de Biomecânica Muscular, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tea Lulic-Kuryllo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Thiago Torres da Matta
- Laboratório de Biomecânica Muscular, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Eihara Y, Takao K, Sugiyama T, Maeo S, Terada M, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Heavy Resistance Training Versus Plyometric Training for Improving Running Economy and Running Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:138. [PMID: 36370207 PMCID: PMC9653533 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an adjunct to running training, heavy resistance and plyometric training have recently drawn attention as potential training modalities that improve running economy and running time trial performance. However, the comparative effectiveness is unknown. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if there are different effects of heavy resistance training versus plyometric training as an adjunct to running training on running economy and running time trial performance in long-distance runners. METHODS Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Twenty-two studies completely satisfied the selection criteria. Data on running economy and running time trial performance were extracted for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed with selected potential moderators. RESULTS The pooled effect size for running economy in heavy resistance training was greater (g = - 0.32 [95% confidence intervals [CIs] - 0.55 to - 0.10]: effect size = small) than that in plyometric training (g = -0.13 [95% CIs - 0.47 to 0.21]: trivial). The effect on running time trial performance was also larger in heavy resistance training (g = - 0.24 [95% CIs - 1.04 to - 0.55]: small) than that in plyometric training (g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 0.27 to - 0.06]: trivial). Heavy resistance training with nearly maximal loads (≥ 90% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM], g = - 0.31 [95% CIs - 0.61 to - 0.02]: small) provided greater effects than those with lower loads (< 90% 1RM, g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 1.05 to 0.70]: trivial). Greater effects were evident when training was performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance (10-14 weeks, g = - 0.45 [95% CIs - 0.83 to - 0.08]: small vs. 6-8 weeks, g = - 0.21 [95% CIs - 0.56 to 0.15]: small) and plyometric training (8-10 weeks, g = 0.26 [95% CIs - 0.67 to 0.15]: small vs. 4-6 weeks, g = - 0.06 [95% CIs 0.67 to 0.55]: trivial). CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance training, especially with nearly maximal loads, may be superior to plyometric training in improving running economy and running time trial performance. In addition, running economy appears to be improved better when training is performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance and plyometric training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Eihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kenji Takao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Dispersion of Knee Helical Axes during Walking after Maximal versus Resistant Strength Training in Healthy Subjects. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Knee joint stability can be estimated during functional tasks through the analysis of the helical axes (HAs) dispersion. The study aimed at investigating (1) the test–retest reliability of knee HAs dispersion during walking and (2) the effects of maximal versus resistant strength training on knee HAs dispersion during walking. Thirty healthy subjects (age: 22.6 ± 2.1 years) randomized into a maximal training (MT) group and a resistance training (RT) group underwent a 2-week quadricep–hamstring strength training at 90% or 30% of the maximum voluntary contraction, respectively. Participants walked on a treadmill with clusters of retro-reflective markers placed on thighs and shanks to detect knee kinematics with an optoelectronic system. Knee HAs dispersion was assessed using mean distance (MD) and mean angle (MA) at 1 week before training start, before and after the first training session, and before and after the last training session. Moderate to excellent reliability was found for MD and MA on the sagittal plane (ICCs ≥ 0.70). No differences over time were found for MD and MA between MT and RT. HAs dispersion indexes resulted in reliable parameters for the quantification of knee stability on the sagittal plane during walking. Maximal and resistance strength training induced no knee HAs dispersion changes during walking.
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12
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Terada K, Kikuchi N, Burt D, Voisin S, Nakazato K. Low-Load Resistance Training to Volitional Failure Induces Muscle Hypertrophy Similar to Volume-Matched, Velocity Fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1576-1581. [PMID: 35622108 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Terada, K, Kikuchi, N, Burt, D, Voisin, S, and Nakazato, K. Full title: Low-load resistance training to volitional failure induces muscle hypertrophy similar to volume-matched, velocity fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1576-1581, 2022-We investigated how resistance training (RT) to failure at low load affects acute responses and chronic muscle adaptations compared with low-load RT to velocity fatigue at equal work volume. Twenty-seven subjects performed 8 weeks of bench press twice weekly. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: low-load volitional failure (LVoF, n = 9), low-load velocity fatigue (LVeF, n = 8), and high-load (HL, n = 10). Resistance training comprised 3 sets to failure at 40% one repetition maximum (1RM) in the LVoF group, 3 sets to velocity fatigue (20% lifting velocity loss) at 40% 1RM in the LVeF group, and 3 sets of 8 repetitions at 80% 1RM in the HL group. We measured muscle strength, hypertrophy, endurance, and power at baseline and after the RT program. We also measured muscle swelling and blood lactate after each RT bout to investigate the acute response. There were no differences in total work volume between the LVoF and LVeF groups. Responses to RT were similar between LVoF and LVeF, whether looking at acute muscle swelling, increase in blood lactate, chronic hypertrophy, and strength gain. However, LVoF and LVeF RT triggered different responses to muscle function in comparison with HL training: LVoF and LVeF showed enhanced acute responses and greater chronic endurance gains, but lower chronic strength gains than HL. In conclusion, low-load RT to volitional failure induces muscle hypertrophy similar to volume-matched velocity fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Terada
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Kikuchi
- Sports Training Center, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dean Burt
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, England; and
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Martinez SC, Coons JM, Mehls KD. Effect of external load on muscle activation during the barbell back squat. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:975-982. [PMID: 35603722 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2081093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare gluteus maximus-to-hamstring (GM:H) co-activation, hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q) co-activation, and mean muscle activity in the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RM), gluteus maximus (GM), semitendinosus (ST), and bicep femoris (BF) muscles across a range of training loads (40%, 50%, 50%, 70%, 80% 90% 1RM) of the barbell back squat in resistance trained females. Surface electromyography (EMG) was observed in 18 healthy resistance trained females for the VL, VM, RM, GM, ST, and BF during the ascending and descending phase of the back squat. During the ascending phase, the VL, VM, RM, GM, ST, and BF displayed significantly more EMG activation at 90% 1RM compared to 40%-70% (p < .03). During the descending phase, there were no significant differences displayed in mean muscle activity at 40%-80% of 1RM compared to 90% of 1RM. There were no significant differences in H-Q co-activation and GM-H co-activation during the ascending or descending phase across external loads. These findings are similar to the results found in similar studies using male participants and support that higher training intensities (80%-90% 1RM) of the barbell back squat significantly activate muscles surrounding the hip compared to lower loads (40%-70%). The results of this study also suggest that training intensities of 80% 1RM and 90% 1RM elicits the similar musculature activation in the muscle surrounding the hip in resistance trained females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Martinez
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John M Coons
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, USA
| | - Kelton D Mehls
- Department of Athletic Training, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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14
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Hirono T, Ikezoe T, Taniguchi M, Tanaka H, Saeki J, Yagi M, Umehara J, Ichihashi N. Relationship Between Muscle Swelling and Hypertrophy Induced by Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:359-364. [PMID: 31904714 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hirono, T, Ikezoe, T, Taniguchi, M, Tanaka, H, Saeki, J, Yagi, M, Umehara, J, and Ichihashi, N. Relationship between muscle swelling and hypertrophy induced by resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 359-364, 2022-Muscle swelling immediately after resistance exercise may be induced by metabolic stress. The accumulation of metabolic stress is considered to promote muscle hypertrophy after several weeks of resistance training (RT). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between muscle swelling immediately after the first session of RT and muscle hypertrophy after a 6-week RT using ultrasonography. Twenty-two untrained young men performed knee extension resistance exercise consisting of 3 sets with 8 repetitions at a load of 80% of one repetition maximum for 6 weeks (3 d·wk-1). Muscle thickness of the quadriceps femoris was measured using ultrasonography device at 3 anatomical sites (proximal, medial, and distal sites) of the middle, lateral, and medial part of the anterior thigh. The sum of the muscle thickness at 9 measurement sites was used for analysis. Acute change in muscle thickness immediately after the first session of RT was used as an indicator of muscle swelling. Chronic change in muscle thickness after the 6-week RT was used as an indicator of muscle hypertrophy. A significant increase in muscle thickness was observed immediately after the first session of RT (8.3 ± 3.2%, p < 0.001). After the 6-week RT, muscle thickness increased significantly (2.9 ± 2.6%, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between muscle swelling and muscle hypertrophy (ρ = 0.443, p = 0.039). This study suggests that the greater the muscle swelling immediately after the first session of RT, the greater the muscle hypertrophy after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirono
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tome Ikezoe
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan ; and
| | - Junya Saeki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahide Yagi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Umehara
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Vigotsky AD, Halperin I, Trajano GS, Vieira TM. Longing for a Longitudinal Proxy: Acutely Measured Surface EMG Amplitude is not a Validated Predictor of Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2022; 52:193-199. [PMID: 35006527 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyography amplitudes are commonly measured in acute sports and exercise science studies to make inferences about muscular strength, performance, and hypertrophic adaptations that may result from different exercises or exercise-related variables. Here, we discuss the presumptive logic and assumptions underlying these inferences, focusing on hypertrophic adaptations for simplicity's sake. We present counter-evidence for each of its premises and discuss evidence both for and against the logical conclusion. Given the limited evidence validating the amplitude of surface electromyograms as a predictor of longitudinal hypertrophic adaptations, coupled with its weak mechanistic foundation, we suggest that acute comparative studies that wish to assess stimulus potency be met with scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | - Israel Halperin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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16
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Mangine GT, Serafini PR, Stratton MT, Olmos AA, VanDusseldorp TA, Feito Y. Effect of the Repetitions-In-Reserve Resistance Training Strategy on Bench Press Performance, Perceived Effort, and Recovery in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1-9. [PMID: 34941608 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mangine, GT, Serafini, PR, Stratton, MT, Olmos, AA, VanDusseldorp, TA, and Feito, Y. Effect of the repetitions-in-reserve resistance training strategy on bench press performance, perceived effort, and recovery in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 1-9, 2022-This study examined the effects of the repetitions-in-reserve (RIR) strategy on resistance exercise performance, perceived effort, and recovery. Fourteen resistance-trained men (24.6 ± 3.0 years, 176 ± 5 cm, 85.7 ± 14.0 kg) completed 2 bench press protocols in a randomized crossover fashion. The protocols consisted of 4 sets at 80% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) to a self-reported 3-RIR and a fifth set to failure or all 5 sets to failure (0-RIR). Barbell kinetics (velocity, rate of force development, and impulse), repetition volume, total work, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were quantified on each set. Barbell kinetics were reassessed during one set of 3 repetitions at 80% 1RM completed at 24-hour, 48-hour, and 72-hour postexercise. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise at 6 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours and analyzed for concentrations of creatine kinase (CK). Separate, 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant interactions (p < 0.001) where 3-RIR better maintained repetitions and work at greater average velocity (+0.6 m·s-1) and lower RPE (0-RIR = 10; 3-RIR = 8.2) across all sets. No differences were seen between conditions for CK at 6 hours postexercise (3-RIR: 32.2 ± 55.3%; 0-RIR: 40.8 ± 66.0%) or for CK and barbell kinetics at 24 hours to 72 hours postexercise. Although no differences were seen for recovery, the RIR strategy enabled work to be better sustained across sets at a lower perceived effort and higher average velocity. This strategy could be used to manage fatigue and better sustain effort and volume during a resistance training session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
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17
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Girard O, Mariotti-Nesurini L, Malatesta D. Acute performance and physiological responses to upper-limb multi-set exercise to failure: Effects of external resistance and systemic hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1877-1888. [PMID: 34736360 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified performance and physiological responses during multi-set resistance exercise to failure at light versus moderate loads in normoxia and systemic hypoxia. On separate visits, fifteen resistance-trained adults performed barbell biceps curl exercise trials (6 sets to failure, 2 min rest between sets) in four separate randomised conditions; i.e. in normoxia at 380 m above sea level or systemic hypoxia at ∼3800 m simulated altitude (inspired oxygen fraction = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with two different intensity levels (30% and 70% of 1 repetition maximal or 1RM). Muscle activation (root mean square value calculated from surface electromyography) and oxygenation (integrated-tissue saturation index derived from near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored for the biceps brachii muscle. The total number of repetitions before failure at 30% 1RM (122 ± 5 vs. 131 ± 5; P = 0.021), but not 70% 1RM (39 ± 1 vs. 41 ± 2; P = 0.313), was lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Root mean square activity of the biceps brachii muscle was higher for 70% 1RM compared to 30% 1RM (P < 0.001), while the increase in muscle activation from the first to the last set (P < 0.001) occurred independently of altitude (P > 0.158). Deoxygenation and reoxygenation responses were higher under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions at 70% 1 RM (P = 0.013 and P = 0.015) but not 30% 1RM (P = 0.528 and P = 0.384). During upper-limb multi-set resistance exercise to failure, exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia negatively impacts performance at light, but not moderate, loads. Overall, external resistance has more profound effects on physiological strain than hypoxic exposure per se.Highlights The addition of acute systemic hypoxia negatively affects work performed at low, but not moderate, loads during upper-limb resistance exercise to failure.Hypoxic exposure, however, does not fundamentally alter muscle activation and oxygenation patterns.Muscle activation and oxygenation responses in turn are more largely influenced by load lifted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Luca Mariotti-Nesurini
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Jenkins ND, Miramonti AA, Hill EC, Smith CM, Cochrane-Snyman KC, Housh TJ, Cramer JT. Mechanomyographic Amplitude Is Sensitive to Load-Dependent Neuromuscular Adaptations in Response to Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3265-3269. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Kikuchi N, Mochizuki Y, Kozuma A, Inoguchi T, Saito M, Deguchi M, Homma H, Ogawa M, Hashimoto Y, Nakazato K, Okamoto T. Effect of online low-intensity exercise training on fitness and cardiovascular parameters. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:418-426. [PMID: 34375992 DOI: 10.1055/a-1582-2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Online exercise is undoubtedly useful and important; however, chronic adaptations to online exercise, particularly strength gain, muscle hypertrophy, and cardiovascular parameters, remain unclear. We investigated the effect of online exercise training using Zoom on fitness parameters compared with the same exercises supervised directly. In the present study, 34 subjects (age: 42.9±14.4 years) were included. Twenty-three subjects performed eight weeks of body mass-based exercise training online using Zoom, and eleven subjects performed the same exercise supervised directly as the control group. The subjects performed low-load resistance exercises twice a week for 8 weeks for a total of 16 sessions. The sessions included 9 exercises: leg raises, squats, rear raises, shoulder presses, rowing, dips, lunges, Romanian dead lifts, and push-ups. Chair-stand, push-up, and sit-and-reach tests were performed on all subjects. Overall, the home exercise program effectively increased strength and muscle mass and decreased blood pressure and arterial stiffness, but there were no differences between the groups. Changes in chair-stand and sit-and-reach test results were higher in the control group than in the online group. Our results show that there is a similar training response to body mass-based training in both groups, even with virtual experiences using Zoom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | | | - Ayumu Kozuma
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Takamichi Inoguchi
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Mika Saito
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Deguchi
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroki Homma
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Madoka Ogawa
- Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Yuto Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Koichi Nakazato
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
| | - Takanobu Okamoto
- Graduate School of Physical education Sports Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan.,Research Institute for Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya-ku, Japan
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20
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Tsoukos A, Brown LE, Terzis G, Wilk M, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Changes in EMG and movement velocity during a set to failure against different loads in the bench press exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2071-2082. [PMID: 34329514 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in movement velocity and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity of the pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles during the bench press exercise to failure against different loads. Fourteen men performed a set to failure with maximum intended velocity, against low (40%-1 repetition maximum-RM), moderate (60%-1RM), and heavy loads (80%-1RM). Number of repetitions, volume load, mean and peak velocity, and total time increased with decreasing load (40% > 60% > 80%, p < 0.01). sEMG comparisons between different loads were performed by matching time under tension at the initial, middle, and last part of the set. sEMG was higher in the middle and last repetitions, compared with the initial, for all loads in both muscles (p < 0.001). sEMG activity of both muscles was higher in the 60% and 80%-1RM conditions compared with the 40%1-RM (p < 0.007). Also, sEMG of both muscles was similar for the 60%-1RM and 80%-1RM loads at the initial, middle, and last repetitions, with the exception of the last repetitions for the TB muscle. In contrast, sEMG integrated activity was higher for the 40% 1-RM and 60% 1-RM (p < 0.01) compared with the 80% 1-RM load. Mean velocity loss at exhaustion and drop in sEMG median frequency were greater in the 40% and 60%-1RM compared with the 80%-1RM condition (p < 0.05). It was concluded that performing a set to exhaustion with maximum intended velocity using a load of 60% 1-RM combines the characteristics of the high average sEMG activity of heavier loads, and the high total integrated sEMG observed at lighter loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Lee E Brown
- Human Performance Laboratory, California State University, Fullerton, California, USA
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Dafne, Greece
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21
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Calatayud J, Martín-Cuesta J, Carrasco JJ, Pérez-Alenda S, Cruz-Montecinos C, Andersen LL, Querol-Giner F, Casaña J. Safety, Fear and Neuromuscular Responses after a Resisted Knee Extension Performed to Failure in Patients with Severe Haemophilia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122587. [PMID: 34208148 PMCID: PMC8230803 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: low–moderate intensity strength training to failure increases strength and muscle hypertrophy in healthy people. However, no study assessed the safety and neuromuscular response of training to failure in people with severe haemophilia (PWH). The purpose of the study was to analyse neuromuscular responses, fear of movement, and possible adverse effects in PWH, after knee extensions to failure. Methods: twelve severe PWH in prophylactic treatment performed knee extensions until failure at an intensity of five on the Borg CR10 scale. Normalised values of amplitude (nRMS) and neuromuscular fatigue were determined using surface electromyography for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and vastus lateralis. After the exercise, participants were asked about their perceived change in fear of movement, and to report any possible adverse effects. Results: Patients reported no adverse effects or increased fear. The nRMS was maximal for all the muscles before failure, the median frequency decreased, and wavelet index increased during the repetitions. The vastus lateralis demonstrated a higher maximum nRMS threshold and earlier fatigue, albeit with a lower and more progressive overall fatigue. Conclusions: severe PWH with adequate prophylactic treatment can perform knee extensions to task failure using a moderate intensity, without increasing fear of movement, or adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jonathan Martín-Cuesta
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
| | - Juan J. Carrasco
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Intelligent Data Analysis Laboratory, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-65-538-2100
| | - Sofía Pérez-Alenda
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Universitary and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Biomechanics, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Lars L. Andersen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Felipe Querol-Giner
- Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (S.P.-A.); (C.C.-M.); (F.Q.-G.)
| | - José Casaña
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.C.); (J.M.-C.); (J.C.)
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22
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Ramos-Campo DJ, Martínez-Aranda LM, AndreuCaravaca L, Ávila-Gandía V, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Effects of resistance training intensity on sleep quality and strength recovery in trained men: a randomized cross-over study. Biol Sport 2021; 38:81-88. [PMID: 33795917 PMCID: PMC7996385 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.97677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training (RT) variables can affect sleep quality, strength recovery and performance. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of RT leading to failure vs. non-failure on sleep quality (SQ), heart rate variability (HRV) overnight and one-repetition maximum (1-RM) performance 24 hours after training. Fifteen resistance-trained male athletes (age: 23.4 ± 2.4 years; height 178.0 ± 7.6 cm; weight: 78.2 ± 10.6 kg) performed two training sessions in a randomized order, leading to failure (4x10) or non-failure (5x8(10) repetitions), with 90 seconds for resting between sets at 75% 1-RM in bench press (BP) and half squat (HS). The day after, the participants completed the predicted 1-RM test for both exercises. In addition, the subjective and actigraphic SQ and HRV during sleep were measured after each training session. The day after the training protocol leading to failure, the 1-RM of BP (MD = 7.24 kg; -7.2%; p < 0.001) and HS (MD = 20.20 kg; -11.1%; p < 0.001) decreased. However, this parameter did not decrease after a non-failure RT session. No differences were observed between failure and non-failure training sessions on SQ and HRV; therefore, both types of training sessions similarly affected the SQ and the autonomic modulation during the night after the training session. This study provides an insight into the influence of different training strategies on SQ, strength performance and recovery after moderate- to high-demand training. This information could be useful especially for professional coaches, weightlifters and bodybuilders, due to the potential influence on the programming processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis AndreuCaravaca
- Faculty of Sports, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
- Chair of Sport Medicine, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Ávila-Gandía
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Catholic University of San Antonio (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Ángel Rubio-Arias
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain
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23
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Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Van Every DW, Plotkin DL. Loading Recommendations for Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Local Endurance: A Re-Examination of the Repetition Continuum. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020032. [PMID: 33671664 PMCID: PMC7927075 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loading recommendations for resistance training are typically prescribed along what has come to be known as the “repetition continuum”, which proposes that the number of repetitions performed at a given magnitude of load will result in specific adaptations. Specifically, the theory postulates that heavy load training optimizes increases maximal strength, moderate load training optimizes increases muscle hypertrophy, and low-load training optimizes increases local muscular endurance. However, despite the widespread acceptance of this theory, current research fails to support some of its underlying presumptions. Based on the emerging evidence, we propose a new paradigm whereby muscular adaptations can be obtained, and in some cases optimized, across a wide spectrum of loading zones. The nuances and implications of this paradigm are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Derrick W. Van Every
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
| | - Daniel L. Plotkin
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA; (D.W.V.E.); (D.L.P.)
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A comparison of muscle activity of the dominant and non-dominant side of the body during low versus high loaded bench press exercise performed to muscular failure. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 56:102513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2020.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Motor unit action potential amplitude during low torque fatiguing contractions versus high torque non-fatiguing contractions: a multilevel analysis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1145-1157. [PMID: 33484337 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ability to maintain an absolute, submaximal torque level during fatiguing contractions is controlled, in part, by the recruitment of larger motor units. These motor units are commonly identified based on greater action potential peak-to-peak amplitude values. It is unclear, however, if motor unit action potential (MUAP) amplitude values during low torque, fatiguing contractions reach similar levels as those observed during non-fatigued, high torque contractions. To establish a clearer understanding of motor unit control during fatigue, we compared MUAP amplitude during 50 and 80% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) torque contractions and at the beginning, middle, and end of a 30% MVC fatigue protocol. METHODS Eleven untrained men (mean age = 24 years) performed isometric contractions at 50 and 80% MVC, followed by repeated contractions at 30% MVC. Surface electromyographic (EMG) signals were detected from the vastus lateralis and decomposed to quantify the peak-to-peak amplitude of individual MUAPs. A two-level multilevel model was estimated, allowing examination of simultaneous measures of MUAP amplitude within participants and controlling for the dependence between measures within participants. RESULTS Results from the multilevel analyses suggested that there were not statistically significant differences in MUAP amplitude between 80% MVC and end fatigue. Separate repeated-measures analyses of variance indicated that there were not statistically significant mean differences in greatest MUAP or surface EMG amplitude between 80% MVC and end fatigue. CONCLUSIONS MUAP and surface EMG amplitude values during a 30% MVC fatiguing protocol appear to be comparable to those observed during a non-fatigued 80% MVC condition.
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Bergstrom HC, Dinyer TK, Succi PJ, Voskuil CC, Housh TJ. Applications of the Critical Power Model to Dynamic Constant External Resistance Exercise: A Brief Review of the Critical Load Test. Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9020015. [PMID: 33494200 PMCID: PMC7909812 DOI: 10.3390/sports9020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study and application of the critical power (CP) concept has spanned many decades. The CP test provides estimates of two distinct parameters, CP and W', that describe aerobic and anaerobic metabolic capacities, respectively. Various mathematical models have been used to estimate the CP and W' parameters across exercise modalities. Recently, the CP model has been applied to dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercises. The same hyperbolic relationship that has been established across various continuous, whole-body, dynamic movements has also been demonstrated for upper-, lower-, and whole-body DCER exercises. The asymptote of the load versus repetition relationship is defined as the critical load (CL) and the curvature constant is L'. The CL and L' can be estimated from the same linear and non-linear mathematical models used to derive the CP. The aims of this review are to (1) provide an overview of the CP concept across continuous, dynamic exercise modalities; (2) describe the recent applications of the model to DCER exercise; (3) demonstrate how the mathematical modeling of DCER exercise can be applied to further our understanding of fatigue and individual performance capabilities; and (4) make initial recommendations regarding the methodology for estimating the parameters of the CL test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley C. Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (T.K.D.); (P.J.S.); (C.C.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Taylor K. Dinyer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (T.K.D.); (P.J.S.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Pasquale J. Succi
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (T.K.D.); (P.J.S.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Caleb C. Voskuil
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (T.K.D.); (P.J.S.); (C.C.V.)
| | - Terry J. Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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Multi- and Single-Joint Resistance Exercises Promote Similar Plantar Flexor Activation in Resistance Trained Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249487. [PMID: 33352879 PMCID: PMC7765981 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare soleus, lateral, and medial gastrocnemius muscles activation during leg press and calf raise exercises in trained men. The study involved 22 trained men (27.1 ± 3.6 years, 82.7 ± 6.6 kg, 177.5 ± 5.2 cm, 3.6 ± 1.4 experience years) who performed one set of each exercise using a 10-repetition maximum (10RM) load in a counterbalanced randomized order and separated by 10 min of rest. The electromyographic signal was measured for the three major plantar flexors: soleus, medial, and lateral gastrocnemius. A comparison between exercises showed that the mean adjusted by peak values during the leg press were 49.20% for the gastrocnemius lateralis, 51.31% for the gastrocnemius medialis, and 50.76% for the soleus. Values for calf raise were 50.70%, 52.19%, and 51.34% for the lateral, medial gastrocnemius, and soleus, respectively. There were no significant differences between exercises for any muscle (lateral gastrocnemius (p = 0.230), medial gastrocnemius (p = 0.668), and soleus (p = 0.535)). The present findings suggest that both leg press and calf raises can be used with the purpose to recruit triceps surae muscles. This bring the suggestion that one can chose between exercises based on personal preferences and practical aspects, without any negative impact on muscle activation.
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Jenkins NDM, Rogers EM, Banks NF, Muddle TWD, Colquhoun RJ. Increases in motor unit action potential amplitudes are related to muscle hypertrophy following eight weeks of high-intensity exercise training in females. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:1403-1413. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1836262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. M. Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emily. M. Rogers
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nile F. Banks
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tyler W. D. Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ryan J. Colquhoun
- Department of Health, Kinesiology and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Miller JD, Lippman JD, Trevino MA, Herda TJ. Neural Drive is Greater for a High-Intensity Contraction Than for Moderate-Intensity Contractions Performed to Fatigue. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:3013-3021. [PMID: 33105349 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Miller, JD, Lippman, JD, Trevino, MA, and Herda, TJ. Larger motor units are recruited for high-intensity contractions than for fatiguing moderate-intensity contractions. J Strength Cond Res 34(11): 3013-3021, 2020-The purpose of this study was to investigate whether moderate-intensity contractions performed to fatigue activate the motor unit (MU) pool to the same extent as a higher-intensity contraction. Subjects (7 men, 2 women, age = 22.78 ± 4.15 years, height = 173.78 ± 14.19 cm, mass = 87.39 ± 21.19 kg) performed 3 isometric maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs), an isometric trapezoidal contraction at 90% MVC (REP90), and repetitive isometric trapezoidal contractions at 50% MVC performed to failure with the first (REP1) and final repetition (REPL) used for analysis. Surface EMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis. Action potentials were extracted into firing events of single MUs with recruitment thresholds (RTs), MU action potential amplitudes (MUAPAMP), and mean firing rates (MFRs) recorded. Linear MFR and MUAPAMP vs. RT and exponential MFR vs. MUAPAMP relationships were calculated for each subject. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. B terms for the MFR vs. MUAPAMP relationships (p = 0.001, REPL = -4.77 ± 1.82 pps·mV, REP90 = -2.63 ± 1.00 pps·mV) and predicted MFRs for MUs recruited at 40% MVC (p < 0.001, REPL = 11.14 ± 3.48 pps, REP90 = 18.38 ± 2.60 pps) were greater for REP90 than REPL indicating firing rates were greater during REP90. In addition, larger mean (p = 0.038, REPL = 0.178 ± 0.0668 mV, REP90 = 0.263 ± 0.128 mV) and maximum (p = 0.008, REPL = 0.320 ± 0.127 mV, Rep90 = 0.520 ± 0.234 mV) MUAPAMPS were recorded during REP90 than REPL. Larger MUs were recruited and similar sized MUs maintained greater firing rates during a high-intensity contraction in comparison to a moderate-intensity contraction performed at fatigue. Individuals seeking maximized activation of the MU pool should use high-intensity resistance training paradigms rather than moderate-intensity to fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Miller
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Jeremy D Lippman
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
| | - Michael A Trevino
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Performance, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Trent J Herda
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas; and
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Interlimb Neuromuscular Responses During Fatiguing, Bilateral, Leg Extension Exercise at a Moderate Versus High Load. Motor Control 2020; 25:59-74. [PMID: 33059330 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the load- and limb-dependent neuromuscular responses to fatiguing, bilateral, leg extension exercise performed at a moderate (50% one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and high load (80% 1RM). Twelve subjects completed 1RM testing for the bilateral leg extension, followed by repetitions to failure at 50% and 80% 1RM, on separate days. During all visits, the electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG), amplitude (AMP) and mean power frequency (MPF) signals were recorded from the vastus lateralis of both limbs. There were no limb-dependent responses for any of the neuromuscular signals and no load-dependent responses for EMG AMP, MMG AMP, or MMG MPF (p = .301-.757), but there were main effects for time that indicated increases in EMG and MMG AMP and decreases in MMG MPF. There was a load-dependent decrease in EMG MPF over time (p = .032) that suggested variability in the mechanism responsible for metabolite accumulation at moderate versus high loads. These findings suggested that common drive from the central nervous system was used to modulate force during bilateral leg extension performed at moderate and high loads.
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Tomoo K, Suga T, Sugimoto T, Tanaka D, Shimoho K, Dora K, Mok E, Matsumoto S, Tsukamoto H, Takada S, Hashimoto T, Isaka T. Work volume is an important variable in determining the degree of inhibitory control improvements following resistance exercise. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14527. [PMID: 32776493 PMCID: PMC7415911 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously determined that improvement in cognitive inhibitory control (IC) immediately after localized resistance exercise was greater for high-intensity resistance exercise (HRE) than for low-intensity resistance exercise (LRE). However, our previous study used the same total repetitions (i.e., same repetitions per set) between HRE and LRE; therefore, the difference in postexercise IC improvement might be due to a difference in work volume (i.e., intensity × total repetitions). In this study, we compared the effect of high-volume (HV)-LRE to that of volume-matched HRE on postexercise IC improvements. Twenty-two healthy, young males performed both HV-LRE and HRE in a crossover design. Exercise loads for HV-LRE and HRE were set at 35% and 70% of one-repetition maximum, respectively. The bilateral knee extension exercises for HV-LRE and HRE were programmed for six sets with 20 and 10 repetitions, respectively, per set. IC was measured using the color-word Stroop task (CWST) at six time points; baseline, pre-exercise, immediate postexercise, and every 10 min during the 30-min postexercise recovery period. The reverse-Stroop interference score decreased significantly immediately after HV-LRE and HRE compared with that before each exercise (decreasing rate >34 and >38%, respectively, vs. baseline and pre-exercise; all ps < .05), and the decreased score remained significant until 20 min after both protocols (decreasing rate >40 and >38%, respectively, vs. baseline and pre-exercise; all ps < .05). The degree of the postexercise IC improvements did not differ significantly between the two protocols. These findings suggest that HV-LRE improves IC in a similar manner to volume-matched HRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Tomoo
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Daichi Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Kento Shimoho
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Kento Dora
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Ernest Mok
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Shawn Matsumoto
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Sports EducationFaculty of Lifelong SportHokusho UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health ScienceRitsumeikan UniversityKusatsuShigaJapan
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Sessional work-rate does not affect the magnitude to which simulated hypoxia can augment acute physiological responses during resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2159-2169. [PMID: 32705392 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia augments physiological and perceptual responses, and if altering work-rate by performing repetitions to failure compared to sub-maximally increases the magnitude of these responses. METHODS Twenty male university students (minimum of 2 year resistance training experience) completed four sessions, two in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 0.13), and two in normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21). For each condition, session one comprised three sets to failure of shoulder press and bench press (high work-rate session), while session two involved the same volume load, distributed over six sets (low work-rate session). Muscle oxygenation (triceps brachii), surface electromyographic activity (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii), heart rate (HR), and arterial blood oxygen saturation were recorded. Blood lactate concentration ([Bla-]) was recorded pre-exercise and 2 min after each exercise. Muscle thickness was measured pre- and post-exercise via ultrasound. RESULTS Muscle oxygenation values during sets and inter-set rest periods were lower in hypoxia vs normoxia (p = 0.001). Hypoxia caused greater [Bla-] during the shoulder press of failure sessions (p = 0.003) and both shoulder press (p = 0.048) and bench press (p = 0.005) of non-failure sessions. Hypoxia increased HR during non-failure sessions (p < 0.001). There was no effect of hypoxia on muscular swelling, surface electromyographic activity, perceived exertion, or number of repetitions performed. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia augmented metabolite accumulation, but had no impact on any other physiological or perceptual response compared to the equivalent exercise in normoxia. Furthermore, the magnitude to which hypoxia increased the measured physiological responses was not influenced by sessional work-rate.
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Soligon SD, da Silva DG, Bergamasco JGA, Angleri V, Júnior RAM, Dias NF, Nóbrega SR, de Castro Cesar M, Libardi CA. Suspension training vs. traditional resistance training: effects on muscle mass, strength and functional performance in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2223-2232. [PMID: 32700098 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the effects of suspension training (ST) with traditional resistance training (TRT) on muscle mass, strength and functional performance in older adults. METHODS Forty-two untrained older adults were randomized in TRT, ST (both performed 3 sets of whole body exercises to muscle failure) or control group (CON). Muscle thickness (MT) of biceps brachii (MTBB) and vastus lateralis (MTVL), maximal dynamic strength test (1RM) for biceps curl (1RMBC) and leg extension exercises (1RMLE), and functional performance tests (chair stand [CS], timed up and go [TUG] and maximal gait speed [MGS]) were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. RESULTS MTBB increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 23.35%; ST 21.56%). MTVL increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 13.03%; ST 14.07%). 1RMBC increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 16.06%; ST 14.33%). 1RMLE increased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT 14.89%; ST 18.06%). MGS increased significantly and similarly for all groups (TRT 6.26%; ST 5.99%; CON 2.87%). CS decreased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT - 20.80%; ST - 15.73%). TUG decreased significantly and similarly for all training groups (TRT - 8.66%; ST - 9.16%). CONCLUSION Suspension training (ST) promotes similar muscle mass, strength and functional performance improvements compared to TRT in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Domingos Soligon
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Deivid Gomes da Silva
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Almeida Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Vitor Angleri
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alessandro Medalha Júnior
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Fernanda Dias
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Sanmy Rocha Nóbrega
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Castro Cesar
- Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.,Human Performance Research Laboratory, Methodist University of Piracicaba, UNIMEP, Rod. do Açúcar, km 156, Piracicaba, SP, 13400-911, Brazil
| | - Cleiton Augusto Libardi
- MUSCULAB, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP 310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Effect of resistance training to muscle failure vs non-failure on strength, hypertrophy and muscle architecture in trained individuals. Biol Sport 2020; 37:333-341. [PMID: 33343066 PMCID: PMC7725035 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2020.96317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training to muscle failure (RT-F) and non-failure (RT-NF) on muscle mass, strength and activation of trained individuals. We also compared the effects of these protocols on muscle architecture parameters. A within-subjects design was used in which 14 participants had one leg randomly assigned to RT-F and the other to RT-NF. Each leg was trained 2 days per week for 10 weeks. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle (PA), fascicle length (FL) and 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) were assessed at baseline (Pre) and after 20 sessions (Post). The electromyographic signal (EMG) was assessed after the training period. RT-F and RT-NF protocols showed significant and similar increases in CSA (RT-F: 13.5% and RT-NF: 18.1%; P < 0.0001), PA (RT-F: 13.7% and RT-NF: 14.4%; P < 0.0001) and FL (RT-F: 11.8% and RT-NF: 8.6%; P < 0.0001). All protocols showed significant and similar increases in leg press (RT-F: 22.3% and RT-NF: 26.7%; P < 0.0001) and leg extension (RT-F: 33.3%, P < 0.0001 and RT-NF: 33.7%; P < 0.0001) 1-RM loads. No significant differences in EMG amplitude were detected between protocols (P > 0.05). In conclusion, RT-F and RT-NF are similarly effective in promoting increases in muscle mass, PA, FL, strength and activation.
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Pedrosa GF, Machado SC, Diniz RCR, de Lacerda LT, Martins-Costa HC, de Andrade AGP, Bemben M, Chagas MH, Lima FV. The Effects of Altering the Concentric/Eccentric Phase Times on EMG Response, Lactate Accumulation and Work Completed When Training to Failure. J Hum Kinet 2020; 73:33-44. [PMID: 32774535 PMCID: PMC7386151 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the electromyographic response, the blood lactate concentration (BLC), and the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) between protocols of different concentric/eccentric duration taken to muscle failure. This comparison may help to understand how different concentric/eccentric duration may influence performance and the central and metabolic responses in trained men. Seventeen strength-trained men performed two protocols in a counterbalanced design. Three sets of the Smith bench press exercise were performed to failure at 60% of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) using each protocol (4-s concentric/2-s eccentric [4 s: 2 s]; and 2-s concentric/4-s eccentric [2 s: 4 s]). The normalized root mean square (EMGRMS) and the mean frequency (EMGMF) of the electromyographic signals for the pectoralis major and the triceps brachii were compared in the first, middle, and last repetitions. The BLC was assessed at rest, during and after the test sessions. To compare the EMG and BLC, a 3-way ANOVA with repeated measures with a post hoc Tukey's test was used. To compare the MNR performed across the sets, an ANOVA-type rank test with the Dunn's post hoc test was used. The ANOVA indicated a greater EMGRMS for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the pectoralis major and a lower EMGMF for Protocol 4 s: 2 s in the triceps brachii at the middle and last repetitions. Both protocols increased the EMGRMS and decreased the EMGMF across repetitions. Despite the results show different levels of activation and neuromuscular fatigue between protocols, the BLC and the MNR were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Ferreira Pedrosa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica, Lagoa Santa, Brazil
| | - Sandra Carvalho Machado
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo César Ribeiro Diniz
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucas Túlio de Lacerda
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Technological Education Federal Center of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hugo Cesar Martins-Costa
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Human Performance, Department of Physical Education, Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade
- Biomechanical Laboratory of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Michael Bemben
- Department of Health and Exercise Science. University of Oklahoma, Norman, United States
| | - Mauro Heleno Chagas
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vitor Lima
- Weight Training Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Dorrell HF, Moore JM, Gee TI. Comparison of individual and group-based load-velocity profiling as a means to dictate training load over a 6-week strength and power intervention. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2013-2020. [PMID: 32516094 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1767338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of dictating load using individual (ILVP) or group (GLVP) load-velocity profiles on lower-body strength and power. Nineteen trained males (23.6 ± 3.7 years) completed a back squat one-repetition maximum (1-RM), load-velocity profiling (LVP), and countermovement (CMJ), static-squat (SSJ) and standing-broad (SBJ) jump tests before and after 6 weeks of resistance training. Participants were randomly assigned to an ILVP, or GLVP intervention with intra-session load dictated through real-time velocity monitoring and prediction of current relative performance using either the participant's LVP (ILVP) or a LVP based on all participant data (GLVP). Training resulted in significant increases in back squat 1-RM for the ILVP and GLVP group (p < 0.01; 9.7% and 7.2%, respectively), with no group-by-time interaction identified between training groups (p = 0.06). All jump performance significantly increased for the ILVP group (p < 0.01; CMJ: 6.6%; SSJ: 4.6%; SBJ: 6.7%), with only CMJ and SSJ improving for the GLVP group (p < 0.05; 4.3%). Despite no significant group-by-time interaction across all variables, the ILVP intervention induced a greater magnitude of adaptation when compared to a GLVP approach. Additionally, an individualised approach may lead to greater positive transfer to power-based movements, specifically vertical and horizontal jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry F Dorrell
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences, University of Lincoln , Lincoln, UK
| | - Joseph M Moore
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth, UK
| | - Thomas I Gee
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences, University of Lincoln , Lincoln, UK
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Fujita RA, Silva NRS, Bedo BLS, Santiago PRP, Gentil PRV, Gomes MM. Mind-Muscle Connection: Limited Effect of Verbal Instructions on Muscle Activity in a Seated Row Exercise. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:925-938. [PMID: 32448047 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520926369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Verbal instruction increases electromyographic (EMG) activity in the first three repetitions of an exercise, but its effect on an entire exercise set until failure is unknown. Once there are changes in motor unit recruitment due to fatigue, the effect of verbal instructions can change during different intervals of a set. This study analyzed whether verbal instruction emphasized the contraction of back muscles (i.e., myoelectric activity) during initial, intermediate, and final exercise repetitions performed until failure. Twenty participants with little or no experience in strength training performed a seated row exercise with and without verbal instruction. Surface electrodes were fixed over the latissimus dorsi, teres major, biceps brachii, and posterior deltoid (PD) muscles. Myoelectric activity was computed by mean amplitude and by the median frequency. We analyzed data with repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance and found that, with verbal instruction, there was increased EMG mean amplitude in the latissimus dorsi (15.21%, p = .030) and reduced EMG mean amplitude in the PD (14.39%, p = .018) on initial repetitions. Other muscle EMG amplitudes did not change. On intermediate repetitions, there was reduced signal amplitude only in the PD (15.03%, p = .022). The verbal instruction did not interfere with signal amplitude on final repetitions nor in the median frequency throughout the series. Verbal instruction seems to have little effect on increasing myoelectric activity of these targeted muscles in an entire set of a resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Fujita
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo.,Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Nilson R S Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo
| | | | - Paulo R P Santiago
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo
| | - Paulo R V Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias
| | - Matheus M Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo.,Ribeirao Preto College of Nursing, University of Sao Paulo
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38
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Bergamasco JGA, da Silva DG, Bittencourt DF, de Oliveira RM, Júnior JCB, Caruso FR, Godoi D, Borghi-Silva A, Libardi CA. Low-Load Resistance Training Performed to Muscle Failure or Near Muscle Failure Does Not Promote Additional Gains on Muscle Strength, Hypertrophy, and Functional Performance of Older Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1209-1215. [PMID: 33443368 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bergamasco, JGA, Gomes da Silva, D, Bittencourt, DF, Martins de Oliveira, R, Júnior, JCB, Caruso, FC, Godoi, D, Borghi-Silva, A, and Libardi, CA. Low-load resistance training performed to muscle failure or near muscle failure does not promote additional gains on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and functional performance of older adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of low-load resistance training (RT) protocols performed to failure (FAI), to voluntary interruption (VOL), and with a fixed low repetitions (FIX) on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and functional performance in older adults. Forty-one subjects (60-77 years) were randomized into one of the RT protocols (FAI, VOL, or FIX) and completed 12 weeks of RT at 40% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), twice a week. The assessments included 1RM test, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), rate of torque development (RTD), and functional performance (chair stand [CS], habitual gait speed [HGS], maximal gait speed [MGS], and timed up-and-go [TUG]). All protocols significantly increased 1RM values from Pre (FAI: 318.3 ± 116.3 kg; VOL: 342.9 ± 93.7 kg; FIX: 328.0 ± 107.2 kg) to Post (FAI: 393.0 ± 143.1 kg, 23.5%; VOL: 423.0 ± 114.5 kg, 23.3%; FIX: 397.8 ± 94.6 kg, 21.3%; p < 0.0001 for all groups). Regarding CS, all protocols showed significant improvements from Pre (FAI: 11.5 ± 2.4 seconds; VOL: 12.1 ± 2.5 seconds; FIX: 11.3 ± 1.1 seconds) to Post (FAI: 10.5 ± 1.1 seconds, -8.5%, p = 0.001; VOL: 10.3 ± 1.5 seconds, -15.1%, p = 0.001; FIX: 11.0 ± 1.1, -3.2%, p = 0.001). Habitual gait speed values increased significantly from Pre (FAI: 1.3 ± 0.2 m·s; VOL: 1.3 ± 0.1 m·s; FIX: 1.3 ± 0.1 m·s) to Post (FAI: 1.4 ± 0.2 m·s, 2.5%, p = 0.03; VOL: 1.4 ± 0.2 m·s, 5.2%, p = 0.036; FIX: 1.4 ± 0.1 m·s, 5.7%, p = 0.03). No significant differences between protocols were found (p > 0.05). In addition, there were no significant changes in CSA, RTD, MGS, and TUG for any protocols (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low-load RT performed without muscle failure promotes significant improvements in muscle strength and some parameters of functional performance in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Almeida Bergamasco
- 1Department of Physical Education, MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; 2Medicine Department, Federal University of São Carlos; 3Physical Therapy Department, Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil; and 4Department of Physical Education, DINÂMICA-Motor Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
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Maddox EU, Sievert ZA, Bennett HJ. Modified vector coding analysis of trunk and lower extremity kinematics during maximum and sub-maximum back squats. J Biomech 2020; 106:109830. [PMID: 32517983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The back squat is a complex movement with significant demands on the lower extremities and trunk to raise an external load. The back squat is simultaneously an open and closed kinetic chain movement that requires coordination of the entire body for successful completion of the lift. Therefore, this study aimed to examine coordination of the thigh and shank, trunk and thigh, and the hip and knee during the concentric phase of maximum, supra-maximum (at 105% max), and sub-maximum (at 80% max) back squats. Fourteen resistance trained adults participated in this study. Maximum back squat loads were determined using a previously determined progressive load protocol. Motion capture of the trunk and lower extremities and ground reaction force data were recorded during all squats. Angle-angle plots and modified vector coding were performed to analyze segment and joint coupling angles and knee-hip moments. Overall, the concentric phase of back squats depict a transition from early knee dominance to hip dominance as the system ascends. Interestingly, all squats presented with coupling of thigh-rising and trunk-falling. Based on the angle-angle plots and the modified vector coding results, the prolonged coupling of trunk falling and thigh rising likely resulted in too large of a moment arm for the external load for the participants to overcome during Supramax conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva U Maddox
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, 2016 Student Recreation Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States.
| | - Zachary A Sievert
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, 2016 Student Recreation Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States.
| | - Hunter J Bennett
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, 2016 Student Recreation Center, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States.
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Skeletal muscle hypertrophy: molecular and applied aspects of exercise physiology. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-020-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Taniguchi M, Yamada Y, Ichihashi N. Acute effect of multiple sets of fatiguing resistance exercise on muscle thickness, echo intensity, and extracellular-to-intracellular water ratio. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:213-219. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise (RE) causes an acute increase of the muscle thickness (MT) considered to relate to an increase in tissue water content. Segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (S-BIS) is a tool used to noninvasively assess intra- and extra-cellular water (ICW and ECW, respectively) of a given limb segment. The purpose of the present study was to examine the change of MT, ultrasound echo intensity (EI), ICW, and ECW after 3 sets of exhaustive RE. Eighteen untrained young males (age, 25.4 ± 4.1 years) performed RE consisting of 3 sets of knee extension concentric and eccentric contractions with 80% of 1-repetition maximum to failure. The MT and EI of the quadriceps measured by ultrasonography, and ECW/ICW ratio of the thigh assessed by S-BIS before (baseline) and after each set of RE (PostEx1, 2, and 3). The changes (Δ) in MT, EI, and ECW/ICW ratio were calculated as values of PostEx minus baseline values. The values of MT, EI, and ECW/ICW ratio at PostEx3 were significantly higher than baseline (effect size: MT, 1.11; EI, 0.47; and ECW/ICW ratio, 0.45). In addition, ΔMT was significantly and moderately correlated with ΔECW/ICW ratio (r = 0.61). Integrated data showed weak but significant correlation between ΔEI and ΔECW/ICW ratio as well (r = 0.31). The present results suggest multiple sets of exhaustive knee extension RE induce the acute increase of EI and ECW/ICW ratio as well as MT. The acute increase of muscle size after exercise can be at least partly explained by relative ECW increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53, Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Poyil AT, Steuber V, Amirabdollahian F. Influence of muscle fatigue on electromyogram-kinematic correlation during robot-assisted upper limb training. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2020; 7:2055668320903014. [PMID: 32206337 PMCID: PMC7079312 DOI: 10.1177/2055668320903014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies on adaptive robot-assisted upper limb training interactions do not often consider the implications of muscle fatigue sufficiently. METHODS To explore this, we initially assessed muscle fatigue in 10 healthy subjects using two electromyogram features, namely average power and median power frequency, during an assist-as-needed interaction with HapticMaster robot. Since robotic assistance resulted in a variable fatigue profile across participants, a completely tiring experiment, without a robot in the loop, was also designed to confirm the results. RESULTS A significant increase in average power and a decrease in median frequency were observed in the most active muscles. Average power in the frequency band of 0.8-2.5 Hz and median frequency in the band of 20-450 Hz are potential fatigue indicators. Also, comparing the Spearman's correlation coefficients (between the electromyogram average power and the kinematic force) across trials indicated that correlation was reduced as individual muscles were fatigued. CONCLUSIONS Confirming fatigue indicators, this study concludes that robotic assistance based on user's performance resulted in lesser muscle fatigue, which caused an increase in electromyogram-force correlation. We now intend to utilise the electromyogram and kinematic features for auto-adaptation of therapeutic human-robot interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeemsha T Poyil
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Volker Steuber
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
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Effects of Eccentric Preloading on Concentric Vertical Jump Performance in Youth Athletes. J Appl Biomech 2019; 35:327-335. [PMID: 31541066 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2018-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study measured peak force (PF), peak rate of force development (PRFD), peak power (PP), concentric impulse, and eccentric impulse during static jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ) in youth athletes to examine changes in vertical jump power with progressively greater eccentric preloading in relation to age, maturity, and muscle mass. Twenty-one males ranging from 6 to 16 years old performed the following vertical jumps in a random order: SJ, CMJ, and DJ from drop heights of 20, 30, and 40 cm (DJ20, DJ30, and DJ40, respectively). Measurements included PF, PRFD, PP, eccentric impulse, and concentric impulse for each vertical jump condition. Maturity offset was calculated, while ultrasound images quantified thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). PF and PRFD increased from CMJ to DJ20. PP increased from SJ to CMJ. Concentric impulse remained unchanged, but eccentric impulse increased systematically from across jumps. The change in PP from SJ to CMJ was correlated with age, height, weight, maturity offset, and CSA. The CMJ resulted in the greatest concentric PP with the least amount of eccentric preloading. The inability of young athletes to translate the energy absorbed during the eccentric phase of the stretch-shortening cycle of DJs may be influenced by growth and development.
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Padilha UC, Vieira A, Vieira DCL, Lima FDD, Junior VAR, Tufano JJ, Bottaro M. Could inter-set stretching increase acute neuromuscular and metabolic responses during resistance exercise? Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:8579. [PMID: 31908750 PMCID: PMC6926438 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the acute effects of inter-set static stretching (ISS) during resistance exercise (RE) on the subsequent neuromuscular and metabolic responses. Twelve resistance-trained men performed three different knee extension RE protocols comprised of seven sets of 10 repetitions in a counterbalanced fashion. The three protocols were: 1) ISS (subjects performed 25 sec of quadriceps stretching between sets during 40 sec rest interval); 2) control (CON, subject passively rested between sets for 40 sec); 3) traditional (TRA, subject passively rested between sets for 120 sec). Total work was lower (p < 0.05) in ISS than CON and TRA (p <0.05). The fatigue index was greater (p < 0.05) in ISS compared with CON and TRA. ISS also resulted in lower (p < 0.05) electromyography (EMG) amplitude during the 6th and 7th sets compared with TRA. Additionally, EMG frequency was lower (p < 0.05) from the 3rd to 5th sets during ISS compared to CON, and from the 3rd to 7th sets compared to TRA. Muscle swelling and blood lactate similarly increased (p > 0.05) in response to all protocols. These results indicate that ISS negatively impacts neuromuscular performance, and does not increase the metabolic stress compared to passive rest intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amilton Vieira
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Denis Cesar Leite Vieira
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, UDF - University, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Valdinar Araújo Rocha Junior
- National Police Academy, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - James J Tufano
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martim Bottaro
- Physical Education College, University of Brasilia, DF, Brazil
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Dinyer TK, Byrd MT, Garver MJ, Rickard AJ, Miller WM, Burns S, Clasey JL, Bergstrom HC. Low-Load vs. High-Load Resistance Training to Failure on One Repetition Maximum Strength and Body Composition in Untrained Women. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1737-1744. [PMID: 31136545 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dinyer, TK, Byrd, MT, Garver, MJ, Rickard, AJ, Miller, WM, Burns, S, Clasey, JL, and Bergstrom, HC. Low-load vs. high-load resistance training to failure on one repetition maximum strength and body composition in untrained women. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1737-1744, 2019-This study examined the effects of resistance training (RT) to failure at low and high loads on one repetition maximum (1RM) strength and body composition (bone- and fat-free mass [BFFM] and percent body fat [%BF]) in untrained women. Twenty-three untrained women (age: 21.2 ± 2.2 years; height: 167.1 ± 5.7 cm; body mass: 62.3 ± 16.2 kg) completed a 12-week RT to failure intervention at a low (30% 1RM) (n = 11) or high (80% 1RM) (n = 12) load. On weeks 1, 5, and 12, subjects completed 1RM testing for 4 different exercises (leg extension [LE], seated military press [SMP], leg curl [LC], and lat pull down [LPD]) and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to assess body composition. During weeks 2-4 and 6-7, the subjects completed 2 sets to failure for each exercise. During weeks 8-11, the subjects completed 3 sets to failure for each exercise. The 1RM strength increased from week 1 to week 5 (LE: 18 ± 16%; SMP: 9 ± 11%; LC: 12 ± 22%; LPD: 13 ± 9%), week 1 to week 12 (LE: 32 ± 24%; SMP: 17 ± 14%; LC: 23 ± 26%; LPD: 25 ± 13%), and week 5 to week 12 (LE: 11 ± 9%; SMP: 7 ± 9%; LC: 10 ± 7%; LPD: 11 ± 11%) in each exercise, with no significant differences between groups. There were no significant changes in BFFM (p = 0.241) or %BF (p = 0.740) for either group. Resistance training to failure at 30% 1RM and 80% 1RM resulted in similar increases in 1RM strength, but no change in BFFM or %BF. Untrained women can increase 1RM strength during RT at low and high loads, if repetitions are taken to failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor K Dinyer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - M Travis Byrd
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Matthew J Garver
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri
| | - Alex J Rickard
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri
| | - William M Miller
- Department of Health, Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Steve Burns
- School of Nutrition, Kinesiology, and Psychological Science, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, Missouri
| | - Jody L Clasey
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Haley C Bergstrom
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Smith CM, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Keller JL, Anders JPV, Johnson GO, Schmidt RJ. Variable resistance training versus traditional weight training on the reflex pathway following four weeks of leg press training. Somatosens Mot Res 2019; 36:223-229. [PMID: 31474178 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2019.1659238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in reflex-electromechanical delay (EMD) as a result of 2- and 4-wks of variable resistance training (VRT) or dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) leg press training. Material and Methods: Thirty-six men were randomised into either the Control, DCER, or VRT groups. The DCER and VRT groups performed 3 sets of 10 leg press repetitions 3-d·wk-1 for 4-wks. Reflex-EMD was measured at Baseline, Week-2, and Week-4. Results: The reflex-EMD durations decreased from Baseline at Week-2 and Week-4 for the VRT group, but not the DCER or Control groups. The reflex response < electrochemical process < mechanical process < total reflex-EMD for all groups. Conclusions: VRT elicited greater reflex adaptations compared to DCER training which indicated that VRT may be beneficial to incorporate into training or physical therapy programmes for pilots, soldiers, elderly, athletes, or professions that require quick reflexes and response times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, University of Texas at El Paso, College of Health Sciences , El Paso , TX , USA
| | - Terry J Housh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Ethan C Hill
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, Division of Kinesiology, University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA
| | - Joshua L Keller
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - John Paul V Anders
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Glen O Johnson
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
| | - Richard J Schmidt
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Education and Human Sciences , Lincoln , NE , USA
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Girard O, Willis SJ, Purnelle M, Scott BR, Millet GP. Separate and combined effects of local and systemic hypoxia in resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2313-2325. [PMID: 31468172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES This study quantified performance, physiological, and perceptual responses during resistance exercise to task failure with blood flow restriction (BFR), in systemic hypoxia, and with these stimuli combined. METHODS Fourteen young men were tested for 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell biceps curl and lying triceps extension exercises. On separate visits, subjects performed exercise trials (4 sets to failure at 70% 1RM with 90 s between sets) in six separate randomized conditions, i.e., in normoxia or hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with three different levels of BFR (0%, 45%, or 60% of resting arterial occlusion pressure). Muscle activation and oxygenation were monitored via surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perceptual responses were assessed following each set. RESULTS Compared to set 1, the number of repetitions before failure decreased in sets 2, 3, and 4 for both exercises (all P < 0.001), independently of the condition (P > 0.065). Arterial oxygen saturation was lower with systemic hypoxia (P < 0.001), but not BFR, while heart rate did not differ between conditions (P > 0.341). Muscle oxygenation and activation during exercise trials remained unaffected by the different conditions (all P ≥ 0.206). A significant main effect of time, but not condition, was observed for overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing, and limb discomfort (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, did not modify the fatigue-induced change in performance, trends of muscle activation or oxygenation, nor exercise-related sensations during a multi-set resistance exercise to task failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marin Purnelle
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Morton RW, Sonne MW, Farias Zuniga A, Mohammad IYZ, Jones A, McGlory C, Keir PJ, Potvin JR, Phillips SM. Muscle fibre activation is unaffected by load and repetition duration when resistance exercise is performed to task failure. J Physiol 2019; 597:4601-4613. [PMID: 31294822 DOI: 10.1113/jp278056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Performing resistance exercise with heavier loads is often proposed to be necessary for the recruitment of larger motor units and activation of type II muscle fibres, leading to type II fibre hypertrophy. Indirect measures [surface electromyography (EMG)] have been used to support this thesis, although we propose that lighter loads lifted to task failure (i.e. volitional fatigue) result in the similar activation of type II fibres. In the present study, participants performed resistance exercise to task failure with heavier and lighter loads with both a normal and longer repetition duration (i.e. time under tension). Type I and type II muscle fibre glycogen depletion was determined by neither load, nor repetition duration during resistance exercise performed to task failure. Surface EMG amplitude was not related to muscle fibre glycogen depletion or anabolic signalling; however, muscle fibre glycogen depletion and anabolic signalling were related. Performing resistance exercise to task failure, regardless of load lifted or repetition duration, necessitates the activation of type II muscle fibres. ABSTRACT Heavier loads (>60% of maximal strength) are considered to be necessary during resistance exercise (RE) to activate and stimulate hypertrophy of type II fibres. Support for this proposition comes from observation of higher surface electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during RE when lifting heavier vs. lighter loads. We aimed to determine the effect of RE, to task failure, with heavier vs. lighter loads and shorter or longer repetition durations on: EMG-derived variables, muscle fibre activation, and anabolic signalling. Ten recreationally-trained young men performed four unilateral RE conditions randomly on two occasions (two conditions, one per leg per visit). Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis before and one hour after RE. Broadly, total time under load, number of repetitions, exercise volume, EMG amplitude (at the beginning and end of each set) and total EMG activity were significantly different between conditions (P < 0.05); however, neither glycogen depletion (in both type I and type II fibres), nor phosphorylation of relevant signalling proteins showed any difference between conditions. We conclude that muscle fibre activation and subsequent anabolic signalling are independent of load, repetition duration and surface EMG amplitude when RE is performed to task failure. The results of the present study provide evidence indicating that type I and type II fibres are activated when heavier and lighter loads are lifted to task failure. We propose that our results explain why RE training with higher or lower loads, when loads are lifted to task failure, leads to equivalent muscle hypertrophy and occurs in both type I and type II fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Morton
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michael W Sonne
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Amanda Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J Keir
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jim R Potvin
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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49
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Tomko PM, Colquhoun RJ, Banks NF, Magrini MA, Muddle TWD, Jenkins NDM. Maximal contraction methods influence the magnitude and reliability of global electromyographic signal characteristics. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 48:121-127. [PMID: 31344640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose was two-fold: (1) to examine differences in maximal voluntary isometric torque (MVIT) production, and electromyographic signal amplitude (EMGAMP) and mean power frequency (EMGMPF) values obtained during traditional (MVICTRAD), rapid (MVICRAPID), and ramp (MVICRAMP) maximal voluntary isometric contractions, and (2) to determine if there were differences in the reliability of MVIT, EMGAMP and EMGMPF among the three MVIC types. APPROACH Twenty-two young males and females completed MVICTRAD, MVICRAPID, and MVICRAMP muscle actions on two separate visits separated by 48 h. During all MVICs, MVIT and EMGAMP and EMGMPF of the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were quantified. MAIN RESULTS MVIT was greater during MVICTRAD and MVICRAPID than during MVITRAMP (both p < 0.001). VL and RF EMGAMP were greater during MVICRAMP than during MVICRAPID (p = 0.02 and 0.004). For EMGMPF, there were no significant differences among MVIC types. Although all MVIC types generally resulted in reliable measurements of MVIT and EMGAMP, reliability was stronger for EMGMPF quantified during the MVICRAMP. SIGNIFICANCE Investigators may choose MVIC type based on preference or equipment availability. However, investigators should note that MVICRAMP contractions will likely yield the greatest EMGAMP values and more reliable measurements of VL and RF EMGMPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tomko
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Ryan J Colquhoun
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Nile F Banks
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Mitchel A Magrini
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Tyler W D Muddle
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States
| | - Nathaniel D M Jenkins
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, United States.
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50
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Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Haun C, Itagaki T, Helms ER. Calculating Set-Volume for the Limb Muscles with the Performance of Multi-Joint Exercises: Implications for Resistance Training Prescription. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070177. [PMID: 31336594 PMCID: PMC6681288 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance training volume, determined by the number of sets performed (set-volume) is considered one of the key variables in promoting muscle hypertrophy. To better guide resistance exercise prescription for weekly per-muscle training volume, the purpose of this paper is to provide evidence-based considerations for set-volume ratios between multi-joint (MJ) and single-joint (SJ) exercises so that practitioners can better manage prescription of training volume in program design. We analyzed this topic from three primary areas of focus: (1) biomechanical and physiological factors; (2) acute research; and (3) longitudinal research. From a biomechanical and physiological standpoint, when considering force production of different muscle groups, the moment arm of a given muscle, “motor abundance”, the link between biomechanics and exercise-induced fatigue, as well as the amount of time in voluntary muscle activation, a logical rationale can be made for SJ exercises producing greater hypertrophy of the limb muscles than MJ exercises (at least from specific exercises and under certain conditions). This would mean that sets for a MJ exercise should be counted fractionally for select muscles compared to an SJ exercise (i.e., less than a 1:1 ratio) when prescribing set-volumes for given muscles. When considering results from acute studies that measured muscle activation during the performance of SJ and MJ exercises, it seems that MJ exercises are not sufficient to maximize muscle activation of specific muscles. For example, during performance of the leg press and squat, muscle activation of the hamstrings is markedly lower than that of the quadriceps. These results suggest that a 1:1 ratio cannot be assumed. Current longitudinal research comparing the effects of training with MJ vs. SJ or MJ + SJ exercises is limited to the elbow flexors and the evidence is somewhat conflicting. Until more research is conducted to derive stronger conclusions on the topic, we propose the best advice would be to view set-volume prescription on a 1:1 basis, and then use logical rationale and personal expertise to make determinations on program design. Future research should focus on investigating longitudinal hypertrophic changes between MJ and SJ in a variety of populations, particularly resistance-trained individuals, while using site-specific measures of muscle growth to more systematically and precisely compute effective individualized set-volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Schoenfeld
- Health Sciences Department, City University of New York, Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne 3011, Australia
| | - Cody Haun
- Department of Exercise Science, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA 30240, USA
| | - Takahiro Itagaki
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Eric R Helms
- School of Sport and Recreation, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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