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Park S, Ding SY. Five amino acid mismatches in the zinc-finger domains of Cellulose Synthase 5 and Cellulose Synthase 6 cooperatively modulate their functional properties by controlling homodimerization in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:76. [PMID: 38888655 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01471-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose synthase 5 (CESA5) and CESA6 are known to share substantial functional overlap. In the zinc-finger domain (ZN) of CESA5, there are five amino acid (AA) mismatches when compared to CESA6. These mismatches in CESA5 were replaced with their CESA6 counterparts one by one until all were replaced, generating nine engineered CESA5s. Each N-terminal enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-tagged engineered CESA5 was introduced to prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, and resulting mutants were subjected to phenotypic analyses. We found that five single AA-replaced CESA5 proteins partially rescue the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes to different extents. Multi-AA replaced CESA5s further rescued the mutant phenotypes in an additive manner, culminating in full recovery by CESA5G43R + S49T+S54P+S80A+Y88F. Investigations in cellulose content, cellulose synthase complex (CSC) motility, and cellulose microfibril organization in the same mutants support the results of the phenotypic analyses. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that the level of homodimerization in every engineered CESA5 is substantially higher than CESA5. The mean fluorescence intensity of CSCs carrying each engineered CESA5 fluctuates with the degree to which the prc1-1 mutant phenotypes are rescued by introducing a corresponding engineered CESA5. Taken together, these five AA mismatches in the ZNs of CESA5 and CESA6 cooperatively modulate the functional properties of these CESAs by controlling their homodimerization capacity, which in turn imposes proportional changes on the incorporation of these CESAs into CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Jarvis MC. Forces on and in the cell walls of living plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:8-14. [PMID: 37403192 PMCID: PMC10762502 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental influences and differential growth subject plants to mechanical forces. Forces on the whole plant resolve into tensile forces on its primary cell walls and both tensile and compression forces on the secondary cell wall layers of woody tissues. Forces on cell walls are further resolved into forces on cellulose microfibrils and the noncellulosic polymers between them. Many external forces on plants oscillate, with time constants that vary from seconds to milliseconds. Sound waves are a high-frequency example. Forces on the cell wall lead to responses that direct the oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils and the patterned expansion of the cell wall, leading to complex cell and tissue morphology. Recent experiments have established many of the details of which cell wall polymers associate with one another in both primary and secondary cell walls, but questions remain about which of the interconnections are load bearing, especially in primary cell walls. Direct cellulose-cellulose interactions appear to have a more important mechanical role than was previously thought, and some of the noncellulosic polymers may have a role in keeping microfibrils apart rather than cross-linking them as formerly envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jarvis
- College of Science and Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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3
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Xue J, Purushotham P, Acheson JF, Ho R, Zimmer J, McFarlane C, Van Petegem F, Martone PT, Samuels AL. Functional characterization of a cellulose synthase, CtCESA1, from the marine red alga Calliarthron tuberculosum (Corallinales). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:680-695. [PMID: 34505622 PMCID: PMC8793875 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In land plants and algae, cellulose is important for strengthening cell walls and preventing breakage due to physical forces. Though our understanding of cellulose production by cellulose synthases (CESAs) has seen significant advances for several land plant and bacterial species, functional characterization of this fundamental protein is absent in red algae. Here we identify CESA gene candidates in the calcifying red alga Calliarthron tuberculosum using sequence similarity-based approaches, and elucidate their phylogenetic relationship with other CESAs from diverse taxa. One gene candidate, CtCESA1, was closely related to other putative red algal CESA genes. To test if CtCESA1 encoded a true cellulose synthase, CtCESA1 protein was expressed and purified from insect and yeast expression systems. CtCESA1 showed glucan synthase activity in glucose tracer assays. CtCESA1 activity was relatively low when compared with plant and bacterial CESA activity. In an in vitro assay, a predicted N-terminal starch-binding domain from CtCESA1 bound red algal floridean starch extracts, representing a unique domain in red algal CESAs not present in CESAs from other lineages. When the CtCESA1 gene was introduced into Arabidopsis thaliana cesa mutants, the red algal CtCESA1 partially rescued the growth defects of the primary cell wall cesa6 mutant, but not cesa3 or secondary cell wall cesa7 mutants. A fluorescently tagged CtCESA1 localized to the plasma membrane in the Arabidopsis cesa6 mutant background. This study presents functional evidence validating the sequence annotation of red algal CESAs. The relatively low activity of CtCESA1, partial complementation in Arabidopsis, and presence of unique protein domains suggest that there are probably functional differences between the algal and land plant CESAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Xue
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pallinti Purushotham
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Justin F Acheson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ruoya Ho
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jochen Zimmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Ciaran McFarlane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Filip Van Petegem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Patrick T Martone
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Sun X, Ma Y, Yang C, Li J. Rice OVATE family protein 6 regulates leaf angle by modulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:249-261. [PMID: 32715397 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall not only provides rigidity and mechanical resistance to plants, but also has a large impact on plant growth and adaptation to environments. Biosynthesis of secondary cell wall is regulated by a complicated signaling transduction network; however, it is still unclear how the transcriptional regulation of secondary cell wall biosynthesis works at the molecular level. Here, we report in rice that OVATE family proteins 6 (OsOFP6) is a positive regulator in modulating expression of the genes related to biosynthesis of the secondary cell wall. Transgenic plants with knock-down of OsOFP6 by RNA interference showed increased leaf angle, which resulted from the thinner secondary cell wall with reduced amounts of cellulose and lignin, whilst overexpression of OsOFP6 in rice led to the thinker secondary cell wall with increased lignin content. Protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that OsOFP6 interacts with Oryza sativa homeobox 15 (OSH15), a class I KNOX protein. The interaction of OsOFP6 and OSH15 enhanced the transcriptional activity of OSH15 which binds to the promoter of OsIRX9 (Oryza sativa IRREGULAR XYLEM 9). Taken together, our study provides insights into the function of OsOFP6 in regulating leaf angle and the control of biosynthesis of secondary cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yamei Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, South China, 510650, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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5
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Xin X, Lei L, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Pingali SV, O’Neill H, Cosgrove DJ, Li S, Gu Y. Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2982-2994. [PMID: 32016356 PMCID: PMC7260726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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6
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Mazarei M, Baxter HL, Li M, Biswal AK, Kim K, Meng X, Pu Y, Wuddineh WA, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Wang ZY, Mohnen D, Ragauskas AJ, Labbé N, Stewart CN. Functional Analysis of Cellulose Synthase CesA4 and CesA6 Genes in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) by Overexpression and RNAi-Mediated Gene Silencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 30127793 PMCID: PMC6088197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a leading lignocellulosic bioenergy feedstock. Cellulose is a major component of the plant cell walls and the primary substrate for saccharification. Accessibility of cellulose to enzymatic breakdown into fermentable sugars is limited by the presence of lignin in the plant cell wall. In this study, putatively novel switchgrass secondary cell wall cellulose synthase PvCesA4 and primary cell wall PvCesA6 genes were identified and their functional role in cellulose synthesis and cell wall composition was examined by overexpression and knockdown of the individual genes in switchgrass. The endogenous expression of PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 genes varied among including roots, leaves, stem, and reproductive tissues. Increasing or decreasing PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 expression to extreme levels in the transgenic lines resulted in decreased biomass production. PvCesA6-overexpressing lines had reduced lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio accompanied by increased sugar release efficiency, suggesting an impact of PvCesA6 expression levels on lignin biosynthesis. Cellulose content and cellulose crystallinity were decreased, while xylan content was increased in PvCesA4 and PvCesA6 overexpression or knockdown lines. The increase in xylan content suggests that the amount of non-cellulosic cell wall polysaccharide was modified in these plants. Taken together, the results show that the manipulation of the cellulose synthase genes alters the cell wall composition and availability of cellulose as a bioprocessing substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ajaya K. Biswal
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Keonhee Kim
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Wegi A. Wuddineh
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Debra Mohnen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Joint Institute for Biological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Nicole Labbé
- Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - C. Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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7
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Cytosolic invertases contribute to cellulose biosynthesis and influence carbon partitioning in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:956-974. [PMID: 29569779 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, UDP-glucose is the direct precursor for cellulose biosynthesis, and can be converted into other NDP-sugars required for the biosynthesis of wall matrix polysaccharides. UDP-glucose is generated from sucrose by two distinct metabolic pathways. The first pathway is the direct conversion of sucrose to UDP-glucose and fructose by sucrose synthase. The second pathway involves sucrose hydrolysis by cytosolic invertase (CINV), conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, and UDP-glucose generation by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP). Previously, Barratt et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 2009 and 13124) have found that an Arabidopsis double mutant lacking CINV1 and CINV2 displayed drastically reduced growth. Whether this reduced growth is due to deficient cell wall production caused by limited UDP-glucose supply, pleiotropic effects, or both, remained unresolved. Here, we present results indicating that the CINV/UGP pathway contributes to anisotropic growth and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Biochemical and imaging data demonstrate that cinv1 cinv2 seedlings are deficient in UDP-glucose production, exhibit abnormal cellulose biosynthesis and microtubule properties, and have altered cellulose organization without substantial changes to matrix polysaccharide composition, suggesting that the CINV/UGP pathway is a key metabolic route to UDP-glucose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, differential responses of cinv1 cinv2 seedlings to exogenous sugar supplementation support a function of CINVs in influencing carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis. From these data and those of previous studies, we conclude that CINVs serve central roles in cellulose biosynthesis and carbon allocation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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8
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The Impact of Microfibril Orientations on the Biomechanics of Plant Cell Walls and Tissues. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:2135-2164. [PMID: 27761699 PMCID: PMC5090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic structure and anisotropy of plant cell walls greatly influence the mechanical properties, morphogenesis, and growth of plant cells and tissues. The microscopic structure and properties of cell walls are determined by the orientation and mechanical properties of the cellulose microfibrils and the mechanical properties of the cell wall matrix. Viewing the shape of a plant cell as a square prism with the axis aligning with the primary direction of expansion and growth, the orientation of the microfibrils within the side walls, i.e. the parts of the cell walls on the sides of the cells, is known. However, not much is known about their orientation at the upper and lower ends of the cell. Here we investigate the impact of the orientation of cellulose microfibrils within the upper and lower parts of the plant cell walls by solving the equations of linear elasticity numerically. Three different scenarios for the orientation of the microfibrils are considered. We also distinguish between the microstructure in the side walls given by microfibrils perpendicular to the main direction of the expansion and the situation where the microfibrils are rotated through the wall thickness. The macroscopic elastic properties of the cell wall are obtained using homogenization theory from the microscopic description of the elastic properties of the cell wall microfibrils and wall matrix. It is found that the orientation of the microfibrils in the upper and lower parts of the cell walls affects the expansion of the cell in the lateral directions and is particularly important in the case of forces acting on plant cell walls and tissues.
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9
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Rui Y, Anderson CT. Functional Analysis of Cellulose and Xyloglucan in the Walls of Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1398-419. [PMID: 26729799 PMCID: PMC4775103 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells are pairs of specialized epidermal cells that control water and CO2 exchange between the plant and the environment. To fulfill the functions of stomatal opening and closure that are driven by changes in turgor pressure, guard cell walls must be both strong and flexible, but how the structure and dynamics of guard cell walls enable stomatal function remains poorly understood. To address this question, we applied cell biological and genetic analyses to investigate guard cell walls and their relationship to stomatal function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Using live-cell spinning disk confocal microscopy, we measured the motility of cellulose synthase (CESA)-containing complexes labeled by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-CESA3 and observed a reduced proportion of GFP-CESA3 particles colocalizing with microtubules upon stomatal closure. Imaging cellulose organization in guard cells revealed a relatively uniform distribution of cellulose in the open state and a more fibrillar pattern in the closed state, indicating that cellulose microfibrils undergo dynamic reorganization during stomatal movements. In cesa3(je5) mutants defective in cellulose synthesis and xxt1 xxt2 mutants lacking the hemicellulose xyloglucan, stomatal apertures, changes in guard cell length, and cellulose reorganization were aberrant during fusicoccin-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure, indicating that sufficient cellulose and xyloglucan are required for normal guard cell dynamics. Together, these results provide new insights into how guard cell walls allow stomata to function as responsive mediators of gas exchange at the plant surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology (Y.R., C.T.A.) and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (C.T.A.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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10
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Chantreau M, Chabbert B, Billiard S, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Functional analyses of cellulose synthase genes in flax (Linum usitatissimum) by virus-induced gene silencing. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1312-24. [PMID: 25688574 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum) bast fibres are located in the stem cortex where they play an important role in mechanical support. They contain high amounts of cellulose and so are used for linen textiles and in the composite industry. In this study, we screened the annotated flax genome and identified 14 distinct cellulose synthase (CESA) genes using orthologous sequences previously identified. Transcriptomics of 'primary cell wall' and 'secondary cell wall' flax CESA genes showed that some were preferentially expressed in different organs and stem tissues providing clues as to their biological role(s) in planta. The development for the first time in flax of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to functionally evaluate the biological role of different CESA genes in stem tissues. Quantification of transcript accumulation showed that in many cases, silencing not only affected targeted CESA clades, but also had an impact on other CESA genes. Whatever the targeted clade, inactivation by VIGS affected plant growth. In contrast, only clade 1- and clade 6-targeted plants showed modifications in outer-stem tissue organization and secondary cell wall formation. In these plants, bast fibre number and structure were severely impacted, suggesting that the targeted genes may play an important role in the establishment of the fibre cell wall. Our results provide new fundamental information about cellulose biosynthesis in flax that should facilitate future plant improvement/engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chantreau
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- INRA, UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Reims, France
- UMR 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Sylvain Billiard
- UMR CNRS 8198 Laboratoire de Génétique & Evolution des Populations Végétales, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- UMR INRA 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Université Lille Nord de France Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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11
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Sarkar P, Bosneaga E, Yap EG, Das J, Tsai WT, Cabal A, Neuhaus E, Maji D, Kumar S, Joo M, Yakovlev S, Csencsits R, Yu Z, Bajaj C, Downing KH, Auer M. Electron tomography of cryo-immobilized plant tissue: a novel approach to studying 3D macromolecular architecture of mature plant cell walls in situ. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106928. [PMID: 25207917 PMCID: PMC4160213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost-effective production of lignocellulosic biofuel requires efficient breakdown of cell walls present in plant biomass to retrieve the wall polysaccharides for fermentation. In-depth knowledge of plant cell wall composition is therefore essential for improving the fuel production process. The precise spatial three-dimensional (3D) organization of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin within plant cell walls remains unclear to date since the microscopy techniques used so far have been limited to two-dimensional, topographic or low-resolution imaging, or required isolation or chemical extraction of the cell walls. In this paper we demonstrate that by cryo-immobilizing fresh tissue, then either cryo-sectioning or freeze-substituting and resin embedding, followed by cryo- or room temperature (RT) electron tomography, respectively, we can visualize previously unseen details of plant cell wall architecture in 3D, at macromolecular resolution (∼2 nm), and in near-native state. Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that wall organization of cryo-immobilized samples were preserved remarkably better than conventionally prepared samples that suffer substantial extraction. Lignin-less primary cell walls were well preserved in both self-pressurized rapidly frozen (SPRF), cryo-sectioned samples as well as high-pressure frozen, freeze-substituted and resin embedded (HPF-FS-resin) samples. Lignin-rich secondary cell walls appeared featureless in HPF-FS-resin sections presumably due to poor stain penetration, but their macromolecular features could be visualized in unprecedented details in our cryo-sections. While cryo-tomography of vitreous tissue sections is currently proving to be instrumental in developing 3D models of lignin-rich secondary cell walls, here we confirm that the technically easier method of RT-tomography of HPF-FS-resin sections could be used immediately for routine study of low-lignin cell walls. As a proof of principle, we characterized the primary cell walls of a mutant (cob-6) and wild type Arabidopsis hypocotyl parenchyma cells by RT-tomography of HPF-FS-resin sections, and detected a small but significant difference in spatial organization of cellulose microfibrils in the mutant walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purbasha Sarkar
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Elena Bosneaga
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar G. Yap
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jyotirmoy Das
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Wen-Ting Tsai
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Angelo Cabal
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Neuhaus
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dolonchampa Maji
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Shailabh Kumar
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Joo
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey Yakovlev
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Roseann Csencsits
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Zeyun Yu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chandrajit Bajaj
- Department of Computer Sciences & The Institute of Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth H. Downing
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Manfred Auer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Fujita M, Wasteneys GO. A survey of cellulose microfibril patterns in dividing, expanding, and differentiating cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:687-98. [PMID: 24169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are critical for plant cell specialization and function. Recent advances in live cell imaging of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthases to track cellulose synthesis have greatly advanced our understanding of cellulose biosynthesis. Nevertheless, cellulose deposition patterns remain poorly described in many cell types, including those in the process of division or differentiation. In this study, we used field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of cryo-planed tissues to determine the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in various faces of cells undergoing cytokinesis or specialized development, including cell types in which cellulose cannot be imaged by conventional approaches. In dividing cells, we detected microfibrillar meshworks in the cell plates, consistent with the concentration at the cell plate of cellulose synthase complexes, as detected by fluorescently tagged CesA6. We also observed a loss of parallel cellulose microfibril orientation in walls of the mother cell during cytokinesis, which corresponded with the loss of fluorescently tagged cellulose synthase complexes from these surfaces. In recently formed guard cells, microfibrils were randomly organized and only formed a highly ordered circumferential pattern after pore formation. In pit fields, cellulose microfibrils were arranged in circular patterns around plasmodesmata. Microfibrils were random in most cotyledon cells except the epidermis and were parallel to the growth axis in trichomes. Deposition of cellulose microfibrils was spatially delineated in metaxylem and protoxylem cells of the inflorescence stem, supporting recent studies on microtubule exclusion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, B.C., V6T 1Z4, Canada
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13
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Saxe F, Eder M, Benecke G, Aichmayer B, Fratzl P, Burgert I, Rüggeberg M. Measuring the distribution of cellulose microfibril angles in primary cell walls by small angle X-ray scattering. PLANT METHODS 2014; 10:25. [PMID: 25170343 PMCID: PMC4137751 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-ray scattering is a well-established method for measuring cellulose microfibril angles in secondary cell walls. However, little data is available on the much thinner primary cell walls. Here, we show that microfibril orientation distributions can be determined by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) even in primary cell walls. The technique offers a number of advantages: samples can be analyzed in the native hydrated state without any preparation which minimizes the risk of artifacts and allows for fast data acquisition. The method provides data averaged over a specimen region, determined by the size of the used X-ray beam and, thus, yields the microfibril orientation distribution within this region. RESULTS Cellulose microfibril orientation distributions were obtained for single cells of the alga Chara corallina, as well as for the multicellular hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana. In both, Chara and Arabidopsis, distributions with a broad scattering around mean microfibril angles of approximately 0° and 90° towards the longitudinal axis of the cells were found. CONCLUSIONS With SAXS, the structure of primary cell walls can be analysed in their native state and new insights into the cellulose microfibril orientation of primary cell walls can be gained. The data shows that SAXS can serve as a valuable tool for the analysis of cellulose microfibril orientation in primary cell walls and, in consequence, add to the understanding of its mechanical behaviour and the intriguing mechanisms behind cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Saxe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Gunthard Benecke
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Barbara Aichmayer
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Institute for Building Materials, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Applied Wood Materials Laboratory, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Largo-Gosens A, Hernández-Altamirano M, García-Calvo L, Alonso-Simón A, Álvarez J, Acebes JL. Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy applications for monitoring the structural plasticity of plant cell walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:303. [PMID: 25071791 PMCID: PMC4074895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR) spectroscopy has been extensively used as a potent, fast and non-destructive procedure for analyzing cell wall architectures, with the capacity to provide abundant information about their polymers, functional groups, and in muro entanglement. In conjunction with multivariate analyses, this method has proved to be a valuable tool for tracking alterations in cell walls. The present review examines recent progress in the use of FT-MIR spectroscopy to monitor cell wall changes occurring in muro as a result of various factors, such as growth and development processes, genetic modifications, exposition or habituation to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and responses to other abiotic or biotic stresses, as well as its biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José L. Acebes
- *Correspondence: José L. Acebes, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, E-24071 León, Spain e-mail:
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15
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Gea G, Kjell S, Jean-François H. Integrated -omics: a powerful approach to understanding the heterogeneous lignification of fibre crops. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10958-78. [PMID: 23708098 PMCID: PMC3709712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140610958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin and cellulose represent the two main components of plant secondary walls and the most abundant polymers on Earth. Quantitatively one of the principal products of the phenylpropanoid pathway, lignin confers high mechanical strength and hydrophobicity to plant walls, thus enabling erect growth and high-pressure water transport in the vessels. Lignin is characterized by a high natural heterogeneity in its composition and abundance in plant secondary cell walls, even in the different tissues of the same plant. A typical example is the stem of fibre crops, which shows a lignified core enveloped by a cellulosic, lignin-poor cortex. Despite the great value of fibre crops for humanity, however, still little is known on the mechanisms controlling their cell wall biogenesis, and particularly, what regulates their spatially-defined lignification pattern. Given the chemical complexity and the heterogeneous composition of fibre crops' secondary walls, only the use of multidisciplinary approaches can convey an integrated picture and provide exhaustive information covering different levels of biological complexity. The present review highlights the importance of combining high throughput -omics approaches to get a complete understanding of the factors regulating the lignification heterogeneity typical of fibre crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guerriero Gea
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Sergeant Kjell
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Hausman Jean-François
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg; E-Mails: (G.G.); (S.K.)
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16
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Miedes E, Suslov D, Vandenbussche F, Kenobi K, Ivakov A, Van Der Straeten D, Lorences EP, Mellerowicz EJ, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) overexpression affects growth and cell wall mechanics in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2481-97. [PMID: 23585673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth and biomechanics of etiolated hypocotyls from Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase AtXTH18, AtXTH19, AtXTH20, and PttXET16-34 were studied. Overexpression of AtXTH18, AtXTH19, and AtXTH20 stimulated growth of hypocotyls, while PttXET16-34 overexpression did not show this effect. In vitro extension of frozen/thawed hypocotyls measured by a constant-load extensiometer started from a high-amplitude initial deformation followed by a slow time-dependent creep. Creep of growing XTH-overexpressing (OE) hypocotyls was more linear in time compared with the wild type at pH 5.0, reflecting their higher potential for long-term extension. XTH-OE plants deposited 65-84% more cell wall material per hypocotyl cross-sectional area than wild-type plants. As a result, their wall stress under each external load was lower than in the wild-type. Growing XTH-OE hypocotyls had higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1) compared with the wild type. Plotting creep rates for each line under different loads against the respective wall stress values gave straight lines. Their slopes and intercepts with the abscissa correspond to ϕ (in vitro cell wall extensibility) and y (in vitro cell wall yield threshold) values characterizing cell wall material properties. The wall material in XTH-OE lines was more pliant than in the wild type due to lower y values. In contrast, the acid-induced wall extension in vitro resulted from increasing ϕ values. Thus, three factors contributed to the XTH-OE-stimulated growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls: their more linear creep, higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1), and lower y values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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17
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Thomas LH, Forsyth VT, Šturcová A, Kennedy CJ, May RP, Altaner CM, Apperley DC, Wess TJ, Jarvis MC. Structure of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls from collenchyma. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:465-76. [PMID: 23175754 PMCID: PMC3532275 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the primary walls of growing plant cells, the glucose polymer cellulose is assembled into long microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter. The rigidity and orientation of these microfibrils control cell expansion; therefore, cellulose synthesis is a key factor in the growth and morphogenesis of plants. Celery (Apium graveolens) collenchyma is a useful model system for the study of primary wall microfibril structure because its microfibrils are oriented with unusual uniformity, facilitating spectroscopic and diffraction experiments. Using a combination of x-ray and neutron scattering methods with vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that celery collenchyma microfibrils were 2.9 to 3.0 nm in mean diameter, with a most probable structure containing 24 chains in cross section, arranged in eight hydrogen-bonded sheets of three chains, with extensive disorder in lateral packing, conformation, and hydrogen bonding. A similar 18-chain structure, and 24-chain structures of different shape, fitted the data less well. Conformational disorder was largely restricted to the surface chains, but disorder in chain packing was not. That is, in position and orientation, the surface chains conformed to the disordered lattice constituting the core of each microfibril. There was evidence that adjacent microfibrils were noncovalently aggregated together over part of their length, suggesting that the need to disrupt these aggregates might be a constraining factor in growth and in the hydrolysis of cellulose for biofuel production.
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18
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Loss LA, Bebis G, Chang H, Auer M, Sarkar P, Parvin B. Automatic Segmentation and Quantification of Filamentous Structures in Electron Tomography. ACM-BCB ... ... : THE ... ACM CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE. ACM CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS, COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOMEDICINE 2012; 2012:170-177. [PMID: 28090597 PMCID: PMC5225986 DOI: 10.1145/2382936.2382958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron tomography is a promising technology for imaging ultrastructures at nanoscale resolutions. However, image and quantitative analyses are often hindered by high levels of noise, staining heterogeneity, and material damage either as a result of the electron beam or sample preparation. We have developed and built a framework that allows for automatic segmentation and quantification of filamentous objects in 3D electron tomography. Our approach consists of three steps: (i) local enhancement of filaments by Hessian filtering; (ii) detection and completion (e.g., gap filling) of filamentous structures through tensor voting; and (iii) delineation of the filamentous networks. Our approach allows for quantification of filamentous networks in terms of their compositional and morphological features. We first validate our approach using a set of specifically designed synthetic data. We then apply our segmentation framework to tomograms of plant cell walls that have undergone different chemical treatments for polysaccharide extraction. The subsequent compositional and morphological analyses of the plant cell walls reveal their organizational characteristics and the effects of the different chemical protocols on specific polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Bebis
- Dept of Computer Science, University of Nevada, Reno
| | - Hang Chang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Nat Lab
| | - Manfred Auer
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Univ of California, Berkeley
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19
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Yang X, Ye CY, Bisaria A, Tuskan GA, Kalluri UC. Identification of candidate genes in Arabidopsis and Populus cell wall biosynthesis using text-mining, co-expression network analysis and comparative genomics. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 181:675-87. [PMID: 21958710 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Populus is an important bioenergy crop for bioethanol production. A greater understanding of cell wall biosynthesis processes is critical in reducing biomass recalcitrance, a major hindrance in efficient generation of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Here, we report the identification of candidate cell wall biosynthesis genes through the development and application of a novel bioinformatics pipeline. As a first step, via text-mining of PubMed publications, we obtained 121 Arabidopsis genes that had the experimental evidence supporting their involvement in cell wall biosynthesis or remodeling. The 121 genes were then used as bait genes to query an Arabidopsis co-expression database, and additional genes were identified as neighbors of the bait genes in the network, increasing the number of genes to 548. The 548 Arabidopsis genes were then used to re-query the Arabidopsis co-expression database and re-construct a network that captured additional network neighbors, expanding to a total of 694 genes. The 694 Arabidopsis genes were computationally divided into 22 clusters. Queries of the Populus genome using the Arabidopsis genes revealed 817 Populus orthologs. Functional analysis of gene ontology and tissue-specific gene expression indicated that these Arabidopsis and Populus genes are high likelihood candidates for functional characterization in relation to cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division and BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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20
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De Micco V, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Aronne G. Building and degradation of secondary cell walls: are there common patterns of lamellar assembly of cellulose microfibrils and cell wall delamination? PLANTA 2010; 232:621-627. [PMID: 20532796 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During cell wall formation and degradation, it is possible to detect cellulose microfibrils assembled into thicker and thinner lamellar structures, respectively, following inverse parallel patterns. The aim of this study was to analyse such patterns of microfibril aggregation and cell wall delamination. The thickness of microfibrils and lamellae was measured on digital images of both growing and degrading cell walls viewed by means of transmission electron microscopy. To objectively detect, measure and classify microfibrils and lamellae into thickness classes, a method based on the application of computerized image analysis combined with graphical and statistical methods was developed. The method allowed common classes of microfibrils and lamellae in cell walls to be identified from different origins. During both the formation and degradation of cell walls, a preferential formation of structures with specific thickness was evidenced. The results obtained with the developed method allowed objective analysis of patterns of microfibril aggregation and evidenced a trend of doubling/halving lamellar structures, during cell wall formation/degradation in materials from different origin and which have undergone different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica De Micco
- Laboratorio di Botanica ed Ecologia Riproduttiva, Dip Arboricoltura, Botanica e Patologia Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy.
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21
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Anderson CT, Carroll A, Akhmetova L, Somerville C. Real-time imaging of cellulose reorientation during cell wall expansion in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:787-96. [PMID: 19965966 PMCID: PMC2815888 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.150128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose forms the major load-bearing network of the plant cell wall, which simultaneously protects the cell and directs its growth. Although the process of cellulose synthesis has been observed, little is known about the behavior of cellulose in the wall after synthesis. Using Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B, a dye that fluoresces preferentially in the presence of cellulose and has excitation and emission wavelengths suitable for confocal microscopy, we imaged the architecture and dynamics of cellulose in the cell walls of expanding root cells. We found that cellulose exists in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell walls in large fibrillar bundles that vary in orientation. During anisotropic wall expansion in wild-type plants, we observed that these cellulose bundles rotate in a transverse to longitudinal direction. We also found that cellulose organization is significantly altered in mutants lacking either a cellulose synthase subunit or two xyloglucan xylosyltransferase isoforms. Our results support a model in which cellulose is deposited transversely to accommodate longitudinal cell expansion and reoriented during expansion to generate a cell wall that is fortified against strain from any direction.
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22
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Hervé C, Dabos P, Bardet C, Jauneau A, Auriac MC, Ramboer A, Lacout F, Tremousaygue D. In vivo interference with AtTCP20 function induces severe plant growth alterations and deregulates the expression of many genes important for development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 149:1462-77. [PMID: 19091878 PMCID: PMC2649380 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.126136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
AtTCP20 is a transcription factor belonging to the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TCP-P subfamily, characterized by its capacity to bind to site II motifs (TGGGCY). Our aim was to understand the role of AtTCP20 in plant development. The expression pattern of a translational fusion of Prom(TCP20):CDS20GUSGFP suggested a function for AtTCP20 in several plant organs and stages of development. The role of AtTCP20 was challenged in planta by inducing expression of AtTCP20 proteins fused with either a transcriptional activator domain (VP16) or a repressor domain (EAR). Expression of both modified proteins led to severe developmental phenotypes. In-depth analysis suggested that AtTCP20 may participate in the regulation of cell expansion, cell division, and cell differentiation. Gene expression profiling in roots and hypocotyls revealed that 252 genes were down-regulated in both organs after induction of the AtTCP20EAR repressor gene. Site II motifs (TGGGCY) were underrepresented in their promoters. Conversely, GG(A/T)CCC sequences related to binding sites identified for TCP proteins in rice (Oryza sativa) were overrepresented, and a TCP20 fusion protein was shown to bind to these sequences in vitro. Gene ontology indicated that many targeted genes were involved in cell wall biogenesis and modification during expansion and also encoded numerous transcription factors controlling plant development. Our results are consistent with the previous proposal that AtTCP20 is involved in cell division and growth coordination. Moreover, they further suggest that AtTCP20 also contributes to cell expansion control and indicate a different involvement of this protein in plant morphogenesis depending on the organ and the developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Hervé
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes, INRA 441, 31326 Castanet Tolosan cedex, France
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24
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Suslov D, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Onion epidermis as a new model to study the control of growth anisotropy in higher plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4175-87. [PMID: 19684107 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the role of cellulose microfibrils in the control of growth anisotropy, a link between their net orientation, in vitro cell wall extensibility, and anisotropic cell expansion was studied during development of the adaxial epidermis of onion (Allium cepa) bulb scales using polarization confocal microscopy, creep tests, and light microscopy. During growth the net cellulose alignment across the whole thickness of the outer epidermal wall changed from transverse through random to longitudinal and back to transverse relative to the bulb axis. Cell wall extension in vitro was always higher transverse than parallel to the net cellulose alignment. The direction of growth anisotropy was perpendicular to the net microfibril orientation and changed during development from longitudinal to transverse to the bulb axis. The correlation between the degree of growth anisotropy and the net cellulose alignment was poor. Thus the net cellulose microfibril orientation across the whole thickness of the outer periclinal epidermis wall defines the direction but not the degree of growth anisotropy. Strips isolated from the epidermis in the directions perpendicular and transverse to a net cellulose orientation can be used as an extensiometric model to prove a protein involvement in the control of growth anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Suslov
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Persson S, Paredez A, Carroll A, Palsdottir H, Doblin M, Poindexter P, Khitrov N, Auer M, Somerville CR. Genetic evidence for three unique components in primary cell-wall cellulose synthase complexes in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15566-71. [PMID: 17878302 PMCID: PMC2000526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706592104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase (CESA) complex. The catalytic core of the complex is believed to be composed of three types of CESA subunits. Indirect evidence suggests that the complex associated with primary wall cellulose deposition consists of CESA1, -3, and -6 in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, phenotypes associated with mutations in two of these genes, CESA1 and -6, suggest unequal contribution by the different CESAs to overall enzymatic activity of the complex. We present evidence that the primary complex requires three unique types of components, CESA1-, CESA3-, and CESA6-related, for activity. Removal of any of these components results in gametophytic lethality due to pollen defects, demonstrating that primary-wall cellulose synthesis is necessary for pollen development. We also show that the CESA6-related CESAs are partially functionally redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Persson
- *Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alexander Paredez
- *Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Andrew Carroll
- *Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and
| | - Hildur Palsdottir
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Monika Doblin
- Cereal Functional Genomics Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Natalie Khitrov
- *Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Manfred Auer
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chris R. Somerville
- *Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and
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