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Ferdoush J, Kadir RA, Ogle M, Saha A. Regulation of eukaryotic transcription initiation in response to cellular stress. Gene 2024; 924:148616. [PMID: 38795856 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Transcription initiation is a vital step in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. It can be dysregulated in response to various cellular stressors which is associated with numerous human diseases including cancer. Transcription initiation is facilitated via many gene-specific trans-regulatory elements such as transcription factors, activators, and coactivators through their interactions with transcription pre-initiation complex (PIC). These trans-regulatory elements can uniquely facilitate PIC formation (hence, transcription initiation) in response to cellular nutrient stress. Cellular nutrient stress also regulates the activity of other pathways such as target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. TOR pathway exhibits distinct regulatory mechanisms of transcriptional activation in response to stress. Like TOR pathway, the cell cycle regulatory pathway is also found to be linked to transcriptional regulation in response to cellular stress. Several transcription factors such as p53, C/EBP Homologous Protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6α), E2F, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), SMAD, and MYC have been implicated in regulation of transcription of target genes involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair pathways. Additionally, cellular metabolic and oxidative stressors have been found to regulate the activity of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). LncRNA regulates transcription by upregulating or downregulating the transcription regulatory proteins involved in metabolic and cell signaling pathways. Numerous human diseases, triggered by chronic cellular stressors, are associated with abnormal regulation of transcription. Hence, understanding these mechanisms would help unravel the molecular regulatory insights with potential therapeutic interventions. Therefore, here we emphasize the recent advances of regulation of eukaryotic transcription initiation in response to cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannatul Ferdoush
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA.
| | - Rizwaan Abdul Kadir
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Matthew Ogle
- Department of Biology, Geology, and Environmental Science, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Ayan Saha
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Asian University for Women, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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2
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Pierre-Ferrer S, Collins B, Lukacsovich D, Wen S, Cai Y, Winterer J, Yan J, Pedersen L, Földy C, Brown SA. A phosphate transporter in VIPergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus gates locomotor activity during the light/dark transition in mice. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114220. [PMID: 38735047 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) encodes time of day through changes in daily firing; however, the molecular mechanisms by which the SCN times behavior are not fully understood. To identify factors that could encode day/night differences in activity, we combine patch-clamp recordings and single-cell sequencing of individual SCN neurons in mice. We identify PiT2, a phosphate transporter, as being upregulated in a population of Vip+Nms+ SCN neurons at night. Although nocturnal and typically showing a peak of activity at lights off, mice lacking PiT2 (PiT2-/-) do not reach the activity level seen in wild-type mice during the light/dark transition. PiT2 loss leads to increased SCN neuronal firing and broad changes in SCN protein phosphorylation. PiT2-/- mice display a deficit in seasonal entrainment when moving from a simulated short summer to longer winter nights. This suggests that PiT2 is responsible for timing activity and is a driver of SCN plasticity allowing seasonal entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pierre-Ferrer
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ben Collins
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, 5151 Park Ave., Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - David Lukacsovich
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shao'Ang Wen
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jochen Winterer
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lene Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Steven A Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Shaked SA, Abehsera S, Ziegler A, Bentov S, Manor R, Weil S, Ohana E, Eichler J, Aflalo ED, Sagi A. A transporter that allows phosphate ions to control the polymorph of exoskeletal calcium carbonate biomineralization. Acta Biomater 2024; 178:221-232. [PMID: 38428510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The SLC20A2 transporter supplies phosphate ions (Pi) for diverse biological functions in vertebrates, yet has not been studied in crustaceans. Unlike vertebrates, whose skeletons are mineralized mainly by calcium phosphate, only minute amounts of Pi are found in the CaCO3-mineralized exoskeletons of invertebrates. In this study, a crustacean SLC20A2 transporter was discovered and Pi transport to exoskeletal elements was studied with respect to the role of Pi in invertebrate exoskeleton biomineralization, revealing an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for Pi transport in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Freshwater crayfish, including the study animal Cherax quadricarinatus, require repeated molt cycles for their growth. During the molt cycle, crayfish form transient exoskeletal mineral storage organs named gastroliths, which mostly contain amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), an unstable polymorph long-thought to be stabilized by Pi. RNA interference experiments via CqSLC20A2 dsRNA injections reduced Pi content in C. quadricarinatus gastroliths, resulting in increased calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystallinity and grain size. The discovery of a SLC20A2 transporter in crustaceans and the demonstration that knocking down its mRNA reduced Pi content in exoskeletal elements offers the first direct proof of a long-hypothesized mechanism by which Pi affects CaCO3 biomineralization in the crustacean exoskeleton. This research thus demonstrated the distinct role of Pi as an amorphous mineral polymorph stabilizer in vivo, suggesting further avenues for amorphous biomaterial studies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: • Crustaceans exoskeletons are hardened mainly by CaCO3, with Pi in minute amounts • Pi was hypothesized to stabilize exoskeletal amorphous mineral forms in vivo • For the first time, transport protein for Pi was discovered in crayfish • Transport knock-down resulted in exoskeletal CaCO3 crystallization and reduced Pi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai A Shaked
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shai Abehsera
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Shmuel Bentov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Rivka Manor
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Simy Weil
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ehud Ohana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eliahu D Aflalo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, 79804, Israel
| | - Amir Sagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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Curaj A, Vanholder R, Loscalzo J, Quach K, Wu Z, Jankowski V, Jankowski J. Cardiovascular Consequences of Uremic Metabolites: an Overview of the Involved Signaling Pathways. Circ Res 2024; 134:592-613. [PMID: 38422175 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.324001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The crosstalk of the heart with distant organs such as the lung, liver, gut, and kidney has been intensively approached lately. The kidney is involved in (1) the production of systemic relevant products, such as renin, as part of the most essential vasoregulatory system of the human body, and (2) in the clearance of metabolites with systemic and organ effects. Metabolic residue accumulation during kidney dysfunction is known to determine cardiovascular pathologies such as endothelial activation/dysfunction, atherosclerosis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis, and vascular and valvular calcification, leading to hypertension, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and cardiomyopathies. However, this review offers an overview of the uremic metabolites and details their signaling pathways involved in cardiorenal syndrome and the development of heart failure. A holistic view of the metabolites, but more importantly, an exhaustive crosstalk of their known signaling pathways, is important for depicting new therapeutic strategies in the cardiovascular field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Curaj
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (A.C., K.Q., Z.W., V.J., J.J.)
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Nephrology Section, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium (R.V.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.)
| | - Kaiseng Quach
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (A.C., K.Q., Z.W., V.J., J.J.)
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (A.C., K.Q., Z.W., V.J., J.J.)
| | - Vera Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (A.C., K.Q., Z.W., V.J., J.J.)
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute of Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Germany (A.C., K.Q., Z.W., V.J., J.J.)
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University of Maastricht, the Netherlands (J.J.)
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Cardiorenal Disease, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany (J.J.)
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Matsui H, Harada H, Maeda K, Sugiyama T, Fukuchi Y, Kimura N, Nawaly H, Tsuji Y, Matsuda Y. Coordinated phosphate uptake by extracellular alkaline phosphatase and solute carrier transporters in marine diatoms. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1210-1221. [PMID: 38013640 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine diatoms express genes encoding potential phosphate transporter and alkaline phosphatase (APase) under phosphate-limited (-P) condition. This indicates that diatoms use high-affinity phosphate uptake system with organic phosphate hydration. The function of molecules playing roles for Pi uptake was determined in this study. Pi uptake and APase activity of two marine diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, were monitored during acclimation to -P condition. The transcript levels of Pi transporter were analyzed, and Pi transporters were localized with GFP tagging in diatom cells. KO mutants of plasma membrane solute carrier proteins (SLC34s) or APase were established, and their phenotype was evaluated. Some Na+ /Pi transporter candidates, SLC34s in P. tricornutum and T. pseudonana, increased transcript under -P condition. Whole-cell Pi transport was specifically stimulated by sodium ion but independent of potassium, lithium, or proton. Genome-editing KO of PtSLC34-5 and APase (Pt49678) in P. tricornutum was highly inhibitory for Pi uptake, and KO of TpSLC34-2 was also highly inhibitory for Pi uptake in T. pseudonana. SLC34s and APase were co-expressed under -P conditions in marine diatoms. SLC34s play a major role in the initial acclimation stage of diatom cells to -P condition and APase plays an increasing role in the prolonged Pi-starved condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsui
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Harada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan
| | - Kanako Maeda
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sugiyama
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yohei Fukuchi
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nanae Kimura
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hermanus Nawaly
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tsuji
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan
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Kambakamba P, Schneider MA, Linecker M, Kirimker EO, Moeckli B, Graf R, Reiner CS, Nguyen-Kim TDL, Kologlu M, Karayalcin K, Clavien PA, Balci D, Petrowsky H. Early Postoperative Serum Phosphate Drop Predicts Sufficient Hypertrophy After Liver Surgery. Ann Surg 2023; 278:763-771. [PMID: 37465990 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000006013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the impact of postoperative hypophosphatemia on liver regeneration after major liver surgery in the scenario of Associating Liver Partition with Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and living liver donation (LLD). BACKGROUND Hypophosphatemia has been described to reflect the metabolic demands of regenerating hepatocytes. Both ALPPS and LLD are characterized by an exceptionally strong liver regeneration and may be of particular interest in the context of posthepatectomy hypophosphatemia. METHODS Serum phosphate changes within the first 7 postoperative days after ALPPS (n=61) and LLD (n=54) were prospectively assessed and correlated with standardized volumetry after 1 week. In a translational approach, postoperative phosphate changes were investigated in mice and in vitro . RESULTS After ALPPS stage 1 and LLD, serum phosphate levels significantly dropped from a preoperative median of 1.08 mmol/L [interquartile range (IQR) 0.92-1.23] and 1.07 mmol/L (IQR 0.91-1.21) to a postoperative median nadir of 0.68 and 0.52 mmol/L, respectively. A pronounced phosphate drop correlated well with increased liver hypertrophy ( P <0.001). Patients with a low drop of phosphate showed a higher incidence of posthepatectomy liver failure after ALPPS (7% vs 31%, P =0.041). Like in humans, phosphate drop correlated significantly with degree of hypertrophy in murine ALPPS and hepatectomy models ( P <0.001). Blocking phosphate transporter (Slc20a1) inhibited cellular phosphate uptake and hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. CONCLUSION Phosphate drop after hepatectomy is a direct surrogate marker for liver hypertrophy. Perioperative implementation of serum phosphate analysis has the potential to detect patients with insufficient regenerative capacity at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Kambakamba
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Hepatobiliary Group, St. Vincents's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linecker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elvan Onur Kirimker
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beat Moeckli
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cäcilia S Reiner
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Meltem Kologlu
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kaan Karayalcin
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Balci
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Henrik Petrowsky
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Sun H, Xu X, Luo J, Ma T, Cui J, Liu M, Xiong B, Zhu S, Liu JY. Mechanisms of PiT2-loop7 Missense Mutations Induced Pi Dyshomeostasis. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:57-68. [PMID: 35713844 PMCID: PMC9849530 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PiT2 is an inorganic phosphate (Pi) transporter whose mutations are linked to primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). PiT2 mainly consists of two ProDom (PD) domains and a large intracellular loop region (loop7). The PD domains are crucial for the Pi transport, but the role of PiT2-loop7 remains unclear. In PFBC patients, mutations in PiT2-loop7 are mainly nonsense or frameshift mutations that probably cause PFBC due to C-PD1131 deletion. To date, six missense mutations have been identified in PiT2-loop7; however, the mechanisms by which these mutations cause PFBC are poorly understood. Here, we found that the p.T390A and p.S434W mutations in PiT2-loop7 decreased the Pi transport activity and cell surface levels of PiT2. Furthermore, we showed that these two mutations attenuated its membrane localization by affecting adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)- or protein kinase B (AKT)-mediated PiT2 phosphorylation. In contrast, the p.S121C and p.S601W mutations in the PD domains did not affect PiT2 phosphorylation but rather impaired its substrate-binding abilities. These results suggested that missense mutations in PiT2-loop7 can cause Pi dyshomeostasis by affecting the phosphorylation-regulated cell-surface localization of PiT2. This study helps understand the pathogenesis of PFBC caused by PiT2-loop7 missense mutations and indicates that increasing the phosphorylation levels of PiT2-loop7 could be a promising strategy for developing PFBC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tingbin Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaming Cui
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Bo Xiong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, HUST, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jing-Yu Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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Hasegawa T, Hongo H, Yamamoto T, Abe M, Yoshino H, Haraguchi-Kitakamae M, Ishizu H, Shimizu T, Iwasaki N, Amizuka N. Matrix Vesicle-Mediated Mineralization and Osteocytic Regulation of Bone Mineralization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179941. [PMID: 36077336 PMCID: PMC9456179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone mineralization entails two mineralization phases: primary and secondary mineralization. Primary mineralization is achieved when matrix vesicles are secreted by osteoblasts, and thereafter, bone mineral density gradually increases during secondary mineralization. Nearby extracellular phosphate ions (PO43−) flow into the vesicles via membrane transporters and enzymes located on the vesicles’ membranes, while calcium ions (Ca2+), abundant in the tissue fluid, are also transported into the vesicles. The accumulation of Ca2+ and PO43− in the matrix vesicles induces crystal nucleation and growth. The calcium phosphate crystals grow radially within the vesicle, penetrate the vesicle’s membrane, and continue to grow outside the vesicle, ultimately forming mineralized nodules. The mineralized nodules then attach to collagen fibrils, mineralizing them from the contact sites (i.e., collagen mineralization). Afterward, the bone mineral density gradually increases during the secondary mineralization process. The mechanisms of this phenomenon remain unclear, but osteocytes may play a key role; it is assumed that osteocytes enable the transport of Ca2+ and PO43− through the canaliculi of the osteocyte network, as well as regulate the mineralization of the surrounding bone matrix via the Phex/SIBLINGs axis. Thus, bone mineralization is biologically regulated by osteoblasts and osteocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Hasegawa
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (N.A.); Tel.: +81-11-706-4226 (T.H.); +81-11-706-4223 (N.A.)
| | - Hiromi Hongo
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Tomomaya Yamamoto
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Northern Army Medical Unit, Camp Makomanai, Japan Ground Self-Defense Forces, Sapporo 005-8543, Japan
| | - Miki Abe
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Hirona Yoshino
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Mai Haraguchi-Kitakamae
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Tissue Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hotaka Ishizu
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shimizu
- Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Norio Amizuka
- Developmental Biology of Hard Tissue, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.H.); (N.A.); Tel.: +81-11-706-4226 (T.H.); +81-11-706-4223 (N.A.)
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Li C, Cai H, Li S, Liu G, Deng X, Bryden WL, Zheng A. Comparing the potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CGMCC18230 with antimicrobial growth promoters for growth performance, bone development, expression of phosphorus transporters, and excreta microbiome in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102126. [PMID: 36099660 PMCID: PMC9474562 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone health of broiler chickens is essential for welfare and production. In this study, the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) CGMCC18230 was compared with antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) for its ability to promote growth and bone health. To address this, a total of 180 Arbor Acres (AA) 1-day-old, male, broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups, with 6 replicates, containing 10 chicks in each replicate. The treatment groups were: control group (CON) fed a corn-soybean based diet; BA treatment group fed the basal diet supplemented with 2.5 × 1010 CFU/kg BA CGMCC18230; AGPs treatment group was fed the basal diet containing the antibiotics aureomycin (75 mg/kg), flavomycin (5 mg/kg) and kitasamycin (20 mg/kg). Over the 42 d experiment, broilers fed BA and AGPs diets both had higher BW, and the ADG was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the CON group both in the grower phase (22–42 d) and overall. Moreover, with BA birds had higher (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of phosphorus (P, day 42) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, days 21 and 42). Conversely, the content of P in excreta decreased significantly (P < 0.05) on days 21 and 42. Tibia bone mineralization was improved in BA, and the mRNA of P transport related genes PiT-1,2 in the duodenum and jejunum were significantly up-regulated in the BA group than in the CON group (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that dietary BA supplementation increased the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (Ruminococcaceae) and polyamine-producing bacteria (Akkermansia and Alistipes), which had a positive effect on bone development. These data show that dietary supplementation of BA CGMCC18320 improves broiler growth performance and bone health similar to supplementation with AGPs through up-regulation of intestinal P transporters, microbial modulation and increase P retention. However, no significant influence of BA CGMCC18320 supplementation on the retention of Ca was found.
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10
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Characteristics and therapeutic potential of sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters in relation to idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:152-155. [PMID: 34924120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters 1 and 2 (PiT 1 and PiT 2, respectively) are proteins encoded by SLC20A1 and SLC20A2, respectively. The ubiquitous distribution of SLC20A1 and SLC20A2 mRNAs in mammalian tissues supports the housekeeping maintenance and homeostasis of intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is absorbed from interstitial fluid for normal cellular functions. SLC20A2 variants have been found in patients with idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC), also known as Fahr's disease or primary familial brain calcification (PFBC). Thus, disrupted Pi homeostasis is considered one of the major factors in the pathogenic mechanism of IBGC. In this paper, among the causative genes of IBGC, we focused specifically on PiT2, and its potential for a therapeutic target of IBGC.
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11
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Vascular Calcification: Key Roles of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413536. [PMID: 34948333 PMCID: PMC8708352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated arterial stiffening and atherosclerosis are the leading cause of morbimortality in Western society. Both pathologies are frequently associated with vascular calcification. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is associated with several diseases (for example, genetic diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease) and is a common consequence of aging. Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification and can occur in the medial layer of arteries (medial calcification), in the atheroma plaque (intimal calcification), and cardiac valves (heart valve calcification). Although various mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, our understanding of the pathogenesis of calcification is far from complete. However, in recent years, some risk factors have been identified, including high serum phosphorus concentration (hyperphosphatemia) and defective synthesis of pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate deficiency). The balance between phosphate and pyrophosphate, strictly controlled by several genes, plays a key role in vascular calcification. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning phosphate and pyrophosphate homeostasis, focusing on the role of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism in aortic smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
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12
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Chen J, Li G, Lian J, Ma N, Huang Z, Li J, Wen Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Slc20a1b is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion in zebrafish. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:2186-2201. [PMID: 33751369 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are able to self-renew and can give rise to all blood lineages throughout their lifetime, yet the mechanisms regulating HSPC development have yet to be discovered. In this study, we characterized a hematopoiesis defective zebrafish mutant line named smu07, which was obtained from our previous forward genetic screening, and found the HSPC expansion deficiency in the mutant. Positional cloning identified that slc20a1b, which encodes a sodium phosphate cotransporter, contributed to the smu07 blood phenotype. Further analysis demonstrated that mutation of slc20a1b affects HSPC expansion through cell cycle arrest at G2/M phases in a cell-autonomous manner. Our study shows that slc20a1b is a vital regulator for HSPC proliferation in zebrafish early hematopoiesis and provides valuable insights into HSPC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakui Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Gaofei Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junwei Lian
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianchao Li
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zilong Wen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yiyue Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Division of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Pizzagalli MD, Bensimon A, Superti‐Furga G. A guide to plasma membrane solute carrier proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2784-2835. [PMID: 32810346 PMCID: PMC8246967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to serve as an introduction to the solute carrier proteins (SLC) superfamily of transporter proteins and their roles in human cells. The SLC superfamily currently includes 458 transport proteins in 65 families that carry a wide variety of substances across cellular membranes. While members of this superfamily are found throughout cellular organelles, this review focuses on transporters expressed at the plasma membrane. At the cell surface, SLC proteins may be viewed as gatekeepers of the cellular milieu, dynamically responding to different metabolic states. With altered metabolism being one of the hallmarks of cancer, we also briefly review the roles that surface SLC proteins play in the development and progression of cancer through their influence on regulating metabolism and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D. Pizzagalli
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Ariel Bensimon
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Giulio Superti‐Furga
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Center for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaAustria
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14
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Zhuo MQ, Lv WH, Xu YH, Luo Z. Isolation and Characterization of Three Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter Genes and Their Transcriptional Regulation in the Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8228. [PMID: 33153158 PMCID: PMC7662828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to explore the regulatory mechanism of phosphorus homeostasis in fish, which help avoid the risk of P toxicity and prevent P pollution in aquatic environment. The present study obtained the full-length cDNA sequences and the promoters of three SLC20 members (slc20a1a, slc20a1b and slc20a2) from grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, and explored their responses to inorganic phosphorus (Pi). Grass carp SLC20s proteins possessed conservative domains and amino acid sites relevant with phosphorus transport. The mRNAs of three slc20s appeared in the nine tissues, but their expression levels were tissue-dependent. The binding sites of three transcription factors (SREBP1, NRF2 and VDR) were predicted on the slc20s promoters. The mutation and EMSA analysis indicated that: (1) SREBP1 binding site (-783/-771 bp) negatively but VDR (-260/-253 bp) binding site positively regulated the activities of slc20a1a promoter; (2) SREBP1 (-1187/-1178 bp), NRF2 (-572/-561 bp) and VDR(615/-609 bp) binding sites positively regulated the activities of slc20a1b promoter; (3) SREBP1 (-987/-977 bp), NRF2 (-1469/-1459 bp) and VDR (-1124/-1117 bp) binding sites positively regulated the activities of the slc20a2 promoter. Moreover, Pi incubation significantly reduced the activities of three slc20s promoters, and Pi-induced transcriptional inactivation of slc20s promoters abolished after the mutation of the VDR element but not SREBP1 and NRF2 elements. Pi incubation down-regulated the mRNA levels of three slc20s. For the first time, our study elucidated the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of SLC20s and their responses to Pi, which offered new insights into the Pi homeostatic regulation and provided the basis for reducing phosphorus discharge into the waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qin Zhuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.-Q.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-H.X.)
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Wu-Hong Lv
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.-Q.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-H.X.)
| | - Yi-Huan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.-Q.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-H.X.)
| | - Zhi Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fishery College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (M.-Q.Z.); (W.-H.L.); (Y.-H.X.)
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15
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Li Y, Lin X, Zhu M, Xun F, Li J, Yuan Z, Liu Y, Xu H. A mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1849T) promotes proliferation while inhibiting hypertrophic differentiation in ATDC5 chondrocytes. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:751-760. [PMID: 33135420 PMCID: PMC7649514 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.911.bjr-2020-0112.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effect of solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2) gene mutation (identified from a hereditary multiple exostoses family) on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. METHODS ATDC5 chondrocytes were cultured in insulin-transferrin-selenium medium to induce differentiation. Cells were transfected with pcDNA3.0 plasmids with either a wild-type (WT) or mutated (MUT) SLC20A2 gene. The inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration in the medium of cells was determined. The expression of markers of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation, the Indian hedgehog (Ihh), and parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) pathway were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. RESULTS The expression of SLC20A2 in MUT group was similar to WT group. The Pi concentration in the medium of cells in MUT group was significantly higher than WT group, which meant the SLC20A2 mutation inhibited Pi uptake in ATDC5 chondrocytes. The proliferation rate of ATDC5 chondrocytes in MUT group was greater than WT group. The expression of aggrecan (Acan), α-1 chain of type II collagen (COL2A1), and SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) were higher in MUT group than WT group. However, the expression of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), α-1 chain of type X collagen (COL10A1), and matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) was significantly decreased in the MUT group. Similar results were obtained by Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining. The expression of Ihh and PTHrP in MUT group was higher than WT group. An inhibitor (cyclopamine) of Ihh/PTHrP signalling pathway inhibited the proliferation and restored the differentiation of chondrocytes in MUT group. CONCLUSION A mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1948T) decreases Pi uptake in ATDC5 chondrocytes. SLC20A2 mutation promotes chondrocyte proliferation while inhibiting chondrocyte differentiation. The Ihh/PTHrP signalling pathway may play an important role in this process. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(11):751-760.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiQiang Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XueMei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - MingWei Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - FuXing Xun
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JingChun Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - YanHan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HongWen Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Arnst JL, Beck GR. Modulating phosphate consumption, a novel therapeutic approach for the control of cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114305. [PMID: 33129806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus, often in the form of inorganic phosphate (Pi), is critical to cellular function on many levels; it is required as an integral component of kinase signaling, in the formation and function of DNA and lipids, and energy metabolism in the form of ATP. Accordingly, crucial aspects of cell mitosis - such as DNA synthesis and ATP energy generation - elevate the cellular requirement for Pi, with rapidly dividing cells consuming increased levels. Mechanisms to sense, respond, acquire, accumulate, and potentially seek Pi have evolved to support highly proliferative cellular states such as injury and malignant transformation. As such, manipulating Pi availability to target rapidly dividing cells presents a novel strategy to reduce or prevent unrestrained cell growth. Currently, limited knowledge exists regarding how modulating Pi consumption by pre-cancerous cells might influence the initiation of aberrant growth during malignant transformation, and if reducing the bioavailability or suppressing Pi consumption by malignant cells could alter tumorigenesis. The concept of targeting Pi-regulated pathways and/or consumption by pre-cancerous or tumor cells represents a novel approach to cancer prevention and control, although current data remains insufficient as to rigorously assess the therapeutic value and physiological relevance of this strategy. With this review, we present a critical evaluation of the paradox of how an element critical to essential cellular functions can, when available in excess, influence and promote a cancer phenotype. Further, we conjecture how Pi manipulation could be utilized as a therapeutic intervention, either systemically or at the cell level, to ultimately suppress or treat cancer initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Arnst
- Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - George R Beck
- The Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, United States; Emory University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; The Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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17
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Li Y, Lin X, Zhu M, Li J, Yuan Z, Xu H. Whole‑exome sequencing identifies a novel mutation of SLC20A2 (c.C1849T) as a possible cause of hereditary multiple exostoses in a Chinese family. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2469-2477. [PMID: 32705272 PMCID: PMC7411400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the main causative genes for hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) are exostosin (EXT)‑1 and EXT‑2, there are numerous patients with HME without EXT‑1 and EXT‑2 mutations. The present study aimed to identify novel candidate genes for the development of HME in patients without EXT‑1 and EXT‑2 mutations. Whole‑exome sequencing was performed in a Chinese family with HME and without EXT‑1 and EXT‑2 mutations, followed by a combined bioinformatics pipeline including annotation and filtering processes to identify candidate variants. Candidate variants were then validated using Sanger sequencing. A total of 1,830 original variants were revealed to be heterozygous mutations in three patients with HME which were not present in healthy controls. Two mutations [c.C1849T in solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2) and c.G506A in leucine zipper and EF‑hand containing transmembrane protein 1 (LETM1)] were identified as possible causative variants for HME through a bioinformatics filtering procedure and harmful prediction. Sanger sequencing results confirmed these two mutations in all patients with HME. A mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1849T) led to a change in an amino acid (p.R617C), which may be involved in the development of HME by inducing metabolic disorders of phosphate and abnormal proliferation and differentiation in chondrocytes. In conclusion, the present study revealed two mutations [SLC20A2 (c.C1849T) and LETM1 (c.G506A) in a Chinese family with HME. The mutation in SLC20A2 (c.C1849T)] was more likely to be involved in the development of HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Jingchun Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
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18
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López-Sánchez U, Tury S, Nicolas G, Wilson MS, Jurici S, Ayrignac X, Courgnaud V, Saiardi A, Sitbon M, Battini JL. Interplay between primary familial brain calcification-associated SLC20A2 and XPR1 phosphate transporters requires inositol polyphosphates for control of cellular phosphate homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9366-9378. [PMID: 32393577 PMCID: PMC7363132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 20 member 2 (SLC20A2) and xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1 (XPR1) are transporters with phosphate uptake and efflux functions, respectively. Both are associated with primary familial brain calcification (PFBC), a genetic disease characterized by cerebral calcium-phosphate deposition and associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. The association of the two transporters with the same disease suggests that they jointly regulate phosphate fluxes and cellular homeostasis, but direct evidence is missing. Here, we found that cross-talk between SLC20A2 and XPR1 regulates phosphate homeostasis, and we identified XPR1 as a key inositol polyphosphate (IP)-dependent regulator of this process. We found that overexpression of WT SLC20A2 increased phosphate uptake, as expected, but also unexpectedly increased phosphate efflux, whereas PFBC-associated SLC20A2 variants did not. Conversely, SLC20A2 depletion decreased phosphate uptake only slightly, most likely compensated for by the related SLC20A1 transporter, but strongly decreased XPR1-mediated phosphate efflux. The SLC20A2-XPR1 axis maintained constant intracellular phosphate and ATP levels, which both increased in XPR1 KO cells. Elevated ATP levels are a hallmark of altered inositol pyrophosphate (PP-IP) synthesis, and basal ATP levels were restored after phosphate efflux rescue with WT XPR1 but not with XPR1 harboring a mutated PP-IP-binding pocket. Accordingly, inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1-2 (IP6K1-2) gene inactivation or IP6K inhibitor treatment abolished XPR1-mediated phosphate efflux regulation and homeostasis. Our findings unveil an SLC20A2-XPR1 interplay that depends on IPs such as PP-IPs and controls cellular phosphate homeostasis via the efflux route, and alteration of this interplay likely contributes to PFBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel López-Sánchez
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Tury
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël Nicolas
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Inserm U1245, and Rouen University Hospital, Department of Genetics and CNR-MAJ, Normandy Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Rouen, France
| | - Miranda S Wilson
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Snejana Jurici
- Department of Neurology, Perpignan Hospital, Perpignan, France
| | - Xavier Ayrignac
- Department of Neurology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France .,Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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19
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Chande S, Caballero D, Ho BB, Fetene J, Serna J, Pesta D, Nasiri A, Jurczak M, Chavkin NW, Hernando N, Giachelli CM, Wagner CA, Zeiss C, Shulman GI, Bergwitz C. Slc20a1/Pit1 and Slc20a2/Pit2 are essential for normal skeletal myofiber function and survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3069. [PMID: 32080237 PMCID: PMC7033257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Low blood phosphate (Pi) reduces muscle function in hypophosphatemic disorders. Which Pi transporters are required and whether hormonal changes due to hypophosphatemia contribute to muscle function is unknown. To address these questions we generated a series of conditional knockout mice lacking one or both house-keeping Pi transporters Pit1 and Pit2 in skeletal muscle (sm), using the postnatally expressed human skeletal actin-cre. Simultaneous conditional deletion of both transporters caused skeletal muscle atrophy, resulting in death by postnatal day P13. smPit1-/-, smPit2-/- and three allele mutants are fertile and have normal body weights, suggesting a high degree of redundance for the two transporters in skeletal muscle. However, these mice show a gene-dose dependent reduction in running activity also seen in another hypophosphatemic model (Hyp mice). In contrast to Hyp mice, grip strength is preserved. Further evaluation of the mechanism shows reduced ERK1/2 activation and stimulation of AMP kinase in skeletal muscle from smPit1-/-; smPit2-/- mice consistent with energy-stress. Similarly, C2C12 myoblasts show a reduced oxygen consumption rate mediated by Pi transport-dependent and ERK1/2-dependent metabolic Pi sensing pathways. In conclusion, we here show that Pit1 and Pit2 are essential for normal myofiber function and survival, insights which may improve management of hypophosphatemic myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Chande
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Caballero
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bryan B Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jonathan Fetene
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Serna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- German Diabetes Center, Düsseldorf, Germany, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ali Nasiri
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Jurczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nicholas W Chavkin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nati Hernando
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Foege Hall Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Carsten A Wagner
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland and National Center of Competence in Research NCCR Kidney.CH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Zeiss
- Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cellular&Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clemens Bergwitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Xu X, Li X, Sun H, Cao Z, Gao R, Niu T, Wang Y, Ma T, Chen R, Wang C, Yang Z, Liu JY. Murine Placental-Fetal Phosphate Dyshomeostasis Caused by an Xpr1 Deficiency Accelerates Placental Calcification and Restricts Fetal Growth in Late Gestation. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:116-129. [PMID: 31498925 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus is a necessary component of all living organisms. This nutrient is mainly transported from the maternal blood to the fetus via the placenta, and insufficient phosphorus availability via the placenta disturbs the normal development of the fetus, especially fetal bone formation in late gestation. Key proteins (phosphate transporters and exporters) that are responsible for the maintenance of placental-fetal phosphorus homeostasis have been identified. A deficiency in the phosphate transporter Pit2 has been shown to result in placental calcification and the retardation of fetal development in mice. What roles does XPR1 (the only known phosphate exporter) play in maintaining placental-fetal phosphorus homeostasis? In this study, we found that Xpr1 expression is strong in the murine placenta and increases with age during gestation. We generated a global Xpr1 knockout mouse and found that heterozygous (Xpr1+/- ) and homozygous (Xpr1-/- ) fetuses have lower inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels in amniotic fluid and serum and a decreased skeletal mineral content. Xpr1-deficient placentas show abnormal Pi exchange during gestation. Therefore, Xpr1 deficiency in the placenta disrupts placental-fetal Pi homeostasis. We also discovered that the placentas of the Xpr1+/- and Xpr1-/- embryos are severely calcified. Mendelian inheritance statistics for offspring outcomes indicated that Xpr1-deficient embryos are significantly reduced in late gestation. In addition, Xpr1-/- mice die perinatally and a small proportion of Xpr1+/- mice die neonatally. RNA sequence (RNA-Seq) analysis of placental mRNA revealed that many of the transcripts are significantly differentially expressed due to Xpr1 deficiency and are linked to dysfunction of the placenta. This study is the first to reveal that XPR1 plays an important role in maintaining placental-fetal Pi homeostasis, disruption of which causes severe placental calcification, delays normal placental function, and restricts fetal growth. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiunan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruixi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Niu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingbin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Nishii K, Shimogawa R, Kurita H, Inden M, Kobayashi M, Toyoshima I, Taguchi Y, Ueda A, Tamune H, Hozumi I. Partial reduced Pi transport function of PiT-2 might not be sufficient to induce brain calcification of idiopathic basal ganglia calcification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17288. [PMID: 31754123 PMCID: PMC6872723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) is a rare intractable disease characterized by abnormal mineral deposits, including mostly calcium in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum. SLC20A2 is encoding the phosphate transporter PiT-2 and was identified in 2012 as the causative gene of familial IBGC. In this study, we investigated functionally two novel SLC20A2 variants (c.680C > T, c.1487G > A) and two SLC20A2 variants (c.82G > A, c.358G > C) previously reported from patients with IBGC. We evaluated the function of variant PiT-2 using stable cell lines. While inorganic phosphate (Pi) transport activity was abolished in the cells with c.82G > A, c.358G > C, and c.1487G > A variants, activity was maintained at 27.8% of the reference level in cells with the c.680C > T variant. Surprisingly, the c.680C > T variant had been discovered by chance in healthy members of an IBGC family, suggesting that partial preservation of Pi transport activity may avoid the onset of IBGC. In addition, we confirmed that PiT-2 variants could be translocated into the cell membrane to the same extent as PiT-2 wild type. In conclusion, we investigated the PiT-2 dysfunction of four SLC20A2 variants and suggested that a partial reduced Pi transport function of PiT-2 might not be sufficient to induce brain calcification of IBGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishii
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimogawa
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kurita
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michio Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Itaru Toyoshima
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Akita National Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Tamune
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hozumi
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Wubuli A, Reyer H, Muráni E, Ponsuksili S, Wolf P, Oster M, Wimmers K. Tissue-Wide Gene Expression Analysis of Sodium/Phosphate Co-Transporters in Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225576. [PMID: 31717287 PMCID: PMC6888643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium/phosphate co-transporters are considered to be important mediators of phosphorus (P) homeostasis. The expression of specific sodium/phosphate co-transporters is routinely used as an immediate response to dietary interventions in different species. However, a general understanding of their tissue-specificity is required to elucidate their particular contribution to P homeostasis. In this study, the tissue-wide gene expression status of all currently annotated sodium/phosphate co-transporters were investigated in two pig trials focusing on a standard commercial diet (trial 1) or divergent P-containing diets (trial 2). A wide range of tissues including the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and colon), kidney, liver, bone, muscle, lung, and aorta were analyzed. Both trials showed consistent patterns in the overall tissue-specific expression of P transporters. While SLC34A2 was considered as the most important intestinal P transporter in other species including humans, SLC34A3 appeared to be the most prominent intestinal P transporter in pigs. In addition, the P transporters of the SLC17 family showed basal expression in the pig intestine and might have a contribution to P homeostasis. The expression patterns observed in the distal colon provide evidence that the large intestine may also be relevant for intestinal P absorption. A low dietary P supply induced higher expressions of SLC20A1, SLC20A2, SLC34A1, and SLC34A3 in the kidney cortex. The results suggest that the expression of genes encoding transcellular P transporters is tissue-specific and responsive to dietary P supply, while underlying regulatory mechanisms require further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisanjiang Wubuli
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Henry Reyer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Eduard Muráni
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Petra Wolf
- Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6b, 18059 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Michael Oster
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.W.); (H.R.); (E.M.); (S.P.); (M.O.)
- Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 7, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68600
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Vogt I, Haffner D, Leifheit-Nestler M. FGF23 and Phosphate-Cardiovascular Toxins in CKD. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E647. [PMID: 31698866 PMCID: PMC6891626 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and phosphate are highly associated with increased cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the kidney function declines, serum phosphate levels rise and subsequently induce the secretion of the phosphaturic hormone FGF23. In early stages of CKD, FGF23 prevents the increase of serum phosphate levels and thereby attenuates phosphate-induced vascular calcification, whereas in end-stage kidney disease, FGF23 fails to maintain phosphate homeostasis. Both hyperphosphatemia and elevated FGF23 levels promote the development of hypertension, vascular calcification, and left ventricular hypertrophy by distinct mechanisms. Therefore, FGF23 and phosphate are considered promising therapeutic targets to improve the cardiovascular outcome in CKD patients. Previous therapeutic strategies are based on dietary and pharmacological reduction of serum phosphate, and consequently FGF23 levels. However, clinical trials proving the effects on the cardiovascular outcome are lacking. Recent publications provide evidence for new promising therapeutic interventions, such as magnesium supplementation and direct targeting of phosphate and FGF receptors to prevent toxicity of FGF23 and hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maren Leifheit-Nestler
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic Diseases Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (I.V.); (D.H.)
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25
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SLC20A2 variants cause dysfunctional phosphate transport activity in endothelial cells induced from Idiopathic Basal Ganglia Calcification patients-derived iPSCs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:303-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Vitali M, Sirri R, Zappaterra M, Zambonelli P, Giannini G, Lo Fiego DP, Davoli R. Functional analysis finds differences on the muscle transcriptome of pigs fed an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet with or without antioxidant supplementations. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212449. [PMID: 30785965 PMCID: PMC6382273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementing pig diets with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may produce meat products with an increased n-3 fatty acid content, and the combined antioxidants addition could prevent lipid oxidation in the feed. However, to date, the effects of these bioactive compounds at the molecular level in porcine skeletal muscle are mostly unknown. This study aimed to analyse changes in the Longissimus thoracis transcriptome of 35 pigs fed three diets supplemented with: linseed (L); linseed, vitamin E and Selenium (LES) or linseed and plant-derived polyphenols (LPE). Pigs were reared from 80.8 ± 5.6 kg to 151.8 ± 9.9 kg. After slaughter, RNA-Seq was performed and 1182 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were submitted to functional analysis. The L vs LES comparison did not show differences, while L vs LPE showed 1102 DEGs and LES vs LPE 80 DEGs. LPE compared to the other groups showed the highest number of up-regulated genes involved in preserving muscle metabolism and structure. Results enlighten that the combined supplementation of bioactive lipids (n-3 PUFA from linseed) with plant extracts as a source of polyphenols increases, compared to the only addition of linseed, the expression of genes involved in mRNA metabolic processes and transcriptional regulation, glucose uptake and, finally, in supporting muscle development and physiology. These results improve the knowledge of the biological effect of bioactive compounds in Longissimus thoracis muscle, and sustain the growing interest over their use in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Vitali
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Rubina Sirri
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Martina Zappaterra
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Zambonelli
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Giannini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Pietro Lo Fiego
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre for Agri-Food Biological Resources Improvement and Valorisation (BIOGEST-SITEIA), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberta Davoli
- Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Agrifood Research (CIRI- AGRO), University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Kato T, Yamada A, Sasa K, Yoshimura K, Morimura N, Ogata H, Sakashita A, Kamijo R. Nephronectin Expression is Inhibited by Inorganic Phosphate in Osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:201-206. [PMID: 30341591 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-018-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nephronectin (Npnt), an extracellular matrix protein, is known to be a ligand of integrin α8β1, and it has also been known to play critical roles as various organs. In the present study, elevated extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) strongly inhibited the expression of Npnt in MC3T3-E1 cells, while the existence of extracellular calcium (Ca) was indispensable for its effect. Furthermore, Pi-induced inhibition of Npnt gene expression was recovered by inhibitors of both sodium-dependent Pi transporter (Pit) and fibroblast growth factor receptors (Fgfrs). These results demonstrated that Npnt gene expression is regulated by extracellular Pi via Pit and Fgfrs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasakichuo, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Kiyohito Sasa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Naoko Morimura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasakichuo, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan
| | - Akiko Sakashita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasakichuo, Tsuzuki, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Showa University, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, 142-8555, Japan
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Jacquillet G, Unwin RJ. Physiological regulation of phosphate by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and phosphate (Pi). Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:83-98. [PMID: 30393837 PMCID: PMC6326012 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an abundant element in the body and is essential for a wide variety of key biological processes. It plays an essential role in cellular energy metabolism and cell signalling, e.g. adenosine and guanosine triphosphates (ATP, GTP), and in the composition of phospholipid membranes and bone, and is an integral part of DNA and RNA. It is an important buffer in blood and urine and contributes to normal acid-base balance. Given its widespread role in almost every molecular and cellular function, changes in serum Pi levels and balance can have important and untoward effects. Pi homoeostasis is maintained by a counterbalance between dietary Pi absorption by the gut, mobilisation from bone and renal excretion. Approximately 85% of total body Pi is present in bone and only 1% is present as free Pi in extracellular fluids. In humans, extracellular concentrations of inorganic Pi vary between 0.8 and 1.2 mM, and in plasma or serum Pi exists in both its monovalent and divalent forms (H2PO4- and HPO42-). In the intestine, approximately 30% of Pi absorption is vitamin D regulated and dependent. To help maintain Pi balance, reabsorption of filtered Pi along the renal proximal tubule (PT) is via the NaPi-IIa and NaPi-IIc Na+-coupled Pi cotransporters, with a smaller contribution from the PiT-2 transporters. Endocrine factors, including, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as newer factors such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and its coreceptor α-klotho, are intimately involved in the control of Pi homeostasis. A tight regulation of Pi is critical, since hyperphosphataemia is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypophosphataemia with rickets and growth retardation. This short review considers the control of Pi balance by vitamin D, PTH and Pi itself, with an emphasis on the insights gained from human genetic disorders and genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Jacquillet
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Robert J Unwin
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London (UCL), Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK.
- AstraZeneca IMED ECD CVRM R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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29
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Dietary supplemental vitamin D3enhances phosphorus absorption and utilisation by regulating gene expression of related phosphate transporters in the small intestine of broilers. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:9-21. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of dietary supplemental vitamin D3(VD3) on P absorption and utilisation as well as its related mechanisms in the small intestine of broilers. A total of 384 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were assigned randomly into four treatments following a completely randomised design with a 2 (dietary non-phytate P (NPP) contents: 0·43 and 0·22 %)×2 (dietary VD3supplemental levels: 0 and 87·5 μg/kg) factorial arrangement. The experiment lasted for 22 d. The results showed that P contents in serum from the hepatic portal vein and tibia ash of broilers were higher (P<0·05) for 0·43 % NPP than for 0·22 % NPP. The type IIb Na-dependent phosphate cotransporter (NaP-IIb) protein expressions in the duodenum and ileum were higher (P<0·05) also for 0·43 % NPP than 0·22 % NPP. Supplementation of VD3enhanced (P<0·05) tibia P retention rate and type III Na-dependent phosphate cotransporter (PiT)-1 protein expression in the duodenum of all broilers. Moreover, VD3supplementation decreased (P<0·002) mortality and increased (P<0·02) serum P content from the hepatic portal vein after 4 h of feeding, tibia ash content, tibia ash P content and protein expressions of NaP-IIb and PiT-1 in the jejunum of broilers fed diet with 0·22 % NPP. Thus, dietary supplemental VD3promoted intestinal P absorption and bone P utilisation, and this effect might be associated with enhanced PiT-1 levels in the duodenum and PiT-1 and NaP-IIb levels in the jejunum respectively when dietary NPP is limiting.
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30
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Abstract
Our understanding of the regulation of phosphate balance has benefited tremendously from the molecular identification and characterization of genetic defects leading to a number of rare inherited or acquired disorders affecting phosphate homeostasis. The identification of the key phosphate-regulating hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), as well as other molecules that control its production, such as the glycosyltransferase GALNT3, the endopeptidase PHEX, and the matrix protein DMP1, and molecules that function as downstream effectors of FGF23 such as the longevity factor Klotho and the phosphate transporters NPT2a and NPT2c, has permitted us to understand the complex interplay that exists between the kidneys, bone, parathyroid, and gut. Such insights from genetic disorders have allowed not only the design of potent targeted treatment of FGF23-dependent hypophosphatemic conditions, but also provide clinically relevant observations related to the dysregulation of mineral ion homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Christov
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Harald Jüppner
- Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Yamada S, Leaf EM, Chia JJ, Cox TC, Speer MY, Giachelli CM. PiT-2, a type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, protects against vascular calcification in mice with chronic kidney disease fed a high-phosphate diet. Kidney Int 2018; 94:716-727. [PMID: 30041812 PMCID: PMC6211801 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PiT-2, a type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, is a causative gene for the brain arteriolar calcification in people with familial basal ganglion calcification. Here we examined the effect of PiT-2 haploinsufficiency on vascular calcification in uremic mice using wild-type and global PiT-2 heterozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 haploinsufficiency enhanced the development of vascular calcification in mice with chronic kidney disease fed a high-phosphate diet. No differences were observed in the serum mineral biomarkers and kidney function between the wild-type and PiT-2 heterozygous knockout groups. Micro computed tomography analyses of femurs showed that haploinsufficiency of PiT-2 decreased trabecular bone mineral density in uremia. In vitro, sodium-dependent phosphate uptake was decreased in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from PiT-2 heterozygous knockout mice compared with those from wild-type mice. PiT-2 haploinsufficiency increased phosphate-induced calcification of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells compared to the wild-type. Furthermore, compared to wild-type vascular smooth muscle cells, PiT-2 deficient vascular smooth muscle cells had lower osteoprotegerin levels and increased matrix calcification, which was attenuated by osteoprotegerin supplementation. Thus, PiT-2 in vascular smooth muscle cells protects against phosphate-induced vascular calcification and may be a therapeutic target in the chronic kidney disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Leaf
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jia Jun Chia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mei Y Speer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Kinoshita Y, Fukumoto S. X-Linked Hypophosphatemia and FGF23-Related Hypophosphatemic Diseases: Prospect for New Treatment. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:274-291. [PMID: 29381780 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphate plays essential roles in many biological processes, and the serum phosphate level is tightly controlled. Chronic hypophosphatemia causes impaired mineralization of the bone matrix and results in rickets and osteomalacia. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone that regulates phosphate metabolism. FGF23 excess induces hypophosphatemia via impaired phosphate reabsorption in the renal proximal tubules and decreased phosphate absorption in the intestines. There are several types of genetic and acquired FGF23-related hypophosphatemic diseases. Among these diseases, X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), which is caused by inactivating mutations in the phosphate-regulating endopeptidase homolog, X-linked (PHEX) gene, is the most prevalent form of genetic FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets. Another clinically relevant form of FGF23-related hypophosphatemic disease is tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO), a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with FGF23-producing tumors. A combination of active vitamin D and phosphate salts is the current medical therapy used to treat patients with XLH and inoperative TIO. However, this therapy has certain efficacy- and safety-associated limitations. Several measures to inhibit FGF23 activity have been considered as possible new treatments for FGF23-related hypophosphatemic diseases. In particular, a humanized monoclonal antibody for FGF23 (burosumab) is a promising treatment in patients with XLH and TIO. This review will focus on the phosphate metabolism and the pathogenesis and treatment of FGF23-related hypophosphatemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kinoshita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Greenwood AD, Ishida Y, O'Brien SP, Roca AL, Eiden MV. Transmission, Evolution, and Endogenization: Lessons Learned from Recent Retroviral Invasions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00044-17. [PMID: 29237726 PMCID: PMC5813887 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae are defined by the ability to reverse transcribe an RNA genome into DNA that integrates into the host cell genome during the intracellular virus life cycle. Exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) are horizontally transmitted between host individuals, with disease outcome depending on interactions between the retrovirus and the host organism. When retroviruses infect germ line cells of the host, they may become endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are permanent elements in the host germ line that are subject to vertical transmission. These ERVs sometimes remain infectious and can themselves give rise to XRVs. This review integrates recent developments in the phylogenetic classification of retroviruses and the identification of retroviral receptors to elucidate the origins and evolution of XRVs and ERVs. We consider whether ERVs may recurrently pressure XRVs to shift receptor usage to sidestep ERV interference. We discuss how related retroviruses undergo alternative fates in different host lineages after endogenization, with koala retrovirus (KoRV) receiving notable interest as a recent invader of its host germ line. KoRV is heritable but also infectious, which provides insights into the early stages of germ line invasions as well as XRV generation from ERVs. The relationship of KoRV to primate and other retroviruses is placed in the context of host biogeography and the potential role of bats and rodents as vectors for interspecies viral transmission. Combining studies of extant XRVs and "fossil" endogenous retroviruses in koalas and other Australasian species has broadened our understanding of the evolution of retroviruses and host-retrovirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasuko Ishida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean P O'Brien
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfred L Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Maribeth V Eiden
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Berlin, Germany
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PiT2 regulates neuronal outgrowth through interaction with microtubule-associated protein 1B. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17850. [PMID: 29259219 PMCID: PMC5736545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PiT2 is a member of the inorganic phosphate transporter family, and is extensively expressed in the nervous system. It was found that loop7 domain of PiT2 is not required for retroviral recognition and transport function. The exact functions of loop7 remain poorly understood. Here we show that loop7 of PiT2 is necessary for the transport of PiT2 protein to the cell surface. Further, loop7 is also related to the outgrowth of neurite in Neuro2A cells interacts with the light chain 1 of microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B). PiT2 with mutated MAP1B binding sites affect neurite outgrowth whereas Pi transport function deficient mutants of PiT2 do not. We also show that Drosophila dPiT interacts with microtubule-associated protein Futsch, and dPiT is crucial for the normal development of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). These results indicate that PiT2 might participate in the regulation of neuronal outgrowth by interacting with MAP1B and independently of its Pi transport function in the nervous system.
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Bon N, Couasnay G, Bourgine A, Sourice S, Beck-Cormier S, Guicheux J, Beck L. Phosphate (P i)-regulated heterodimerization of the high-affinity sodium-dependent P i transporters PiT1/Slc20a1 and PiT2/Slc20a2 underlies extracellular P i sensing independently of P i uptake. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2102-2114. [PMID: 29233890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.807339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular phosphate (Pi) can act as a signaling molecule that directly alters gene expression and cellular physiology. The ability of cells or organisms to detect changes in extracellular Pi levels implies the existence of a Pi-sensing mechanism that signals to the body or individual cell. However, unlike in prokaryotes, yeasts, and plants, the molecular players involved in Pi sensing in mammals remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the high-affinity, sodium-dependent Pi transporters PiT1 and PiT2 in mediating Pi signaling in skeletal cells. We found that deletion of PiT1 or PiT2 blunted the Pi-dependent ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation and subsequent gene up-regulation of the mineralization inhibitors matrix Gla protein and osteopontin. This result suggested that both PiTs are necessary for Pi signaling. Moreover, the ERK1/2 phosphorylation could be rescued by overexpressing Pi transport-deficient PiT mutants. Using cross-linking and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer approaches, we found that PiT1 and PiT2 form high-abundance homodimers and Pi-regulated low-abundance heterodimers. Interestingly, in the absence of sodium-dependent Pi transport activity, the PiT1-PiT2 heterodimerization was still regulated by extracellular Pi levels. Of note, when two putative Pi-binding residues, Ser-128 (in PiT1) and Ser-113 (in PiT2), were substituted with alanine, the PiT1-PiT2 heterodimerization was no longer regulated by extracellular Pi These observations suggested that Pi binding rather than Pi uptake may be the key factor in mediating Pi signaling through the PiT proteins. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Pi-regulated PiT1-PiT2 heterodimerization mediates Pi sensing independently of Pi uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bon
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
| | - Greig Couasnay
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
| | - Annabelle Bourgine
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
| | - Sophie Sourice
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
| | - Sarah Beck-Cormier
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France.,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and.,CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, Nantes F-44042, France
| | - Laurent Beck
- From INSERM, U1229, RMeS "Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton," STEP team "Skeletal Physiopathology and Joint Regenerative Medicine," Nantes F-44042, France, .,the Université de Nantes, UMR-S 1229, RMeS, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France, and
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Role of pyrophosphate in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Nefrologia 2017; 38:250-257. [PMID: 29137892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a pathology characterized by the deposition of calcium-phosphate in cardiovascular structures, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite crystals, resulting in ectopic calcification. It is correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in diabetic patients and in those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vascular smooth muscle cells are sensitive to changes in inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels. They are able to adapt and modify some of their functions and promote changes which trigger calcification. Pi is regulated by parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Changes in the transport of Pi are the primary factor responsible for the regulation of Pi homeostasis and the calcification process. Synthesis of calcification inhibitors is the main mechanism by which cells are able to prevent vascular calcification. Extracellular pyrophosphate (PPi) is a potent endogenous inhibitor of calcium-phosphate deposition both in vivo and in vitro. Patients with CKD show lower levels of PPi and increased activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. Numerous enzymes implicated in the metabolism of PPi have been associated with vascular calcifications. PPi is synthesized from extracellular ATP by nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase from extracellular ATP hydrolysis. PPi is hydrolyzed into Pi by tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. ATP can be hydrolyzed to Pi via the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family. All these enzymes must be in balance, thereby preventing calcifications. However, diseases like CKD or diabetes induce alterations in their levels. Administration of PPi could open up new treatment options for these patients.
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Abstract
During the process of endochondral bone formation, chondrocytes and osteoblasts mineralize their extracellular matrix (ECM) by promoting the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) seed crystals in the sheltered interior of membrane-limited matrix vesicles (MVs). Several lipid and proteins present in the membrane of the MVs mediate the interactions of MVs with the ECM and regulate the initial mineral deposition and posterior propagation. Among the proteins of MV membranes, ion transporters control the availability of phosphate and calcium needed for initial HA deposition. Phosphatases (orphan phosphatase 1, ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 and tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) play a crucial role in controlling the inorganic pyrophosphate/inorganic phosphate ratio that allows MV-mediated initiation of mineralization. The lipidic microenvironment can help in the nucleation process of first crystals and also plays a crucial physiological role in the function of MV-associated enzymes and transporters (type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, annexins and Na+/K+ ATPase). The whole process is mediated and regulated by the action of several molecules and steps, which make the process complex and highly regulated. Liposomes and proteoliposomes, as models of biological membranes, facilitate the understanding of lipid-protein interactions with emphasis on the properties of physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review, we discuss the use of proteoliposomes as multiple protein carrier systems intended to mimic the various functions of MVs during the initiation and propagation of mineral growth in the course of biomineralization. We focus on studies applying biophysical tools to characterize the biomimetic models in order to gain an understanding of the importance of lipid-protein and lipid-lipid interfaces throughout the process.
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Muscher-Banse AS, Marholt L, Eigendorf N, Wilkens MR, Schröder B, Breves G, Cehak A. Segmental diversity of phosphate transport along the intestinal axis in horses. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:165-172. [PMID: 28177365 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For horses, distinct differences in intestinal phosphate transport have been postulated to account for the unique features of hind gut fermentation compared to other monogastric animals and ruminants. So far published data on mechanisms and underlying transport proteins involved in intestinal phosphate transport in the horse are still missing. Therefore we investigated intestinal phosphate transport in horses at both functional and molecular levels. Segmental diversity of intestinal phosphate transport along the intestinal axis was documented using the Ussing chamber technique. A transcellular phosphate secretion in the jejunum was confirmed. Furthermore, 2 sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters, NaPiIIb and PiT1, were first detected in the equine intestine at mRNA level with PiT1 being expressed in both the small and large intestine, and NaPiIIb being solely expressed in the large intestine. In the colon, unidirectional net flux rates of phosphate were significantly greater compared to flux rates in other segments ( < 0.005) suggesting the colon as a major site for phosphate absorption in horses. Phosphate transport in the colon was mainly transcellular and mediated by a sodium-gradient as documented by Ussing chamber experiments and uptake of phosphate into colonic brush border membrane vesicles. In summary, the present study demonstrated mechanisms and transporters of intestinal phosphate transport in equine intestinal tissues with distinct differences between intestinal segments providing a new basis for a better understanding of intestinal phosphate transport in horses.
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Saito A, Nikolaidis NM, Amlal H, Uehara Y, Gardner JC, LaSance K, Pitstick LB, Bridges JP, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, McGraw DW, Woods JC, Sabbagh Y, Schiavi SC, Altinişik G, Jakopović M, Inoue Y, McCormack FX. Modeling pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis by epithelial deletion of the Npt2b sodium phosphate cotransporter reveals putative biomarkers and strategies for treatment. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:313ra181. [PMID: 26560359 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac8577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM) is a rare, autosomal recessive lung disorder associated with progressive accumulation of calcium phosphate microliths. Inactivating mutations in SLC34A2, which encodes the NPT2b sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporter, has been proposed as a cause of PAM. We show that epithelial deletion of Npt2b in mice results in a progressive pulmonary process characterized by diffuse alveolar microlith accumulation, radiographic opacification, restrictive physiology, inflammation, fibrosis, and an unexpected alveolar phospholipidosis. Cytokine and surfactant protein elevations in the alveolar lavage and serum of PAM mice and confirmed in serum from PAM patients identify serum MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) and SP-D (surfactant protein D) as potential biomarkers. Microliths introduced by adoptive transfer into the lungs of wild-type mice produce marked macrophage-rich inflammation and elevation of serum MCP-1 that peaks at 1 week and resolves at 1 month, concomitant with clearance of stones. Microliths isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage readily dissolve in EDTA, and therapeutic whole-lung EDTA lavage reduces the burden of stones in the lungs. A low-phosphate diet prevents microlith formation in young animals and reduces lung injury on the basis of reduction in serum SP-D. The burden of pulmonary calcium deposits in established PAM is also diminished within 4 weeks by a low-phosphate diet challenge. These data support a causative role for Npt2b in the pathogenesis of PAM and the use of the PAM mouse model as a preclinical platform for the development of biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Saito
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Nikolaos M Nikolaidis
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hassane Amlal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yasuaki Uehara
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kathleen LaSance
- Vontz Core Imaging Laboratory, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lori B Pitstick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - James P Bridges
- Perinatal Institute, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | | | - Dennis W McGraw
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jason C Woods
- Pulmonary Imaging Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yves Sabbagh
- The Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Susan C Schiavi
- The Sanofi-Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Göksel Altinişik
- Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli 20160, Turkey
| | - Marko Jakopović
- Department for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yoshikazu Inoue
- Department of Diffuse Lung Diseases and Respiratory Failure, Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka 5918555, Japan
| | - Francis X McCormack
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Disruption of the Phosphate Transporter Pit1 in Hepatocytes Improves Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Signaling by Modulating the USP7/IRS1 Interaction. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2736-2748. [PMID: 27568561 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in whole-body lipid and glucose homeostasis. Increasing dietary fat intake results in increased hepatic fat deposition, which is associated with a risk for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate a role for the phosphate inorganic transporter 1 (PiT1/SLC20A1) in regulating metabolism. Specific knockout of Pit1 in hepatocytes significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, enhanced insulin signaling, and decreased hepatic lipogenesis. We identified USP7 as a PiT1 binding partner and demonstrated that Pit1 deletion inhibited USP7/IRS1 dissociation upon insulin stimulation. This prevented IRS1 ubiquitination and its subsequent proteasomal degradation. As a consequence, delayed insulin negative feedback loop and sustained insulin signaling were observed. Moreover, PiT1-deficient mice were protected against high-fat-diet-induced obesity and diabetes. Our findings indicate that PiT1 has potential as a therapeutic target in the context of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and diabetes.
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Samyn DR, Persson BL. Inorganic Phosphate and Sulfate Transport in S. cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 892:253-269. [PMID: 26721277 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25304-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic ions such as phosphate and sulfate are essential macronutrients required for a broad spectrum of cellular functions and their regulation. In a constantly fluctuating environment microorganisms have for their survival developed specific nutrient sensing and transport systems ensuring that the cellular nutrient needs are met. This chapter focuses on the S. cerevisiae plasma membrane localized transporters, of which some are strongly induced under conditions of nutrient scarcity and facilitate the active uptake of inorganic phosphate and sulfate. Recent advances in studying the properties of the high-affinity phosphate and sulfate transporters by means of site-directed mutagenesis have provided further insight into the molecular mechanisms contributing to substrate selectivity and transporter functionality of this important class of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Samyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - B L Persson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
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Villa-Bellosta R. Vascular Calcification Revisited: A New Perspective for Phosphate Transport. Curr Cardiol Rev 2015; 11:341-351. [PMID: 26242187 PMCID: PMC4774640 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x11666150805120505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum phosphorus has emerged as a key risk factor for pathologic calcification of
cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification (VC). To prevent the formation of calciumphosphate
deposits (CPD), the body uses adenosine-5’-triphosphate (ATP) to synthesize inhibitors of
calcification, including proteins and inhibitors of low molecular weight. Extracellular pyrophosphate
(PPi) is a potent inhibitor of VC, which is produced during extracellular hydrolysis of ATP. Loss of
function in the enzymes and transporters that are involved in the cycle of extracellular ATP, including
Pi transporters, leads to excessive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia
with Pi-binders and Injection of exogenous PPi are the effective treatments to prevent CPD
in the aortic wall. The role of sodium phosphate cotransporters in ectopic calcification is contradictory and not well defined,
but their important role in the control of intracellular Pi levels and the synthesis of ATP make them an important
target to study.
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Wang X, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Polyphosphate as a metabolic fuel in Metazoa: A foundational breakthrough invention for biomedical applications. Biotechnol J 2015; 11:11-30. [PMID: 26356505 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In animals, energy-rich molecules like ATP are generated in the intracellular compartment from metabolites, e.g. glucose, taken up by the cells. Recent results revealed that inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) can provide an extracellular system for energy transport and delivery. These polymers of multiple phosphate units, linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds, use blood platelets as transport vehicles to reach their target cells. In this review it is outlined how polyP affects cell metabolism. It is discussed that polyP influences cell activity in a dual way: (i) as a metabolic fuel transferring metabolic energy through the extracellular space; and (ii) as a signaling molecule that amplifies energy/ATP production in mitochondria. Several metabolic pathways are triggered by polyP, among them biomineralization/hydroxyapatite formation onto bone cells. The accumulation of polyP in the platelets allows long-distance transport of the polymer in the extracellular space. The discovery of polyP as metabolic fuel and signaling molecule initiated the development of novel techniques for encapsulation of polyP into nanoparticles. They facilitate cellular uptake of the polymer by receptor-mediated endocytosis and allow the development of novel strategies for therapy of metabolic diseases associated with deviations in energy metabolism or mitochondrial dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany.
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Fang K, Grisham MB, Kevil CG. Application of Comparative Transcriptional Genomics to Identify Molecular Targets for Pediatric IBD. Front Immunol 2015; 6:165. [PMID: 26085826 PMCID: PMC4457140 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of colitis in mice have been used extensively for analyzing the molecular events that occur during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) development. However, it is uncertain to what extent the experimental models reproduce features of human IBD. This is largely due to the lack of precise methods for direct and comprehensive comparison of mouse and human inflamed colon tissue at the molecular level. Here, we use global gene expression patterns of two sets of pediatric IBD and two mouse models of colitis to obtain a direct comparison of the genome signatures of mouse and human IBD. By comparing the two sets of pediatric IBD microarray data, we found 83 genes were differentially expressed in a similar manner between pediatric Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Up-regulation of the chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) gene that maps to 17q12, a confirmed IBD susceptibility loci, indicates that our comparison study can reveal known genetic associations with IBD. In comparing pediatric IBD and experimental colitis microarray data, we found common signatures amongst them including: (1) up-regulation of CXCL9 and S100A8; (2) cytokine–cytokine receptor pathway dysregulation; and (3) over-represented IRF1 and IRF2 transcription binding sites in the promoter region of up-regulated genes, and HNF1A and Lhx3 binding sites were over-represented in the promoter region of the down-regulated genes. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive view of transcriptome changes between different pediatric IBD populations in comparison with different colitis models. These findings reveal several new molecular targets for further study in the regulation of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fang
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Matthew B Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX , USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, LA , USA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport, LA , USA
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45
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D. Murray R, D. Lederer E, J. Khundmiri S. Role of PTH in the Renal Handling of Phosphate. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2015.3.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Inden M. [The causative gene of Parkinsonism and its medical treatment strategy]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 134:1253-8. [PMID: 25452235 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. The neurodegenerative condition of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism. PD is classified as sporadic PD and familial PD. Whereas idiopathic PD is caused by a number of complex factors, familial PD is a result of mutations in PD-associated genes. Unraveling the mechanisms surrounding familial PD will offer pivotal clues in understanding etiology of not only familial PD but also sporadic PD. We have demonstrated neuroprotective effects with particular focus on DJ-1. On the other hand, idiopathic basal ganglia calcification, also known as Fahr disease (FD) is another condition characterized by parkinsonism. In 2012, solute carrier family 20A2 (SLC20A2) was identified as the causative gene for familial FD. Our analysis of patient samples revealed a novel mutation in SLC20A2. Type-III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter 2 (PiT-2), the protein encoded by SLC20A2, plays an important role in phosphate homeostasis. However, PiT-2's role in the pathology of FD remains largely unclear. We have established induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from FD patients and are investigating their usefulness in drug development. Here, we present some of our latest research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Inden
- Laboratory of Medical Therapeutics and Molecular Therapeutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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Kikuchi Y, Hijikata N, Yokoyama K, Ohtomo R, Handa Y, Kawaguchi M, Saito K, Ezawa T. Polyphosphate accumulation is driven by transcriptome alterations that lead to near-synchronous and near-equivalent uptake of inorganic cations in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:638-649. [PMID: 25039900 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi accumulate a massive amount of phosphate as polyphosphate to deliver to the host, but the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, the dynamics of cationic components during polyphosphate accumulation were investigated in conjunction with transcriptome analysis. Rhizophagus sp. HR1 was grown with Lotus japonicus under phosphorus-deficient conditions, and extraradical mycelia were harvested after phosphate application at prescribed intervals. Levels of polyphosphate, inorganic cations and amino acids were measured, and RNA-Seq was performed on the Illumina platform. Phosphate application triggered not only polyphosphate accumulation but also near-synchronous and near-equivalent uptake of Na(+) , K(+) , Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) , whereas no distinct changes in the levels of amino acids were observed. During polyphosphate accumulation, the genes responsible for mineral uptake, phosphate and nitrogen metabolism and the maintenance of cellular homeostasis were up-regulated. The results suggest that inorganic cations play a major role in neutralizing the negative charge of polyphosphate, and these processes are achieved by the orchestrated regulation of gene expression. Our findings provide, for the first time, a global picture of the cellular response to increased phosphate availability, which is the initial process of nutrient delivery in the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Nowaki Hijikata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Kaede Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, Sapporo, 062-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Handa
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuharu Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
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Sanchez-Contreras M, Baker MC, Finch NA, Nicholson A, Wojtas A, Wszolek ZK, Ross OA, Dickson DW, Rademakers R. Genetic screening and functional characterization of PDGFRB mutations associated with basal ganglia calcification of unknown etiology. Hum Mutat 2014; 35:964-71. [PMID: 24796542 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three causal genes for idiopathic basal ganglia calcification (IBGC) have been identified. Most recently, mutations in PDGFRB, encoding a member of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor family type β, and PDGFB, encoding PDGF-B, the specific ligand of PDGFRβ, were found implicating the PDGF-B/PDGFRβ pathway in abnormal brain calcification. In this study, we aimed to identify and study mutations in PDGFRB and PDGFB in a series of 26 patients from the Mayo Clinic Florida Brain Bank with moderate to severe basal ganglia calcification (BCG) of unknown etiology. No mutations in PDGFB were found. However, we identified one mutation in PDGFRB, p.R695C located in the tyrosine kinase domain, in one BGC patient. We further studied the function of p.R695C mutant PDGFRβ and two previously reported mutants, p.L658P and p.R987W PDGFRβ in cell culture. We show that, in response to PDGF-BB stimulation, the p.L658P mutation completely suppresses PDGFRβ autophosphorylation, whereas the p.R695C mutation results in partial loss of autophosphorylation. For the p.R987W mutation, our data suggest a different mechanism involving reduced protein levels. These genetic and functional studies provide the first insight into the pathogenic mechanisms associated with PDGFRB mutations and provide further support for a pathogenic role of PDGFRB mutations in BGC.
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Starke S, Huber K. Adaptive responses of calcium and phosphate homeostasis in goats to low nitrogen intake: renal aspects. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:853-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Starke
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - K. Huber
- Department of Physiology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
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Camalier CE, Yi M, Yu LR, Hood BL, Conrads KA, Lee YJ, Lin Y, Garneys LM, Bouloux GF, Young MR, Veenstra TD, Stephens RM, Colburn NH, Conrads TP, Beck GR. An integrated understanding of the physiological response to elevated extracellular phosphate. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1536-50. [PMID: 23280476 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that changes in serum phosphate levels influence pathological states associated with aging such as cancer, bone metabolism, and cardiovascular function, even in individuals with normal renal function. The causes are only beginning to be elucidated but are likely a combination of endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and cell autonomous effects. We have used an integrated quantitative biology approach, combining transcriptomics and proteomics to define a multi-phase, extracellular phosphate-induced, signaling network in pre-osteoblasts as well as primary human and mouse mesenchymal stromal cells. We identified a rapid mitogenic response stimulated by elevated phosphate that results in the induction of immediate early genes including c-fos. The mechanism of activation requires FGF receptor signaling followed by stimulation of N-Ras and activation of AP-1 and serum response elements. A distinct long-term response also requires FGF receptor signaling and results in N-Ras activation and expression of genes and secretion of proteins involved in matrix regulation, calcification, and angiogenesis. The late response is synergistically enhanced by addition of FGF23 peptide. The intermediate phase results in increased oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production and is necessary for the late response providing a functional link between the phases. Collectively, the results define elevated phosphate, as a mitogen and define specific mechanisms by which phosphate stimulates proliferation and matrix regulation. Our approach provides a comprehensive understanding of the cellular response to elevated extracellular phosphate, functionally connecting temporally coordinated signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic events with changes in long-term cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Camalier
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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