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Bhattacharyya S, Giridhar M, Meier B, Peiter E, Vothknecht UC, Chigri F. Global transcriptome profiling reveals root- and leaf-specific responses of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) to H 2O 2. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1223778. [PMID: 37771486 PMCID: PMC10523330 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1223778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In cereal crops, such as barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the ability to appropriately respond to environmental cues is an important factor for yield stability and thus for agricultural production. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are key components of signal transduction cascades involved in plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. H2O2-mediated stress responses include the modulation of expression of stress-responsive genes required to cope with different abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite its importance, knowledge of the effects of H2O2 on the barley transcriptome is still scarce. In this study, we identified global transcriptomic changes induced after application of 10 mM H2O2 to five-day-old barley plants. In total, 1883 and 1001 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in roots and leaves, respectively. Most of these DEGs were organ-specific, with only 209 DEGs commonly regulated and 37 counter-regulated between both plant parts. A GO term analysis further confirmed that different processes were affected in roots and leaves. It revealed that DEGs in leaves mostly comprised genes associated with hormone signaling, response to H2O2 and abiotic stresses. This includes many transcriptions factors and small heat shock proteins. DEGs in roots mostly comprised genes linked to crucial aspects of H2O2 catabolism and oxidant detoxification, glutathione metabolism, as well as cell wall modulation. These categories include many peroxidases and glutathione transferases. As with leaves, the H2O2 response category in roots contains small heat shock proteins, however, mostly different members of this family were affected and they were all regulated in the opposite direction in the two plant parts. Validation of the expression of the selected commonly regulated DEGs by qRT-PCR was consistent with the RNA-seq data. The data obtained in this study provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress responses in barley, which might also play a role upon other stresses that induce oxidative bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maya Giridhar
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bastian Meier
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Edgar Peiter
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ute C. Vothknecht
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fatima Chigri
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Knieper M, Viehhauser A, Dietz KJ. Oxylipins and Reactive Carbonyls as Regulators of the Plant Redox and Reactive Oxygen Species Network under Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040814. [PMID: 37107189 PMCID: PMC10135161 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and in particular H2O2, serve as essential second messengers at low concentrations. However, excessive ROS accumulation leads to severe and irreversible cell damage. Hence, control of ROS levels is needed, especially under non-optimal growth conditions caused by abiotic or biotic stresses, which at least initially stimulate ROS synthesis. A complex network of thiol-sensitive proteins is instrumental in realizing tight ROS control; this is called the redox regulatory network. It consists of sensors, input elements, transmitters, and targets. Recent evidence revealed that the interplay of the redox network and oxylipins–molecules derived from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially under high ROS levels–plays a decisive role in coupling ROS generation and subsequent stress defense signaling pathways in plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the current knowledge on the interaction of distinct oxylipins generated enzymatically (12-OPDA, 4-HNE, phytoprostanes) or non-enzymatically (MDA, acrolein) and components of the redox network. Further, recent findings on the contribution of oxylipins to environmental acclimatization will be discussed using flooding, herbivory, and establishment of thermotolerance as prime examples of relevant biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Bittner A, Cieśla A, Gruden K, Lukan T, Mahmud S, Teige M, Vothknecht UC, Wurzinger B. Organelles and phytohormones: a network of interactions in plant stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7165-7181. [PMID: 36169618 PMCID: PMC9675595 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are major signaling components that contribute to nearly all aspects of plant life. They constitute an interconnected communication network to fine-tune growth and development in response to the ever-changing environment. To this end, they have to coordinate with other signaling components, such as reactive oxygen species and calcium signals. On the one hand, the two endosymbiotic organelles, plastids and mitochondria, control various aspects of phytohormone signaling and harbor important steps of hormone precursor biosynthesis. On the other hand, phytohormones have feedback actions on organellar functions. In addition, organelles and phytohormones often act in parallel in a coordinated matter to regulate cellular functions. Therefore, linking organelle functions with increasing knowledge of phytohormone biosynthesis, perception, and signaling will reveal new aspects of plant stress tolerance. In this review, we highlight recent work on organelle-phytohormone interactions focusing on the major stress-related hormones abscisic acid, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and ethylene.
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Synthesis, Pass Predication of Antimicrobial Activity and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Hexanoyl Galactopyranosides and Experimental Evaluation of their Action against Four Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Four Fungal Strains. Pharm Chem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02687-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gene Expression Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Lipoxygenase Cascade and Oxylipin Signature under Abiotic Stress. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11050683. [PMID: 35270153 PMCID: PMC8912661 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase-catalyzed step and subsequent reactions is referred to as the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. The components of this system, such as jasmonates, are involved in growth, development and defense reactions of plants. In this report, we focus on dynamics of expression of different LOX pathway genes and activities of target enzymes with three abiotic stress factors: darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity. To obtain a more complete picture, the expression profiles of marker genes for salicylic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin and gibberellin-dependent signaling systems under the same stresses were also analyzed. The gene expression in Solanum tuberosum plants was analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the LOX-cascade-related genes responded to darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity in different ways. We detected activation of a number of 9-LOX pathway genes; however, in contrast to studies associated with biotic stress (infection), the 9-divinyl ether synthase branch of the LOX cascade was inhibited under all three stresses. GC-MS analysis of the oxylipin profiles also showed the main activity of the 9-LOX-cascade-related enzymes after treatment with herbicide and darkness.
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Genva M, Andersson MX, Fauconnier ML. Simple liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry method for the quantification of galacto-oxylipin arabidopsides in plant samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11957. [PMID: 32686714 PMCID: PMC7371884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and sensitive method to quantify five different arabidopsides by HPLC—ion trap mass spectrometry in complex plant samples was developed and validated. Arabidopsides are oxidized galactolipids first described in Arabidopsis thaliana but also produced by other plant species under stress conditions. External calibration was performed using arabidopsides purified from freeze-thawed Arabidopsis leaves. Lipids were extracted and pre-purified on an SPE silica column before HPLC–MS analysis. Arabidopsides were separated on a C18 column using a gradient of mQ water and acetonitrile:mQ water (85:15) supplemented with formic acid (0.2%) and ammonium formate (12 mM). The method was validated according to European commission decision 2002/657/CE. LOD, LOQ, linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy, selectivity, matrix effects and recoveries were determined for the five metabolites. The established method is highly selective in a complex plant matrix. LOD and LOQ were, respectively, in the range 0.098–0.78 and 0.64–1.56 µM, allowing the arabidopside quantification from 25.6–62.4 nmol/g fresh weight. Calibration curve correlation coefficients were higher than 0.997. Matrix effects ranged from -2.09% to 6.10% and recoveries between 70.7% and 109%. The method was successfully applied to complex plant matrixes: Arabidopsis thaliana and Nasturtium officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Genva
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Fedina EO, Yarin AY, Blufard AS, Chechetkin IR. Brassinosteroid-induced accumulation of complex oxylipins in flax leaves. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747817040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Davoine C, Abreu IN, Khajeh K, Blomberg J, Kidd BN, Kazan K, Schenk PM, Gerber L, Nilsson O, Moritz T, Björklund S. Functional metabolomics as a tool to analyze Mediator function and structure in plants. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28640868 PMCID: PMC5480960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator is a multiprotein transcriptional co-regulator complex composed of four modules; Head, Middle, Tail, and Kinase. It conveys signals from promoter-bound transcriptional regulators to RNA polymerase II and thus plays an essential role in eukaryotic gene regulation. We describe subunit localization and activities of Mediator in Arabidopsis through metabolome and transcriptome analyses from a set of Mediator mutants. Functional metabolomic analysis based on the metabolite profiles of Mediator mutants using multivariate statistical analysis and heat-map visualization shows that different subunit mutants display distinct metabolite profiles, which cluster according to the reported localization of the corresponding subunits in yeast. Based on these results, we suggest localization of previously unassigned plant Mediator subunits to specific modules. We also describe novel roles for individual subunits in development, and demonstrate changes in gene expression patterns and specific metabolite levels in med18 and med25, which can explain their phenotypes. We find that med18 displays levels of phytoalexins normally found in wild type plants only after exposure to pathogens. Our results indicate that different Mediator subunits are involved in specific signaling pathways that control developmental processes and tolerance to pathogen infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Davoine
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ilka N. Abreu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Khalil Khajeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jeanette Blomberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Brendan N. Kidd
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Lorenz Gerber
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Björklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Nilsson AK, Fahlberg P, Johansson ON, Hamberg M, Andersson MX, Ellerström M. The activity of HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE 1 regulates accumulation of galactolipids containing 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5133-44. [PMID: 27422994 PMCID: PMC5014160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis produces galactolipids containing esters of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinor-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dnOPDA). These lipids are referred to as arabidopsides and accumulate in response to abiotic and biotic stress. We explored the natural genetic variation found in 14 different Arabidopsis accessions to identify genes involved in the formation of arabidopsides. The accession C24 was identified as a poor accumulator of arabidopsides whereas the commonly used accession Col-0 was found to accumulate comparably large amounts of arabidopsides in response to tissue damage. A quantitative trait loci analysis of an F2 population created from a cross between C24 and Col-0 located a region on chromosome four strongly linked to the capacity to form arabidopsides. Expression analysis of HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE 1 (HPL1) showed large differences in transcript abundance between accessions. Transformation of Col-0 plants with the C24 HPL1 allele under transcriptional regulation of the 35S promoter revealed a strong negative correlation between HPL1 expression and arabidopside accumulation after tissue damage, thereby strengthening the view that HPL1 competes with ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE (AOS) for lipid-bound hydroperoxide fatty acids. We further show that the last step in the synthesis of galactolipid-bound OPDA and dnOPDA from unstable allene oxides is exclusively enzyme-catalyzed and not the result of spontaneous cyclization. Thus, the results presented here together with previous studies suggest that all steps in arabidopside biosynthesis are enzyme-dependent and apparently all reactions can take place with substrates being esterified to galactolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Fahlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Ellerström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Manara A, DalCorso G, Furini A. The Role of the Atypical Kinases ABC1K7 and ABC1K8 in Abscisic Acid Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:366. [PMID: 27047531 PMCID: PMC4805650 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The ABC1K family of atypical kinases (activity of bc1 complex kinase) is represented in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. In plants they regulate diverse physiological processes in the chloroplasts and mitochondria, but their precise functions are poorly defined. ABC1K7 and ABC1K8 are probably involved in oxidative stress responses, isoprenyl lipid synthesis and distribution of iron within chloroplasts. Because reactive oxygen species take part in abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated processes, we investigated the functions of ABC1K7 and ABC1K8 during germination, stomatal movement, and leaf senescence. Both genes were upregulated by ABA treatment and some ABA-responsive physiological processes were affected in abc1k7 and abc1k8 mutants. Germination was more severely affected by ABA, osmotic stress and salt stress in the single and double mutants; the stomatal aperture was smaller in the mutants under standard growth conditions and was not further reduced by exogenous ABA application; ABA-induced senescence symptoms were more severe in the leaves of the single and double mutants compared to wild type leaves. Taken together, our results suggest that ABC1K7 and ABC1K8 might be involved in the cross-talk between ABA and ROS signaling.
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Abstract
Photosynthetic organelles in plants and algae are characterized by the high abundance of glycolipids, including the galactolipids mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG, DGDG) and the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG). Glycolipids are crucial to maintain an optimal efficiency of photosynthesis. During phosphate limitation, the amounts of DGDG and SQDG increase in the plastids of plants, and DGDG is exported to extraplastidial membranes to replace phospholipids. Algae often use betaine lipids as surrogate for phospholipids. Glucuronosyldiacylglycerol (GlcADG) is a further glycolipid that accumulates under phosphate deprived conditions. In contrast to plants, a number of eukaryotic algae contain very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of 20 or more carbon atoms in their glycolipids. The pathways and genes for galactolipid and sulfolipid synthesis are largely conserved between plants, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and algae with complex plastids derived from secondary or tertiary endosymbiosis. However, the relative contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum- and plastid-derived lipid pathways for glycolipid synthesis varies between plants and algae. The genes for glycolipid synthesis encode precursor proteins imported into the photosynthetic organelles. While most eukaryotic algae contain the plant-like galactolipid (MGD1, DGD1) and sulfolipid (SQD1, SQD2) synthases, the red alga Cyanidioschyzon harbors a cyanobacterium-type DGDG synthase (DgdA), and the amoeba Paulinella, derived from a more recent endosymbiosis event, contains cyanobacterium-type enzymes for MGDG and DGDG synthesis (MgdA, MgdE, DgdA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kalisch
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Georg Hölzl
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) constitute a major class of plant regulators that coordinate responses to biotic and abiotic threats and important aspects of plant development. The core biosynthetic pathway converts linolenic acid released from plastid membrane lipids to the cyclopentenone cis-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) that is further reduced and shortened to jasmonic acid (JA) in peroxisomes. Abundant pools of OPDA esterified to plastid lipids also occur upon stress, mainly in the Arabidopsis genus. Long thought to be the bioactive hormone, JA only gains its pleiotropic hormonal properties upon conjugation into jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile). The signaling pathway triggered when JA-Ile promotes the assembly of COI1-JAZ (Coronatine Insensitive 1-JAsmonate Zim domain) co-receptor complexes has been the focus of most recent research in the jasmonate field. In parallel, OPDA and several other JA derivatives are recognized for their separate activities and contribute to the diversity of jasmonate action in plant physiology. We summarize in this chapter the properties of different bioactive JAs and review elements known for their perception and signal transduction. Much progress has also been gained on the enzymatic processes governing JA-Ile removal. Two JA-Ile catabolic pathways, operating through ω-oxidation (cytochromes P450) or conjugate cleavage (amido hydrolases) shape signal dynamics to allow optimal control on defense. JA-Ile turnover not only participates in signal attenuation, but also impact the homeostasis of the entire JA metabolic pathway.
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14
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Nilsson AK, Johansson ON, Fahlberg P, Kommuri M, Töpel M, Bodin LJ, Sikora P, Modarres M, Ekengren S, Nguyen CT, Farmer EE, Olsson O, Ellerström M, Andersson MX. Acylated monogalactosyl diacylglycerol: prevalence in the plant kingdom and identification of an enzyme catalyzing galactolipid head group acylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:1152-66. [PMID: 26566971 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane is mainly composed of the galactolipids mono- and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively). It has been known since the late 1960s that MGDG can be acylated with a third fatty acid to the galactose head group (acyl-MGDG) in plant leaf homogenates. In certain brassicaceous plants like Arabidopsis thaliana, the acyl-MGDG frequently incorporates oxidized fatty acids in the form of the jasmonic acid precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). In the present study we further investigated the distribution of acylated and OPDA-containing galactolipids in the plant kingdom. While acyl-MGDG was found to be ubiquitous in green tissue of plants ranging from non-vascular plants to angiosperms, OPDA-containing galactolipids were only present in plants from a few genera. A candidate protein responsible for the acyl transfer was identified in Avena sativa (oat) leaf tissue using biochemical fractionation and proteomics. Knockout of the orthologous gene in A. thaliana resulted in an almost total elimination of the ability to form both non-oxidized and OPDA-containing acyl-MGDG. In addition, heterologous expression of the A. thaliana gene in E. coli demonstrated that the protein catalyzed acylation of MGDG. We thus demonstrate that a phylogenetically conserved enzyme is responsible for the accumulation of acyl-MGDG in A. thaliana. The activity of this enzyme in vivo is strongly enhanced by freezing damage and the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Fahlberg
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Murali Kommuri
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Mats Töpel
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Lovisa J Bodin
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Per Sikora
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Masoomeh Modarres
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Sophia Ekengren
- Department of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Chi T Nguyen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olof Olsson
- Department of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Mats Ellerström
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological- and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden
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Synthesis, metabolism and systemic transport of a fluorinated mimic of the endogenous jasmonate precursor OPC-8:0. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1545-53. [PMID: 26361871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are fatty acid derivatives that mediate many developmental processes and stress responses in plants. Synthetic jasmonate derivatives (commonly isotopically labeled), which mimic the action of the endogenous compounds are often employed as internal standards or probes to study metabolic processes. However, stable-isotope labeling of jasmonates does not allow the study of spatial and temporal distribution of these compounds in real time by positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, we explore whether a fluorinated jasmonate could mimic the action of the endogenous compound and therefore, be later employed as a tracer to study metabolic processes by PET. We describe the synthesis and the metabolism of (Z)-7-fluoro-8-(3-oxo-2-(pent-2-en-1-yl)cyclopentyl)octanoic acid (7F-OPC-8:0), a fluorinated analog of the JA precursor OPC-8:0. Like endogenous jasmonates, 7F-OPC-8:0 induces the transcription of marker jasmonate responsive genes (JRG) and the accumulation of jasmonates after its application to Arabidopsis thaliana plants. By using UHPLC-MS/MS, we could show that 7F-OPC-8:0 is metabolized in vivo similarly to the endogenous OPC-8:0. Furthermore, the fluorinated analog was successfully employed as a probe to show its translocation to undamaged systemic leaves when it was applied to wounded leaves. This result suggests that OPC-8:0 - and maybe other oxylipins - may contribute to the mobile signal which triggers systemic defense responses in plants. We highlight the potential of fluorinated oxylipins to study the mode of action of lipid-derived molecules in planta, either by conventional analytical methods or fluorine-based detection techniques.
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16
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Foroughi S, Baker AJM, Roessner U, Johnson AAT, Bacic A, Callahan DL. Hyperaccumulation of zinc by Noccaea caerulescens results in a cascade of stress responses and changes in the elemental profile. Metallomics 2015; 6:1671-82. [PMID: 24976134 DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Noccaea caerulescens (J. & C. Presl) F. K. Meyer is a metal hyperaccumulating plant which can accumulate more than 2% zinc (Zn) dry tissue mass in its aerial tissues. At this concentration Zn is toxic to most plants due to inhibition of enzyme function, oxidative damage and mineral deficiencies. In this study the elemental and metabolite profiles of N. caerulescens plants grown in four different Zn concentrations were measured. This revealed broad changes in the metabolite and elemental profiles with the hyperaccumulation of Zn. The Zn treated plants exhibited no typical signs of stress such as chlorosis or reduced biomass, however, a range of metabolic stress responses, such as the modification of galactolipids and the major membrane lipids of plastids, and increases in oxylipins, which are precursors to the signalling molecules jasmonic and abscisic acids, as well as the increased synthesis of glucosinolates, was observed. Increases in particular organic acids and the ubiquitous metal cation chelator nicotianamine were also observed. The small molecule metabolite changes observed, however, did not account for the extreme Zn concentrations in the leaf tissue showing that the increase in nicotianamine production most likely negates Fe deficiency. The elemental analyses also revealed significant changes in other essential micronutrients, in particular, significantly lower Mn concentrations in the high Zn accumulating plants, yet higher Fe concentrations. This comprehensive elemental and metabolite analysis revealed novel metabolite responses to Zn and offers evidence against organic acids as metal-storage ligands in N. caerulescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Foroughi
- School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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17
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Manara A, DalCorso G, Guzzo F, Furini A. Loss of the Atypical Kinases ABC1K7 and ABC1K8 Changes the Lipid Composition of the Chloroplast Membrane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:1193-204. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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19
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Bisio A, Schito AM, Ebrahimi SN, Hamburger M, Mele G, Piatti G, Romussi G, Dal Piaz F, De Tommasi N. Antibacterial compounds from Salvia adenophora Fernald (Lamiaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 110:120-32. [PMID: 25435172 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
From the aerial parts of Salvia adenophora Fernald four derivatives of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (1-4) together with five clerodane diterpenoids (5, 6, 8-10), and one known diterpene (7) have been isolated. Compounds 1-6 and 8-10 are described for the first time. The structures were established by extensive 1D, 2D NMR and HRESI-TOFMS spectroscopic methods. Finally, the absolute configuration has been established by comparing of experimental and quantum chemical calculation of ECD spectra. Despite a total lack of antimicrobial activity of the plant extract, hinting to the existence of antagonistic interactions in the crude material, three oxylipins (2-4) displayed a promising inhibition on Gram-positive multidrug-resistant clinical strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and, particularly, Staphylococcus epidermidis, while the compounds 9 and 10 revealed a specific and strain-dependent activity against S. epidermidis. Interestingly, the inhibition provided by these compounds was independent of the resistance patterns of these pathogens to classic antibiotics. No action was reported on Gram-negative strains nor on Candida albicans. These results confirm that clerodanes and, particularly, prostaglandin-like compounds can be considered as interesting antimicrobial agents deserving further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bisio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Via Brigata Salerno 13, 16147 Genova, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Mele
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Via Brigata Salerno 13, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romussi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova, Via Brigata Salerno 13, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Dal Piaz
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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20
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Vu HS, Roston R, Shiva S, Hur M, Wurtele ES, Wang X, Shah J, Welti R. Modifications of membrane lipids in response to wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1056422. [PMID: 26252884 PMCID: PMC4883853 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1056422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical wounding of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves results in modifications of most membrane lipids within 6 hours. Here, we discuss the lipid changes, their underlying biochemistry, and possible relationships among activated pathways. New evidence is presented supporting the role of the processive galactosylating enzyme SENSITIVE TO FREEZING2 in the wounding response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Sy Vu
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center; Division of Biology; Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Rebecca Roston
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science Innovation; University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Sunitha Shiva
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center; Division of Biology; Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Eve Syrkin Wurtele
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology; Iowa State University; Ames, IA USA
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology; University of Missouri; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of North Texas; Denton, TX USA
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center; Division of Biology; Kansas State University; Manhattan, KS USA
- Correspondence to: Ruth Welti;
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21
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Christeller JT, Galis I. α-linolenic acid concentration and not wounding per se is the key regulator of octadecanoid (oxylipin) pathway activity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 83:117-25. [PMID: 25129550 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Using an in vitro system composed of crushed leaf tissues to simulate the wounding response in rice leaves, we established that synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) can only occur in unwounded tissue and, in wounded tissue, that only the chloroplast-located section of the octadecanoid pathway is active, resulting in the accumulation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). We further showed that OPDA accumulation in vitro was inhibited by 90% using the general lipase inhibitor, tetrahydrolipstatin, indicating that production of α-linolenic acid was the rate-limiting step in octadecanoid pathway activity in rice following wounding and the enzyme capacity for an active pathway was already present. We confirmed this result by showing that added α-linolenic acid stimulated OPDA synthesis in vitro and stimulated OPDA, JA and JA-Ile synthesis in vivo in unwounded tissue. Thus, the response to wounding can be mimicked by the provision of free α-linolenic acid. Our results draw attention to the key importance of lipase activity in initiation of JA and JA-Ile biosynthesis and our lack of knowledge of the cognate lipase(s), lipase substrate identity and mechanism(s) of activation in wounded and unwounded tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Christeller
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-10-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
| | - Ivan Galis
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-10-1, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan.
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22
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Vu HS, Roth MR, Tamura P, Samarakoon T, Shiva S, Honey S, Lowe K, Schmelz EA, Williams TD, Welti R. Head-group acylation of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol is a common stress response, and the acyl-galactose acyl composition varies with the plant species and applied stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 150:517-28. [PMID: 24286212 PMCID: PMC3954903 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Formation of galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols has been shown to be induced by leaf homogenization, mechanical wounding, avirulent bacterial infection and thawing after snap-freezing. Here, lipidomic analysis using mass spectrometry showed that galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols, formed in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves upon wounding, have acyl-galactose profiles that differ from those of wounded Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that different plant species accumulate different acyl-galactose components in response to the same stress. Additionally, the composition of the acyl-galactose component of Arabidopsis acMGDG (galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol) depends on the stress treatment. After sub-lethal freezing treatment, acMGDG contained mainly non-oxidized fatty acids esterified to galactose, whereas mostly oxidized fatty acids accumulated on galactose after wounding or bacterial infection. Compositional data are consistent with acMGDG being formed in vivo by transacylation with fatty acids from digalactosyldiacylglycerols. Oxophytodienoic acid, an oxidized fatty acid, was more concentrated on the galactosyl ring of acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols than in galactolipids in general. Also, oxidized fatty acid-containing acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols increased cumulatively when wounded Arabidopsis leaves were wounded again. These findings suggest that, in Arabidopsis, the pool of galactose-acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols may serve to sequester oxidized fatty acids during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Sy Vu
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Mary R. Roth
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Pamela Tamura
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Thilani Samarakoon
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry Building, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Sunitha Shiva
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Samuel Honey
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Kaleb Lowe
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Eric A. Schmelz
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, US Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - Todd D. Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Malott Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
- Corresponding author,
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Bao J, Gao X, Jones AD. Unusual negative charge-directed fragmentation: collision-induced dissociation of cyclopentenone oxylipins in negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:457-464. [PMID: 24497283 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidized fatty acids, and particularly cyclopentenone oxylipins, are electrophilic metabolites that play diverse physiological roles. Current understanding is limited regarding how ion fragmentation provides essential information about oxylipin structures. In this work, unusual products of the collisional activation of deprotonated cyclopentenone oxylipins were investigated. METHODS The cyclopentenone oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its (18)O-labeled forms were ionized using negative-ion mode electrospray ionization, and product ion tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra were generated using collision-induced dissociation (CID). CID-MS/MS spectra were also generated for several cyclopentenone prostaglandins. RESULTS Upon collisional activation, deprotonated cyclopentenone oxylipins 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinorOPDA form a characteristic and dominant product ion at m/z 165 that is attributed to charge-directed hydride migration to the electrophilic enone ring followed by elimination of neutral C7H10O2 from the carboxyl end. In contrast, pseudo-MS(3) spectra of deprotonated cyclopentenone prostaglandins exhibited a different fragmentation behavior, in that cleavage near C = C bonds is directed by the carbonyl group in the nearby cyclopentenone ring. CONCLUSIONS Two different routes of fragmentation are proposed for cyclopentenone fatty acids with saturated and unsaturated side chains. We predict that this behavior may facilitate the identification of novel cyclopentenone oxylipins and accelerate discoveries of their biological regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyin Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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24
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Bonaventure G. Lipases and the biosynthesis of free oxylipins in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28429. [PMID: 24603593 PMCID: PMC4091546 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The production of free oxylipins in plants is exquisitely controlled by cellular mechanisms that respond to environmental factors such as mechanical damage, insect herbivory and pathogen infection. One of the main targets of these cellular mechanisms are glycerolipases class A (GLA); acyl-hydrolyzing enzymes that upon their biochemical activation release unsaturated fatty acids or acylated oxylipins from glycerolipids. Recent studies performed in the wild tobacco species Nicotiana attenuata have started to reveal the complexity and specificity of GLA-regulated free oxylipin production. I present a model in which individual GLA lipases associate with individual lipoxygenases (LOX) in chloroplast membranes and envelope to define the initial committed steps of distinct oxylipin biosynthesis pathways. The unravelling of the mechanisms that activate GLAs and LOXs at the biochemical level and that control the interaction between these enzymes and their association with membranes will prove to be fundamental to understand how plants control free oxylipin biogenesis.
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25
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Nakashima A, von Reuss SH, Tasaka H, Nomura M, Mochizuki S, Iijima Y, Aoki K, Shibata D, Boland W, Takabayashi J, Matsui K. Traumatin- and dinortraumatin-containing galactolipids in Arabidopsis: their formation in tissue-disrupted leaves as counterparts of green leaf volatiles. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26078-26088. [PMID: 23888054 PMCID: PMC3764811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.487959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) consisting of six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and their esters, are biosynthesized through the action of fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which uses fatty acid hydroperoxides as substrates. GLVs form immediately after disruption of plant leaf tissues by herbivore attacks and mechanical wounding and play a role in defense against attackers that attempt to invade through the wounds. The fates and the physiological significance of the counterparts of the HPL reaction, the 12/10-carbon oxoacids that are formed from 18/16-carbon fatty acid 13-/11-hydroperoxides, respectively, are largely unknown. In this study, we detected monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDGs) containing the 12/10-carbon HPL products in disrupted leaf tissues of Arabidopsis, cabbage, tobacco, tomato, and common bean. They were identified as an MGDG containing 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-(E)-10-dodecenoic acid and 10-oxo-7-hydroxy-(E)-8-decenoic acid and an MGDG containing two 12-oxo-9-hydroxy-(E)-10-dodecenoic acids as their acyl groups. Analyses of Arabidopsis mutants lacking HPL indicated that these MGDGs were formed enzymatically through an active HPL reaction. Thus, our results suggested that in disrupted leaf tissues, MGDG-hydroperoxides were cleaved by HPL to form volatile six-carbon aldehydes and non-volatile 12/10-carbon aldehyde-containing galactolipids. Based on these results, we propose a novel oxylipin pathway that does not require the lipase reaction to form GLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nakashima
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Stephan H von Reuss
- the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Hiroyuki Tasaka
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Misaki Nomura
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mochizuki
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Yoko Iijima
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan,; the Department of Nutrition and Life Science, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0292, Japan
| | - Koh Aoki
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan,; the Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefectural University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan, and
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- the Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- the Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Junji Takabayashi
- the Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsui
- From the Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and the Department of Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan,.
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26
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Glauser G, Wolfender JL. A non-targeted approach for extended liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of free and esterified jasmonates after wounding. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1011:123-134. [PMID: 23615992 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-414-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Upon wounding or herbivory, plants quickly react by activating various defense mechanisms. A major part of these defenses is thought to be regulated by the jasmonate pathway through the induction of jasmonic acid and its biologically active jasmonoyl-isoleucine conjugate. Yet, these well-known phytohormones are only two among the numerous compounds that compose the jasmonate family. Here, we describe a method based on ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry that can potentially profile the full range of known free and esterified jasmonates in a non-targeted manner. The developed approach is illustrated by the analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after mechanical wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Glauser
- Chemical Analytical Service of the Swiss Plant Science Web, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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27
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Svyatyna K, Riemann M. Light-dependent regulation of the jasmonate pathway. PROTOPLASMA 2012; 249 Suppl 2:S137-45. [PMID: 22569926 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant hormones which are crucial for the response of plants to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Beside this important function, they are involved in several developmental processes throughout plant life. In this short review, we would like to summarize the recent findings about the function of JAs in photomorphogenesis with a main focus on the model plant rice. Early plant development is determined to a large extent by light. Depending on whether seedlings are raised in darkness or in light, they show a completely different appearance which led to the terms skoto- and photomorphogenesis, respectively. The different appearance depending on the light conditions has been used to screen for mutants in photoperception and signalling. By this approach, mutants for several photoreceptors and in the downstream signalling pathways could be isolated. In rice, we and others isolated mutants with a very intriguing phenotype. The mutated genes have been cloned by map-based cloning, and all of them encode for JA biosynthesis genes. The most bioactive form of JAs identified so far is the amino acid conjugate jasmonoyl-isoleucin (JA-Ile). In order to conjugate JA to Ile, an enzyme of the GH3 family, JASMONATE RESISTANT 1, is required. We characterized mutants of OsJAR1 on a physiological and biochemical level and found evidence for redundantly active enzymes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Svyatyna
- Botanical Institute, Molecular Cell Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Mafli A, Goudet J, Farmer EE. Plants and tortoises: mutations in the Arabidopsis jasmonate pathway increase feeding in a vertebrate herbivore. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:2534-41. [PMID: 22432470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic tissues, the major food source of many invertebrates and vertebrates, are well defended. Many defence traits in leaves are controlled via the jasmonate signalling pathway in which jasmonate acts as a hormone by binding to a receptor to activate responses that lead to increased resistance to invertebrate folivores. We predicted that mutations in jasmonate synthesis might also increase the vulnerability of leaves to vertebrate folivores and tested this hypothesis using the Eastern Hermann's tortoise (Eurotestudo boettgeri) and an Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) allene oxide synthase (aos) mutant unable to synthesize jasmonate. Tortoises preferred the aos mutant over the wild type (WT). Based on these results, we then investigated the effect of mutating jasmonate perception using a segregating population of the recessive A. thaliana jasmonate receptor mutant coronatine insensitive1-1 (coi1-1). Genotyping of these plants after tortoise feeding revealed that the homozygous coi1-1 receptor mutant was consumed more readily than the heterozygous mutant or the WT. Therefore, the plant's ability to synthesize or perceive jasmonate reduces feeding by a vertebrate herbivore. We also tested whether or not tortoise feeding behaviour was influenced by glucosinolates, the principal defence chemicals in Arabidopsis leaves with known roles in defence against many generalist insects. However, in contrast to what has been observed with such insects, leaves in which the levels of these compounds were reduced genetically were consumed at a similar rate to those of the WT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mafli
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Analysis of plant galactolipids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:601-7. [PMID: 22465211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The composition of plant membrane lipids was investigated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement. The data dependent methods for the analysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs) and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs) have been developed. The optimised chromatographic systems were based on a 2.0 mm i.d. Nucleosil C18 column with methanol/water (MGDGs) or acetonitrile/methanol/water (DGDGs) gradients. The galactolipids were ionised by electrospray operated in the positive ion mode and identified based on their MS/MS spectra. High resolution spectra with accurate masses were found to be essential for correct interpretation of the MS data. The elution order of non-oxidised MGDGs and DGDGs followed the equivalent carbon numbers. The methods were applied for detailed characterisation of the MGDGs and DGDGs in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana and Melissa officinalis.
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Dave A, Graham IA. Oxylipin Signaling: A Distinct Role for the Jasmonic Acid Precursor cis-(+)-12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid (cis-OPDA). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:42. [PMID: 22645585 PMCID: PMC3355751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are lipid-derived compounds, many of which act as signals in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stress. They include the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and related jasmonate metabolites cis-(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (cis-OPDA), methyl jasmonate, and jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile). Besides the defense response, jasmonates are involved in plant growth and development and regulate a range of processes including glandular trichome development, reproduction, root growth, and senescence. cis-OPDA is known to possess a signaling role distinct from JA-Ile. The non-enzymatically derived phytoprostanes are structurally similar to cis-OPDA and induce a common set of genes that are not responsive to JA in Arabidopsis thaliana. A novel role for cis-OPDA in seed germination regulation has recently been uncovered based on evidence from double mutants and feeding experiments showing that cis-OPDA interacts with abscisic acid (ABA), inhibits seed germination, and increases ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) protein abundance. Large amounts of cis-OPDA are esterified to galactolipids in A. thaliana and the resulting compounds, known as Arabidopsides, are thought to act as a rapidly available source of cis-OPDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Dave
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of YorkYork, UK
| | - Ian A. Graham
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of YorkYork, UK
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Vu HS, Tamura P, Galeva NA, Chaturvedi R, Roth MR, Williams TD, Wang X, Shah J, Welti R. Direct infusion mass spectrometry of oxylipin-containing Arabidopsis membrane lipids reveals varied patterns in different stress responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:324-39. [PMID: 22086419 PMCID: PMC3252110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.190280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Direct infusion electrospray ionization triple quadrupole precursor scanning for three oxidized fatty acyl anions revealed 86 mass spectral peaks representing polar membrane lipids in extracts from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 expressing AvrRpt2 (PstAvr). Quadrupole time-of-flight and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry provided evidence for the presence of membrane lipids containing one or more oxidized acyl chains. The membrane lipids included molecular species of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. The oxidized chains were identified at the level of chemical formula and included C(18)H(27)O(3) (abbreviated 18:4-O, to indicate four double bond equivalents and one oxygen beyond the carbonyl group), C(18)H(29)O(3) (18:3-O), C(18)H(31)O(3) (18:2-O), C(18)H(29)O(4) (18:3-2O), C(18)H(31)O(4) (18:2-2O), and C(16)H(23)O(3) (16:4-O). Mass spectral signals from the polar oxidized lipid (ox-lipid) species were quantified in extracts of Arabidopsis leaves subjected to wounding, infection by PstAvr, infection by a virulent strain of P. syringae, and low temperature. Ox-lipids produced low amounts of mass spectral signal, 0.1% to 3.2% as much as obtained in typical direct infusion profiling of normal-chain membrane lipids of the same classes. Analysis of the oxidized membrane lipid species and normal-chain phosphatidic acids indicated that stress-induced ox-lipid composition differs from the basal ox-lipid composition. Additionally, different stresses result in the production of varied amounts, different timing, and different compositional patterns of stress-induced membrane lipids. These data form the basis for a working hypothesis that the stress-specific signatures of ox-lipids, like those of oxylipins, are indicative of their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Welti
- Kansas Lipidomics Research Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (H.S.V., P.T., M.R.R., R.W.); Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 (N.A.G., T.D.W.); Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203–5017 (R.C., J.S.); Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121 (X.W.); Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 (X.W.)
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Ibrahim A, Schütz AL, Galano JM, Herrfurth C, Feussner K, Durand T, Brodhun F, Feussner I. The Alphabet of Galactolipids in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 2:95. [PMID: 22639619 PMCID: PMC3355575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2011.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids constitute the major lipid class in plants. In recent years oxygenated derivatives of galactolipids have been detected. They are discussed as signal molecules during leaf damage, since they accumulate in wounded leaves in high levels. Using different analytical methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, infra-red spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) earlier reports focused on the analysis of either oxidized or non-oxidized species and needed high levels of analytes. Here, we report on the analysis of the galactolipid subfraction of the Arabidopsis leaf lipidome by an improved HPLC/MS(2)-based method that is fast, robust, and comparatively simple in its performance. Due to a combination of phase partitioning, solid phase fractionation, liquid chromatography, and MS(2) experiments this method has high detection sensitivity and requires only low amounts of plant material. With this method 167 galactolipid species were detected in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Out of these 79 being newly described species. From all species the head group and acyl side chains were identified via MS(2) experiments. Moreover, the structural identification was supported by HPLC/time-of-flight (TOF)-MS and gas chromatography (GC)/MS analysis. The quantification of different galactolipid species that accumulated 30 min after a mechanical wounding in A. thaliana leaves showed that the oxidized acyl side chains in galactolipids are divided into 65% cyclopentenones, 27% methyl-branched ketols, 3.8% hydroperoxides/straight-chain ketols, 2.0% hydroxides, and 2.6% phytoprostanes. In comparison to the free cyclopentenone derivatives, the esterified forms occur in a 149-fold excess supporting the hypothesis that galactolipids might function as storage compounds for cyclopentenones. Additional analysis of the ratio of non-oxidized to oxidized galactolipid species in leaves of wounded plants was performed resulting in a ratio of 2.0 in case of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGD), 8.1 in digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGD), and 0.6 in the acylated MGD. This indicates that galactolipid oxidation is a major and rapid metabolic process that occurs class specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Schütz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Durand
- UMR 5247 – CNRS – UM I – UM II, Institut des Biomolécules Max MousseronMontpellier, France
| | - Florian Brodhun
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht von Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, Georg August UniversityGöttingen, Germany
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Bonaventure G, Schuck S, Baldwin IT. Revealing complexity and specificity in the activation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis: a specific role of the Nicotiana attenuata GLA1 lipase in the activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis in leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1507-20. [PMID: 21554327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The activation of enzymatic oxylipin biosynthesis upon wounding, herbivory and pathogen attack depends on the biochemical activation of lipases that make polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) available to lipoxygenases (LOXs). The identity and number of the lipases involved in this process remain controversial and they probably differ among plant species. Analysis of transgenic Nicotiana attenuata plants (ir-gla1) stably reduced in the expression of the NaGLA1 gene showed that this plastidial glycerolipase is a major supplier of trienoic fatty acids for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in leaves and roots after wounding and simulated herbivory, but not during infection with the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica (var. nicotianae). NaGLA1 was not essential for the developmental control of JA biosynthesis in flowers and for the biosynthesis of C(6) volatiles by the hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) pathway; however, it affected the metabolism of divinyl ethers (DVEs) early during infection with P. parasitica (var. nicotianae) and the accumulation of NaDES1 and NaLOX1 mRNAs. Profiling of lysolipids by LC-MS/MS was consistent with a rapid activation of NaGLA1 and indicated that this lipase utilizes different lipid classes as substrates. The results revealed the complexity and specificity of the regulation of lipase-mediated oxylipin biosynthesis, highlighting the existence of pathway- and stimulus-specific lipases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology, Hans Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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Schäfer M, Fischer C, Meldau S, Seebald E, Oelmüller R, Baldwin IT. Lipase activity in insect oral secretions mediates defense responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1520-34. [PMID: 21546453 PMCID: PMC3135923 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.173567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
How plants perceive herbivory is not yet well understood. We investigated early responses of the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to attack from the generalist grasshopper herbivore, Schistocerca gregaria (Caelifera). When compared with wounding alone, S. gregaria attack and the application of grasshopper oral secretions (GS) to puncture wounds elicited a rapid accumulation of various oxylipins, including 13-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic acid, and jasmonic acid-isoleucine. Additionally, GS increased cytosolic calcium levels, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK3 and MPK6) activity, and ethylene emission but not the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Although GS contain caeliferin A16:0, a putative elicitor of caeliferan herbivores, treatment with pure, synthetic caeliferin A16:0 did not induce any of the observed responses. With mutant plants, we demonstrate that the observed changes in oxylipin levels are independent of MPK3 and MPK6 activity but that MPK6 is important for the GS-induced ethylene release. Biochemical and pharmacological analyses revealed that the lipase activity of GS plays a central role in the GS-induced accumulation of oxylipins, especially OPDA, which could be fully mimicked by treating puncture wounds only with a lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus. GS elicitation increased the levels of OPDA-responsive transcripts. Because the oral secretions of most insects used to study herbivory-induced responses in Arabidopsis rapidly elicit similar accumulations of OPDA, we suggest that lipids containing OPDA (arabidopsides) play an important role in the activation of herbivory-induced responses.
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Dave A, Hernández ML, He Z, Andriotis VM, Vaistij FE, Larson TR, Graham IA. 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid accumulation during seed development represses seed germination in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:583-99. [PMID: 21335376 PMCID: PMC3077774 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana COMATOSE (CTS) encodes an ABC transporter involved in peroxisomal import of substrates for β-oxidation. Various cts alleles and mutants disrupted in steps of peroxisomal β-oxidation have previously been reported to exhibit a severe block on seed germination. Oxylipin analysis on cts, acyl CoA oxidase1 acyl CoA oxidase2 (acx1 acx2), and keto acyl thiolase2 dry seeds revealed that they contain elevated levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), jasmonic acid (JA), and JA-Ile. Oxylipin and transcriptomic analysis showed that accumulation of these oxylipins occurs during late seed maturation in cts. Analysis of double mutants generated by crossing cts with mutants in the JA biosynthesis pathway indicate that OPDA, rather than JA or JA-Ile, contributes to the block on germination in cts seeds. We found that OPDA was more effective at inhibiting wild-type germination than was JA and that this effect was independent of CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 but was synergistic with abscisic acid (ABA). Consistent with this, OPDA treatment increased ABA INSENSITIVE5 protein abundance in a manner that parallels the inhibitory effect of OPDA and OPDA+ABA on seed germination. These results demonstrate that OPDA acts along with ABA to regulate seed germination in Arabidopsis.
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Shigemori H, Nakajyo H, Hisamatsu Y, Goto N, Yamada K, Hasegawa K. Structure-Activity Relationships on Senescence-Promoting Effect of Arabidopsides from Arabidopsis thaliana. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ellinger D, Stingl N, Kubigsteltig II, Bals T, Juenger M, Pollmann S, Berger S, Schuenemann D, Mueller MJ. DONGLE and DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 lipases are not essential for wound- and pathogen-induced jasmonate biosynthesis: redundant lipases contribute to jasmonate formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:114-27. [PMID: 20348210 PMCID: PMC2862439 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.155093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipases are involved in the generation of jasmonates, which regulate responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Two sn-1-specific acyl hydrolases, DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1 (DAD1) and DONGLE (DGL), have been reported to be localized in plastids and to be essential and sufficient for jasmonate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves. Here, we show that levels of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and jasmonic acid in three different DGL RNA interference lines and the dad1 mutant were similar to wild-type levels during the early wound response as well as after Pseudomonas infection. Due to the lack of sn-2 substrate specificity, synthesis of dinor OPDA was not expected and also not found to be affected in DGL knockdown and DGL-overexpressing lines. As reported, DAD1 participates in jasmonate formation only in the late wound response. In addition, DGL protein was found to be localized in lipid bodies and not in plastids. Furthermore, jasmonate levels in 16 additional mutants defective in the expression of lipases with predicted chloroplast localization did not show strong differences from wild-type levels after wounding, except for a phospholipase A (PLA) PLA-Igamma1 (At1g06800) mutant line that displayed diminished wound-induced dinor OPDA, OPDA, and jasmonic acid levels. A quadruple mutant defective in four DAD1-like lipases displayed similar jasmonate levels as the mutant line of PLA-Igamma1 after wounding. Hence, we identify PLA-Igamma1 as a novel target gene to manipulate jasmonate biosynthesis. Our results suggest that, in addition to DAD1 and PLA-Igamma1, still unidentified enzymes with sn-1 and sn-2 hydrolase activity are involved in wound- and pathogen-induced jasmonate formation, indicating functional redundancy within the lipase family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Ellinger
- Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr-Universität, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Bonaventure G, Baldwin IT. New insights into the early biochemical activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis in leaves. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:287-9. [PMID: 20037473 PMCID: PMC2881280 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.3.10713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, herbivore attack elicits the rapid accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) which results from the activation of constitutively expressed biosynthetic enzymes. The molecular mechanisms controlling the activation of JA biosynthesis remain largely unknown however new research has elucidated some of the early regulatory components involved in this process. Nicotiana attenuata plants, a wild tobacco species, responds to fatty acid amino acid conjuguates (FAC) elicitors in the oral secretion of its natural herbivore, Manduca sexta, by triggering specific defense and tolerance responses against it; all of the defense responses known to date require the amplification of the wound-induced JA increase. We recently demonstrated that this FAC-elicited JA burst requires an increased flux of free linolenic acid (18:3) likely originating from the activation of a plastidial glycerolipase (GLA1) which is activated by an abundant FAC found in insect oral secretions, N-linolenoyl-glutamate (18:3-Glu). The lack of accumulation of free 18:3 after elicitation suggests a tight physical association between GLA1 and LOX3 in N. attenuata leaves. In addition, the salicylate-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and the nonexpressor of PR-1 (NPR1) participate in this activation mechanism that controls the supply of 18:3. In contrast, the wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK) does not but instead regulates the conversion of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-18:3 into 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). These results open new perspectives on the complex network of signals and regulatory components inducing the JA biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Bonaventure
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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Kallenbach M, Alagna F, Baldwin IT, Bonaventure G. Nicotiana attenuata SIPK, WIPK, NPR1, and fatty acid-amino acid conjugates participate in the induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis by affecting early enzymatic steps in the pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:96-106. [PMID: 19897603 PMCID: PMC2799349 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.149013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wounding and herbivore attack elicit the rapid (within minutes) accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) that results from the activation of previously synthesized biosynthetic enzymes. Recently, several regulatory factors that affect JA production have been identified; however, how these regulators affect JA biosynthesis remains at present unknown. Here we demonstrate that Nicotiana attenuata salicylate-induced protein kinase (SIPK), wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), nonexpressor of PR-1 (NPR1), and the insect elicitor N-linolenoyl-glutamate [corrected] (18:3-Glu) participate in mechanisms affecting early enzymatic steps of the JA biosynthesis pathway. Plants silenced in the expression of SIPK and NPR1 were affected in the initial accumulation of 13-hydroperoxy-linolenic acid (13-OOH-18:3) after wounding and 18:3-Glu elicitation by mechanisms independent of changes in 13-lipoxygenase activity. Moreover, 18:3-Glu elicited an enhanced and rapid accumulation of 13-OOH-18:3 that depended partially on SIPK and NPR1 but was independent of increased 13-lipoxygenase activity. Together, the results suggested that substrate supply for JA production was altered by 18:3-Glu elicitation and SIPK- and NPR1-mediated mechanisms. Consistent with a regulation at the level of substrate supply, we demonstrated by virus-induced gene silencing that a wound-repressed plastidial glycerolipase (NaGLA1) plays an essential role in the induction of de novo JA biosynthesis. In contrast to SIPK and NPR1, mechanisms mediated by WIPK did not affect the production of 13-OOH-18:3 but were critical to control the conversion of this precursor into 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. These differences could be partially accounted for by reduced allene oxide synthase activity in WIPK-silenced plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gustavo Bonaventure
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Molecular Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany
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Abstract
ARABIDOPSIS IS A SUPERB MODEL FOR THE STUDY OF AN IMPORTANT SUBGROUP OF OXYLIPINS: the jasmonates. Jasmonates control many responses to cell damage and invasion and are essential for reproduction. Jasmonic acid (JA) is a prohormone and is conjugated to hydrophobic amino acids to produce regulatory ligands. The major receptor for active jasmonate ligands is closely related to auxin receptors and, as in auxin signaling, jasmonate signaling requires the destruction of repressor proteins. This chapter uses a frequently asked question (FAQ) approach and concludes with a practical section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván F. Acosta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Address correspondence to
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Glauser G, Dubugnon L, Mousavi SAR, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL, Farmer EE. Velocity estimates for signal propagation leading to systemic jasmonic acid accumulation in wounded Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:34506-13. [PMID: 19846562 PMCID: PMC2787311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The wound response prohormone jasmonic acid (JA) accumulates rapidly in tissues both proximal and distal to injury sites in plants. Using quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after flash freezing of tissues, we found that JA accumulated within 30 s of injury in wounded Arabidopsis leaves (p = 3.5 e(-7)). JA augmentation distal to wounds was strongest in unwounded leaves with direct vascular connections to wounded leaves wherein JA levels increased significantly within 120 s of wounding (p = 0.00027). This gave conservative and statistically robust temporal boundaries for the average velocity of the long distance signal leading to distal JA accumulation in unwounded leaves of 3.4-4.5 cm min(-1). Like JA, transcripts of the JA synthesis gene LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2) and the jasmonate response gene JAZ10.3 also accumulated to higher levels in directly interconnected leaves than in indirectly connected leaves. JA accumulation in a lox2-1 mutant plant was initiated rapidly after wounding then slowed progressively compared with the wild type (WT). Despite this, JAZ10.3 expression in the two genotypes was similar. Free cyclopentenone jasmonate levels were similar in both resting WT and lox2-1. In contrast, bound cyclopentenone jasmonates (arabidopsides) were far lower in lox2-1 than in the WT. The major roles of LOX2 are to generate arabidopsides and the large levels of JA that accumulate proximal to the wound. LOX2 is not essential for some of the most rapid events elicited by wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Glauser
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Lucie Dubugnon
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seyed A. R. Mousavi
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- From the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland and
| | - Edward E. Farmer
- Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Göbel C, Feussner I. Methods for the analysis of oxylipins in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1485-503. [PMID: 19735927 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant oxylipins comprise a highly diverse and complex class of molecules that are derived from lipid oxidation. The initial oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids may either occur by enzymatic or chemical reactions. A large variety of oxylipin classes are generated by an array of alternative reactions further converting hydroperoxy fatty acids. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by their occurrence either as free fatty acid derivatives or as esters in complex lipids. Lipid peroxidation is common to all biological systems, appearing in developmentally regulated processes and as a response to environmental changes. The oxylipins formed may perform various biological roles; some of them have signaling functions. In order to elucidate the roles of oxylipins in a given biological context, comprehensive analytical assays are available for determining the oxylipin profiles of plant tissues. This review summarizes indirect methods to estimate the general peroxidation state of a sample and more sophisticated techniques for the identification, structure determination and quantification of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Göbel
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Department of Plant Biochemistry, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Böttcher C, Pollmann S. Plant oxylipins: plant responses to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid are governed by its specific structural and functional properties. FEBS J 2009; 276:4693-704. [PMID: 19663904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging questions in modern plant science is how plants regulate their morphological and developmental adaptation in response to changes in their biotic and abiotic environment. A comprehensive elucidation of the underlying mechanisms will help shed light on the extremely efficient strategies of plants in terms of survival and propagation. In recent years, a number of environmental stress conditions have been described as being mediated by signaling molecules of the oxylipin family. In this context, jasmonic acid, its biosynthetic precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), and also reactive electrophilic species such as phytoprostanes play pivotal roles. Although our understanding of jasmonic acid-dependent processes and jasmonic acid signal-transduction cascades has made considerable progress in recent years, knowledge of the regulation and mode of action of OPDA-dependent plant responses is just emerging. This minireview focuses on recent work concerned with the elucidation of OPDA-specific processes in plants. In this context, aspects such as the differential recruitment of OPDA, either by de novo biosynthesis or by release from cyclo-oxylipin-galactolipids, and the conjugation of free OPDA are discussed.
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Mosblech A, Feussner I, Heilmann I. Oxylipins: structurally diverse metabolites from fatty acid oxidation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:511-7. [PMID: 19167233 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are lipophilic signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Initial fatty acid oxidation occurs mainly by the enzymatic or chemical formation of fatty acid hydroperoxides. An array of alternative reactions further converting fatty acid hydroperoxides gives rise to a multitude of oxylipin classes, many with reported signaling functions in plants. Oxylipins include the phytohormone, jasmonic acid, and a number of other molecules including hydroxy-, oxo- or keto-fatty acids or volatile aldehydes that may perform various biological roles as second messengers, messengers in inter-organismic signaling, or even as bactericidal agents. The structural diversity of oxylipins is further increased by esterification of the compounds in plastidial glycolipids, for instance the Arabidopsides, or by conjugation of oxylipins to amino acids or other metabolites. The enzymes involved in oxylipin metabolism are diverse and comprise a multitude of examples with interesting and unusual catalytic properties. In addition, the interplay of different subcellular compartments during oxylipin biosynthesis suggests complex mechanisms of regulation that are not well understood. This review aims at giving an overview of plant oxylipins and the multitude of enzymes responsible for their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Mosblech
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Andersson MX, Dörmann P. Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis and Transport. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-68696-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Dueckershoff K, Mueller S, Mueller MJ, Reinders J. Impact of cyclopentenone-oxylipins on the proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1975-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Glauser G, Grata E, Rudaz S, Wolfender JL. High-resolution profiling of oxylipin-containing galactolipids in Arabidopsis extracts by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3154-60. [PMID: 18798198 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/TOFMS) method using in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) was developed for globally profiling oxylipin-containing galactolipids in Arabidopsis wounded leaves. MS and pseudo-MS/MS spectra were obtained during a single analytical run by switching a lens of the TOFMS transfer optics from low to high voltage. Numerous known galactolipids were observed, and four novel mono- or di-galactosyl monoacylglycerides (MGMGs or DGMGs) containing oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) or dinor-oxophytodienoic acid (dn-OPDA), esterified respectively at the sn1 and the sn2 positions, were identified. Rapid microisolation of the galactolipids followed by alkaline and enzymatic hydrolyses enabled the release of the esterified oxylipins, which allowed for the unambiguous characterization of the oxylipin-containing monoacylglycerides. Their strong induction in response to wounding indicates that these compounds are probably lysogalactolipids formed from galactosyldiglycerides in the injured tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Glauser
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Miersch O, Neumerkel J, Dippe M, Stenzel I, Wasternack C. Hydroxylated jasmonates are commonly occurring metabolites of jasmonic acid and contribute to a partial switch-off in jasmonate signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 177:114-127. [PMID: 17995915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In potato 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid (12-OH-JA) is a tuber-inducing compound. Here, it is demonstrated that 12-OH-JA, as well as its sulfated and glucosylated derivatives, are constituents of various organs of many plant species. All accumulate differentially and usually to much higher concentrations than jasmonic acid (JA). In wounded tomato leaves, 12-OH-JA and its sulfated, as well as glucosylated, derivative accumulate after JA, and their diminished accumulation in wounded leaves of the JA-deficient mutants spr2 and acx1 and also a JA-deficient 35S::AOCantisense line suggest their JA-dependent formation. To elucidate how signaling properties of JA/JAME (jasmonic acid methyl ester) are affected by hydroxylation and sulfation, germination and root growth were recorded in the presence of the different jasmonates, indicating that 12-OH-JA and 12-hydroxyjasmonic acid sulfate (12-HSO(4)-JA) were not bioactive. Expression analyses for 29 genes showed that expression of wound-inducible genes such as those coding for PROTEINASE INHIBITOR2, POLYPHENOL OXIDASE, THREONINE DEAMINASE or ARGINASE was induced by JAME and less induced or even down-regulated by 12-OH-JA and 12-HSO(4)-JA. Almost all genes coding for enzymes in JA biosynthesis were up-regulated by JAME but down-regulated by 12-OH-JA and 12-HSO(4)-JA. The data suggest that wound-induced metabolic conversion of JA/JAME into 12-OH-JA alters expression pattern of genes including a switch off in JA signaling for a subset of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Miersch
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jana Neumerkel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martin Dippe
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Department of Plant Biochemistry of Plants, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Natural Product Biotechnology, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Andersson MX, Dörmann P. Chloroplast Membrane Lipid Biosynthesis and Transport. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_2008_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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