1
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Joris PX, Verschooten E. Midbrain sensitivity to auditory motion studied with dichotic sweeps of broadband noise. Hear Res 2024; 450:109066. [PMID: 38889563 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Many neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC) show sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs), which is thought to be relayed from the brainstem. However, studies with interaural phase modulation of pure tones showed that IC neurons have a sensitivity to changes in ITD that is not present at the level of the brainstem. This sensitivity has been interpreted as a form of sensitivity to motion. A new type of stimulus is used here to study the sensitivity of IC neurons to dynamic changes in ITD, in which broad- or narrowband stimuli are swept through a range of ITDs with arbitrary start-ITD, end-ITD, speed, and direction. Extracellular recordings were obtained under barbiturate anesthesia in the cat. We applied the same analyses as previously introduced for the study of responses to tones. We find effects of motion which are similar to those described in response to interaural phase modulation of tones. The size of the effects strongly depended on the motion parameters but was overall smaller than reported for tones. We found that the effects of motion could largely be explained by the temporal response pattern of the neuron such as adaptation and build-up. Our data add to previous evidence questioning true coding of motion at the level of the IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip X Joris
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Dept. of Neuroscience, UW-Madison, 111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2275, USA.
| | - Eric Verschooten
- Lab. of Auditory Neurophysiology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Sabu S, Parmentier FBR, Horváth J. Involuntary motor responses are elicited both by rare sounds and rare pitch changes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20235. [PMID: 39215115 PMCID: PMC11364668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Unpredictable deviations from an otherwise regular auditory sequence, as well as rare sounds following a period of silence, are detected automatically. Recent evidence suggests that the latter also elicit quick involuntary modulations of ongoing motor activity emerging as early as 100 ms following sound onset, which was attributed to supramodal processing. We explored such force modulations for both rare and deviant sounds. Participants (N = 29) pinched a force sensitive device and maintained a force of 1-2 N for periods of 1 min. Task-irrelevant tones were presented under two conditions. In the Rare condition, 4000 Hz tones were presented every 8-to-16 s. In the Roving condition, 4000 Hz and 2996 Hz tones were presented at rate of 1 s, with infrequent (p = 1/12) frequency changes. In the Rare condition, transient force modulations were observed with a significant increase at ~ 234 ms, and a decrease at ~ 350 ms. In the Roving condition with low frequency deviant tones, an increase in force was observed at ~ 277 ms followed by a decrease at ~ 413 ms. No significant modulations were observed during perception of high frequency deviants. These results suggest that both rare silence-breaking sounds and low-pitched deviants evoke automatic fluctuations of motor responses, which opens up the possibility that these force modulations are triggered by stimulus-specific change-detection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simily Sabu
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O.B. 286, Budapest, 1519, Hungary
| | - Fabrice B R Parmentier
- Department of Psychology and Research Institute of Health Sciences (IdISBa), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra. De Valldemossa, Km 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - János Horváth
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, P.O.B. 286, Budapest, 1519, Hungary.
- Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary, Budapest, Hungary.
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3
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Haimson B, Gilday OD, Lavi-Rudel A, Sagi H, Lottem E, Mizrahi A. Single neuron responses to perceptual difficulty in the mouse auditory cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp9816. [PMID: 39141740 PMCID: PMC11323952 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp9816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Perceptual learning leads to improvement in behavioral performance, yet how the brain supports challenging perceptual demands is unknown. We used two photon imaging in the mouse primary auditory cortex during behavior in a Go-NoGo task designed to test perceptual difficulty. Using general linear model analysis, we found a subset of neurons that increased their responses during high perceptual demands. Single neurons increased their responses to both Go and NoGo sounds when mice were engaged in the more difficult perceptual discrimination. This increased responsiveness contributes to enhanced cortical network discriminability for the learned sounds. Under passive listening conditions, the same neurons responded weaker to the more similar sound pairs of the difficult task, and the training protocol by itself induced specific suppression to the learned sounds. Our findings identify how neuronal activity in auditory cortex is modulated during high perceptual demands, which is a fundamental feature associated with perceptual improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Haimson
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Omri David Gilday
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amichai Lavi-Rudel
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Eran Lottem
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Bayley T, Hedwig B. Tonotopic Ca 2+ dynamics and sound processing in auditory interneurons of the bush-cricket Mecopoda elongata. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:353-369. [PMID: 37222786 PMCID: PMC11106180 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01638-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Two auditory neurons, TN-1 and ON-1, in the bush-cricket, Mecopoda elongata, have large dendritic arborisations which receive excitatory synaptic inputs from tonotopically organised axonal terminals of auditory afferents in the prothoracic ganglion. By combining intracellular microelectrode recording with calcium imaging we demonstrate that the dendrites of both neurons show a clear Ca2+ signal in response to broad-frequency species-specific chirps. Due to the organisation of the afferents frequency specific auditory activation should lead to local Ca2+ increases in their dendrites. In response to 20 ms sound pulses the dendrites of both neurons showed tonotopically organised Ca2+ increases. In ON-1 we found no evidence for a tonotopic organisation of the Ca2+ signal related to axonal spike activity or for a Ca2+ response related to contralateral inhibition. The tonotopic organisation of the afferents may facilitate frequency-specific adaptation in these auditory neurons through localised Ca2+ increases in their dendrites. By combining 10 and 40 kHz test pulses and adaptation series, we provide evidence for frequency-specific adaptation in TN-1 and ON-1. By reversible deactivating of the auditory afferents and removing contralateral inhibition, we show that in ON-1 spike activity and Ca2+ responses increased but frequency-specific adaptation was not evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bayley
- Department of Zoology, Cambridge, CB22 3EJ, UK
| | - B Hedwig
- Department of Zoology, Cambridge, CB22 3EJ, UK.
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5
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Pérez-González D, Lao-Rodríguez AB, Aedo-Sánchez C, Malmierca MS. Acetylcholine modulates the precision of prediction error in the auditory cortex. eLife 2024; 12:RP91475. [PMID: 38241174 PMCID: PMC10942646 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A fundamental property of sensory systems is their ability to detect novel stimuli in the ambient environment. The auditory brain contains neurons that decrease their response to repetitive sounds but increase their firing rate to novel or deviant stimuli; the difference between both responses is known as stimulus-specific adaptation or neuronal mismatch (nMM). Here, we tested the effect of microiontophoretic applications of ACh on the neuronal responses in the auditory cortex (AC) of anesthetized rats during an auditory oddball paradigm, including cascade controls. Results indicate that ACh modulates the nMM, affecting prediction error responses but not repetition suppression, and this effect is manifested predominantly in infragranular cortical layers. The differential effect of ACh on responses to standards, relative to deviants (in terms of averages and variances), was consistent with the representational sharpening that accompanies an increase in the precision of prediction errors. These findings suggest that ACh plays an important role in modulating prediction error signaling in the AC and gating the access of these signals to higher cognitive levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pérez-González
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
- Department of Basic Psychology, Psychobiology and Behavioural Science Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, Campus Ciudad Jardín, University of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Ana Belén Lao-Rodríguez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
| | - Cristian Aedo-Sánchez
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
| | - Manuel S Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando GallegoSalamancaSpain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL)SalamancaSpain
- Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of SalamancaSalamancaSpain
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Poublan-Couzardot A, Lecaignard F, Fucci E, Davidson RJ, Mattout J, Lutz A, Abdoun O. Time-resolved dynamic computational modeling of human EEG recordings reveals gradients of generative mechanisms for the MMN response. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010557. [PMID: 38091350 PMCID: PMC10752554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite attempts to unify the different theoretical accounts of the mismatch negativity (MMN), there is still an ongoing debate on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying this complex brain response. On one hand, neuronal adaptation to recurrent stimuli is able to explain many of the observed properties of the MMN, such as its sensitivity to controlled experimental parameters. On the other hand, several modeling studies reported evidence in favor of Bayesian learning models for explaining the trial-to-trial dynamics of the human MMN. However, direct comparisons of these two main hypotheses are scarce, and previous modeling studies suffered from methodological limitations. Based on reports indicating spatial and temporal dissociation of physiological mechanisms within the timecourse of mismatch responses in animals, we hypothesized that different computational models would best fit different temporal phases of the human MMN. Using electroencephalographic data from two independent studies of a simple auditory oddball task (n = 82), we compared adaptation and Bayesian learning models' ability to explain the sequential dynamics of auditory deviance detection in a time-resolved fashion. We first ran simulations to evaluate the capacity of our design to dissociate the tested models and found that they were sufficiently distinguishable above a certain level of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In subjects with a sufficient SNR, our time-resolved approach revealed a temporal dissociation between the two model families, with high evidence for adaptation during the early MMN window (from 90 to 150-190 ms post-stimulus depending on the dataset) and for Bayesian learning later in time (170-180 ms or 200-220ms). In addition, Bayesian model averaging of fixed-parameter models within the adaptation family revealed a gradient of adaptation rates, resembling the anatomical gradient in the auditory cortical hierarchy reported in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Poublan-Couzardot
- Cente de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Françoise Lecaignard
- Cente de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Enrico Fucci
- 2 Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Sweden
| | - Richard J. Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jérémie Mattout
- Cente de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Antoine Lutz
- Cente de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Oussama Abdoun
- Cente de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS UMRS5292, INSERM U1028, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
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7
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Kern FB, Chao ZC. Short-term neuronal and synaptic plasticity act in synergy for deviance detection in spiking networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011554. [PMID: 37831721 PMCID: PMC10599548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory areas of cortex respond more strongly to infrequent stimuli when these violate previously established regularities, a phenomenon known as deviance detection (DD). Previous modeling work has mainly attempted to explain DD on the basis of synaptic plasticity. However, a large fraction of cortical neurons also exhibit firing rate adaptation, an underexplored potential mechanism. Here, we investigate DD in a spiking neuronal network model with two types of short-term plasticity, fast synaptic short-term depression (STD) and slower threshold adaptation (TA). We probe the model with an oddball stimulation paradigm and assess DD by evaluating the network responses. We find that TA is sufficient to elicit DD. It achieves this by habituating neurons near the stimulation site that respond earliest to the frequently presented standard stimulus (local fatigue), which diminishes the response and promotes the recovery (global fatigue) of the wider network. Further, we find a synergy effect between STD and TA, where they interact with each other to achieve greater DD than the sum of their individual effects. We show that this synergy is caused by the local fatigue added by STD, which inhibits the global response to the frequently presented stimulus, allowing greater recovery of TA-mediated global fatigue and making the network more responsive to the deviant stimulus. Finally, we show that the magnitude of DD strongly depends on the timescale of stimulation. We conclude that highly predictable information can be encoded in strong local fatigue, which allows greater global recovery and subsequent heightened sensitivity for DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Benjamin Kern
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zenas C. Chao
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Schröger E, Roeber U, Coy N. Markov chains as a proxy for the predictive memory representations underlying mismatch negativity. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1249413. [PMID: 37771348 PMCID: PMC10525344 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1249413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Events not conforming to a regularity inherent to a sequence of events elicit prediction error signals of the brain such as the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and impair behavioral task performance. Events conforming to a regularity lead to attenuation of brain activity such as stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) and behavioral benefits. Such findings are usually explained by theories stating that the information processing system predicts the forthcoming event of the sequence via detected sequential regularities. A mathematical model that is widely used to describe, to analyze and to generate event sequences are Markov chains: They contain a set of possible events and a set of probabilities for transitions between these events (transition matrix) that allow to predict the next event on the basis of the current event and the transition probabilities. The accuracy of such a prediction depends on the distribution of the transition probabilities. We argue that Markov chains also have useful applications when studying cognitive brain functions. The transition matrix can be regarded as a proxy for generative memory representations that the brain uses to predict the next event. We assume that detected regularities in a sequence of events correspond to (a subset of) the entries in the transition matrix. We apply this idea to the Mismatch Negativity (MMN) research and examine three types of MMN paradigms: classical oddball paradigms emphasizing sound probabilities, between-sound regularity paradigms manipulating transition probabilities between adjacent sounds, and action-sound coupling paradigms in which sounds are associated with actions and their intended effects. We show that the Markovian view on MMN yields theoretically relevant insights into the brain processes underlying MMN and stimulates experimental designs to study the brain's processing of event sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Schröger
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Urte Roeber
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nina Coy
- Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Yeark M, Paton B, Todd J. The impact of spatial variance on precision estimates in an auditory oddball paradigm. Cortex 2023; 165:1-13. [PMID: 37220715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Predictive processing theories suggest that a principal function of the brain is to reduce the surprise of incoming sensory information by creating accurate and precise models of the environment. These models are commonly explored by looking at the prediction errors elicited when experience departs from predictions. One such prediction error is the mismatch negativity (MMN). Using this component, it is possible to examine the effect of external noise on the precision of the developed model. Recent studies have shown that the brain may not update its model every time there is a change in the environment, rather it will only update it when doing so will increase precision and or accuracy of the model. The current study examined this process using oddball sound sequences with high and low spatial variability and examining how this affected the elicited MMN to a duration deviant sound. The results showed a strong null effect of spatial variance both at a local and sequence levels. These results indicate that variability in the sound sequence will not invariably affect model precision estimates and thus the amplitude of the MMN component.
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10
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Vivaldo CA, Lee J, Shorkey M, Keerthy A, Rothschild G. Auditory cortex ensembles jointly encode sound and locomotion speed to support sound perception during movement. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002277. [PMID: 37651461 PMCID: PMC10499203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to process and act upon incoming sounds during locomotion is critical for survival and adaptive behavior. Despite the established role that the auditory cortex (AC) plays in behavior- and context-dependent sound processing, previous studies have found that auditory cortical activity is on average suppressed during locomotion as compared to immobility. While suppression of auditory cortical responses to self-generated sounds results from corollary discharge, which weakens responses to predictable sounds, the functional role of weaker responses to unpredictable external sounds during locomotion remains unclear. In particular, whether suppression of external sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflects reduced involvement of the AC in sound processing or whether it results from masking by an alternative neural computation in this state remains unresolved. Here, we tested the hypothesis that rather than simple inhibition, reduced sound-evoked responses during locomotion reflect a tradeoff with the emergence of explicit and reliable coding of locomotion velocity. To test this hypothesis, we first used neural inactivation in behaving mice and found that the AC plays a critical role in sound-guided behavior during locomotion. To investigate the nature of this processing, we used two-photon calcium imaging of local excitatory auditory cortical neural populations in awake mice. We found that locomotion had diverse influences on activity of different neurons, with a net suppression of baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses and neural stimulus detection, consistent with previous studies. Importantly, we found that the net inhibitory effect of locomotion on baseline-subtracted sound-evoked responses was strongly shaped by elevated ongoing activity that compressed the response dynamic range, and that rather than reflecting enhanced "noise," this ongoing activity reliably encoded the animal's locomotion speed. Decoding analyses revealed that locomotion speed and sound are robustly co-encoded by auditory cortical ensemble activity. Finally, we found consistent patterns of joint coding of sound and locomotion speed in electrophysiologically recorded activity in freely moving rats. Together, our data suggest that rather than being suppressed by locomotion, auditory cortical ensembles explicitly encode it alongside sound information to support sound perception during locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arturo Vivaldo
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joonyeup Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - MaryClaire Shorkey
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ajay Keerthy
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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11
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Han C, English G, Saal HP, Indiveri G, Gilra A, von der Behrens W, Vasilaki E. Modelling novelty detection in the thalamocortical loop. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1009616. [PMID: 37186588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In complex natural environments, sensory systems are constantly exposed to a large stream of inputs. Novel or rare stimuli, which are often associated with behaviorally important events, are typically processed differently than the steady sensory background, which has less relevance. Neural signatures of such differential processing, commonly referred to as novelty detection, have been identified on the level of EEG recordings as mismatch negativity (MMN) and on the level of single neurons as stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). Here, we propose a multi-scale recurrent network with synaptic depression to explain how novelty detection can arise in the whisker-related part of the somatosensory thalamocortical loop. The "minimalistic" architecture and dynamics of the model presume that neurons in cortical layer 6 adapt, via synaptic depression, specifically to a frequently presented stimulus, resulting in reduced population activity in the corresponding cortical column when compared with the population activity evoked by a rare stimulus. This difference in population activity is then projected from the cortex to the thalamus and amplified through the interaction between neurons of the primary and reticular nuclei of the thalamus, resulting in rhythmic oscillations. These differentially activated thalamic oscillations are forwarded to cortical layer 4 as a late secondary response that is specific to rare stimuli that violate a particular stimulus pattern. Model results show a strong analogy between this late single neuron activity and EEG-based mismatch negativity in terms of their common sensitivity to presentation context and timescales of response latency, as observed experimentally. Our results indicate that adaptation in L6 can establish the thalamocortical dynamics that produce signatures of SSA and MMN and suggest a mechanistic model of novelty detection that could generalize to other sensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolyn English
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
- ZNZ Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes P Saal
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Indiveri
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
- ZNZ Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aditya Gilra
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Machine Learning Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wolfger von der Behrens
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
- ZNZ Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Vasilaki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, ETH Zurich & University of Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Song P, Zhai Y, Yu X. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation (SSA) in the Auditory System: Functional Relevance and Underlying Mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105190. [PMID: 37085022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of novel stimuli that appear suddenly in the surrounding environment is crucial for an animal's survival. Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) may be an important mechanism underlying novelty detection. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in SSA research by addressing four main aspects: 1) the frequency dependence of SSA and the origin of SSA in the auditory cortex: 2) spatial SSA and its comparison with frequency SSA: 3) feature integration in SSA and its implications in novelty detection: 4) functional significance and the physiological mechanism of SSA. Although SSA has been extensively investigated, the cognitive insights from SSA studies are extremely limited. Future work should aim to bridge these gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peirun Song
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuying Zhai
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Therapy for Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Willmore BDB, King AJ. Adaptation in auditory processing. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1025-1058. [PMID: 36049112 PMCID: PMC9829473 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation is an essential feature of auditory neurons, which reduces their responses to unchanging and recurring sounds and allows their response properties to be matched to the constantly changing statistics of sounds that reach the ears. As a consequence, processing in the auditory system highlights novel or unpredictable sounds and produces an efficient representation of the vast range of sounds that animals can perceive by continually adjusting the sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, the tuning properties of neurons to the most commonly encountered stimulus values. Together with attentional modulation, adaptation to sound statistics also helps to generate neural representations of sound that are tolerant to background noise and therefore plays a vital role in auditory scene analysis. In this review, we consider the diverse forms of adaptation that are found in the auditory system in terms of the processing levels at which they arise, the underlying neural mechanisms, and their impact on neural coding and perception. We also ask what the dynamics of adaptation, which can occur over multiple timescales, reveal about the statistical properties of the environment. Finally, we examine how adaptation to sound statistics is influenced by learning and experience and changes as a result of aging and hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben D. B. Willmore
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. King
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Zhou B, Tomioka R, Song WJ. Temporal profiles of neuronal responses to repeated tone stimuli in the mouse primary auditory cortex. Hear Res 2023; 430:108710. [PMID: 36758331 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
How the auditory system processes temporal information of sound has been investigated extensively using repeated stimuli. Recent studies on how the response of neurons in the primary auditory cortex (A1) changes with the progression of stimulus repetition, have reported response temporal profiles of two categories: "adaptation", i.e., gradual decrease, and "facilitation", i.e., gradual increase. To explore the existence of profiles of other categories and to examine the tone-frequency-dependence of the profile category in single neurons, here we studied the response of mouse A1 neurons to four or five tone-trains; each train comprised 10 identical tone pips, with 0.5-s inter-tone-intervals, and the four or five trains differed only in tone frequency. The response to each tone in a train was evaluated using the peak of the ON response, and how the peak response changed with the tone number in the train, i.e., the response temporal profile, was examined. We confirmed the existence of profiles of both "adaptation" and "facilitation" categories; "adaptation" could be further subcategorized into "slow adaptation" and "fast adaptation" profiles, with the latter being encountered more frequently. Moreover, two new categories of non-monotonic profiles were identified: an "adaptation with recovery" profile and a "facilitation followed by adaptation" profile. Examination of single neurons with trains of different tone frequencies revealed that some A1 neurons exhibited profiles of the same category to tone trains of different tone frequencies, whereas others exhibited profiles of different categories, depending on the tone frequency. These results demonstrate the variety in the response temporal profiles of mouse A1 neurons, which may benefit the encoding of individual tones in a train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tomioka
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Wen-Jie Song
- Department of Sensory and Cognitive Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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15
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Kang H, Kanold PO. Auditory memory of complex sounds in sparsely distributed, highly correlated neurons in the auditory cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.02.526903. [PMID: 36778416 PMCID: PMC9915716 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.02.526903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Listening in complex sound environments requires rapid segregation of different sound sources e.g., speakers from each other, speakers from other sounds, or different instruments in an orchestra, and also adjust auditory processing on the prevailing sound conditions. Thus, fast encoding of inputs and identifying and adapting to reoccurring sounds are necessary for efficient and agile sound perception. This adaptation process represents an early phase of developing implicit learning of sound statistics and thus represents a form of auditory memory. The auditory cortex (ACtx) is known to play a key role in this encoding process but the underlying circuits and if hierarchical processing exists are not known. To identify ACtx regions and cells involved in this process, we simultaneously imaged population of neurons in different ACtx subfields using in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake mice. We used an experimental stimulus paradigm adapted from human studies that triggers rapid and robust implicit learning to passively present complex sounds and imaged A1 Layer 4 (L4), A1 L2/3, and A2 L2/3. In this paradigm, a frozen spectro-temporally complex 'Target' sound would be randomly re-occurring within a stream of random other complex sounds. We find distinct groups of cells that are specifically responsive to complex acoustic sequences across all subregions indicating that even the initial thalamocortical input layers (A1 L4) respond to complex sounds. Cells in all imaged regions showed decreased response amplitude for reoccurring Target sounds indicating that a memory signature is present even in the thalamocortical input layers. On the population level we find increased synchronized activity across cells to the Target sound and that this synchronized activity was more consistent across cells regardless of the duration of frozen token within Target sounds in A2, compared to A1. These findings suggest that ACtx and its input layers play a role in auditory memory for complex sounds and suggest a hierarchical structure of processes for auditory memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- HiJee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 20215
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16
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Basiński K, Quiroga-Martinez DR, Vuust P. Temporal hierarchies in the predictive processing of melody - From pure tones to songs. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 145:105007. [PMID: 36535375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Listening to musical melodies is a complex task that engages perceptual and memoryrelated processes. The processes underlying melody cognition happen simultaneously on different timescales, ranging from milliseconds to minutes. Although attempts have been made, research on melody perception is yet to produce a unified framework of how melody processing is achieved in the brain. This may in part be due to the difficulty of integrating concepts such as perception, attention and memory, which pertain to different temporal scales. Recent theories on brain processing, which hold prediction as a fundamental principle, offer potential solutions to this problem and may provide a unifying framework for explaining the neural processes that enable melody perception on multiple temporal levels. In this article, we review empirical evidence for predictive coding on the levels of pitch formation, basic pitch-related auditory patterns,more complex regularity processing extracted from basic patterns and long-term expectations related to musical syntax. We also identify areas that would benefit from further inquiry and suggest future directions in research on musical melody perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Basiński
- Division of Quality of Life Research, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
| | - David Ricardo Quiroga-Martinez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute & Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, USA; Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music, Denmark
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17
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Tardiff N, Suriya-Arunroj L, Cohen YE, Gold JI. Rule-based and stimulus-based cues bias auditory decisions via different computational and physiological mechanisms. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010601. [PMID: 36206302 PMCID: PMC9581427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectations, such as those arising from either learned rules or recent stimulus regularities, can bias subsequent auditory perception in diverse ways. However, it is not well understood if and how these diverse effects depend on the source of the expectations. Further, it is unknown whether different sources of bias use the same or different computational and physiological mechanisms. We examined how rule-based and stimulus-based expectations influenced behavior and pupil-linked arousal, a marker of certain forms of expectation-based processing, of human subjects performing an auditory frequency-discrimination task. Rule-based cues consistently biased choices and response times (RTs) toward the more-probable stimulus. In contrast, stimulus-based cues had a complex combination of effects, including choice and RT biases toward and away from the frequency of recently presented stimuli. These different behavioral patterns also had: 1) distinct computational signatures, including different modulations of key components of a novel form of a drift-diffusion decision model and 2) distinct physiological signatures, including substantial bias-dependent modulations of pupil size in response to rule-based but not stimulus-based cues. These results imply that different sources of expectations can modulate auditory processing via distinct mechanisms: one that uses arousal-linked, rule-based information and another that uses arousal-independent, stimulus-based information to bias the speed and accuracy of auditory perceptual decisions. Prior information about upcoming stimuli can bias our perception of those stimuli. Whether different sources of prior information bias perception in similar or distinct ways is not well understood. We compared the influence of two kinds of prior information on tone-frequency discrimination: rule-based cues, in the form of explicit information about the most-likely identity of the upcoming tone; and stimulus-based cues, in the form of sequences of tones presented before the to-be-discriminated tone. Although both types of prior information biased auditory decision-making, they demonstrated distinct behavioral, computational, and physiological signatures. Our results suggest that the brain processes prior information in a form-specific manner rather than utilizing a general-purpose prior. Such form-specific processing has implications for understanding decision biases real-world contexts, in which prior information comes from many different sources and modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tardiff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lalitta Suriya-Arunroj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yale E. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua I. Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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18
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Pastyrik JD, Firzlaff U. Object specific adaptation in the auditory cortex of bats. J Neurophysiol 2022; 128:556-567. [PMID: 35946795 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00151.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify behaviourally relevant sounds is an important function of the auditory system. Echolocating bats have to negotiate a wealth of sounds in the context of navigation and foraging. They must be able to detect relatively rare but behaviourally important echoes and segregate them from a large number of unimportant background echoes. For this, the bat auditory system might rely on neural deviance detection, a process influencing the excitability of a neuron depending on the frequency of occurrence of a stimulus. To investigate neural deviance detection in the auditory cortex (AC) of anaesthetised bats (Phyllostomus discolor), we designed sequences of repetitive naturalistic virtual echoes differing in spectro-temporal envelope, resembling those bats might perceive in their natural environment. In these sequences, one echo (standard) was repeated ten times and another echo (deviant) was presented at the end. Temporal intervals between echoes within the sequences varied. Our results show, that neurons in the AC of the bat P. discolor are sensitive to novel virtual echoes presented at the end of these repetitive sequences: In 49 % (62/126) of cortical neurons, extracellularly recorded responses adapted to the standard echo, but showed a strong response to the finally presented deviant echo. This effect depended strongly on the temporal intervals between echoes, with stronger adaptation at shorter intervals. This type of response behavior might represent a form of neuronal deviance detection in the AC that could help the bats to detect echoes of novel and potentially important objects within a stream of homogeneous background echoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan David Pastyrik
- Chair of Zoology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Uwe Firzlaff
- Chair of Zoology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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19
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Suri H, Rothschild G. Enhanced stability of complex sound representations relative to simple sounds in the auditory cortex. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0031-22.2022. [PMID: 35868858 PMCID: PMC9347310 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0031-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical everyday sounds, such as those of speech or running water, are spectrotemporally complex. The ability to recognize complex sounds (CxS) and their associated meaning is presumed to rely on their stable neural representations across time. The auditory cortex is critical for processing of CxS, yet little is known of the degree of stability of auditory cortical representations of CxS across days. Previous studies have shown that the auditory cortex represents CxS identity with a substantial degree of invariance to basic sound attributes such as frequency. We therefore hypothesized that auditory cortical representations of CxS are more stable across days than those of sounds that lack spectrotemporal structure such as pure tones (PTs). To test this hypothesis, we recorded responses of identified L2/3 auditory cortical excitatory neurons to both PTs and CxS across days using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice. Auditory cortical neurons showed significant daily changes of responses to both types of sounds, yet responses to CxS exhibited significantly lower rates of daily change than those of PTs. Furthermore, daily changes in response profiles to PTs tended to be more stimulus-specific, reflecting changes in sound selectivity, as compared to changes of CxS responses. Lastly, the enhanced stability of responses to CxS was evident across longer time intervals as well. Together, these results suggest that spectrotemporally CxS are more stably represented in the auditory cortex across time than PTs. These findings support a role of the auditory cortex in representing CxS identity across time.Significance statementThe ability to recognize everyday complex sounds such as those of speech or running water is presumed to rely on their stable neural representations. Yet, little is known of the degree of stability of single-neuron sound responses across days. As the auditory cortex is critical for complex sound perception, we hypothesized that the auditory cortical representations of complex sounds are relatively stable across days. To test this, we recorded sound responses of identified auditory cortical neurons across days in awake mice. We found that auditory cortical responses to complex sounds are significantly more stable across days as compared to those of simple pure tones. These findings support a role of the auditory cortex in representing complex sound identity across time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Suri
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Schlossmacher I, Dilly J, Protmann I, Hofmann D, Dellert T, Roth-Paysen ML, Moeck R, Bruchmann M, Straube T. Differential effects of prediction error and adaptation along the auditory cortical hierarchy during deviance processing. Neuroimage 2022; 259:119445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Knyazeva VM, Dmitrieva ES, Polyakova NV, Simon YA, Stankevich LN, Aleksandrov AY, Aleksandrov AA. Stimulus Specific Adaptation Is Affected in Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Knockout Mice. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Lev-Ari T, Beeri H, Gutfreund Y. The Ecological View of Selective Attention. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:856207. [PMID: 35391754 PMCID: PMC8979825 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.856207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence is supporting the hypothesis that our selective attention is a manifestation of mechanisms that evolved early in evolution and are shared by many organisms from different taxa. This surge of new data calls for the re-examination of our notions about attention, which have been dominated mostly by human psychology. Here, we present an hypothesis that challenges, based on evolutionary grounds, a common view of attention as a means to manage limited brain resources. We begin by arguing that evolutionary considerations do not favor the basic proposition of the limited brain resources view of attention, namely, that the capacity of the sensory organs to provide information exceeds the capacity of the brain to process this information. Moreover, physiological studies in animals and humans show that mechanisms of selective attention are highly demanding of brain resources, making it paradoxical to see attention as a means to release brain resources. Next, we build on the above arguments to address the question why attention evolved in evolution. We hypothesize that, to a certain extent, limiting sensory processing is adaptive irrespective of brain capacity. We call this hypothesis the ecological view of attention (EVA) because it is centered on interactions of an animal with its environment rather than on internal brain resources. In its essence is the notion that inherently noisy and degraded sensory inputs serve the animal's adaptive, dynamic interactions with its environment. Attention primarily functions to resolve behavioral conflicts and false distractions. Hence, we evolved to focus on a particular target at the expense of others, not because of internal limitations, but to ensure that behavior is properly oriented and committed to its goals. Here, we expand on this notion and review evidence supporting it. We show how common results in human psychophysics and physiology can be reconciled with an EVA and discuss possible implications of the notion for interpreting current results and guiding future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoram Gutfreund
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Wang B, Zartaloudi E, Linden JF, Bramon E. Neurophysiology in psychosis: The quest for disease biomarkers. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:100. [PMID: 35277479 PMCID: PMC8917164 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychotic disorders affect 3% of the population at some stage in life, are a leading cause of disability, and impose a great economic burden on society. Major breakthroughs in the genetics of psychosis have not yet been matched by an understanding of its neurobiology. Biomarkers of perception and cognition obtained through non-invasive neurophysiological tools, especially EEG, offer a unique opportunity to gain mechanistic insights. Techniques for measuring neurophysiological markers are inexpensive and ubiquitous, thus having the potential as an accessible tool for patient stratification towards early treatments leading to better outcomes. In this paper, we review the literature on neurophysiological markers for psychosis and their relevant disease mechanisms, mainly covering event-related potentials including P50/N100 sensory gating, mismatch negativity, and the N100 and P300 waveforms. While several neurophysiological deficits are well established in patients with psychosis, more research is needed to study neurophysiological markers in their unaffected relatives and individuals at clinical high risk. We need to harness EEG to investigate markers of disease risk as key steps to elucidate the aetiology of psychosis and facilitate earlier detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihan Wang
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Eirini Zartaloudi
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jennifer F Linden
- Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elvira Bramon
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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24
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Auerbach BD, Gritton HJ. Hearing in Complex Environments: Auditory Gain Control, Attention, and Hearing Loss. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:799787. [PMID: 35221899 PMCID: PMC8866963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.799787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listening in noisy or complex sound environments is difficult for individuals with normal hearing and can be a debilitating impairment for those with hearing loss. Extracting meaningful information from a complex acoustic environment requires the ability to accurately encode specific sound features under highly variable listening conditions and segregate distinct sound streams from multiple overlapping sources. The auditory system employs a variety of mechanisms to achieve this auditory scene analysis. First, neurons across levels of the auditory system exhibit compensatory adaptations to their gain and dynamic range in response to prevailing sound stimulus statistics in the environment. These adaptations allow for robust representations of sound features that are to a large degree invariant to the level of background noise. Second, listeners can selectively attend to a desired sound target in an environment with multiple sound sources. This selective auditory attention is another form of sensory gain control, enhancing the representation of an attended sound source while suppressing responses to unattended sounds. This review will examine both “bottom-up” gain alterations in response to changes in environmental sound statistics as well as “top-down” mechanisms that allow for selective extraction of specific sound features in a complex auditory scene. Finally, we will discuss how hearing loss interacts with these gain control mechanisms, and the adaptive and/or maladaptive perceptual consequences of this plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Auerbach
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Benjamin D. Auerbach,
| | - Howard J. Gritton
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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25
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Braga A, Schönwiesner M. Neural Substrates and Models of Omission Responses and Predictive Processes. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:799581. [PMID: 35177967 PMCID: PMC8844463 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.799581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theories argue that deviance detection phenomena, such as mismatch responses and omission responses, are generated by predictive processes with possibly overlapping neural substrates. Molecular imaging and electrophysiology studies of mismatch responses and corollary discharge in the rodent model allowed the development of mechanistic and computational models of these phenomena. These models enable translation between human and non-human animal research and help to uncover fundamental features of change-processing microcircuitry in the neocortex. This microcircuitry is characterized by stimulus-specific adaptation and feedforward inhibition of stimulus-selective populations of pyramidal neurons and interneurons, with specific contributions from different interneuron types. The overlap of the substrates of different types of responses to deviant stimuli remains to be understood. Omission responses, which are observed both in corollary discharge and mismatch response protocols in humans, are underutilized in animal research and may be pivotal in uncovering the substrates of predictive processes. Omission studies comprise a range of methods centered on the withholding of an expected stimulus. This review aims to provide an overview of omission protocols and showcase their potential to integrate and complement the different models and procedures employed to study prediction and deviance detection.This approach may reveal the biological foundations of core concepts of predictive coding, and allow an empirical test of the framework's promise to unify theoretical models of attention and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Braga
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Max Plank Research School, Max Plank Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Schönwiesner
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- International Laboratory for Research on Brain, Music, and Sound (BRAMS), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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26
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Inhibition in the auditory cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:61-75. [PMID: 34822879 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The auditory system provides us with extremely rich and precise information about the outside world. Once a sound reaches our ears, the acoustic information it carries travels from the cochlea all the way to the auditory cortex, where its complexity and nuances are integrated. In the auditory cortex, functional circuits are formed by subpopulations of intermingled excitatory and inhibitory cells. In this review, we discuss recent evidence of the specific contributions of inhibitory neurons in sound processing and integration. We first examine intrinsic properties of three main classes of inhibitory interneurons in the auditory cortex. Then, we describe how inhibition shapes the responsiveness of the auditory cortex to sound. Finally, we discuss how inhibitory interneurons contribute to the sensation and perception of sounds. Altogether, this review points out the crucial role of cortical inhibitory interneurons in integrating information about the context, history, or meaning of a sound. It also highlights open questions to be addressed for increasing our understanding of the staggering complexity leading to the subtlest auditory perception.
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27
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Sound level context modulates neural activity in the human brainstem. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22581. [PMID: 34799632 PMCID: PMC8605015 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal perception requires adaptation to sounds in the environment. Adaptation involves representing the acoustic stimulation history in neural response patterns, for example, by altering response magnitude or latency as sound-level context changes. Neurons in the auditory brainstem of rodents are sensitive to acoustic stimulation history and sound-level context (often referred to as sensitivity to stimulus statistics), but the degree to which the human brainstem exhibits such neural adaptation is unclear. In six electroencephalography experiments with over 125 participants, we demonstrate that the response latency of the human brainstem is sensitive to the history of acoustic stimulation over a few tens of milliseconds. We further show that human brainstem responses adapt to sound-level context in, at least, the last 44 ms, but that neural sensitivity to sound-level context decreases when the time window over which acoustic stimuli need to be integrated becomes wider. Our study thus provides evidence of adaptation to sound-level context in the human brainstem and of the timescale over which sound-level information affects neural responses to sound. The research delivers an important link to studies on neural adaptation in non-human animals.
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28
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Abstract
Perception adapts to the properties of prior stimulation, as illustrated by phenomena such as visual color constancy or speech context effects. In the auditory domain, only little is known about adaptive processes when it comes to the attribute of auditory brightness. Here, we report an experiment that tests whether listeners adapt to spectral colorations imposed on naturalistic music and speech excerpts. Our results indicate consistent contrastive adaptation of auditory brightness judgments on a trial-by-trial basis. The pattern of results suggests that these effects tend to grow with an increase in the duration of the adaptor context but level off after around 8 trials of 2 s duration. A simple model of the response criterion yields a correlation of r = .97 with the measured data and corroborates the notion that brightness perception adapts on timescales that fall in the range of auditory short-term memory. Effects turn out to be similar for spectral filtering based on linear spectral filter slopes and filtering based on a measured transfer function from a commercially available hearing device. Overall, our findings demonstrate the adaptivity of auditory brightness perception under realistic acoustical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Siedenburg
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Feline Malin Barg
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Henning Schepker
- Department of Medical Physics and Acoustics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Starkey Hearing, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
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29
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Lee J, Rothschild G. Encoding of acquired sound-sequence salience by auditory cortical offset responses. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109927. [PMID: 34731615 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behaviorally relevant sounds are often composed of distinct acoustic units organized into specific temporal sequences. The meaning of such sound sequences can therefore be fully recognized only when they have terminated. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the perception of sound sequences remain unclear. Here, we use two-photon calcium imaging in the auditory cortex of behaving mice to test the hypothesis that neural responses to termination of sound sequences ("Off-responses") encode their acoustic history and behavioral salience. We find that auditory cortical Off-responses encode preceding sound sequences and that learning to associate a sound sequence with a reward induces enhancement of Off-responses relative to responses during the sound sequence ("On-responses"). Furthermore, learning enhances network-level discriminability of sound sequences by Off-responses. Last, learning-induced plasticity of Off-responses but not On-responses lasts to the next day. These findings identify auditory cortical Off-responses as a key neural signature of acquired sound-sequence salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyeup Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gideon Rothschild
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Kresge Hearing Research Institute and Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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30
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Schulz A, Miehl C, Berry MJ, Gjorgjieva J. The generation of cortical novelty responses through inhibitory plasticity. eLife 2021; 10:e65309. [PMID: 34647889 PMCID: PMC8516419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals depend on fast and reliable detection of novel stimuli in their environment. Neurons in multiple sensory areas respond more strongly to novel in comparison to familiar stimuli. Yet, it remains unclear which circuit, cellular, and synaptic mechanisms underlie those responses. Here, we show that spike-timing-dependent plasticity of inhibitory-to-excitatory synapses generates novelty responses in a recurrent spiking network model. Inhibitory plasticity increases the inhibition onto excitatory neurons tuned to familiar stimuli, while inhibition for novel stimuli remains low, leading to a network novelty response. The generation of novelty responses does not depend on the periodicity but rather on the distribution of presented stimuli. By including tuning of inhibitory neurons, the network further captures stimulus-specific adaptation. Finally, we suggest that disinhibition can control the amplification of novelty responses. Therefore, inhibitory plasticity provides a flexible, biologically plausible mechanism to detect the novelty of bottom-up stimuli, enabling us to make experimentally testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auguste Schulz
- Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringMunichGermany
| | - Christoph Miehl
- Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
| | - Michael J Berry
- Princeton University, Princeton Neuroscience InstitutePrincetonUnited States
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Max Planck Institute for Brain ResearchFrankfurtGermany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life SciencesFreisingGermany
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31
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Tonti E, Budini M, Vingolo EM. Visuo-Acoustic Stimulation's Role in Synaptic Plasticity: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910783. [PMID: 34639122 PMCID: PMC8509608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain plasticity is the capacity of cerebral neurons to change, structurally and functionally, in response to experiences. This is an essential property underlying the maturation of sensory functions, learning and memory processes, and brain repair in response to the occurrence of diseases and trauma. In this field, the visual system emerges as a paradigmatic research model, both for basic research studies and for translational investigations. The auditory system remains capable of reorganizing itself in response to different auditory stimulations or sensory organ modification. Acoustic biofeedback training can be an effective way to train patients with the central scotoma, who have poor fixation stability and poor visual acuity, in order to bring fixation on an eccentrical and healthy area of the retina: a pseudofovea. This review article is focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying retinal sensitivity changes and visual and auditory system plasticity.
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32
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Nourski KV, Steinschneider M, Rhone AE, Mueller RN, Kawasaki H, Banks MI. Arousal State-Dependence of Interactions Between Short- and Long-Term Auditory Novelty Responses in Human Subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:737230. [PMID: 34658820 PMCID: PMC8517406 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.737230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In everyday life, predictable sensory stimuli are generally not ecologically informative. By contrast, novel or unexpected stimuli signal ecologically salient changes in the environment. This idea forms the basis of the predictive coding hypothesis: efficient sensory encoding minimizes neural activity associated with predictable backgrounds and emphasizes detection of changes in the environment. In real life, the brain must resolve multiple unexpected sensory events occurring over different time scales. The local/global deviant experimental paradigm examines auditory predictive coding over multiple time scales. For short-term novelty [hundreds of milliseconds; local deviance (LD)], sequences of identical sounds (/xxxxx/) are interspersed with sequences that contain deviants (/xxxxy/). Long-term novelty [several seconds; global deviance (GD)] is created using either (a) frequent /xxxxx/ and infrequent /xxxxy/ sequences, or (b) frequent /xxxxy/ and infrequent /xxxxx/ sequences. In scenario (a), there is both an LD and a GD effect (LDGD, "double surprise"). In (b), the global deviant is a local standard, i.e., sequence of identical sounds (LSGD). Cortical responses reflecting LD and GD originate in different brain areas, have a different time course, and are differentially sensitive to general anesthesia. Neural processes underlying LD and GD have been shown to interact, reflecting overlapping networks subserving the detection of novel auditory stimuli. This study examined these interactions using intracranial electroencephalography in neurosurgical patients. Subjects performed a GD target detection task before and during induction of anesthesia with propofol. Recordings were made from the auditory cortex, surrounding auditory-related and prefrontal cortex in awake, sedated, and unresponsive states. High gamma activity was used to measure the neural basis of local-by-global novelty interactions. Positive interaction was defined as a greater response to the double surprise LDGD condition compared to LSGD. Negative interaction was defined as a weaker response to LDGD. Positive interaction was more frequent than negative interaction and was primarily found in auditory cortex. Negative interaction typically occurred in prefrontal cortex and was more sensitive to general anesthesia. Temporo-parietal auditory-related areas exhibited both types of interaction. These interactions may have relevance in a clinical setting as biomarkers of conscious perception in the assessment of depth of anesthesia and disorders of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Nourski
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Kirill V. Nourski,
| | - Mitchell Steinschneider
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ariane E. Rhone
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Rashmi N. Mueller
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,Department of Anesthesia, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Hiroto Kawasaki
- Human Brain Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Matthew I. Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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33
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Todd J, Yeark MD, Paton B, Jermyn A, Winkler I. Shorter Contextual Timescale Rather Than Memory Deficit in Aging. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2412-2423. [PMID: 34564713 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of cognitive ability and brain function that change as we age look like deficits on account of measurable differences in comparison to younger adult groups. One such difference occurs in auditory sensory responses that index perceptual learning. Meta-analytic findings show reliable age-related differences in auditory responses to repetitive patterns of sound and to rare violations of those patterns, variously attributed to deficits in auditory sensory memory and inhibition. Here, we determine whether proposed deficits would render older adults less prone to primacy effects, robustly observed in young adults, which present as a tendency for first learning to have a disproportionate influence over later perceptual inference. The results confirm this reduced sensitivity to primacy effects but do not support impairment in auditory sensory memory as the origin of this difference. Instead, the aging brain produces data consistent with shorter timescales of contextual reference. In conclusion, age-related differences observed previously for perceptual inference appear highly context-specific necessitating reconsideration of whether and to what function the notion of deficit should be attributed, and even whether the notion of deficit is appropriate at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Todd
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, USA
| | - Mattsen D Yeark
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, USA
| | - Bryan Paton
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, USA
| | - Alexandra Jermyn
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, USA
| | - István Winkler
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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34
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The posterior auditory field is the chief generator of prediction error signals in the auditory cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 242:118446. [PMID: 34352393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory cortex (AC) encompasses distinct fields subserving partly different aspects of sound processing. One essential function of the AC is the detection of unpredicted sounds, as revealed by differential neural activity to predictable and unpredictable sounds. According to the predictive coding framework, this effect can be explained by repetition suppression and/or prediction error signaling. The present study investigates functional specialization of the rat AC fields in repetition suppression and prediction error by combining a tone frequency oddball paradigm (involving high-probable standard and low-probable deviant tones) with two different control sequences (many-standards and cascade). Tones in the control sequences were comparable to deviant events with respect to neural adaptation but were not violating a regularity. Therefore, a difference in the neural activity between deviant and control tones indicates a prediction error effect, whereas a difference between control and standard tones indicates a repetition suppression effect. Single-unit recordings revealed by far the largest prediction error effects for the posterior auditory field, while the primary auditory cortex, the anterior auditory field, the ventral auditory field, and the suprarhinal auditory field were dominated by repetition suppression effects. Statistically significant repetition suppression effects occurred in all AC fields, whereas prediction error effects were less robust in the primary auditory cortex and the anterior auditory field. Results indicate that the non-lemniscal, posterior auditory field is more engaged in context-dependent processing underlying deviance-detection than the other AC fields, which are more sensitive to stimulus-dependent effects underlying differential degrees of neural adaptation.
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35
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Jia G, Li X, Liu C, He J, Gao L. Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Auditory Thalamus Is Modulated by the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1688-1697. [PMID: 33900722 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A striking property of the auditory system is its capacity for the stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), which is the reduction of neural response to repeated stimuli but a recuperative response to novel stimuli. SSA is found in both the medial geniculate body (MGB) and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). However, it remains unknown whether the SSA of MGB neurons is modulated by inhibitory inputs from the TRN, as it is difficult to investigate using the extracellular recording method. In the present study, we performed intracellular recordings in the MGB of anesthetized guinea pigs and examined whether and how the TRN modulates the SSA of MGB neurons with inhibitory inputs. This was accomplished by using microinjection of lidocaine to inactivate the neural activity of the TRN. We found that (1) MGB neurons with hyperpolarized membrane potentials exhibited SSA at both the spiking and subthreshold levels; (2) SSA of MGB neurons depends on the interstimulus interval (ISI), where a shorter ISI results in stronger SSA; and (3) the long-lasting hyperpolarization of MGB neurons decreased after the burst firing of the TRN was inactivated. As a result, SSA of these MGB neurons was diminished after inactivation of the TRN. Taken together, our results revealed that the SSA of the MGB is strongly modulated by the neural activity of the TRN, which suggests an alternative circuit mechanism underlying the SSA of the auditory thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Jia
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guang Dong Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Departments of Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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36
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Harpaz M, Jankowski MM, Khouri L, Nelken I. Emergence of abstract sound representations in the ascending auditory system. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102049. [PMID: 33845166 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Auditory processing begins by decomposing sounds into their frequency components, raising the question of where the representation of sounds as wholes emerges in the auditory system. To address this question, we used stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA), the reduction in the responses of a neuron to a common sound (standard) which does not generalize to another, rare sound (deviant). SSA to tone frequency has been demonstrated in multiple stations of the auditory pathway, including the inferior colliculus (IC), medial geniculate body (MGB) and auditory cortex. We designed wideband stimuli (tone clouds) that have identical frequency components but are nevertheless distinct. Tone clouds evoked early and substantial SSA in primary auditory cortex (A1) but only late and minor SSA in IC and MGB. These results imply that while in IC and MGB sounds are largely represented in terms of their frequency components, in A1 they are represented as abstract entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Harpaz
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maciej M Jankowski
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Leila Khouri
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Israel Nelken
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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37
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Garcés MS, Alústiza I, Albajes-Eizagirre A, Goena J, Molero P, Radua J, Ortuño F. An fMRI Study Using a Combined Task of Interval Discrimination and Oddball Could Reveal Common Brain Circuits of Cognitive Change. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:786113. [PMID: 34987432 PMCID: PMC8721204 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.786113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain networks responsible for time processing are involved during other cognitive processes, leading to a hypothesis that time-related processing is needed to perform a range of tasks across various cognitive functions. To examine this hypothesis, we analyze whether, in healthy subjects, the brain structures activated or deactivated during performance of timing and oddball-detection type tasks coincide. To this end, we conducted two independent signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies assessing the cerebral generators of the responses elicited by tasks based on timing and oddball-detection paradigms. Finally, we undertook a multimodal meta-analysis to detect brain regions common to the findings of the two previous meta-analyses. We found that healthy subjects showed significant activation in cortical areas related to timing and salience networks. The patterns of activation and deactivation corresponding to each task type partially coincided. We hypothesize that there exists a time and change-detection network that serves as a common underlying resource used in a broad range of cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Garcés
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Irene Alústiza
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anton Albajes-Eizagirre
- Imaging of Mood and Anxiety Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM ES, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Goena
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricio Molero
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Imaging of Mood and Anxiety Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM ES, Barcelona, Spain.,Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet SE, Solna, Sweden
| | - Felipe Ortuño
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
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38
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O'Reilly JA, Conway BA. Classical and controlled auditory mismatch responses to multiple physical deviances in anaesthetised and conscious mice. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1839-1854. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. O'Reilly
- College of Biomedical Engineering Rangsit University Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Bernard A. Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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39
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Andermann M, Günther M, Patterson RD, Rupp A. Early cortical processing of pitch height and the role of adaptation and musicality. Neuroimage 2020; 225:117501. [PMID: 33169697 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pitch is an important perceptual feature; however, it is poorly understood how its cortical correlates are shaped by absolute vs relative fundamental frequency (f0), and by neural adaptation. In this study, we assessed transient and sustained auditory evoked fields (AEFs) at the onset, progression, and offset of short pitch height sequences, taking into account the listener's musicality. We show that neuromagnetic activity reflects absolute f0 at pitch onset and offset, and relative f0 at transitions within pitch sequences; further, sequences with fixed f0 lead to larger response suppression than sequences with variable f0 contour, and to enhanced offset activity. Musical listeners exhibit stronger f0-related AEFs and larger differences between their responses to fixed vs variable sequences, both within sequences and at pitch offset. The results resemble prominent psychoacoustic phenomena in the perception of pitch contours; moreover, they suggest a strong influence of adaptive mechanisms on cortical pitch processing which, in turn, might be modulated by a listener's musical expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andermann
- Section of Biomagnetism, Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melanie Günther
- Section of Biomagnetism, Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roy D Patterson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EG, United Kingdom
| | - André Rupp
- Section of Biomagnetism, Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Chot MG, Tran S, Zhang H. Spatial Separation between Two Sounds of an Oddball Paradigm Affects Responses of Neurons in the Rat's Inferior Colliculus to the Sounds. Neuroscience 2020; 444:118-135. [PMID: 32712224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to sense occasionally occurring sounds in an environment is critical for animals. To understand this ability, we studied responses to acoustic oddball paradigms in the rat's midbrain auditory neurons. An oddball paradigm is a random sequence of stimuli created using two tone bursts, with one presented at a high probability (standard stimulus) and the other at a low probability (oddball stimulus). The sounds were either colocalized at the ear contralateral to a neuron under investigation (c90° azimuth) or separated with one at c90° while the other at another azimuth. We found that most neurons generated stronger responses to a sound at c90° when it was presented as an oddball than as a standard stimulus. Relocating one sound from c90° to another azimuth changed both responses to the relocated sound and the sound that remained at c90°. Most notably, the response to an oddball stimulus at c90° was increased when a standard stimulus was relocated from c90° to a location that was in front of the animal or on the ipsilateral side of recording. The increase was particularly large in neurons that displayed transient firing under contralateral stimulation but no firing under ipsilateral stimulation. These neurons likely play a particularly important role in using spatial cues to detect occasionally occurring sounds. Results suggest that effects of spatial separation between two sounds of an oddball paradigm on responses to the sounds were dependent on changes in the level of adaptation and binaural inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathiang G Chot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Sarah Tran
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Huiming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S Malmierca
- Cognitive and Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Calle Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; Department of Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Ryszard Auksztulewicz
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R.; Neuroscience Department, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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42
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Kaya EM, Huang N, Elhilali M. Pitch, Timbre and Intensity Interdependently Modulate Neural Responses to Salient Sounds. Neuroscience 2020; 440:1-14. [PMID: 32445938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
As we listen to everyday sounds, auditory perception is heavily shaped by interactions between acoustic attributes such as pitch, timbre and intensity; though it is not clear how such interactions affect judgments of acoustic salience in dynamic soundscapes. Salience perception is believed to rely on an internal brain model that tracks the evolution of acoustic characteristics of a scene and flags events that do not fit this model as salient. The current study explores how the interdependency between attributes of dynamic scenes affects the neural representation of this internal model and shapes encoding of salient events. Specifically, the study examines how deviations along combinations of acoustic attributes interact to modulate brain responses, and subsequently guide perception of certain sound events as salient given their context. Human volunteers have their attention focused on a visual task and ignore acoustic melodies playing in the background while their brain activity using electroencephalography is recorded. Ambient sounds consist of musical melodies with probabilistically-varying acoustic attributes. Salient notes embedded in these scenes deviate from the melody's statistical distribution along pitch, timbre and/or intensity. Recordings of brain responses to salient notes reveal that neural power in response to the melodic rhythm as well as cross-trial phase alignment in the theta band are modulated by degree of salience of the notes, estimated across all acoustic attributes given their probabilistic context. These neural nonlinear effects across attributes strongly parallel behavioral nonlinear interactions observed in perceptual judgments of auditory salience using similar dynamic melodies; suggesting a neural underpinning of nonlinear interactions that underlie salience perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Merve Kaya
- Laboratory for Computational Audio Perception, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Huang
- Laboratory for Computational Audio Perception, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mounya Elhilali
- Laboratory for Computational Audio Perception, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Takahashi H, Shiramatsu TI, Hitsuyu R, Ibayashi K, Kawai K. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)-induced layer-specific modulation of evoked responses in the sensory cortex of rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8932. [PMID: 32488047 PMCID: PMC7265555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulation achieved by vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) induces various neuropsychiatric effects whose underlying mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Innervation of neuromodulators and a microcircuit structure in the cerebral cortex informed the hypothesis that VNS exerts layer-specific modulation in the sensory cortex and alters the balance between feedforward and feedback pathways. To test this hypothesis, we characterized laminar profiles of auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) in the primary auditory cortex (A1) of anesthetized rats with an array of microelectrodes and investigated the effects of VNS on AEPs and stimulus specific adaptation (SSA). VNS predominantly increased the amplitudes of AEPs in superficial layers, but this effect diminished with depth. In addition, VNS exerted a stronger modulation of the neural responses to repeated stimuli than to deviant stimuli, resulting in decreased SSA across all layers of the A1. These results may provide new insights that the VNS-induced neuropsychiatric effects may be attributable to a sensory gain mechanism: VNS strengthens the ascending input in the sensory cortex and creates an imbalance in the strength of activities between superficial and deep cortical layers, where the feedfoward and feedback pathways predominantly originate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Mechano-informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomoyo I Shiramatsu
- Department of Mechano-informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Hitsuyu
- Department of Mechano-informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ibayashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kawai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Streaming of Repeated Noise in Primary and Secondary Fields of Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3783-3798. [PMID: 32273487 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2105-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statistical regularities in natural sounds facilitate the perceptual segregation of auditory sources, or streams. Repetition is one cue that drives stream segregation in humans, but the neural basis of this perceptual phenomenon remains unknown. We demonstrated a similar perceptual ability in animals by training ferrets of both sexes to detect a stream of repeating noise samples (foreground) embedded in a stream of random samples (background). During passive listening, we recorded neural activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) and secondary auditory cortex (posterior ectosylvian gyrus, PEG). We used two context-dependent encoding models to test for evidence of streaming of the repeating stimulus. The first was based on average evoked activity per noise sample and the second on the spectro-temporal receptive field. Both approaches tested whether differences in neural responses to repeating versus random stimuli were better modeled by scaling the response to both streams equally (global gain) or by separately scaling the response to the foreground versus background stream (stream-specific gain). Consistent with previous observations of adaptation, we found an overall reduction in global gain when the stimulus began to repeat. However, when we measured stream-specific changes in gain, responses to the foreground were enhanced relative to the background. This enhancement was stronger in PEG than A1. In A1, enhancement was strongest in units with low sparseness (i.e., broad sensory tuning) and with tuning selective for the repeated sample. Enhancement of responses to the foreground relative to the background provides evidence for stream segregation that emerges in A1 and is refined in PEG.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To interact with the world successfully, the brain must parse behaviorally important information from a complex sensory environment. Complex mixtures of sounds often arrive at the ears simultaneously or in close succession, yet they are effortlessly segregated into distinct perceptual sources. This process breaks down in hearing-impaired individuals and speech recognition devices. By identifying the underlying neural mechanisms that facilitate perceptual segregation, we can develop strategies for ameliorating hearing loss and improving speech recognition technology in the presence of background noise. Here, we present evidence to support a hierarchical process, present in primary auditory cortex and refined in secondary auditory cortex, in which sound repetition facilitates segregation.
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Ross JM, Hamm JP. Cortical Microcircuit Mechanisms of Mismatch Negativity and Its Underlying Subcomponents. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:13. [PMID: 32296311 PMCID: PMC7137737 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neocortex, neuronal processing of sensory events is significantly influenced by context. For instance, responses in sensory cortices are suppressed to repetitive or redundant stimuli, a phenomenon termed “stimulus-specific adaptation” (SSA). However, in a context in which that same stimulus is novel, or deviates from expectations, neuronal responses are augmented. This augmentation is termed “deviance detection” (DD). This contextual modulation of neural responses is fundamental for how the brain efficiently processes the sensory world to guide immediate and future behaviors. Notably, context modulation is deficient in some neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), as quantified by reduced “mismatch negativity” (MMN), an electroencephalography waveform reflecting a combination of SSA and DD in sensory cortex. Although the role of NMDA-receptor function and other neuromodulatory systems on MMN is established, the precise microcircuit mechanisms of MMN and its underlying components, SSA and DD, remain unknown. When coupled with animal models, the development of powerful precision neurotechnologies over the past decade carries significant promise for making new progress into understanding the neurobiology of MMN with previously unreachable spatial resolution. Currently, rodent models represent the best tool for mechanistic study due to the vast genetic tools available. While quantifying human-like MMN waveforms in rodents is not straightforward, the “oddball” paradigms used to study it in humans and its underlying subcomponents (SSA/DD) are highly translatable across species. Here we summarize efforts published so far, with a focus on cortically measured SSA and DD in animals to maintain relevance to the classically measured MMN, which has cortical origins. While mechanistic studies that measure and contrast both components are sparse, we synthesize a potential set of microcircuit mechanisms from the existing rodent, primate, and human literature. While MMN and its subcomponents likely reflect several mechanisms across multiple brain regions, understanding fundamental microcircuit mechanisms is an important step to understand MMN as a whole. We hypothesize that SSA reflects adaptations occurring at synapses along the sensory-thalamocortical pathways, while DD depends on both SSA inherited from afferent inputs and resulting disinhibition of non-adapted neurons arising from the distinct physiology and wiring properties of local interneuronal subpopulations and NMDA-receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Ross
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jordan P Hamm
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Center for Neuroinflammation and Cardiometabolic Diseases, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Abstract
Evoked potentials provide valuable insight into brain processes that are integral to our ability to interact effectively and efficiently in the world. The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the evoked potential has proven highly informative on the ways in which sensitivity to regularity contributes to perception and cognition. This review offers a compendium of research on MMN with a view to scaffolding an appreciation for its use as a tool to explore the way regularities contribute to predictions about the sensory environment over many timescales. In compiling this work, interest in MMN as an index of sensory encoding and memory are addressed, as well as attention. Perspectives on the possible underlying computational processes are reviewed as well as recent observations that invite consideration of how MMN relates to how we learn, what we learn, and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Fitzgerald
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Juanita Todd
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Temporary Visual Deprivation Causes Decorrelation of Spatiotemporal Population Responses in Adult Mouse Auditory Cortex. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0269-19.2019. [PMID: 31744840 PMCID: PMC6901683 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0269-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although within-modality sensory plasticity is limited to early developmental periods, cross-modal plasticity can occur even in adults. In vivo electrophysiological studies have shown that transient visual deprivation (dark exposure, DE) in adult mice improves the frequency selectivity and discrimination of neurons in thalamorecipient layer 4 (L4) of primary auditory cortex (A1). Since sound information is processed hierarchically in A1 by populations of neurons, we investigated whether DE alters network activity in A1 L4 and layer 2/3 (L2/3). We examined neuronal populations in both L4 and L2/3 using in vivo two-photon calcium (Ca2+) imaging of transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6s. We find that one week of DE in adult mice increased the sound evoked responses and frequency selectivity of both L4 and L2/3 neurons. Moreover, after DE the frequency representation changed with L4 and L2/3 showing a reduced representation of cells with best frequencies (BFs) between 8 and 16 kHz and an increased representation of cells with BFs above 32 kHz. Cells in L4 and L2/3 showed decreased pairwise signal correlations (SCs) consistent with sharper tuning curves. The decreases in SCs were larger in L4 than in L2/3. The decreased pairwise correlations indicate a sparsification of A1 responses to tonal stimuli. Thus, cross-modal experience in adults can both alter the sound-evoked responses of A1 neurons and change activity correlations within A1 potentially enhancing the encoding of auditory stimuli.
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Herrmann B, Buckland C, Johnsrude IS. Neural signatures of temporal regularity processing in sounds differ between younger and older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:73-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Lopez Espejo M, Schwartz ZP, David SV. Spectral tuning of adaptation supports coding of sensory context in auditory cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007430. [PMID: 31626624 PMCID: PMC6821137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of vocalizations and other behaviorally relevant sounds requires integrating acoustic information over hundreds of milliseconds. Sound-evoked activity in auditory cortex typically has much shorter latency, but the acoustic context, i.e., sound history, can modulate sound evoked activity over longer periods. Contextual effects are attributed to modulatory phenomena, such as stimulus-specific adaption and contrast gain control. However, an encoding model that links context to natural sound processing has yet to be established. We tested whether a model in which spectrally tuned inputs undergo adaptation mimicking short-term synaptic plasticity (STP) can account for contextual effects during natural sound processing. Single-unit activity was recorded from primary auditory cortex of awake ferrets during presentation of noise with natural temporal dynamics and fully natural sounds. Encoding properties were characterized by a standard linear-nonlinear spectro-temporal receptive field (LN) model and variants that incorporated STP-like adaptation. In the adapting models, STP was applied either globally across all input spectral channels or locally to subsets of channels. For most neurons, models incorporating local STP predicted neural activity as well or better than LN and global STP models. The strength of nonlinear adaptation varied across neurons. Within neurons, adaptation was generally stronger for spectral channels with excitatory than inhibitory gain. Neurons showing improved STP model performance also tended to undergo stimulus-specific adaptation, suggesting a common mechanism for these phenomena. When STP models were compared between passive and active behavior conditions, response gain often changed, but average STP parameters were stable. Thus, spectrally and temporally heterogeneous adaptation, subserved by a mechanism with STP-like dynamics, may support representation of the complex spectro-temporal patterns that comprise natural sounds across wide-ranging sensory contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Lopez Espejo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zachary P. Schwartz
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Stephen V. David
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Double-epoch subtraction reveals long-latency mismatch response in urethane-anaesthetized mice. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 326:108375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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