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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Chen X, Li X, Shi Y, Xu L, Yu C, Jing B, Li W, Xu A, Shi X, Li K, Huang Z. Identification candidate genes for salt resistance through quantitative trait loci-sequencing in Brassica napus L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154187. [PMID: 38422630 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops worldwide. However, its yield is greatly limited by salt stress, one of the primary abiotic stresses. Identification of salt-tolerance genes and breeding salt-tolerant varieties is an effective approach to address this issue. Unfortunately, little is known about the salt-tolerance quantitative trait locus (QTL) and the identification of salt tolerance genes in rapeseed. In this study, high-throughput quantitative trait locus sequencing (QTL-seq) was applied to identifying salt-tolerant major QTLs based on two DNA pools from an F2:3 population of a cross between rapeseed line 2205 (salt tolerant) and 1423 (salt sensitive). A total of twelve major QTLs related to the salt tolerance rating (STR) were detected on chromosomes A03, A08, C02, C03, C04, C06, C07 and C09. To further enhance our understanding, we integrated QTL-seq data with transcriptome analysis of the two parental rapeseed plants subjected to salt stress, through which ten candidate genes for salt tolerance were identified within the major QTLs by gene differential expression, variation and annotated functions analysis. The marker SNP820 linked to salt tolerance was successfully validated and would be useful as a diagnostic marker in marker-assisted breeding. These findings provide valuable insights for future breeding programs aimed at developing rapeseed cultivars resistant to salt stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhiting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xinru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yiji Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Spring Rape Genetic Improvement of Qinghai Province, Rapeseed Research and Development Center of Qinghai Province, Xining, 810016, Qinghai, China
| | - Chengyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Aixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Keqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Shen H, Zhou Y, Liao C, Xie Q, Chen G, Hu Z, Wu T. The AlkB Homolog SlALKBH10B Negatively Affects Drought and Salt Tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:173. [PMID: 38203345 PMCID: PMC10778744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
ALKBH proteins, the homologs of Escherichia coli AlkB dioxygenase, constitute a single-protein repair system that safeguards cellular DNA and RNA against the harmful effects of alkylating agents. ALKBH10B, the first discovered N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), has been shown to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, until now, the functional role of the plant ALKBH10B has solely been reported in arabidopsis, cotton, and poplar, leaving its functional implications in other plant species shrouded in mystery. In this study, we identified the AlkB homolog SlALKBH10B in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) through phylogenetic and gene expression analyses. SlALKBH10B exhibited a wide range of expression patterns and was induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stresses. By employing CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing techniques to knock out SlALKBH10B, we observed an increased sensitivity of mutants to ABA treatment and upregulation of gene expression related to ABA synthesis and response. Furthermore, the Slalkbh10b mutants displayed an enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stress, characterized by higher water retention, accumulation of photosynthetic products, proline accumulation, and lower levels of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the negative impact of SlALKBH10B on drought and salt tolerance in tomato plant, expanding our understanding of the biological functionality of SlALKBH10B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biology of Yunnan Province, College of Landscape and Horticulture, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Changguang Liao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
| | - Ting Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; (H.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.X.); (G.C.)
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Narutaki A, Kahar P, Shimadzu S, Maeda S, Furuya T, Ishizaki K, Fukaki H, Ogino C, Kondo Y. Sucrose Signaling Contributes to the Maintenance of Vascular Cambium by Inhibiting Cell Differentiation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1511-1522. [PMID: 37130085 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce sugars by photosynthesis and use them for growth and development. Sugars are transported from source-to-sink organs via the phloem in the vasculature. It is well known that vascular development is precisely controlled by plant hormones and peptide hormones. However, the role of sugars in the regulation of vascular development is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of sugars on vascular cell differentiation using a vascular cell induction system named 'Vascular Cell Induction Culture System Using Arabidopsis Leaves' (VISUAL). We found that sucrose has the strongest inhibitory effect on xylem differentiation, among several types of sugars. Transcriptome analysis revealed that sucrose suppresses xylem and phloem differentiation in cambial cells. Physiological and genetic analyses suggested that sucrose might function through the BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 transcription factor, which is the central regulator of vascular cell differentiation. Conditional overexpression of cytosolic invertase led to a decrease in the number of cambium layers due to an imbalance between cell division and differentiation. Taken together, our results suggest that sucrose potentially acts as a signal that integrates environmental conditions with the developmental program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Narutaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Prihardi Kahar
- Department of Chemical and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shunji Shimadzu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shota Maeda
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Furuya
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hidehiro Fukaki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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Ezura K, Nomura Y, Ariizumi T. Molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms of fruit set, the ovary-to-fruit transition, in horticultural crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6254-6268. [PMID: 37279328 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit set is the process by which the ovary develops into a fruit and is an important factor in determining fruit yield. Fruit set is induced by two hormones, auxin and gibberellin, and the activation of their signaling pathways, partly by suppressing various negative regulators. Many studies have investigated the structural changes and gene networks in the ovary during fruit set, revealing the cytological and molecular mechanisms. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), SlIAA9 and SlDELLA/PROCERA act as auxin and gibberellin signaling repressors, respectively, and are important regulators of the activity of transcription factors and downstream gene expression involved in fruit set. Upon pollination, SlIAA9 and SlDELLA are degraded, which subsequently activates downstream cascades and mainly contributes to active cell division and cell elongation, respectively, in ovaries during fruit setting. According to current knowledge, the gibberellin pathway functions as the most downstream signal in fruit set induction, and therefore its role in fruit set has been extensively explored. Furthermore, multi-omics analysis has revealed the detailed dynamics of gene expression and metabolites downstream of gibberellins, highlighting the rapid activation of central carbon metabolism. This review will outline the relevant mechanisms at the molecular and metabolic levels during fruit set, particularly focusing on tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), Kojimachi, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yukako Nomura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Tohru Ariizumi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Ali MM, Gull S, Hu X, Hou Y, Chen F. Exogenously applied zinc improves sugar-acid profile of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) by regulating enzymatic activities and expression of their metabolism-related genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107829. [PMID: 37329690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soluble sugars and organic acids are the most abundant components in ripe fruits, and they play critical roles in the development of fruit flavor and taste. In this study, loquat trees were sprayed with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% zinc sulphate. The contents of soluble sugars and organic acids were determined using HPLC-RID and UPLC-MS, respectively. The activities of key enzymes involved in sugar-acid metabolism were measured and expression profiling of related genes was done using RT-qPCR. The results revealed that 0.1% zinc sulphate was a promising treatment among other Zn applications with respect to the increased levels of soluble sugars and decreased acid contents in loquats. Correlation analysis showed that the enzymes i.e., SPS, SS, FK, and HK were may be involved in the regulation of fructose and glucose metabolism in the fruit pulp of loquat. While, the activity of NADP-ME showed negative and NAD-MDH showed a positive correlation with malic acid content. Meanwhile, EjSPS1-4, EjSS2-4, EjHK1-3, and EjFK1-6 may play an important role in soluble sugar metabolism in the pulp of loquat fruits. Similarly, EjPEPC2, EjPEPC3, EjNAD-MDH1, EjNAD-MDH3-5, EjNAD-MDH6 and EjNAD-MDH13 may have a vital contribution to malic acid biosynthesis in loquat fruits. This study provides new insights for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating soluble sugars and malic acid biosynthesis in loquats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shaista Gull
- Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 66000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Faxing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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6
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Su J, Jiao T, Liu X, Zhu L, Ma B, Ma F, Li M. Calcyclin-binding protein-promoted degradation of MdFRUCTOKINASE2 regulates sugar homeostasis in apple. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1052-1065. [PMID: 36461944 PMCID: PMC9922394 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fructokinase (FRK) activates fructose through phosphorylation, which sends the activated fructose into primary metabolism and regulates fructose signaling capabilities in plants. The apple (Malus × domestica) FRK gene MdFRK2 shows especially high affinity to fructose, and its overexpression decreases fructose levels in the leaves of young plants. However, in the current study of mature plants, fruits of transgenic apple trees overexpressing MdFRK2 accumulated a higher level of fructose than wild-type (WT) fruits (at both young and mature stages). Transgenic apple trees with high mRNA MdFRK2 expression showed no significant differences in MdFRK2 protein abundance or FRK enzyme activity compared to WT in mature leaves, young fruits, and mature fruits. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis identified an skp1, cullin, F-box (SCF) E3 ubiquitin ligase, calcyclin-binding protein (CacyBP), that interacted with MdFRK2. RNA-sequencing analysis provided evidence for ubiquitin-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of MdFRK2 protein for the maintenance of fructose homeostasis in mature leaves and fruits. Further analyses suggested an MdCacyBP-MdFRK2 regulatory module, in which MdCacyBP interacts with and ubiquitinates MdFRK2 to facilitate its degradation by the 26S proteasome, thus decreasing the FRK enzyme activity to elevate fructose concentration in transgenic apple trees. This result uncovered an important mechanism underlying plant fructose homeostasis in different organs through regulating the MdFRK2 protein level via ubiquitination and degradation. Our study provides usable data for the future improvement of apple flavor and expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant fructose content and signaling regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Fan L, Zhang W, Xu Z, Li S, Liu D, Wang L, Zhou X. A Comparative Characterization and Expression Profiling Analysis of Fructokinase and Fructokinase-like Genes: Exploring Their Roles in Cucumber Development and Chlorophyll Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214260. [PMID: 36430739 PMCID: PMC9698557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructokinase (FRK) and fructokinase-like (FLN), belonging to the phosphofructokinase B type subfamily, share substantial sequence similarity, and are crucial in various plant physiological processes. However, there is limited information regarding what functionally differentiates plant FRKs from FLNs. Here, a total of three CsFRKs and two CsFLNs were identified from the cucumber genome. Their significant difference lay in the structure of their G/AXGD motif, which existed as GAGD in CsFRKs, but as G/ASGD in CsFLNs. Comparative phylogenetic analysis classified CsFRKs and CsFLNs into five sub-branches consistent with their quite different exon/intron organizations. Both transcriptome data and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that CsFRK3 was the most active gene, with the highest expression in the majority of tissues tested. Moreover, the expression levels of two putative plastidic genes, CsFRK1 and CsFLN2, were significantly positively associated with chlorophyll accumulation in the chlorophyll-reduced cucumber mutant. Briefly, both CsFRK and CsFLN genes were involved in the development of sink tissues, especially CsFRK3. CsFRK1 and CsFLN2 were recognized as candidates in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway of cucumber. These results would greatly assist in further investigation on functional characterization of FRKs and FLNs, especially in the development and chlorophyll biosynthesis of cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianxue Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wenshuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Division of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiuyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Correspondence:
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Ali MM, Anwar R, Rehman RNU, Ejaz S, Ali S, Yousef AF, Ercisli S, Hu X, Hou Y, Chen F. Sugar and acid profile of loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.), enzymes assay and expression profiling of their metabolism-related genes as influenced by exogenously applied boron. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1039360. [PMID: 36340346 PMCID: PMC9632665 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1039360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soluble sugars and organic acids are the most abundant components in ripe fruits, and they play critical roles in the development of fruit flavor and taste. Some loquat cultivars have high acid content which seriously affect the quality of fruit and reduce the value of commodity. Consequently, studying the physiological mechanism of sugar-acid metabolism in loquat can clarify the mechanism of their formation, accumulation and degradation in the fruit. Minerals application has been reported as a promising way to improve sugar-acid balance of the fruits. In this study, loquat trees were foliar sprayed with 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% borax, and changes in soluble sugars and organic acids were recorded. The contents of soluble sugars and organic acids were determined using HPLC-RID and UPLC-MS, respectively. The activities of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of sugars and acids were quantified and expressions of related genes were determined using quantitative real-time PCR. The results revealed that 0.2% borax was a promising treatment among other B applications for the increased levels of soluble sugars and decreased acid contents in loquats. Correlation analysis showed that the enzymes i.e., SPS, SS, FK, and HK were may be involved in the regulation of fructose and glucose metabolism in the fruit pulp of loquat. While the activity of NADP-ME showed negative and NAD-MDH showed a positive correlation with malic acid content. Meanwhile, EjSPS1, EjSPS3, EjSS3, EjHK1, EjHK3, EjFK1, EjFK2, EjFK5, and EjFK6 may play an important role in soluble sugars metabolism in fruit pulp of loquat. Similarly, EjPEPC2, EjPEPC3, EjNAD-ME1, EjNAD-MDH1, EjNAD-MDH5-8, EjNAD-MDH10, and EjNAD-MDH13 may have a vital contribution to malic acid biosynthesis in loquat fruits. This study provides new insights for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating soluble sugars and malic acid biosynthesis in loquats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moaaz Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Raheel Anwar
- Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Naveed Ur Rehman
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Food and Crop Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS)-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shaghef Ejaz
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed F. Yousef
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Azhar (Branch Assiut), Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Faxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Subtropical Fruits, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Nam H, Gupta A, Nam H, Lee S, Cho HS, Park C, Park S, Park SJ, Hwang I. JULGI-mediated increment in phloem transport capacity relates to fruit yield in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1533-1545. [PMID: 35478430 PMCID: PMC9342617 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of the global population and the increase in the amount of arid land has severely constrained agricultural crop production. To solve this problem, many researchers have attempted to increase productivity through the efficient distribution of energy; however, the direct relationship between the plant vasculature, specifically phloem development, and crop yield is not well established. Here, we demonstrate that an optimum increase in phloem-transportation capacity by reducing SIJUL expression leads to improved sink strength in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). SIJUL, a negative regulator of phloem development, suppresses the translation of a positive regulator of phloem development, SlSMXL5. The suppression of SlJUL increases the number of phloem cells and sucrose transport, but only an optimal reduction of SlJUL function greatly enhances sink strength in tomato, improving fruit setting, and yield contents by 37% and 60%, respectively. We show that the increment in phloem cell number confers spare transport capacity. Our results suggest that the control of phloem-transport capacity within the threshold could enhance the commitment of photosynthates to instigate yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Nam
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Heejae Nam
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Hyun Seob Cho
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Chanyoung Park
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic ScienceWonkwang UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
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10
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Lugassi N, Stein O, Egbaria A, Belausov E, Zemach H, Arad T, Granot D, Carmi N. Sucrose Synthase and Fructokinase Are Required for Proper Meristematic and Vascular Development. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081035. [PMID: 35448763 PMCID: PMC9025968 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) and fructokinase (FRK) work together to control carbohydrate flux in sink tissues. SuSy cleaves sucrose into fructose and UDP-glucose; whereas FRK phosphorylates fructose. Previous results have shown that suppression of the SUS1,3&4 genes by SUS-RNAi alters auxin transport in the shoot apical meristems of tomato plants and affects cotyledons and leaf structure; whereas antisense suppression of FRK2 affects vascular development. To explore the joint developmental roles of SuSy and FRK, we crossed SUS-RNAi plants with FRK2-antisense plants to create double-mutant plants. The double-mutant plants exhibited novel phenotypes that were absent from the parent lines. About a third of the plants showed arrested shoot apical meristem around the transition to flowering and developed ectopic meristems. Use of the auxin reporter DR5::VENUS revealed a significantly reduced auxin response in the shoot apical meristems of the double-mutant, indicating that auxin levels were low. Altered inflorescence phyllotaxis and significant disorientation of vascular tissues were also observed. In addition, the fruits and the seeds of the double-mutant plants were very small and the seeds had very low germination rates. These results show that SUS1,3&4 and FRK2 enzymes are jointly essential for proper meristematic and vascular development, and for fruit and seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitsan Lugassi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Ofer Stein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Aiman Egbaria
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Tal Arad
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Nir Carmi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (N.L.); (O.S.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (H.Z.); (T.A.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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iTRAQ and PRM -based proteomics analysis for the identification of differentially abundant proteins related to male sterility in ms-7 mutant tomato (Solanum lycoperscium) plants. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Xue Y, Shen Z, Tao F, Zhou J, Xu B. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms of Seed Coat Development in Cucurbita pepo L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:772685. [PMID: 35283914 PMCID: PMC8912962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.772685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo is one of the earliest cultivated crops. It is native to Central and South America and is now widely cultivated all over the world for its rich nutrition, short growth period, and high yield, which make it suitable for intercropping. Hull-less C. pepo L. (HLCP) is a rare variant in nature that is easier to consume. Its seed has a seed kernel but lacks a seed coat. The molecular mechanism underlying the lack of seed coat development in the HLCP variety is not clear yet. The BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform was used to sequence 18 cDNA libraries of seed coats from hulled C. pepo (CP) and HLCP at three developmental stages (8, 18, and 28 days) post-pollination. We found that lignin accumulation in the seed coat of the HLCP variety was much lower than that of the CP variety. A total of 2,099 DEGs were identified in the CP variety, which were enriched mainly in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, amino sugar, and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways. A total of 1,831 DEGs were identified in the HLCP variety and found to be enriched mainly in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways of starch and sucrose. Among the DEGs, hub proteins (FusA), protein kinases (IRAK4), and several transcription factors related to seed coat development (MYB, bHLH, NAC, AP2/EREBP, WRKY) were upregulated in the CP variety. The relative expression levels of 12 randomly selected DEGs were determined using quantitative real-time PCR analysis and found to be consistent with those obtained using RNA-Seq, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9474. We found that IRAK4 protein kinases, AP2/EREBP, MYB, bHLH, and NAC transcription factors may play important roles in seed coat development, leading to the formation of HLCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyu Xue
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Shen
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fei Tao
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjiang Zhou
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Biocontrol Engineering Laboratory of Crop Diseases and Pests of Gansu Province, College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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13
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Aubry E, Hoffmann B, Vilaine F, Gilard F, Klemens PAW, Guérard F, Gakière B, Neuhaus HE, Bellini C, Dinant S, Le Hir R. A vacuolar hexose transport is required for xylem development in the inflorescence stem. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:1229-1247. [PMID: 34865141 PMCID: PMC8825465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Angiosperms, the development of the vascular system is controlled by a complex network of transcription factors. However, how nutrient availability in the vascular cells affects their development remains to be addressed. At the cellular level, cytosolic sugar availability is regulated mainly by sugar exchanges at the tonoplast through active and/or facilitated transport. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), among the genes encoding tonoplastic transporters, SUGAR WILL EVENTUALLY BE EXPORTED TRANSPORTER 16 (SWEET16) and SWEET17 expression has been previously detected in the vascular system. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we propose that sugar exchanges at the tonoplast, regulated by SWEET16, are important for xylem cell division as revealed in particular by the decreased number of xylem cells in the swt16 mutant and the accumulation of SWEET16 at the procambium-xylem boundary. In addition, we demonstrate that transport of hexoses mediated by SWEET16 and/or SWEET17 is required to sustain the formation of the xylem secondary cell wall. This result is in line with a defect in the xylem cell wall composition as measured by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy in the swt16swt17 double mutant and by upregulation of several genes involved in secondary cell wall synthesis. Our work therefore supports a model in which xylem development partially depends on the exchange of hexoses at the tonoplast of xylem-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Aubry
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Ecole Doctorale 567 Sciences du Végétal, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Saclay, bat 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Beate Hoffmann
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Vilaine
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Françoise Gilard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Patrick A W Klemens
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Paris Sud, Univ Evry, Univ Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 360, Rue de Noetzlin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Universität Kaiserslautern, Pflanzenphysiologie, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Catherine Bellini
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sylvie Dinant
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Rozenn Le Hir
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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14
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Choudhary A, Kumar A, Kaur N, Kaur H. Molecular cues of sugar signaling in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13630. [PMID: 35049040 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugars, the chemically bound form of energy, are formed by the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation and fixation in plants. During evolution, plants availed the sugar molecules as a resource, balancing molecule, and signaling molecule. The multifaceted role of sugar molecules in response to environmental stimuli makes it the central coordinator required for growth, survival, and continuity. During the course of evolution, the molecular networks have become complex to adapt or acclimate to the changing environment. Sugar molecules are sensed both intra and extracellularly by their specific sensors. The signal is transmitted by a signaling loop that involves various downstream signaling molecules, transcriptional factors and, most pertinent, the sensors TOR and SnRK1. In this review, the focus has been retained on the significance of the sugar sensors during signaling and induced modules to regulate plant growth, development, biotic and abiotic stress. It is interesting to visualize the sugar molecule as a signaling unit and not only a nutrient. Complete information on the downstream components of sugar signaling will open the gates for improving the qualitative and quantitative elements of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Choudhary
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Antul Kumar
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmaljit Kaur
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Harmanjot Kaur
- Department of Botany, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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15
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Miodek A, Gizińska A, Włoch W, Kojs P. What do we know about growth of vessel elements of secondary xylem in woody plants? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2911-2924. [PMID: 34374202 PMCID: PMC9291787 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive knowledge about vessel element growth and the determination of the axial course of vessels, these processes are still not fully understood. They are usually explained as resulting primarily from hormonal regulation in stems. This review focuses on an increasingly discussed aspect - mechanical conditions in the vascular cambium. Mechanical conditions in cambial tissue are important for the growth of vessel elements, as well as other cambial derivatives. In relation to the type of stress acting on cambial cells (compressive versus tensile stress) we: (i) discuss the shape of the enlarging vessel elements observed in anatomical sections; (ii) present hypotheses regarding the location of intrusive growth of vessel elements and cambial initials; (iii) explain the relationship between the growth of vessel elements and fibres; and (iv) consider the effect of mechanical stress in determining the course of a vessel. We also highlight the relationship between mechanical stress and transport of the most extensively studied plant hormone - auxin. We conclude that the integration of a biomechanical factor with the commonly acknowledged hormonal regulation could significantly enhance the analysis of the formation of vessel elements as well as entire vessels, which transport water and minerals in numerous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Miodek
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Aldona Gizińska
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052, Opole, Poland
| | - Wiesław Włoch
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Kojs
- Polish Academy of Sciences Botanical Garden - Centre for Biological Diversity Conservation in Powsin, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Su J, Zhang C, Zhu L, Yang N, Yang J, Ma B, Ma F, Li M. MdFRK2-mediated sugar metabolism accelerates cellulose accumulation in apple and poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:137. [PMID: 34130710 PMCID: PMC8204578 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose is not only a common component in vascular plants, but also has great economic benefits for paper, wood, and industrial products. In addition, its biosynthesis is highly regulated by carbohydrate metabolism and allocation in plant. MdFRK2, which encodes a key fructokinase (FRK) in apple, showed especially high affinity to fructose and regulated carbohydrate metabolism. RESULTS It was observed that overexpression of MdFRK2 in apple decreased sucrose (Suc) and fructose (Fru) with augmented FRK activity in stems, and caused the alterations of many phenotypic traits that include increased cellulose content and an increase in thickness of the phloem region. To further investigate the involved mechanisms, we generated FRK2-OE poplar lines OE#1, OE#4 and OE#9 and discovered (1) that overexpression of MdFRK2 resulted in the huge increased cellulose level by shifting the fructose 6-phosphate or glucose 6-phsophate towards UDPG formation, (2) a direct metabolic pathway for the biosynthesis of cellulose is that increased cleavage of Suc into UDP-glucose (UDPG) for cellulose synthesis via the increased sucrose synthase (SUSY) activity and transcript levels of PtrSUSY1, (3) that the increased FRK activity increases the sink strength overall so there is more carbohydrate available to fuel increased cambial activity and that resulted in more secondary phloem. These results demonstrated that MdFRK2 overexpression would significantly changes the photosynthetic carbon flux from sucrose and hexose to UDPG for increased cellulose synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The present data indicated that MdFRK2 overexpression in apple and poplar changes the photosynthetic carbon flux from sucrose and hexose to UDPG for stem cellulose synthesis. A strategy is proposed to increase cellulose production by regulating sugar metabolism as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Lingcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Nanxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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17
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Involvement of SUT1 and SUT2 Sugar Transporters in the Impairment of Sugar Transport and Changes in Phloem Exudate Contents in Phytoplasma-Infected Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020745. [PMID: 33451049 PMCID: PMC7828548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas inhabit phloem sieve elements and cause abnormal growth and altered sugar partitioning. However, how they interact with phloem functions is not clearly known. The phloem responses were investigated in tomatoes infected by “Candidatus Phytoplasma solani” at the beginning of the symptomatic stage, the first symptoms appearing in the newly emerged leaf at the stem apex. Antisense lines impaired in the phloem sucrose transporters SUT1 and SUT2 were included. In symptomatic sink leaves, leaf curling was associated with higher starch accumulation and the expression of defense genes. The analysis of leaf midribs of symptomatic leaves indicated that transcript levels for genes acting in the glycolysis and peroxisome metabolism differed from these in noninfected plants. The phytoplasma also multiplied in the three lower source leaves, even if it was not associated with the symptoms. In these leaves, the rate of phloem sucrose exudation was lower for infected plants. Metabolite profiling of phloem sap-enriched exudates revealed that glycolate and aspartate levels were affected by the infection. Their levels were also affected in the noninfected SUT1- and SUT2-antisense lines. The findings suggest the role of sugar transporters in the responses to infection and describe the consequences of impaired sugar transport on the primary metabolism.
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18
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Duman Z, Hadas-Brandwein G, Eliyahu A, Belausov E, Abu-Abied M, Yeselson Y, Faigenboim A, Lichter A, Irihimovitch V, Sadot E. Short De-Etiolation Increases the Rooting of VC801 Avocado Rootstock. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1481. [PMID: 33153170 PMCID: PMC7693756 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dark-grown (etiolated) branches of many recalcitrant plant species root better than their green counterparts. Here it was hypothesized that changes in cell-wall properties and hormones occurring during etiolation contribute to rooting efficiency. Measurements of chlorophyll, carbohydrate and auxin contents, as well as tissue compression, histological analysis and gene-expression profiles were determined in etiolated and de-etiolated branches of the avocado rootstock VC801. Differences in chlorophyll content and tissue rigidity, and changes in xyloglucan and pectin in cambium and parenchyma cells were found. Interestingly, lignin and sugar contents were similar, suggesting that de-etiolated branches resemble the etiolated ones in this respect. Surprisingly, the branches that underwent short de-etiolation rooted better than the etiolated ones, and only a slight difference in IAA content between the two was observed. Gene-expression profiles revealed an increase in ethylene-responsive transcripts in the etiolated branches, which correlated with enrichment in xyloglucan hydrolases. In contrast, transcripts encoding pectin methylesterase and pectolyases were enriched in the de-etiolated branches. Taken together, it seems that the short de-etiolation period led to fine tuning of the conditions favoring adventitious root formation in terms of auxin-ethylene balance and cell-wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Duman
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Hadas-Brandwein
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Avi Eliyahu
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Amnon Lichter
- The Institute of Post Harvest and Food Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel;
| | - Vered Irihimovitch
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel; (Z.D.); (G.H.-B.); (A.E.); (E.B.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.Y.); (A.F.); (V.I.)
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19
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Wang B, Li N, Wang J, Huang S, Tang Y, Yang S, Yang T, Wang Q, Yu Q, Gao J. iTRAQ-Based Proteomics Reveals that the Tomato ms10 35 Gene Causes Male Sterility through Compromising Fat Acid Metabolism. Proteomics 2020; 20:e1900213. [PMID: 32104964 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
So far, over 50 spontaneous male sterile mutants of tomato have been described and most of them are categorized as genetic male sterility. To date, the mechanism of tomato genetic male sterility remained unclear. In this study, differential proteomic analysis is performed between genetic male sterile line (2-517), which carries the male sterility (ms1035 ) gene, and its wild-type (VF-11) using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based strategy. A total of 8272 proteins are quantified in the 2-517 and VF-11 lines at the floral bud and florescence stages. These proteins are involved in different cellular and metabolic processes, which express obvious functional tendencies toward the hydroxylation of the ω-carbon in fatty acids, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the glycolytic, and pentose phosphate pathways. Based on the results, a protein network explaining the mechanisms of tomato genetic male sterility is proposed, finding the compromising fat acid metabolism may cause the male sterility. These results are confirmed by parallel reaction monitoring, quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and physiological assays. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the metabolic pathway of anther abortion induced by ms1035 and offer useful clues to identify the crucial proteins involved in genetic male sterility in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baike Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China.,College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China.,College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China
| | - Shaoyong Huang
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China
| | - Shengbao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China.,College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, P. R. China
| | - Qinghui Yu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830091, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, P. R. China
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20
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Mondal S, Halder SK, Yadav AN, Mondal KC. Microbial Consortium with Multifunctional Plant Growth-Promoting Attributes: Future Perspective in Agriculture. ADVANCES IN PLANT MICROBIOME AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3204-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Pontiggia D, Spinelli F, Fabbri C, Licursi V, Negri R, De Lorenzo G, Mattei B. Changes in the microsomal proteome of tomato fruit during ripening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14350. [PMID: 31586085 PMCID: PMC6778153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variations in the membrane proteome of tomato fruit pericarp during ripening have been investigated by mass spectrometry-based label-free proteomics. Mature green (MG30) and red ripe (R45) stages were chosen because they are pivotal in the ripening process: MG30 corresponds to the end of cellular expansion, when fruit growth has stopped and fruit starts ripening, whereas R45 corresponds to the mature fruit. Protein patterns were markedly different: among the 1315 proteins identified with at least two unique peptides, 145 significantly varied in abundance in the process of fruit ripening. The subcellular and biochemical fractionation resulted in GO term enrichment for organelle proteins in our dataset, and allowed the detection of low-abundance proteins that were not detected in previous proteomic studies on tomato fruits. Functional annotation showed that the largest proportion of identified proteins were involved in cell wall metabolism, vesicle-mediated transport, hormone biosynthesis, secondary metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, carbohydrate metabolic processes, signalling and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Spinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Fabbri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Foundation Cenci Bolognetti-Institut Pasteur, Rome, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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22
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Yang J, Zhang C, Wang Z, Sun S, Zhan R, Zhao Y, Ma B, Ma F, Li M. Melatonin-Mediated Sugar Accumulation and Growth Inhibition in Apple Plants Involves Down-Regulation of Fructokinase 2 Expression and Activity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:150. [PMID: 30838012 PMCID: PMC6389791 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin has been reported to play roles in regulating carbohydrate levels and plant growth. However, little is known about the exact mechanism by which melatonin regulates sugar levels and growth in plants. In this study, it was found that high levels of melatonin inhibited the growth of wild-type (WT) apple plants and induced significant accumulations of fructose, glucose, and sucrose in apple leaves, while MdFRK2 expression was significantly downregulated. MdFRK2 promoter transiently expressed in tobacco leaves further supported that the expression of MdFRK2 could be inhibited by exogenous melatonin. After applying exogenous melatonin, the suppression of MdFRK2 expression was significantly rescued in transgenic apples overexpressing MdFRK2 via the 35S promoter. Fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentrations increased less as compared to WT apple plants. Wild-type plants showed a stunted phenotype 21 days after melatonin treatment, while MdFRK2-overexpressing plants exhibited slightly inhibited growth, indicating that the downregulated MdFRK2 expression in response to melatonin was involved in melatonin-mediated growth inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrate the involvement of MdFRK2 in melatonin-induced sugar accumulation and growth inhibition. Our findings shed light on the roles played by MdFRK2 in connecting melatonin action and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Simin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruiling Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Mingjun Li,
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23
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Yang J, Zhu L, Cui W, Zhang C, Li D, Ma B, Cheng L, Ruan YL, Ma F, Li M. Increased activity of MdFRK2, a high-affinity fructokinase, leads to upregulation of sorbitol metabolism and downregulation of sucrose metabolism in apple leaves. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:71. [PMID: 30534388 PMCID: PMC6269498 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0099-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the functions of fructokinase (FRK) in apple (Malus domestica) carbohydrate metabolism, we cloned the coding sequences of MdFRK1 and MdFRK2 from the 'Royal Gala' apple. The results showed that MdFRK2 expression was extremely high in shoot tips and young fruit. Analyses of heterologously expressed proteins revealed that MdFRK2 had a higher affinity for fructose than did MdFRK1, with Km values of 0.1 and 0.62 mM for MdFRK2 and MdFRK1, respectively. The two proteins, however, exhibited similar Vmax values when their activities were significantly inhibited by high concentrations of fructose. MdFRK2 ectopic expression was associated with a general decrease in fructose concentration in transgenic lines. In leaves, increased FRK activity similarly resulted in reduced concentrations of glucose and sucrose but no alterations in sorbitol concentration. When compared with those in the untransformed control, genes involved in sorbitol synthesis (A6PR) and the degradation pathway (SDH1/2) were significantly upregulated in transgenic lines, whereas those involved in sucrose synthesis (SPS1) and other degradation processes (SUSY4, NINV1/2, and HxK2) were downregulated. The activity of enzymes participating in carbohydrate metabolism was proportional to the level of gene expression. However, the growth performance and photosynthetic efficiency did not differ between the transgenic and wild-type plants. These results provide new genetic evidence to support the view that FRK plays roles in regulating sugar and sorbitol metabolism in Rosaceae plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Lingcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Weifang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Dongxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Baiquan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Lailiang Cheng
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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24
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Mahboubi A, Niittylä T. Sucrose transport and carbon fluxes during wood formation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:67-81. [PMID: 29572842 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wood biosynthesis defines the chemical and structural properties of wood. The metabolic pathways that produce the precursors of wood cell wall polymers have a central role in defining wood properties. To make rational design of wood properties feasible, we need not only to understand the cell wall biosynthetic machinery, but also how sucrose transport and metabolism in developing wood connect to cell wall biosynthesis and how they respond to genetic and environmental cues. Here, we review the current understanding of the sucrose transport and primary metabolism pathways leading to the precursors of cell wall biosynthesis in woody plant tissues. We present both old, persistent questions and new emerging themes with a focus on wood formation in trees and draw upon evidence from the xylem tissues of herbaceous plants when it is relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahboubi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Totte Niittylä
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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25
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Liu J, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang J, Miao H, Jia C, Wang Z, Xu B, Jin Z. MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 regulate fruit quality in a tomato ovate mutant. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:989-1001. [PMID: 28944538 PMCID: PMC5902769 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening and quality are common botanical phenomena that are closely linked and strictly regulated by transcription factors. It was previously discovered that a banana MADS-box protein named MuMADS1 interacted with an ovate family protein named MaOFP1 to regulate banana fruit ripening. To further investigate the role of MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 in the regulation of fruit quality, a combination of genetic transformation and transcriptional characterization was used. The results indicated that the co-expression of MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 in the ovate mutant could compensate for fruit shape and inferior qualities relating to fruit firmness, soluble solids and sugar content. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was 1395 in WT vs. ovate, with 883 up-regulated and 512 down-regulated genes, while the numbers of DEGs gradually decreased with the transformation of MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 into ovate. 'Starch and sucrose metabolism' constituted the primary metabolic pathway, and the gene numbers in this pathway were obviously different when MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 were integrated into ovate. A series of metabolic genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis were up-regulated in the WT vs. ovate, which probably resulted in the firmer texture and lower sugar contents in the ovate fruit. These results demonstrate that MuMADS1 and MaOFP1 are coregulators of fruit quality, facilitating the dissection of the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit quality formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Hongxia Miao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Caihong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Biyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop BiotechnologyMinistry of AgricultureInstitute of Tropical Bioscience and BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of BananasHainan ProvinceHaikou Experimental StationChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesHaikouChina
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26
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Stein O, Granot D. Plant Fructokinases: Evolutionary, Developmental, and Metabolic Aspects in Sink Tissues. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:339. [PMID: 29616058 PMCID: PMC5864856 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose, a glucose-fructose disaccharide, is the main sugar transported in the phloem of most plants and is the origin of most of the organic matter. Upon arrival in sink tissues, the sucrose must be cleaved by invertase or sucrose synthase. Both sucrose-cleaving enzymes yield free fructose, which must be phosphorylated by either fructokinase (FRK) or hexokinase (HXK). The affinity of FRK to fructose is much higher than that of HXK, making FRKs central for fructose metabolism. An FRK gene family seems to exist in most, if not all plants and usually consists of several cytosolic FRKs and a single plastidic FRK. These genes are expressed mainly in sink tissues such as roots, stems, flowers, fruits, and seeds, with lower levels of expression often seen in leaves. Plant FRK enzymes vary in their biochemical properties such as affinity for fructose, inhibition by their substrate (i.e., fructose), and expression level in different tissues. This review describes recently revealed roles of plant FRKs in plant development, including the combined roles of the plastidic and cytosolic FRKs in vascular tissues and seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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27
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Goren S, Lugassi N, Stein O, Yeselson Y, Schaffer AA, David-Schwartz R, Granot D. Suppression of sucrose synthase affects auxin signaling and leaf morphology in tomato. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182334. [PMID: 28787452 PMCID: PMC5546705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes have been found to play roles in plant development. Sucrose synthase (SUS) is one of the two enzyme families involved in sucrose cleavage in plants. In tomato, six SUS genes have been found. We generated transgenic tomato plants with RNAi suppression of SlSUS1, SlSUS3 and SlSUS4 genes. Independent transgenic lines with RNAi suppression of more than one SUS gene exhibited morphological effects on their cotyledons and leaf structure, but there were no significant effects on their carbohydrate levels, demonstrating that SUS has a developmental function, in addition to its metabolic function. Shoot apices of the transgenic lines showed elevated expression of JAGGED (JAG) and the auxin transporter PIN1. In a PIN1-GFP fusion reporter/SUS-RNAi hybrid, PIN1-GFP patterns were altered in developing leaves (as compared to control plants), indicating that SlSUS suppression alters auxin signaling. These results suggest possible roles for SUS in the regulation of plant growth and leaf morphology, in association with the auxin-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Goren
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nitsan Lugassi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Ofer Stein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- * E-mail:
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28
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Riggs JW, Cavales PC, Chapiro SM, Callis J. Identification and biochemical characterization of the fructokinase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:83. [PMID: 28441933 PMCID: PMC5405513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fructose is an abundant sugar in plants as it is a breakdown product of both major sucrose-cleaving enzymes. To enter metabolism, fructose is phosphorylated by a fructokinase (FRK). Known FRKs are members of a diverse family of carbohydrate/purine kinases known as the phosphofructokinase B (pfkB) family. The complete complement of active fructokinases has not been reported for any plant species. RESULTS Protein sequence analysis of the 22 Arabidopsis thaliana pfkB members identified eight highly related predicted proteins, including one with previously demonstrated FRK activity. For one, At1g50390, the predicted open reading frame is half the size of active FRKs, and only incompletely spliced RNAs were identified, which led to a premature stop codon, both indicating that this gene does not produce active FRK. The remaining seven proteins were expressed in E. coli and phosphorylated fructose specifically in vitro leading us to propose a unifying nomenclature (FRK1-7). Substrate inhibition was observed for fructose in all FRKs except FRK1. Fructose binding was on the same order of magnitude for FRK1-6, between 260 and 480 μM. FRK7 was an outlier with a fructose Km of 12 μM. ATP binding was similar for all FRKs and ranged between 52 and 280 μM. YFP-tagged AtFRKs were cytosolic, except plastidic FRK3. T-DNA alleles with non-detectable wild-type RNAs in five of the seven active FRK genes produced no overt phenotype. We extended our sequence comparisons to include putative FRKs encoded in other plant sequenced genomes. We observed that different subgroups expanded subsequent to speciation. CONCLUSIONS Arabidopsis thaliana as well as all other plant species analyzed contain multiple copies of genes encoding FRK activity. Sequence comparisons among multiple species identified a minimal set of three distinct FRKs present on all species investigated including a plastid-localized form. The selective expansion of specific isozymes results in differences in FRK gene number among species. AtFRKs exhibit substrate inhibition, typical of their mammalian counterparts with the single AtFRK1 lacking this property, suggesting it may have a distinct in vivo role. Results presented here provide a starting point for the engineering of specific FRKs to affect biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Riggs
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Philip C. Cavales
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sonia M. Chapiro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Present Address: Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
| | - Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang L, Hua X, Yu Q, Ming R, Zhang J. Evolution and expression of the fructokinase gene family in Saccharum. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:197. [PMID: 28222695 PMCID: PMC5319016 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane is an important sugar crop contributing up to about 80% of the world sugar production. Efforts to characterize the genes involved in sugar metabolism at the molecular level are growing since increasing sugar content is a major goal in the breeding of new sugarcane varieties. Fructokinases (FRK) are the main fructose phosphorylating enzymes with high substrate specificity and affinity. RESULTS In this study, by combining comparative genomics approaches with BAC resources, seven fructokinase genes were identified in S. spontaneum. Phylogenetic analysis based on representative monocotyledon and dicotyledon plant species suggested that the FRK gene family is ancient and its evolutionary history can be traced in duplicated descending order: SsFRK4, SsFRK6/SsFRK7,SsFRK5, SsFRK3 and SsFRK1/SsFRK2. Among the close orthologs, the number and position of exons in FRKs were conserved; in contrast, the size of introns varied among the paralogous FRKs in Saccharum. Genomic constraints were analyzed within the gene alleles and between S. spontaneum and Sorghum bicolor, and gene expression analysis was performed under drought stress and with exogenous applications of plant hormones. FRK1, which was under strong functional constraint selection, was conserved among the gene allelic haplotypes, and displayed dominant expression levels among the gene families in the control conditions, suggesting that FRK1 plays a major role in the phosphorylation of fructose. FRK3 and FRK5 were dramatically induced under drought stress, and FRK5 was also found to increase its expression levels in the mature stage of Saccharum. Similarly, FRK3 and FRK5 were induced in response to drought stress in Saccharum. FRK2 and FRK7 displayed lower expression levels than the other FRK family members; FRK2 was under strong genomic selection constraints whereas FRK7 was under neutral selection. FRK7 may have become functionally redundant in Saccharum through pseudogenization. FRK4 and FRK6 shared the most similar expression pattern: FRK4 was revealed to have higher expression levels in mature tissues than in premature tissues of Saccharum, and FRK6 presented a slight increase under drought stress. CONCLUSIONS Our study presents a comprehensive genomic study of the entire FRK gene family in Saccharum, providing the foundations for approaches to characterize the molecular mechanism regulated by the SsFRK family in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Chen
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Weichang Hu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liming Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Xiuting Hua
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
| | - Qingyi Yu
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX 75252 USA
| | - Ray Ming
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Jisen Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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Li NN, Qian WJ, Wang L, Cao HL, Hao XY, Yang YJ, Wang XC. Isolation and expression features of hexose kinase genes under various abiotic stresses in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 209:95-104. [PMID: 28013175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hexokinases (HXKs, EC 2.7.1.1) and fructokinases (FRKs, EC 2.7.1.4) play important roles in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar signaling during the growth and development of plants. However, the HXKs and FRKs in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) remain largely unknown. In this manuscript, we present the molecular characterization, phylogenetic relationships, conserved domains and expression profiles of four HXK and seven FRK genes of the tea plant. The 11 deduced CsHXK and CsFRK proteins were grouped into six main classes. All of the deduced proteins, except for CsFKR7, possessed putative ATP-binding motifs and a sugar recognition region. These genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns, which suggests that they play different roles in the metabolism and development of source and sink tissues in the tea plant. There were variations in CsHXKs and CsFRKs transcript abundance in response to four abiotic stresses: cold, salt, drought and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Remarkably, CsHXK3 and CsHXK4 were significantly induced in the leaves and roots under cold conditions, CsHXK1 was apparently up-regulated in the leaves and roots under salt and drought stresses, and CsHXK3 was obviously stimulated in the leaves and roots under short-term treatment with exogenous ABA. These findings demonstrate that CsHXKs play critical roles in response to abiotic stresses in the tea plant. Our research provides a fundamental understanding of the CsHXK and CsFRK genes of the tea plant and important information for the breeding of stress-tolerant tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Na Li
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Wen-Jun Qian
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; College of Horticulture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Hong-Li Cao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- National Center for Tea Plant Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Cho H, Dang TVT, Hwang I. Emergence of plant vascular system: roles of hormonal and non-hormonal regulatory networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:91-97. [PMID: 27918941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The divergence of land plants followed by vascular plants has entirely changed the terrestrial ecology. The vascular system is a prerequisite for this evolutionary event, providing upright stature and communication for sink demand-source capacity and facilitating the development of plants and colonization over a wide range of environmental habitats. Various hormonal and non-hormonal regulatory networks have been identified and reviewed as key processes for vascular formation; however, how these factors have evolutionarily emerged and interconnected to trigger the emergence of the vascular system still remains elusive. Here, to understand the intricacy of cross-talks among these factors, we highlight how core hormonal signaling and transcriptional networks are coalesced into the appearance of vascular plants during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuong Vi T Dang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
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Stein O, Avin-Wittenberg T, Krahnert I, Zemach H, Bogol V, Daron O, Aloni R, Fernie AR, Granot D. Arabidopsis Fructokinases Are Important for Seed Oil Accumulation and Vascular Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2047. [PMID: 28119723 PMCID: PMC5222831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose (a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose) is the primary carbon source transported to sink organs in many plants. Since fructose accounts for half of the hexoses used for metabolism in sink tissues, plant fructokinases (FRKs), the main fructose-phosphorylating enzymes, are likely to play a central role in plant development. However, to date, their specific functions have been the subject of only limited study. The Arabidopsis genome contains seven genes encoding six cytosolic FRKs and a single plastidic FRK. T-DNA knockout mutants for five of the seven FRKs were identified and used in this study. Single knockouts of the FRK mutants did not exhibit any unusual phenotype. Double-mutants of AtFRK6 (plastidic) and AtFRK7 showed normal growth in soil, but yielded dark, distorted seeds. The seed distortion could be complemented by expression of the well-characterized tomato SlFRK1, confirming that a lack of FRK activity was the primary cause of the seed phenotype. Seeds of the double-mutant germinated, but failed to establish on 1/2 MS plates. Seed establishment was made possible by the addition of glucose or sucrose, indicating reduced seed storage reserves. Metabolic profiling of the double-mutant seeds revealed decreased TCA cycle metabolites and reduced fatty acid metabolism. Examination of the mutant embryo cells revealed smaller oil bodies, the primary storage reserve in Arabidopsis seeds. Quadruple and penta FRK mutants showed growth inhibition and leaf wilting. Anatomical analysis revealed smaller trachea elements and smaller xylem area, accompanied by necrosis around the cambium and the phloem. These results demonstrate overlapping and complementary roles of the plastidic AtFRK6 and the cytosolic AtFRK7 in seed storage accumulation, and the importance of AtFRKs for vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Stein
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
- Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Hebrew University of JerusalemGivat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ina Krahnert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hanita Zemach
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Vlada Bogol
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Oksana Daron
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion UniversityBeer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Roni Aloni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - David Granot
- Volcani Center, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
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Stein O, Damari-Weissler H, Secchi F, Rachmilevitch S, German MA, Yeselson Y, Amir R, Schaffer A, Holbrook NM, Aloni R, Zwieniecki MA, Granot D. The tomato plastidic fructokinase SlFRK3 plays a role in xylem development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1484-95. [PMID: 26467542 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants have two kinds of fructokinases (FRKs) that catalyze the key step of fructose phosphorylation, cytosolic and plastidic. The major cytosolic tomato FRK, SlFRK2, is essential for the development of xylem vessels. In order to study the role of SlFRK3, which encodes the only plastidic FRK, we generated transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) plants with RNAi suppression of SlFRK3 as well as plants expressing beta-glucoronidase (GUS) under the SlFRK3 promoter. GUS staining indicated SlFRK3 expression in vascular tissues of the leaves and stems, including cambium, differentiating xylem, young xylem fibers and phloem companion cells. Suppression of SlFRK3 reduced the stem xylem area, stem and root water conductance, and whole-plant transpiration, with minor effects on plant development. However, suppression of SlFRK3 accompanied by partial suppression of SlFRK2 induced significant growth-inhibition effects, including the wilting of mature leaves. Grafting experiments revealed that these growth effects are imposed primarily by the leaves, whose petioles had unlignified, thin-walled xylem fibers with collapsed parenchyma cells around the vessels. A cross between the SlFRK2-antisense and SlFRK3-RNAi lines exhibited similar wilting and anatomical effects, confirming that these effects are the result of the combined suppression of SlFRK3 and SlFRK2. These results demonstrate a role of the plastidic SlFRK3 in xylem development and hydraulic conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Stein
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
- The Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Hila Damari-Weissler
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Francesca Secchi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Shimon Rachmilevitch
- Albert Katz Department of Dryland Biotechnologies, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Marcelo A German
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Yelena Yeselson
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - Rachel Amir
- Laboratory of Plant Science, Migal Galilee Research Center, PO Box 831, Kiryat Shmona, 12100, Israel
| | - Arthur Schaffer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Roni Aloni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Maciej A Zwieniecki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
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Mukherjee T, Ivanova M, Dagda M, Kanayama Y, Granot D, Holaday AS. Constitutively overexpressing a tomato fructokinase gene (LeFRK1) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 312) positively affects plant vegetative growth, boll number and seed cotton yield. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2015; 42:899-908. [PMID: 32480732 DOI: 10.1071/fp15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing fructokinase (FRK) activity in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants may reduce fructose inhibition of sucrose synthase (Sus) and lead to improved fibre yield and quality. Cotton was transformed with a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fructokinase gene (LeFRK1) under the control of the CMV 35S promoter. In a greenhouse, the LeFRK1 plants had increased fibre and leaf FRK activity over nonexpressing nulls, but not improved fibre length and strength. Compared with the nulls, LeFRK1 plants yielded 13-100% more seed-cotton mass per boll and more bolls per plant, and therefore more seed cotton and fibre yield per plant. The enhanced yield was related to a greater seed number per boll for LeFRK1 plants. Photosynthetic rates were not appreciably different among genotypes. However, more area per leaf and leaf number (in some instances) for LeFRK1 plants than for nulls enhanced the capacity for C gain. Larger leaf areas for LeFRK1 plants were associated with larger stem diameters. Lower sucrose levels in developing leaves of LeFRK1 plants suggest that LeFRK1 overexpression leads to improved in vivo Sus activity in developing leaves and possibly in developing seeds. The improvement in yield for LeFRK1 plants may also be the result of improvements in photosynthate supply as a consequence of greater leaf area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiya Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Mariana Ivanova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Marisela Dagda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kanayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - David Granot
- Department of Vegetables Research, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organisation, The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - A Scott Holaday
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Park JM, Lazarovits G. Involvement of hexokinase1 in plant growth promotion as mediated by Burkholderia phytofirmans. Can J Microbiol 2014; 60:343-54. [PMID: 24849083 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2014-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Potato plantlets inoculated with strain PsJN of the bacterium Burkholderia phytofirmans exhibit consistent and significant increases in plant growth under in vitro conditions, when compared with uninoculated plants. The greatest influence on the degree and type of growth enhancement that develops has been shown to be mediated by the sugar concentration in the agar media. Bacterial growth promotion has been suggested in other studies to be regulated by the sugar sensor enzyme hexokinase1, the role of which is activation of glucose phosphorylation. In this present study, we examined the co-relationship between root and stem development in potato plants treated with PsJN and the activity of hexokinase1. Plants grown in the presence of 1.5% and 3% sucrose showed increased levels of hexokinase1 activity only in the roots of inoculated plants, suggesting that the increased enzyme levels may be associated with root growth. Analysis for mRNA using reverse transcriptase did not reveal any significant differences in transcription levels of the gene between inoculated and uninoculated plants. When PsJN-inoculated plants were grown in 1.5% and 3% concentrations of glucose and fructose, stem height and mass, leaf number, root mass, and overall biomass increased. No growth promotion occurred when PsJN-inoculated plants were grown in 3% maltose. Subsequently, a hexokinase1 activity assay showed that PsJN-induced growth of potato plants was found to only occur when plants were grown in the presence of sugars that are recognized by the plant hexokinase1. The results suggest that PsJN may enhance sugar uptake in plants by direct or indirect stimulation of hexokinase1 activity in roots and this results in enhanced overall plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Park
- a Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ont., Canada
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Granot D, Kelly G, Stein O, David-Schwartz R. Substantial roles of hexokinase and fructokinase in the effects of sugars on plant physiology and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:809-19. [PMID: 24293612 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The basic requirements for plant growth are light, CO2, water, and minerals. However, the absorption and utilization of each of these requires investment on the part of the plant. The primary products of plants are sugars, and the hexose sugars glucose and fructose are the raw material for most of the metabolic pathways and organic matter in plants. To be metabolized, hexose sugars must first be phosphorylated. Only two families of enzymes capable of catalysing the essential irreversible phosphorylation of glucose and fructose have been identified in plants, hexokinases (HXKs) and fructokinases (FRKs). These hexose-phosphorylating enzymes appear to coordinate sugar production with the abilities to absorb light, CO2, water, and minerals. This review describes the long- and short-term effects mediated by HXK and FRK in various tissues, as well as the role of these enzymes in the coordination of sugar production with the absorption of light, CO2, water, and minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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Lucas WJ, Groover A, Lichtenberger R, Furuta K, Yadav SR, Helariutta Y, He XQ, Fukuda H, Kang J, Brady SM, Patrick JW, Sperry J, Yoshida A, López-Millán AF, Grusak MA, Kachroo P. The plant vascular system: evolution, development and functions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:294-388. [PMID: 23462277 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the tracheophyte-based vascular system of land plants had major impacts on the evolution of terrestrial biology, in general, through its role in facilitating the development of plants with increased stature, photosynthetic output, and ability to colonize a greatly expanded range of environmental habitats. Recently, considerable progress has been made in terms of our understanding of the developmental and physiological programs involved in the formation and function of the plant vascular system. In this review, we first examine the evolutionary events that gave rise to the tracheophytes, followed by analysis of the genetic and hormonal networks that cooperate to orchestrate vascular development in the gymnosperms and angiosperms. The two essential functions performed by the vascular system, namely the delivery of resources (water, essential mineral nutrients, sugars and amino acids) to the various plant organs and provision of mechanical support are next discussed. Here, we focus on critical questions relating to structural and physiological properties controlling the delivery of material through the xylem and phloem. Recent discoveries into the role of the vascular system as an effective long-distance communication system are next assessed in terms of the coordination of developmental, physiological and defense-related processes, at the whole-plant level. A concerted effort has been made to integrate all these new findings into a comprehensive picture of the state-of-the-art in the area of plant vascular biology. Finally, areas important for future research are highlighted in terms of their likely contribution both to basic knowledge and applications to primary industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Granot D, David-Schwartz R, Kelly G. Hexose kinases and their role in sugar-sensing and plant development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:44. [PMID: 23487525 PMCID: PMC3594732 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose produced in plants, are ubiquitous in most organisms and are the origin of most of the organic matter found in nature. To be utilized, hexose sugars must first be phosphorylated. The central role of hexose-phosphorylating enzymes has attracted the attention of many researchers, leading to novel discoveries. Only two families of enzymes capable of phosphorylating glucose and fructose have been identified in plants; hexokinases (HXKs), and fructokinases (FRKs). Intensive investigations of these two families in numerous plant species have yielded a wealth of knowledge regarding the genes number, enzymatic characterization, intracellular localization, and developmental and physiological roles of several HXKs and FRKs. The emerging picture indicates that HXK and FRK enzymes found at specific intracellular locations play distinct roles in plant metabolism and development. Individual HXKs were shown for the first time to be dual-function enzymes - sensing sugar levels independent of their catalytic activity and controlling gene expression and major developmental pathways, as well as hormonal interactions. FRK, on the other hand, seems to play a central metabolic role in vascular tissues, controlling the amounts of sugars allocated for vascular development. While a clearer picture of the roles of these two types of enzymes is emerging, many questions remain unsolved, such as the specific tissues and types of cells in which these enzymes function, the roles of individual HXK and FRK genes, and how these enzymes interact with hormones in the regulation of developmental processes. It is anticipated that ongoing efforts will broaden our knowledge of these important plant enzymes and their potential uses in the modification of plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Granot
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Rakefet David-Schwartz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gilor Kelly
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research OrganizationBet Dagan, Israel
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Secchi F, Perrone I, Chitarra W, Zwieniecka AK, Lovisolo C, Zwieniecki MA. The dynamics of embolism refilling in abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient tomato plants. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:359-77. [PMID: 23263667 PMCID: PMC3565268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are in danger of embolism formation in xylem vessels when the balance between water transport capacity and transpirational demand is compromised. To maintain this delicate balance, plants must regulate the rate of transpiration and, if necessary, restore water transport in embolized vessels. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the dominant long-distance signal responsible for plant response to stress, and it is possible that it plays a role in the embolism/refilling cycle. To test this idea, a temporal analysis of embolism and refilling dynamics, transpiration rate and starch content was performed on ABA-deficient mutant tomato plants. ABA-deficient mutants were more vulnerable to embolism formation than wild-type plants, and application of exogenous ABA had no effect on vulnerability. However, mutant plants treated with exogenous ABA had lower stomatal conductance and reduced starch content in the xylem parenchyma cells. The lower starch content could have an indirect effect on the plant's refilling activity. The results confirm that plants with high starch content (moderately stressed mutant plants) were more likely to recover from loss of water transport capacity than plants with low starch content (mutant plants with application of exogenous ABA) or plants experiencing severe water stress. This study demonstrates that ABA most likely does not play any direct role in embolism refilling, but through the modulation of carbohydrate content, it could influence the plant's capacity for refilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Secchi
- UC Davis, PES, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Irene Perrone
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (AGRIFORFOOD), University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco 10095, Italy; E-Mails: (W.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Walter Chitarra
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (AGRIFORFOOD), University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco 10095, Italy; E-Mails: (W.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Anna K. Zwieniecka
- BioLabs, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Claudio Lovisolo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (AGRIFORFOOD), University of Turin, Via Leonardo da Vinci, 44, Grugliasco 10095, Italy; E-Mails: (W.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Maciej A. Zwieniecki
- UC Davis, PES, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre St, Boston, MA 02131, USA; E-Mail:
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Roach M, Gerber L, Sandquist D, Gorzsás A, Hedenström M, Kumar M, Steinhauser MC, Feil R, Daniel G, Stitt M, Sundberg B, Niittylä T. Fructokinase is required for carbon partitioning to cellulose in aspen wood. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 70:967-77. [PMID: 22288715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.04929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is the main transported form of carbon in several plant species, including Populus species. Sucrose metabolism in developing wood has therefore a central role in carbon partitioning to stem biomass. Half of the sucrose-derived carbon is in the form of fructose, but metabolism of fructose has received little attention as a factor in carbon partitioning to walls of wood cells. We show that RNAi-mediated reduction of FRK2 activity in developing wood of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × tremuloides) led to the accumulation of soluble neutral sugars and a decrease in hexose phosphates and UDP-glucose, indicating that carbon flux to cell-wall polysaccharide precursors is decreased. Reduced FRK2 activity also led to thinner fiber cell walls with a reduction in the proportion of cellulose. No pleiotropic effects on stem height or diameter were observed. The results establish a central role for FRK2 activity in carbon flux to wood cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Roach
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE 90183 Umeå, Sweden
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Ingram P, Dettmer J, Helariutta Y, Malamy JE. Arabidopsis Lateral Root Development 3 is essential for early phloem development and function, and hence for normal root system development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:455-467. [PMID: 21749503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have identified a gene, Lateral Root Development 3 (LRD3), that is important for maintaining a balance between primary and lateral root growth. The lrd3 mutant has decreased primary root growth and increased lateral root growth. We determined that the LRD3 gene encodes a LIM-domain protein of unknown function. LRD3 is expressed only in the phloem companion cells, which suggested a role in phloem function. Indeed, while phloem loading and export from the shoot appear to be normal, delivery of phloem to the primary root tip is limited severely in young seedlings. Abnormalities in phloem morphology in these seedlings indicate that LRD3 is essential for correct early phloem development. There is a subsequent spontaneous recovery of normal phloem morphology, which is correlated tightly with increased phloem delivery and growth of the primary root. The LRD3 gene is one of very few genes described to affect phloem development, and the only one that is specific to early phloem development. Continuous growth on auxin also leads to recovery of phloem development and function in lrd3, which demonstrates that auxin plays a key role in early phloem development. The root system architecture and the pattern of phloem allocation in the lrd3 root system suggested that there may be regulated mechanisms for selectively supporting certain lateral roots when the primary root is compromised. Therefore, this study provides new insights into phloem-mediated resource allocation and its effects on plant root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ingram
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 5812 S. Ellis Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Fructose sensitivity is suppressed in Arabidopsis by the transcription factor ANAC089 lacking the membrane-bound domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3436-41. [PMID: 21300879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018665108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In living organisms sugars not only provide energy and carbon skeletons but also act as evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules. The three major soluble sugars in plants are sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Information on plant glucose and sucrose signaling is available, but to date no fructose-specific signaling pathway has been reported. In this study, sugar repression of seedling development was used to study fructose sensitivity in the Landsberg erecta (Ler)/Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) recombinant inbred line population, and eight fructose-sensing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (FSQ1-8) were mapped. Among them, FSQ6 was confirmed to be a fructose-specific QTL by analyzing near-isogenic lines in which Cvi genomic fragments were introgressed in the Ler background. These results indicate the existence of a fructose-specific signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Further analysis demonstrated that the FSQ6-associated fructose-signaling pathway functions independently of the hexokinase1 (HXK1) glucose sensor. Remarkably, fructose-specific FSQ6 downstream signaling interacts with abscisic acid (ABA)- and ethylene-signaling pathways, similar to HXK1-dependent glucose signaling. The Cvi allele of FSQ6 acts as a suppressor of fructose signaling. The FSQ6 gene was identified using map-based cloning approach, and FSQ6 was shown to encode the transcription factor gene Arabidopsis NAC (petunia No apical meristem and Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1, 2 and Cup-shaped cotyledon 2) domain containing protein 89 (ANAC089). The Cvi allele of FSQ6/ANAC089 is a gain-of-function allele caused by a premature stop in the third exon of the gene. The truncated Cvi FSQ6/ANAC089 protein lacks a membrane association domain that is present in ANAC089 proteins from other Arabidopsis accessions. As a result, Cvi FSQ6/ANAC089 is constitutively active as a transcription factor in the nucleus.
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