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Qin Z, Wang T, Zhao Y, Ma C, Shao Q. Molecular Machinery of Lipid Droplet Degradation and Turnover in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16039. [PMID: 38003229 PMCID: PMC10671748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are important organelles conserved across eukaryotes with a fascinating biogenesis and consumption cycle. Recent intensive research has focused on uncovering the cellular biology of LDs, with emphasis on their degradation. Briefly, two major pathways for LD degradation have been recognized: (1) lipolysis, in which lipid degradation is catalyzed by lipases on the LD surface, and (2) lipophagy, in which LDs are degraded by autophagy. Both of these pathways require the collective actions of several lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, some of which have been purified and analyzed for their in vitro activities. Furthermore, several genes encoding these proteins have been cloned and characterized. In seed plants, seed germination is initiated by the hydrolysis of stored lipids in LDs to provide energy and carbon equivalents for the germinating seedling. However, little is known about the mechanism regulating the LD mobilization. In this review, we focus on recent progress toward understanding how lipids are degraded and the specific pathways that coordinate LD mobilization in plants, aiming to provide an accurate and detailed outline of the process. This will set the stage for future studies of LD dynamics and help to utilize LDs to their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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Resemann HC, Feussner K, Hornung E, Feussner I. A non-targeted metabolomics analysis identifies wound-induced oxylipins in Physcomitrium patens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1085915. [PMID: 36704156 PMCID: PMC9871578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1085915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins are a class of lipid-derived signaling molecules being involved in the regulation of various biotic and abiotic stress responses. A major class of oxylipins are the circular derivatives to which 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its metabolite jasmonic acid (JA) belong. While OPDA and its shorter chain homologue dinor-OPDA (dnOPDA) seem to be ubiquitously found in land plants ranging from bryophytes to angiosperms, the occurrence of JA and its derivatives is still under discussion. The bryophyte Physcomitrium patens has received increased scientific interest as a non-vascular plant model organism over the last decade. Therefore, we followed the metabolism upon wounding by metabolite fingerprinting with the aim to identify jasmonates as well as novel oxylipins in P. patens. A non-targeted metabolomics approach was used to reconstruct the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of oxylipins, derived from roughanic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and arachidonic acid in wild type, the oxylipin-deficient mutants of Ppaos1 and Ppaos2, the mutants of Ppdes being deficient in all fatty acids harboring a Δ6-double bond and the C20-fatty acid-deficient mutants of Ppelo. Beside of OPDA, iso-OPDA, dnOPDA, and iso-dnOPDA, three additional C18-compounds and a metabolite being isobaric to JA were identified to accumulate after wounding. These findings can now serve as foundation for future research in determining, which compound(s) will serve as native ligand(s) for the oxylipin-receptor COI1 in P. patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Christoph Resemann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Despite of their economical and nutritional interest, the biology of fruits is still little studied in comparison with reports of other plant organs such as leaves and roots. Accordingly, research at subcellular and molecular levels is necessary not only to understand the physiology of fruits, but also to improve crop qualities. Efforts addressed to gain knowledge of the peroxisome proteome and how it interacts with the overall metabolism of fruits will provide tools to be used in breeding strategies of agricultural species with added value. In this work, special attention will be paid to peroxisomal proteins involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the relevant role of these compounds at fruit ripening. The proteome of peroxisomes purified from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit is reported, where an iron-superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) was localized in these organelles, besides other antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and a Mn-SOD, as well as enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, malate, lipids and fatty acids, amino acids, the glyoxylate cycle and in the potential organelles' movements.
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Duan W, Sun P, Chen L, Gao S, Shao W, Li J. Comparative analysis of fruit volatiles and related gene expression between the wild strawberry Fragaria pentaphylla and cultivated Fragaria × ananassa. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-2935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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HOLKOVÁ I, BILKA F, RAUOVÁ D, BEZÁKOVÁ L. Purification and properties of lipoxygenase from opium poppy seedlings(Papaver somniferum L.). Turk J Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1507-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Heshof R, de Graaff LH, Villaverde JJ, Silvestre AJ, Haarmann T, Dalsgaard TK, Buchert J. Industrial potential of lipoxygenases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:665-74. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Heshof
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Leo H. de Graaff
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | - Juan J. Villaverde
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal,
- On leave to INIA, DTEVPF, Plant Protection Products Unit, Ctra. de La Coruña, Madrid, Spain,
| | | | | | - Trine K. Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark, and
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Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Rejón JD, de Dios Alché J, Castro AJ, Rodríguez-García MI. Olive seed protein bodies store degrading enzymes involved in mobilization of oil bodies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:103-15. [PMID: 24170742 PMCID: PMC3883284 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The major seed storage reserves in oilseeds are accumulated in protein bodies and oil bodies, and serve as an energy, carbon, and nitrogen source during germination. Here, the spatio-temporal relationships between protein bodies and several key enzymes (phospholipase A, lipase, and lipoxygenase) involved in storage lipid mobilization in cotyledon cells was analysed during in vitro seed germination. Enzyme activities were assayed in-gel and their cellular localization were determined using microscopy techniques. At seed maturity, phospholipase A and triacylglycerol lipase activities were found exclusively in protein bodies. However, after seed imbibition, these activities were shifted to the cytoplasm and the surface of the oil bodies. The activity of neutral lipases was detected by using α-naphthyl palmitate and it was associated mainly with protein bodies during the whole course of germination. This pattern of distribution was highly similar to the localization of neutral lipids, which progressively appeared in protein bodies. Lipoxygenase activity was found in both the protein bodies and on the surface of the oil bodies during the initial phase of seed germination. The association of lipoxygenase with oil bodies was temporally correlated with the appearance of phospholipase A and lipase activities on the surface of oil bodies. It is concluded that protein bodies not only serve as simple storage structures, but are also dynamic and multifunctional organelles directly involved in storage lipid mobilization during olive seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87 - 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87 - 100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Juan David Rejón
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Alché
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, 18008 Granada, Spain
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Meyer D, Herrfurth C, Brodhun F, Feussner I. Degradation of lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins by glyoxysomes from sunflower and cucumber cotyledons. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:177. [PMID: 24207097 PMCID: PMC3831820 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oilseed germination is characterized by the degradation of storage lipids. It may proceed either via the direct action of a triacylglycerol lipase, or in certain plant species via a specific lipid body 13-lipoxygenase. For the involvement of a lipoxygenase previous results suggested that the hydroxy- or oxo-group that is being introduced into the fatty acid backbone by this lipoxygenase forms a barrier to continuous β-oxidation. RESULTS This study shows however that a complete degradation of oxygenated fatty acids is possible by isolated cucumber and sunflower glyoxysomes. Interestingly, degradation is accompanied by the formation of saturated short chain acyl-CoAs with chain length between 4 and 12 carbon atoms lacking the hydroxy- or oxo-diene system of the oxygenated fatty acid substrate. The presence of these CoA esters suggests the involvement of a specific reduction of the diene system at a chain length of 12 carbon atoms including conversion of the hydroxy-group at C7. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this metabolic pathway has not been described for the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids so far. It may represent a new principle to degrade oxygenated fatty acid derivatives formed by lipoxygenases or chemical oxidation initiated by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Meyer
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Florian Brodhun
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Göttingen D-37075, Germany
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Zienkiewicz A, Zienkiewicz K, Rejón JD, Rodríguez-García MI, Castro AJ. New insights into the early steps of oil body mobilization during pollen germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:293-302. [PMID: 23132905 PMCID: PMC3528035 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In some plants, pollen grains accumulate storage lipids that serve as energy supply during germination. Here, three enzymes involved in early steps of oil body mobilization in the male gametophyte were functionally characterized for the first time. The effect of extracellular sugars on pollen performance and oil body dynamics was also analysed. Olive pollen oil bodies showed phospholipase A, lipase, and lipoxygenase activities on their surface. Enzyme activity levels increased during germination with a maximum after 3h. Removal of extracellular sugars from the germination medium did not affect pollen performance but increased enzyme activity rates and sped up oil body mobilization. Inhibitors seriously hampered pollen germination and pollen tube growth, leading to a characteristic accumulation of oil bodies in the germinative aperture. It can be concluded that storage lipids are sufficient for proper olive pollen germination. A lipase and a lipoxygenase are likely involved in oil body mobilization. Extracellular sugars may modulate their function, while a phospholipase A may promote their access to the storage lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87–100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87–100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Juan David Rejón
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 18008 Granada, Spain
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Chapman KD, Dyer JM, Mullen RT. Biogenesis and functions of lipid droplets in plants: Thematic Review Series: Lipid Droplet Synthesis and Metabolism: from Yeast to Man. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:215-26. [PMID: 22045929 PMCID: PMC3269164 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r021436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The compartmentation of neutral lipids in plants is mostly associated with seed tissues, where triacylglycerols (TAGs) stored within lipid droplets (LDs) serve as an essential physiological energy and carbon reserve during postgerminative growth. However, some nonseed tissues, such as leaves, flowers and fruits, also synthesize and store TAGs, yet relatively little is known about the formation or function of LDs in these tissues. Characterization of LD-associated proteins, such as oleosins, caleosins, and sterol dehydrogenases (steroleosins), has revealed surprising features of LD function in plants, including stress responses, hormone signaling pathways, and various aspects of plant growth and development. Although oleosin and caleosin proteins are specific to plants, LD-associated sterol dehydrogenases also are present in mammals, and in both plants and mammals these enzymes have been shown to be important in (steroid) hormone metabolism and signaling. In addition, several other proteins known to be important in LD biogenesis in yeasts and mammals are conserved in plants, suggesting that at least some aspects of LD biogenesis and/or function are evolutionarily conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent D. Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, TX
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Zienkiewicz K, Zienkiewicz A, Rodríguez-García MI, Castro AJ. Characterization of a caleosin expressed during olive (Olea europaea L.) pollen ontogeny. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:122. [PMID: 21884593 PMCID: PMC3180362 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The olive tree is an oil-storing species, with pollen being the second most active site in storage lipid biosynthesis. Caleosins are proteins involved in storage lipid mobilization during seed germination. Despite the existence of different lipidic structures in the anther, there are no data regarding the presence of caleosins in this organ to date. The purpose of the present work was to characterize a caleosin expressed in the olive anther over different key stages of pollen ontogeny, as a first approach to unravel its biological function in reproduction. RESULTS A 30 kDa caleosin was identified in the anther tissues by Western blot analysis. Using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopic immunolocalization methods, the protein was first localized in the tapetal cells at the free microspore stage. Caleosins were released to the anther locule and further deposited onto the sculptures of the pollen exine. As anthers developed, tapetal cells showed the presence of structures constituted by caleosin-containing lipid droplets closely packed and enclosed by ER-derived cisternae and vesicles. After tapetal cells lost their integrity, the caleosin-containing remnants of the tapetum filled the cavities of the mature pollen exine, forming the pollen coat. In developing microspores, this caleosin was initially detected on the exine sculptures. During pollen maturation, caleosin levels progressively increased in the vegetative cell, concurrently with the number of oil bodies. The olive pollen caleosin was able to bind calcium in vitro. Moreover, PEGylation experiments supported the structural conformation model suggested for caleosins from seed oil bodies. CONCLUSIONS In the olive anther, a caleosin is expressed in both the tapetal and germ line cells, with its synthesis independently regulated. The pollen oil body-associated caleosin is synthesized by the vegetative cell, whereas the protein located on the pollen exine and its coating has a sporophytic origin. The biological significance of the caleosin in the reproductive process in species possessing lipid-storing pollen might depend on its subcellular emplacement. The pollen inner caleosin may be involved in OB biogenesis during pollen maturation. The protein located on the outside might rather play a function in pollen-stigma interaction during pollen hydration and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gargarina 9, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zienkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gargarina 9, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-García
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio J Castro
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Yadav MK, Bhatla SC. Localization of lipoxygenase activity on the oil bodies and in protoplasts using a novel fluorescence imaging method. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:230-4. [PMID: 21169027 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenase (linoleate:oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.13.11.12; LOX) catalyzes oxygenation of polyenoic fatty acids, which precedes the degradation of storage lipids during seed germination in sunflower. In the present work, it has been confirmed that 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCFDA) produces fluorescence in presence of lipid hydroperoxides (LOX reaction products). This work provides new information on spatial localization of transiently enhanced LOX activity in protoplasts from 5 d old seedling cotyledons of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Morden) by exploiting H(2)DCFDA as a probe for fluorescence detection from LOX activity sites. Use of LOX inhibitors [nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and propyl gallate (PG)] confirms oil bodies as LOX activity sites. Oil body surface has been shown to possess LOX activity in 5 d old seedling cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh K Yadav
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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Rudolph M, Schlereth A, Körner M, Feussner K, Berndt E, Melzer M, Hornung E, Feussner I. The lipoxygenase-dependent oxygenation of lipid body membranes is promoted by a patatin-type phospholipase in cucumber cotyledons. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:749-60. [PMID: 21081663 PMCID: PMC3003817 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed germination is characterized by the mobilization of storage lipids as a carbon and energy source for embryonic growth. In addition to storage lipid degradation in germinating oilseeds via the direct action of a triacylglycerol lipase (TGL) on the storage lipids, a second degradation pathway that is dependent on a specific lipid body trilinoleate 13-lipoxygenase (13-LOX) has been proposed in several plant species. The activity of this specific 13-LOX leads first to the formation of ester lipid hydroperoxides. These hydroperoxy fatty acids are then preferentially cleaved off by a TGL and serve as a substrate for glyoxysomal β-oxidation. As a prerequisite for triacylglycerol (TAG) mobilization, a partial degradation of the phospholipid monolayer and/or membrane proteins of the oil body has been discussed. Evidence has now been found for both processes: partial degradation of the proteins caleosin and oleosin was observed and simultaneously a patatin-like protein together with transient phospholipase (PLase) activity could be detected at the oil body membranes during germination. Moreover, in vitro experiments with isolated oil bodies from mature seeds revealed that the formation of 13-LOX-derived lipid peroxides in lipid body membranes is increased after incubation with the purified recombinant patatin-like protein. These experiments suggest that in vivo the degradation of storage lipids in cucumber cotyledons is promoted by the activity of a specific oil body PLase, which leads to an increased decomposition of the oil body membrane by the 13-LOX and thereby TAGs may be better accessible to LOX and TGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Rudolph
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Martina Körner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekkehardt Berndt
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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Andreou A, Feussner I. Lipoxygenases - Structure and reaction mechanism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1504-10. [PMID: 19767040 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid oxidation is a common metabolic reaction in all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as response to abiotic and biotic stresses. Products derived from lipid oxidation processes are collectively named oxylipins. Initial lipid oxidation may either occur by chemical reactions or is derived from the action of enzymes. In plants this reaction is mainly catalyzed by lipoxygenase (LOXs) enzymes and during recent years analysis of different plant LOXs revealed insights into their enzyme mechanism. This review aims at giving an overview of concepts explaining the catalytic mechanism of LOXs as well as the different regio- and stereo-specificities of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Andreou
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Göbel C, Feussner I. Methods for the analysis of oxylipins in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1485-503. [PMID: 19735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins comprise a highly diverse and complex class of molecules that are derived from lipid oxidation. The initial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may either occur by enzymatic or chemical reactions. A large variety of oxylipin classes are generated by an array of alternative reactions further converting hydroperoxy fatty acids. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by their occurrence either as free fatty acid derivatives or as esters in complex lipids. Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as a response to environmental changes. The oxylipins formed may perform various biological roles; some of them have signaling functions. In order to elucidate the roles of oxylipins in a given biological context, comprehensive analytical assays are available for determining the oxylipin profiles of plant tissues. This review summarizes indirect methods to estimate the general peroxidation state of a sample and more sophisticated techniques for the identification, structure determination and quantification of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Göbel
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Li YM, Chan HYE, Yao XQ, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Green tea catechins and broccoli reduce fat-induced mortality in Drosophila melanogaster. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19:376-83. [PMID: 17707629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary fat accelerates the ageing process and causes a greater mortality by accumulating lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) in Drosophila melanogaster. The present study found that the life span of D. melanogaster was shortened from 54 to 6 days in a dose-dependent manner when fat in diet increased from 0% to 25%. The results showed that supplementation of both green tea catechins (GTC) and broccoli extract (BE) reversed partially the fat-induced mortality. The maximum life span was 44 days for the control group fed with a 5% fat, whereas it increased to 50 and 59 days in the GTC- and BE-supplemented groups, respectively. The 50% survival time for the control flies fed with a 5% fat diet was 30 days. In contrast, it increased to 32 and 48 days when GTC and BE were supplemented in the diet. This was consistent with a significant reduction in total body LPO level in D. melanogaster maintained on the GTC- and BE-supplemented diet. Accordingly, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased significantly in the flies fed with a GTC or a BE diet compared with those fed with a control 5% fat diet. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that the increase in enzymatic activities of catalase and SOD was accompanied by up-regulation of genes for catalase, copper-zinc containing SOD and manganese-containing SOD. It was concluded that GTC and BE reversed the fat-induced mortality in D. melanogaster, most likely but necessarily solely, by up-regulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Man Li
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Youn B, Sellhorn GE, Mirchel RJ, Gaffney BJ, Grimes HD, Kang C. Crystal structures of vegetative soybean lipoxygenase VLX-B and VLX-D, and comparisons with seed isoforms LOX-1 and LOX-3. Proteins 2006; 65:1008-20. [PMID: 17022084 PMCID: PMC2777516 DOI: 10.1002/prot.21182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lipoxygenase family of lipid-peroxidizing, nonheme iron dioxygenases form products that are precursors for diverse physiological processes in both plants and animals. In soybean (Glycine max), five vegetative isoforms, VLX-A, VLX-B, VLX-C, VLX-D, VLX-E, and four seed isoforms LOX-1, LOX-2, LOX-3a, LOX-3b have been identified. In this study, we determined the crystal structures of the substrate-free forms of two major vegetative isoforms, with distinct enzymatic characteristics, VLX-B and VLX-D. Their structures are similar to the two seed isoforms, LOX-1 and LOX-3, having two domains with similar secondary structural elements: a beta-barrel N-terminal domain containing highly flexible loops and an alpha-helix-rich C-terminal catalytic domain. Detailed comparison of the structures of these two vegetative isoforms with the structures of LOX-1 and LOX-3 reveals important differences that help explain distinct aspects of the activity and positional specificity of these enzymes. In particular, the shape of the three branches of the internal subcavity, corresponding to substrate-binding and O(2) access, differs among the isoforms in a manner that reflects the differences in positional specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buhyun Youn
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
| | - George E. Sellhorn
- Graduate program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Ryan J. Mirchel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
| | - Betty J. Gaffney
- Biological Sciences Department, BIO Unit I, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370
| | - Howard D. Grimes
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
- Graduate program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - ChulHee Kang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4660
- Graduate program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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Liavonchanka A, Feussner I. Lipoxygenases: occurrence, functions and catalysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 163:348-57. [PMID: 16386332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, both appearing in developmentally and environmentally regulated processes. Products are hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acids and metabolites derived there from collectively named oxylipins. They may either originate from chemical oxidation or are synthesized by the action of various enzymes, such as lipoxygenases (LOXes). Signalling compounds such as jasmonates, antimicrobial and antifungal compounds such as leaf aldehydes or divinyl ethers, and a plant-specific blend of volatiles including leaf alcohols are among the numerous products. Cloning of many LOXes and other key enzymes metabolizing oxylipins, as well as analyses by reverse genetic approaches and metabolic profiling revealed new insights on oxylipin functions, new reactions and the first hints on enzyme mechanisms. These aspects are reviewed with respect to function of specific LOX forms and on the development of new models on their substrate and product specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Liavonchanka
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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