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Shi Q, Tong TK, Nie J, Tao D, Zhang H, Tan X, Kong Z. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia boosts up team-sport-specific repeated-sprint ability: 2-week vs 5-week training regimen. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2699-2710. [PMID: 37335354 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate (1) the boosting effects immediately and 4 weeks following 2-week, 6-session repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH2-wk, n = 10) on the ability of team-sport players in performing repeated sprints (RSA) during a team-sport-specific intermittent exercise protocol (RSAIEP) by comparing with normoxic counterpart (CON2-wk, n = 12), and (2) the dose effects of the RSH by comparing the RSA alterations in RSH2-wk with those resulting from a 5-week, 15-session regimen (RSH5-wk, n = 10). METHODS Repeated-sprint training protocol consisted of 3 sets, 5 × 5-s all-out sprints on non-motorized treadmill interspersed with 25-s passive recovery under the hypoxia of 13.5% and normoxia, respectively. The within- (pre-, post-, 4-week post-intervention) and between- (RSH2-wk, RSH5-wk, CON2-wk) group differences in the performance of four sets of RSA tests held during the RSAIEP on the same treadmill were assessed. RESULTS In comparison with pre-intervention, RSA variables, particularly the mean velocity, horizontal force, and power output during the RSAIEP enhanced significantly immediate post RSH in RSH2-wk (5.1-13.7%), while trivially in CON2-wk (2.1-6.2%). Nevertheless, the enhanced RSA in RSH2-wk diminished 4 weeks after the RSH (- 3.17-0.37%). For the RSH5-wk, the enhancement of RSA immediately following the 5-week RSH (4.2-16.3%) did not differ from that of RSH2-wk, yet the enhanced RSA was well-maintained 4-week post-RSH (0.12-1.14%). CONCLUSIONS Two-week and five-week RSH regimens could comparably boost up the effects of repeated-sprint training in normoxia, while dose effect detected on the RSA enhancement was minimal. Nevertheless, superior residual effects of the RSH on RSA appear to be associated with prolonged regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Tomas K Tong
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Dan Tao
- Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong S.A.R, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoying Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao S.A.R, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Av. da Universidade, Taipa, Macao S.A.R, China.
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Bouten J, Brick M, Saboua A, Hadjadj JL, Piscione J, Margot C, Doucende G, Bourrel N, Millet GP, Brocherie F. Effects of 2 Different Protocols of Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in Elite Female Rugby Sevens Players During an Altitude Training Camp. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:953-959. [PMID: 37487586 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) is an effective way of improving physical performance compared with similar training in normoxia. RSH efficiency relies on hypoxia severity, but also on the oxidative-glycolytic balance determined by both sprint duration and exercise-to-rest ratio. This study investigated the effect of 2 types of RSH sessions during a classic altitude camp in world-class female rugby sevens players. METHODS Sixteen players performed 5 RSH sessions on a cycle ergometer (simulated altitude: 3000 m above sea level [asl]) during a 3-week natural altitude camp (1850 m asl). Players were assigned to 2 different protocols with either a high (RSH1:3, sprint duration: 8-10 s; exercise-to-rest ratios: 1:2-1:3; n = 7) or a low exercise-to-rest ratio (RSH1:5, sprint duration: 5-15 s; exercise-to-rest ratios: 1:2-1:5; n = 9). Repeated-sprint performances (maximal and mean power outputs [PPOmax, and PPOmean]) were measured before and after the intervention, along with physiological responses. RESULTS PPOmax (962 [100] to 1020 [143] W, P = .008, Cohen d = 0.47) and PPOmean (733 [71] to 773 [91] W, P = .008, d = 0.50) increased from before to after. A significant interaction effect (P = .048, d = 0.50) was observed for PPOmean, with a larger increase observed in RSH1:3 (P = .003). No interaction effects were observed (P > .05) for the other variables. CONCLUSION A classic altitude camp with 5 RSH sessions superimposed on rugby-sevens-specific training led to an improved repeated-sprint performance, suggesting that RSH effects are not blunted by prolonged hypoxic exposure. Interestingly, using a higher exercise-to-rest ratio during RSH appears to be more effective than when applying a lower exercise-to-rest ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Bouten
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris,France
| | - Maxime Brick
- Research Department, French Rugby Union, Marcoussis,France
| | - Antoine Saboua
- Research Department, French Rugby Union, Marcoussis,France
| | | | | | - Chloé Margot
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude, Font Romeu,France
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé en Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Font Romeu,France
| | - Nicolas Bourrel
- Centre National d'Entraînement en Altitude, Font Romeu,France
- Institut National du Sport (INS), Montreal, QC,Canada
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris,France
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Hypoxia Does Not Change Performance and Psychophysiological Responses During Repeated Cycling Sprints to Exhaustion With Short Exercise-to-Rest Ratio. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:213-217. [PMID: 36640773 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the acute performance and psychophysiological responses of repeated cycling sprints to exhaustion with a short exercise-to-rest ratio (1:6), between different effort durations and inspired oxygen fractions. METHODS On separate visits, 10 active participants completed 6 repeated cycling sprint exercises to exhaustion with 3 different effort durations (5, 10, and 20 s) and 2 conditions of inspired oxygen (20.9% and 13.6%). Exercise-to-rest ratio was 1:6 for all trials (ie, 5:30, 10:60, and 20:120). Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy), blood lactate concentration, and lower-limb and breathing discomfort, using ratings of perceived exertion, were measured. RESULTS Number of sprints and peak power output decreased while blood lactate increased (all P < .001) during 5:30 compared with 10:60 or 20:120. No condition or interaction effects were reported for blood lactate and exercise-related sensation. Muscle deoxyhemoglobin increased (P < .001) and total hemoglobin decreased (P = .002) during sprint with increasing sprint duration (no condition or interaction). CONCLUSION During repeated-sprint exercise to exhaustion with a short exercise-to-rest ratio, the psychophysiological responses did not differ between normoxia and moderate hypoxia, probably due to an extended recovery period. It means that hypoxia did not modify repeated-sprint exercise performance with a short exercise-to-rest ratio. The sprint duration was the primary underlying factor of the observed differences in performance and muscle oxygenation reported between the repeated-sprint exercise sessions.
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Raberin A, Elmer J, Willis SJ, Richard T, Vernillo G, Iaia FM, Girard O, Malatesta D, Millet GP. The Oxidative-Glycolytic Balance Influenced by Sprint Duration Is Key during Repeated Sprint in Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:245-254. [PMID: 36136604 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the effects of normobaric hypoxia on repeated sprint exercise (RSE) with different balance between oxidative (phosphocreatine and oxidative pathway) and glycolytic contributions. Therefore, performance and psychophysiological responses were compared during RSE to exhaustion with the same exercise-to-rest ratio (1:2) but different sprint durations (5, 10, or 20 s) either in normoxic (RSN) or hypoxic (RSH; F io2 = 0.13) conditions. METHODS On separate visits, 10 active participants completed in random order three cycling RSN (5:10; 10:20 and 20:40) and three similar RSH sessions to exhaustion. Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was recorded by near-infrared spectroscopy. Blood lactate concentration, limb and breathing discomfort, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured. RESULTS Total sprint number was smaller in hypoxia than in normoxia for 5:10 (20.8 ± 8.6 vs 14.7 ± 3.4; P = 0.014) and 10:20 (13.7 ± 6.3 vs 8.8 ± 2.5; P = 0.018) but not 20:40 (5.6 ± 1.9 vs 5.6 ± 2.5). The fatigue index was larger in hypoxia only for 5:10 (-43.5%, P < 0.001). Irrespective of condition, blood lactate concentration increased with the sprint duration with higher values for 20:40 than 5:10 (13.1 ± 2.7 vs 11.5 ± 2.2 mmoL·L -1 ; P = 0.027). Limb and breathing discomfort and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ in all RSE. Muscle oxygenation was mainly impacted by sprint duration (i.e., main effect of sprint duration on [HHb] min, [tHb] max, Δ[HHb], and Δ[tHb]) but not by hypoxia. The normoxia-to-hypoxia percentage decrease for total sprint number for 5:10 was correlated with the highest power output over 5 s ( R2 = 0.55; P = 0.013) and 10 s ( R2 = 0.53; P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia impairs repeated sprint ability when the oxidative but not the glycolytic contribution is substantial. The oxidative-glycolytic balance, influenced partly by sprint duration, is key during repeated sprint in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Joakim Elmer
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO
| | - Thomas Richard
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Gianluca Vernillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, ITALY
| | - F Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, ITALY
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Science (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, AUSTRALIA
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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Gutknecht AP, Gonzalez-Figueres M, Brioche T, Maurelli O, Perrey S, Favier FB. Maximizing anaerobic performance with repeated-sprint training in hypoxia: In search of an optimal altitude based on pulse oxygen saturation monitoring. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010086. [PMID: 36311239 PMCID: PMC9597871 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) leads to great improvements in anaerobic performance. However, there is no consensus about the optimal level of hypoxia that should be used during training to maximize subsequent performances. This study aimed to establish whether such an optimal altitude can be determined and whether pulse oxygen saturation during RSH is correlated with training-induced improvement in performance. Methods: Peak and mean power outputs of healthy young males [age (mean ± SD) 21.7 ± 1.4 years] were measured during a Wingate (30 s) and a repeated-sprint ability (RSA; 10 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery) test before and after RSH. Participants performed six cycling sessions comprising three sets of 8 x 6-s sprint with 24-s recovery in normobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of either 1,500 m, 2,100 m, or 3,200 m (n = 7 per group). Heart rate variability was assessed at rest and during recovery from Wingate test before and after RSH. Results: The subjective rating of perceived exertion and the relative exercise intensity during training sessions did not differ between the three groups, contrary to pulse oxygen saturation (p < 0.001 between each group). Mean and peak power outputs were significantly increased in all groups after training, except for the mean power in the RSA test for the 3200 m group. Change in mean power on RSA test (+8.1 ± 6.6%) was the only performance parameter significantly correlated with pulse oxygen saturation during hypoxic training (p < 0.05, r = 0.44). The increase in LnRMSSD during recovery from the Wingate test was enhanced after training in the 1,500 m (+22%) but not in the two other groups (≈– 6%). Moreover, the increase in resting heart rate with standing after training was negatively correlated with SpO2 (p < 0.01, r =–0.63) suggesting that hypoxemia level during training differentially altered autonomic nervous system activity. Conclusion: These data indicate that RSH performed as early as 1,500 m of altitude is effective in improving anaerobic performance in moderately trained subjects without strong association with pulse oxygen saturation monitoring during training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Brioche
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - François B. Favier
- DMEM, University of Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- *Correspondence: François B. Favier,
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Dennis MC, Goods PSR, Binnie MJ, Girard O, Wallman KE, Dawson B, Billaut F, Peeling P. Repeated-sprint training in heat and hypoxia: effect of exercise-to-rest ratio. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35698899 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2085631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate acute performance and physiological responses to the manipulation of exercise-to-rest ratio (E:R) during repeated-sprint hypoxic training (RSH) in hot conditions. Twelve male team-sport players completed two experimental sessions at a simulated altitude of ∼3000 m (FIO2 0.144), air temperature of 40°C and relative humidity of 50%. Exercise involved either 3×5×10-s (E:R1:2) or 3×10×5-s (E:R1:4) maximal cycling sprints interspersed with active recoveries at 120W (20-s between sprints, 2.5 and 5-min between sets for E:R1:2 and E:R1:4 respectively). Sessions were matched for overall sprint and total session duration (47.5-min). Peak and mean power output, and total work were greater in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (p < 0.05). Peak core temperature was significantly higher in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (38.44 ± 0.33 vs. 38.20 ± 0.35°C, p = 0.028). Muscle deoxygenation magnitude during sprints was greater in E:R1:2 (28.2 ± 1.6 vs. 22.4 ± 4.6%, p < 0.001), while muscle reoxygenation did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05).These results indicate E:R1:4 increased mechanical power output and core temperature compared to E:R1:2. Both protocols had different effects on measures of muscle oxygenation, with E:R1:2 generating greater muscle oxygen extraction and E:R1:4 producing more muscle oxygenation flux, which are both important signals for peripheral adaptation. We conclude that the E:R manipulation during RSH in the heat might be used to target different physiological and performance outcomes, with these findings forming a strong base for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles C Dennis
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Karen E Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Francois Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
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