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Bai Y, Ma J, Ma Y, Chang Y, Zhang W, Deng Y, Zhang N, Zhang X, Fan K, Hu X, Wang S, Jiang Z, Hu T. Color components determination and full-length comparative transcriptomic analyses reveal the potential mechanism of carotenoid synthesis during Paphiopedilum armeniacum flowering. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16914. [PMID: 38406281 PMCID: PMC10894592 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Paphiopedilum armeniacum (P. armeniacum), an ornamental plant native to China, is known for its distinctive yellow blossoms. However, the mechanisms underlying P. armeniacum flower coloration remain unclear. Methods We selected P. armeniacum samples from different flowering stages and conducted rigorous physicochemical analyses. The specimens were differentiated based on their chemical properties, specifically their solubilities in polar solvents. This key step enabled us to identify the main metabolite of flower color development of P. armeniacum, and to complete the identification by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based on the results. Additionally, we employed a combined approach, integrating both third-generation full-length transcriptome sequencing and second-generation high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, to comprehensively explore the molecular components involved. Results We combined physical and chemical analysis with transcriptome sequencing to reveal that carotenoid is the main pigment of P. armeniacum flower color. Extraction colorimetric method and HPLC were used to explore the characteristics of carotenoid accumulation during flowering. We identified 28 differentially expressed carotenoid biosynthesis genes throughout the flowering process, validated their expression through fluorescence quantification, and discovered 19 potential positive regulators involved in carotenoid synthesis. Among these candidates, three RCP2 genes showed a strong potential for governing the PDS and ZDS gene families. In summary, our study elucidates the fundamental mechanisms governing carotenoid synthesis during P. armeniacum flowering, enhancing our understanding of this process and providing a foundation for future research on the molecular mechanisms driving P. armeniacum flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Bai
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- China Forestry Publishing House, Xicheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Ma
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, China
| | - Yanting Chang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, China
| | - Yayun Deng
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Keke Fan
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Jiang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration/Beijing for Bamboo & Rattan Science and Technology, Beijing, China
- Pingxiang Bamboo Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Pingxiang, China
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Liu Y, Liu J, Tang C, Uyanga VA, Xu L, Zhang F, Sun J, Chen Y. Flavonoids‑targeted metabolomic analysis following rice yellowing. Food Chem 2024; 430:136984. [PMID: 37557031 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the main metabolites responsible for yellowing of rice. However, the accumulation pattern of flavonoids and the metabolic basis of flavonoid biosynthesis during rice yellowing remain unclear. Thus, flavonoid-targeted metabolomics was used to investigate the composition and concentration of flavonoids in rice during yellowing. The results indicated the differential flavonoids at Month 3 and Month 5 of storage were more in composition and concentration with higher antioxidant capacity. Accumulated flavonoids were mainly flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins, of which rutin, farrerol, naringenin, cyanidin 3-rutinoside, and diosmetin were the indicators of rice yellowing. Metabolic association among flavonoids demonstrated the formation of yellow pigments was jointly induced by flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins metabolism. Examination of flavonoid metabolism presented in this study enhanced current understanding of the relationship between flavonoid metabolites and development of rice yellowing. It also offers a theoretical basis for targeted prediction of rice yellowing in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Jinguang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Caiyun Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Victoria Anthony Uyanga
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Longhua Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yilun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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Zhao X, Li Y, Zhang MM, He X, Ahmad S, Lan S, Liu ZJ. Research advances on the gene regulation of floral development and color in orchids. Gene 2023; 888:147751. [PMID: 37657689 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae is one of the largest monocotyledon families and contributes significantly to worldwide biodiversity, with value in the fields of landscaping, medicine, and ecology. The diverse phenotypes and vibrant colors of orchid floral organs make them excellent research objects for investigating flower development and pigmentation. In recent years, a number of orchid genomes have been published, laying the molecular foundation for revealing flower development and color presentation. In this article, we review transcription factors, the structural genes responsible for the floral pigment synthesis pathways, the molecular mechanisms of flower morphogenesis, and the potential relationship between flower type and flower color. This study provides a theoretical reference for the research on molecular mechanisms related to flower morphogenesis and color presentation, genetic improvement, and new variety creation in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Zhao
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siren Lan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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4
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Ai Y, Zheng QD, Wang MJ, Xiong LW, Li P, Guo LT, Wang MY, Peng DH, Lan SR, Liu ZJ. Molecular mechanism of different flower color formation of Cymbidium ensifolium. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:193-204. [PMID: 37878187 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Cymbidium ensifolium is one of the national orchids in China, which has high ornamental value with changeable flower colors. To understand the formation mechanism of different flower colors of C. ensifolium, this research conducted transcriptome and metabolome analyses on four different colored sepals of C. ensifolium. Metabolome analysis detected 204 flavonoid metabolites, including 17 polyphenols, 27 anthocyanins, 75 flavones, 34 flavonols, 25 flavonoids, 18 flavanones, and 8 isoflavones. Among them, purple-red and red sepals contain a lot of anthocyanins, including cyanidin, pelargonin, and paeoniflorin, while yellow-green and white sepals have less anthocyanins detected, and their metabolites are mainly flavonols, flavanones and flavonoids. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that the expression levels of the anthocyanin biosynthetic enzyme genes in red and purple-red sepals were significantly higher than those in white and yellow-green sepals of C. ensifolium. The experimental results showed that CeF3'H2, CeDFR, CeANS, CeF3H and CeUFGT1 may be the key genes involved in anthocyanin production in C. ensifolium sepals, and CeMYB104 has been proved to play an important role in the flower color formation of C. ensifolium. The results of transformation showed that the CeMYB104 is involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins and can form a purple-red color in the white perianth of Phalaenopsis. These findings provide a theoretical reference to understand the formation mechanism of flower color in C. ensifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qing-Dong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Long-Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Li-Ting Guo
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dong-Hui Peng
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Si-Ren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Yang K, Hou Y, Wu M, Pan Q, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Sun F, Zhang Z, Wu J. DoMYB5 and DobHLH24, Transcription Factors Involved in Regulating Anthocyanin Accumulation in Dendrobium officinale. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087552. [PMID: 37108715 PMCID: PMC10142772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As a kind of orchid plant with both medicinal and ornamental value, Dendrobium officinale has garnered increasing research attention in recent years. The MYB and bHLH transcription factors play important roles in the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanin. However, how MYB and bHLH transcription factors work in the synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanin in D. officinale is still unclear. In this study, we cloned and characterized one MYB and one bHLH transcription factor, namely, D. officinale MYB5 (DoMYB5) and D. officinaleb bHLH24 (DobHLH24), respectively. Their expression levels were positively correlated with the anthocyanin content in the flowers, stems, and leaves of D. officinale varieties with different colors. The transient expression of DoMYB5 and DobHLH24 in D. officinale leaf and their stable expression in tobacco significantly promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin. Both DoMYB5 and DobHLH24 could directly bind to the promoters of D. officinale CHS (DoCHS) and D. officinale DFR (DoDFR) and regulate DoCHS and DoDFR expression. The co-transformation of the two transcription factors significantly enhanced the expression levels of DoCHS and DoDFR. DoMYB5 and DobHLH24 may enhance the regulatory effect by forming heterodimers. Drawing on the results of our experiments, we propose that DobHLH24 may function as a regulatory partner by interacting directly with DoMYB5 to stimulate anthocyanin accumulation in D. officinale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yibin Hou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Mei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiuyu Pan
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yilong Xie
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yusen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fenghang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jinghua Wu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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6
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Li Y, Si D, Sabier M, Liu J, Si J, Zhang X. Guideline for screening antioxidant against lipid‐peroxidation by spectrophotometer. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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7
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Jiang SH, Wang HH, Zhang R, Yang ZY, He GR, Ming F. Transcriptomic-based analysis to identify candidate genes for blue color rose breeding. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 111:439-454. [PMID: 36913074 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the flower color formation mechanism of 'Rhapsody in Blue' by BF and WF transcriptomes reveals that RhF3'H and RhGT74F2 play a key role in flower color formation. Rosa hybrida has colorful flowers and a high ornamental value. Although rose flowers have a wide range of colors, no blue roses exist in nature, and the reason for this is unclear. In this study, the blue-purple petals (BF) of the rose variety 'Rhapsody in Blue' and the white petals (WF) of its natural mutant were subjected to transcriptome analysis to find genes related to the formation of the blue-purple color. The results showed that the anthocyanin content was significantly higher in BF than in WF. A total of 1077 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected by RNA-Seq analysis, of which 555 were up-regulated and 522 were down-regulated in the WF vs. BF petals. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of the DEGs revealed that a single gene up-regulated in BF was related to multiple metabolic pathways including metabolic process, cellular process, protein-containing complex, etc. Additionally, the transcript levels of most of the structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis were significantly higher in BF than in WF. Selected genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and the results were highly consistent with the RNA-Seq results. The functions of RhF3'H and RhGT74F2 were verified by transient overexpression analyses, and the results confirmed that both affect the accumulation of anthocyanins in 'Rhapsody in Blue'. We have obtained comprehensive transcriptome data for the rose variety 'Rhapsody in Blue'. Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying rose color formation and even blue rose formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hang Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Ren Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Guo-Ren He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China
| | - Feng Ming
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201106, China.
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Wang Y, Yin H, Long Z, Zhu W, Yin J, Song X, Li C. DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 regulates anthocyanin accumulation via activation of late biosynthesis genes in Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1046134. [PMID: 36457536 PMCID: PMC9705975 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1046134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium is a popular orchid with good ornamental and market value. Despite their popularity, molecular regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during flower development remains poorly understood. In this study, we systematically investigated the regulatory roles of the transcription factors DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 in anthocyanins biosynthesis. Gene expression analyses indicated that both DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 are specifically expressed in flowers and have similar expression patterns, showing high expression in purple floral tissues with anthocyanin accumulation. Transcriptomic analyses showed 29 differentially expressed genes corresponding to eight enzymes in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway have similar expression patterns to DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1, with higher expression in the purple lips than the yellow petals and sepals of Dendrobium 'Suriya Gold'. Further gene expression analyses and Pearson correlation matrix analyses of Dendrobium hybrid progenies revealed expression profiles of DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 were positively correlated with the structural genes DhF3'H1, DhF3'5'H2, DhDFR, DhANS, and DhGT4. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 can bind to promoter regions of DhF3'H1, DhF3'5'H2, DhDFR, DhANS and DhGT4, suggesting a role as transcriptional activators. These results provide new evidence of the molecular mechanisms of DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), School of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hantai Yin
- Haikou Experimental Station, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Tropical Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Danzhou, China
| | - Zongxing Long
- Haikou Experimental Station, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Tropical Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Danzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), School of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Junmei Yin
- Haikou Experimental Station, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Tropical Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Danzhou, China
| | - Xiqiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Ministry of Education), School of Forestry, School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Haikou Experimental Station, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
- The Engineering Technology Research Center of Tropical Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Danzhou, China
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9
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Tasaki K, Watanabe A, Nemoto K, Takahashi S, Goto F, Sasaki N, Hikage T, Nishihara M. Identification of Candidate Genes Responsible for Flower Colour Intensity in Gentiana triflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:906879. [PMID: 35812931 PMCID: PMC9257217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.906879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gentians cultivated in Japan (Gentiana triflora and Gentiana scabra and hybrids) have blue flowers, but flower colour intensity differs among cultivars. The molecular mechanism underlying the variation in flower colour intensity is unclear. Here, we produced F2 progeny derived from an F1 cross of intense- and faint-blue lines and attempted to identify the genes responsible for flower colour intensity using RNA-sequencing analyses. Comparative analysis of flower colour intensity and transcriptome data revealed differentially expressed genes (DEGs), although known flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes showed similar expression patterns. From quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, we identified two and four genes with significantly different expression levels in the intense- and faint-blue flower lines, respectively. We conducted further analyses on one of the DEGs, termed GtMIF1, which encodes a putative mini zinc-finger protein homolog, which was most differently expressed in faint-blue individuals. Functional analysis of GtMIF1 was performed by producing stable tobacco transformants. GtMIF1-overexpressing tobacco plants showed reduced flower colour intensity compared with untransformed control plants. DNA-marker analysis also confirmed that the GtMIF1 allele of the faint-blue flower line correlated well with faint flower colour in F2 progeny. These results suggest that GtMIF1 is one of the key genes involved in determining the flower colour intensity of gentian.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aiko Watanabe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | | | - Fumina Goto
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Kitakami, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Hikage
- Hachimantai City Floricultural Research and Development Center, Hachimantai, Japan
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Wong DCJ, Perkins J, Peakall R. Anthocyanin and Flavonol Glycoside Metabolic Pathways Underpin Floral Color Mimicry and Contrast in a Sexually Deceptive Orchid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860997. [PMID: 35401591 PMCID: PMC8983864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sexually deceptive plants secure pollination by luring specific male insects as pollinators using a combination of olfactory, visual, and morphological mimicry. Flower color is a key component to this attraction, but its chemical and genetic basis remains poorly understood. Chiloglottis trapeziformis is a sexually deceptive orchid which has predominantly dull green-red flowers except for the central black callus projecting from the labellum lamina. The callus mimics the female of the pollinator and the stark color contrast between the black callus and dull green or red lamina is thought to enhance the visibility of the mimic. The goal of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and genetic regulation of temporal and spatial color patterns leading to visual mimicry, by integrating targeted metabolite profiling and transcriptomic analysis. Even at the very young bud stage, high levels of anthocyanins were detected in the dark callus, with peak accumulation by the mature bud stage. In contrast, anthocyanin levels in the lamina peaked as the buds opened and became reddish-green. Coordinated upregulation of multiple genes, including dihydroflavonol reductase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, and the downregulation of flavonol synthase genes (FLS) in the callus at the very young bud stage underpins the initial high anthocyanin levels. Conversely, within the lamina, upregulated FLS genes promote flavonol glycoside over anthocyanin production, with the downstream upregulation of flavonoid O-methyltransferase genes further contributing to the accumulation of methylated flavonol glycosides, whose levels peaked in the mature bud stage. Finally, the peak anthocyanin content of the reddish-green lamina of the open flower is underpinned by small increases in gene expression levels and/or differential upregulation in the lamina in select anthocyanin genes while FLS patterns showed little change. Differential expression of candidate genes involved in specific transport, vacuolar acidification, and photosynthetic pathways may also assist in maintaining the distinct callus and contrasting lamina color from the earliest bud stage through to the mature flower. Our findings highlight that flower color in this sexually deceptive orchid is achieved by complex tissue-specific coordinated regulation of genes and biochemical pathways across multiple developmental stages.
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11
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Wu C, Deng C, Hilario E, Albert NW, Lafferty D, Grierson ERP, Plunkett BJ, Elborough C, Saei A, Günther CS, Ireland H, Yocca A, Edger PP, Jaakola L, Karppinen K, Grande A, Kylli R, Lehtola VP, Allan AC, Espley RV, Chagné D. A chromosome-scale assembly of the bilberry genome identifies a complex locus controlling berry anthocyanin composition. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 22:345-360. [PMID: 34260155 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) belongs to the Vaccinium genus, which includes blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) and cranberry (V. macrocarpon). Unlike its cultivated relatives, bilberry remains largely undomesticated, with berry harvesting almost entirely from the wild. As such, it represents an ideal target for genomic analysis, providing comparisons with the domesticated Vaccinium species. Bilberry is prized for its taste and health properties and has provided essential nutrition for Northern European indigenous populations. It contains high concentrations of phytonutrients, with perhaps the most important being the purple colored anthocyanins, found in both skin and flesh. Here, we present the first bilberry genome assembly, comprising 12 pseudochromosomes assembled using Oxford Nanopore (ONT) and Hi-C Technologies. The pseudochromosomes represent 96.6% complete BUSCO genes with an assessed LAI score of 16.3, showing a high conservation of synteny against the blueberry genome. Kmer analysis showed an unusual third peak, indicating the sequenced samples may have been from two individuals. The alternate alleles were purged so that the final assembly represents only one haplotype. A total of 36,404 genes were annotated after nearly 48% of the assembly was masked to remove repeats. To illustrate the genome quality, we describe the complex MYBA locus, and identify the key regulating MYB genes that determine anthocyanin production. The new bilberry genome builds on the genomic resources and knowledge of Vaccinium species, to help understand the genetics underpinning some of the quality attributes that breeding programs aspire to improve. The high conservation of synteny between bilberry and blueberry genomes means that comparative genome mapping can be applied to transfer knowledge about marker-trait association between these two species, as the loci involved in key characters are orthologous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand.,Genomics Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cecilia Deng
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand.,Genomics Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elena Hilario
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand.,Genomics Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Declan Lafferty
- PFR, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Blue J Plunkett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Elborough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ali Saei
- BioLumic Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Catrin S Günther
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan Yocca
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Horticultural Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick P Edger
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Laura Jaakola
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,NIBIO, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Ritva Kylli
- History, Culture and Communication studies, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Chagné
- Genomics Aotearoa, Dunedin, New Zealand.,PFR, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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12
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Ye LJ, Mӧller M, Luo YH, Zou JY, Zheng W, Wang YH, Liu J, Zhu AD, Hu JY, Li DZ, Gao LM. Differential expressions of anthocyanin synthesis genes underlie flower color divergence in a sympatric Rhododendron sanguineum complex. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 33910529 PMCID: PMC8082929 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rhododendron sanguineum complex is endemic to alpine mountains of northwest Yunnan and southeast Tibet of China. Varieties in this complex exhibit distinct flower colors even at the bud stage. However, the underlying molecular regulations for the flower color variation have not been well characterized. Here, we investigated this via measuring flower reflectance profiles and comparative transcriptome analyses on three coexisting varieties of the R. sanguineum complex, with yellow flush pink, bright crimson, and deep blackish crimson flowers respectively. We compared the expression levels of differentially-expressed-genes (DEGs) of the anthocyanin / flavonoid biosynthesis pathway using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR data. We performed clustering analysis based on transcriptome-derived Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) data, and finally analyzed the promoter architecture of DEGs. RESULTS Reflectance spectra of the three color morphs varied distinctively in the range between 400 and 700 nm, with distinct differences in saturation, brightness, hue, and saturation/hue ratio, an indirect measurement of anthocyanin content. We identified 15,164 orthogroups that were shared among the three varieties. The SNP clustering analysis indicated that the varieties were not monophyletic. A total of 40 paralogous genes encoding 12 enzymes contributed to the flower color polymorphism. These anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were associated with synthesis, modification and transportation properties (RsCHS, RsCHI, RsF3H, RsF3'H, RsFLS, RsANS, RsAT, RsOMT, RsGST), as well as genes involved in catabolism and degradation (RsBGLU, RsPER, RsCAD). Variations in sequence and cis-acting elements of these genes might correlate with the anthocyanin accumulation, thus may contribute to the divergence of flower color in the R. sanguineum complex. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that the varieties are very closely related and flower color variations in the R. sanguineum complex correlate tightly with the differential expression levels of genes involved in the anabolic and catabolic synthesis network of anthocyanin. Our study provides a scenario involving intricate relationships between genetic mechanisms for floral coloration accompanied by gene flow among the varieties that may represent an early case of pollinator-mediated incipient sympatric speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jiang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | | | - Ya-Huang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jia-Yun Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China
| | - Yue-Hua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - An-Dan Zhu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin-Yong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10049, China.
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China.
- Yunnan Lijiang Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lijiang, 674100, Yunnan, China.
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13
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Kan D, Zhao D, Duan P. In silico identification of Capsicum type III polyketide synthase genes and expression patterns in Capsicum annuum. Open Life Sci 2021; 15:753-762. [PMID: 33817263 PMCID: PMC7747517 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that abundant and various flavonoids accumulate in chili pepper (Capsicum), but there are few reports on the genes that govern chili pepper flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we report the comprehensive identification of genes encoding type III polyketide synthase (PKS), an important enzyme catalyzing the generation of flavonoid backbones. In total, 13, 14 and 13 type III PKS genes were identified in each genome of C. annuum, C. chinense and C. baccatum, respectively. The phylogeny topology of Capsicum PKSs is similar to those in other plants, as it showed two classes of genes. Within each class, clades can be further identified. Class II genes likely encode chalcone synthase (CHS) as they are placed together with the Arabidopsis CHS gene, which experienced extensive expansions in the genomes of Capsicum. Interestingly, 8 of the 11 Class II genes form three clusters in the genome of C. annuum, which is likely the result of tandem duplication events. Four genes are not expressed in the tissues of C. annuum, three of which are located in the clusters, indicating that a portion of genes was pseudogenized after tandem duplications. Expression of two Class I genes was complementary to each other, and all the genes in Class II were not expressed in roots of C. annuum. Two Class II genes (CA00g90790 and CA05g17060) showed upregulated expression as the chili pepper leaves matured, and two Class II genes (CA05g17060 and CA12g20070) showed downregulated expression with the maturation of fruits, consistent with flavonoid accumulation trends in chili pepper as reported previously. The identified genes, sequences, phylogeny and expression information collected in this article lay the groundwork for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of chili pepper flavonoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Kan
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province, 473061, China
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Tourism, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province, 473061, China
| | - Pengfei Duan
- Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project of Henan Province, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan Province, 473061, China
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14
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Zhou Z, Ying Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Fu S, Xu W, Yao L, Zeng A, Huang J, Lan S, Wang X, Liu Z. Anthocyanin Genes Involved in the Flower Coloration Mechanisms of Cymbidium kanran. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:737815. [PMID: 34712257 PMCID: PMC8545884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.737815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae, otherwise known as orchids, is one of the largest plant families and is renowned for its spectacular flowers and ecological adaptations. Various polymorphisms of orchid flower colour can attract pollinators and be recognised as valuable horticultural ornamentals. As one of the longest historic cultured orchids, Cymbidium kanran has been domesticated for more than 2,500 years and is an ideal species to study coloration mechanisms because of plentiful variations in floral coloration and abundant traditional varieties. In this study, we used two distinct colour-type flowers of C. kanran as experimental materials to elucidate the mechanism of flower coloration. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that anthocyanins in purple-red-type flowers include three types of anthocyanidin aglycones, peonidin, malvidin, and cyanidin, whereas anthocyanins are lacking in white-type flowers. Through comparative transcriptome sequencing, 102 candidate genes were identified as putative homologues of colour-related genes. Based on comprehensive correlation analysis between colour-related compounds and gene expression profiles, four candidates from 102 captured genes showed a positive correlation with anthocyanidin biosynthesis. Furthermore, transient expression of CkCHS-1, CkDFR, and CkANS by particle bombardment confirmed that recovery of their expression completed the anthocyanin pathway and produced anthocyanin compounds in white-type flowers. Collectively, this study provided a comprehensive transcriptomic dataset for Cymbidium, which significantly facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of regulating floral pigment accumulation in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Zhou
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Ying
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shuangbin Fu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wan Xu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Aiping Zeng
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaole Wang
| | - Zhongjian Liu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, China
- Zhongjian Liu
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15
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Scopece G, Palma-Silva C, Cafasso D, Lexer C, Cozzolino S. Phenotypic expression of floral traits in hybrid zones provides insights into their genetic architecture. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:967-975. [PMID: 32237254 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Information on the genetic architecture of phenotypic traits is helpful for constructing and testing models of the ecoevolutionary dynamics of natural populations. For plant groups with long life cycles there is a lack of line cross experiments that can unravel the genetic architecture of loci underlying quantitative traits. To fill this gap, we propose the use of variation for phenotypic traits expressed in natural hybrid zones as an alternative approach. We used data from orchid hybrid zones and compared expected and observed patterns of phenotypic trait expression in different early-generation hybrid classes identified by molecular genetic markers. We found evidence of additivity, dominance, and epistatic interactions for different phenotypic traits. We discuss the potential of this approach along with its limitations and suggest that it may represent a realistic way to gain an initial insight into the heritability and genomic architecture of traits in organismal groups with complex life history, such as orchids and many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario MSA, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Clarisse Palma-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-862, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Donata Cafasso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario MSA, I-80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Christian Lexer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Wien, Austria
| | - Salvatore Cozzolino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Complesso Universitario MSA, I-80126, Naples, Italy
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16
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Guo S. Effects of the mycorrhizal fungus Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 on growth and flavonoid accumulation in Anoectochilus roxburghii. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8346. [PMID: 31988802 PMCID: PMC6970008 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anoectochilus roxburghii is a traditional Chinese medicine with potent medicinal activity owing to the presence of secondary metabolites, particularly flavonoids. A. roxburghii also maintains a symbiotic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi. Moreover, mycorrhizal fungi can induce metabolite synthesis in host plants. However, little is known about the role of mycorrhizal fungi in promoting the accumulation of flavonoid metabolites in A. roxburghii. Methods A. roxburghii and the isolated fungus Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 were cocultured. The portion of A. roxburghii above the medium treated with or without AR2 was studied by transcriptome and target metabolome analyses. Results AR2 promoted the growth and development of A. roxburghii. The contents of total flavonoid, rutin, isorhamnetin, and cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride were increased compared with those in uninoculated cultures. Transcriptome analysis suggested that 109 unigenes encoding key enzymes were potentially associated with changes in flavonoids. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of fourteen flavonoid-related unigenes showed that most flavonoid biosynthetic genes were significantly differentially expressed between inoculated and uninoculated plantlets. Conclusion The isolate AR2 could significantly promote the growth and development of A. roxburghii and the accumulation of flavonoids. Overall, our findings highlighted the molecular basis of the effects of mycorrhizal fungi on flavonoid biosynthesis in A. roxburghii and provided novel insights into methods to improve the yield and quality of A. roxburghii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shunxing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Nakatsuka T, Suzuki T, Harada K, Kobayashi Y, Dohra H, Ohno H. Floral organ- and temperature-dependent regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cymbidium hybrid flowers. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110173. [PMID: 31481204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are responsible for red, purple, and pink pigmentation of flowers in Cymbidium hybrids. Although anthocyanin content in all floral organs increases with flower development, they increase markedly in the tepals compared with the labella or columns. Using next-generation sequencing technology, we identified three anthocyanin biosynthesis regulatory genes, CyMYB1, CybHLH1, and CybHLH2, from Cymbidium 'Mystique'. Yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that the CyMYB1 protein can form a heterodimer with either CybHLH1 or CybHLH2. In the tepals, the expression level of CyMYB1 increased as the flower developed, whereas the high expression level of CyMYB1 was detected at the early flower developmental stages in the labella and columns, remaining constant until increasing at the late developmental stage. These expression profiles of CyMYB1 positively correlated with the profiles of anthocyanin accumulation in the tepals. When Cymbidium Sazanami 'Champion' was grown at 30 °C/25 °C, reduced anthocyanin levels were observed, specifically in the tepals, compared with those in flowers grown at 20 °C/15 °C. The transcription of CyMYB1 in the tepals was suppressed at high temperatures, and the expressions of CyDFR and CyANS were also synchronously suppressed. This study revealed that CyMYB1 activates the transcription of CyDFR and CyANS and regulates the temporal- and temperature-dependent anthocyanin accumulation in Cymbidium tepals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakatsuka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, 321-8508, Japan
| | - Kenji Harada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hideo Dohra
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
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18
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Zhang Y, Dong D, Li D, Lu L, Li J, Zhang Y, Chen L. Computational Method for the Identification of Molecular Metabolites Involved in Cereal Hull Color Variations. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 21:760-770. [DOI: 10.2174/1386207322666190129105441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cereal hull color is an important quality specification characteristic. Many
studies were conducted to identify genetic changes underlying cereal hull color diversity. However,
these studies mainly focused on the gene level. Recent studies have suggested that metabolomics can
accurately reflect the integrated and real-time cell processes that contribute to the formation of
different cereal colors.
Methods:
In this study, we exploited published metabolomics databases and applied several
advanced computational methods, such as minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR),
incremental forward search (IFS), random forest (RF) to investigate cereal hull color at the metabolic
level. First, the mRMR was applied to analyze cereal hull samples represented by metabolite
features, yielding a feature list. Then, the IFS and RF were used to test several feature sets,
constructed according to the aforementioned feature list. Finally, the optimal feature sets and RF
classifier were accessed based on the testing results.
Results and Conclusion:
A total of 158 key metabolites were found to be useful in distinguishing
white cereal hulls from colorful cereal hulls. A prediction model constructed with these metabolites
and a random forest algorithm generated a high Matthews coefficient correlation value of 0.701.
Furthermore, 24 of these metabolites were previously found to be relevant to cereal color. Our study
can provide new insights into the molecular basis of cereal hull color formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dai Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, United States
| | - JiaRui Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - YuHang Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Sampling for DUS Test of Flower Colors of Ranunculus asiaticus L. in View of Spatial and Temporal Changes of Flower Colorations, Anthocyanin Contents, and Gene Expression Levels. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030615. [PMID: 30744185 PMCID: PMC6384639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sampling for DUS test of flower colors should be fixed at the stages and sites that petals are fully colored, and besides, flower colorations are uniform among individuals and stable for a period of time to allow testers to get consistent results. It remains a problem since spatial and temporal flower colorations are reported a lot but their change traits are little discussed. In this study, expression state, uniformity and stability of color phenotypes, anthocyanin contents, and gene expression levels were taken into account based on measurements at 12 development stages and three layers (inner, middle, and outer petals) of two varieties of Ranunculus asiaticus L. to get their best sampling. Our results showed that, outer petals of L9–L10 (stage 9–stage 10 of variety ‘Jiaoyan zhuanhong’) and C5–C6 (stage 5–stage 6 of variety ‘Jiaoyan yanghong’) were the best sampling, respectively. For DUS test, it is suggested to track flower colorations continuously to get the best sampling as well as representative colors since different cultivars had different change traits, and moreover, full expression of color phenotypes came later and lasted for a shorter duration than those of anthocyanin contents and gene expressions. Our innovation exists in following two points. Firstly, a model of change dynamic was introduced to illustrate the change traits of flower colorations, anthocyanin contents, and gene expressions. Secondly, genes used for expression analysis were screened on account of tentative anthocyanins, which were identified based on comparison between liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) results and molecular mass and mass fragment pattern (M2) of each putative anthocyanin and their fragments deduced in our previous study. Gene screening in this regard may also be interest for other non-model plant genera with little molecular background.
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Wang Y, Dou Y, Wang R, Guan X, Hu Z, Zheng J. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of chalcone synthase from Syringa oblata Lindl. in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Gene 2017; 635:16-23. [PMID: 28890377 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The flower color of Syringa oblata Lindl., which is often modulated by the flavonoid content, varies and is an important ornamental feature. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first key step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. However, little is known about the role of S. oblata CHS (SoCHS) in flavonoid biosynthesis in this species. Here, we isolate and analyze the cDNA (SoCHS1) that encodes CHS in S. oblata. We also sought to analyzed the molecular characteristics and function of flavonoid metabolism by SoCHS1. We successfully isolated the CHS-encoding genomic DNA (gDNA) in S. oblata (SoCHS1), and the gene structural analysis indicated it had no intron. The opening reading frame (ORF) sequence of SoCHS1 was 1170bp long and encoded a 389-amino acid polypeptide. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that both the conserved CHS active site residues and CHS signature sequence were in the deduced amino acid sequence of SoCHS1. Crystallographic analysis revealed that the protein structure of SoCHS1 is highly similar to that of FnCHS1 in Freesia hybrida. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed to detect the SoCHS1 transcript expression levels in flowers, and other tissues revealed the expression was significantly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation during flower development. The ectopic expression results of Nicotiana tabacum showed that SoCHS1 overexpression in transgenic tobacco changed the flower color from pale pink to pink. In conclusion, these results suggest that SoCHS1 plays an essential role in flavonoid biosynthesis in S. oblata, and could be used to modify flavonoid components in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Dou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuelian Guan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zenghui Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing 102206, China.
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Fabroni S, Ballistreri G, Amenta M, Rapisarda P. Anthocyanins in different Citrus species: an UHPLC-PDA-ESI/MS n -assisted qualitative and quantitative investigation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4797-4808. [PMID: 27435016 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid family. They are typically present in the flesh and peel in the blood orange cultivars. Although blood orange young shoots and flowers are not anthocyanin-colored, lemon, citron, rangpur lime, and Meyer lemon young shoots and flowers exhibit marked pigmentation as a result of anthocyanins, demonstrating that anthocyanin biosynthesis in the Citrus genus is both tissue- and genotype-dependent. The present study aimed to examine the qualitative and quantitative anthocyanin profile of fruit and other tissues from different Citrus species. RESULTS The presence of anthocyanin-pigmented stigmas in the young flowers of a blood orange tree (cv. 'Moro') was characterized and reported for the first time. The dominant pigments in blood orange fruits were cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-(6''-malonyl-glucoside), whereas different patterns were observed in the young shoots, flowers and peel tissues of different Citrus species. CONCLUSION The present study is the first to report differentially expressed anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in different organs from several species of the genus Citrus. The results obtained could also represent a starting point for further investigations that aim to better understand which regulatory genes are involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the fruits, shoots and floral tissues of different Citrus species. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Fabroni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee, Corso Savoia 190, 95024, Acireale, Italy
| | - Gabriele Ballistreri
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee, Corso Savoia 190, 95024, Acireale, Italy
| | - Margherita Amenta
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee, Corso Savoia 190, 95024, Acireale, Italy
| | - Paolo Rapisarda
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA) - Centro di Ricerca per l'Agrumicoltura e le Colture Mediterranee, Corso Savoia 190, 95024, Acireale, Italy.
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Gao L, Yang H, Liu H, Yang J, Hu Y. Extensive Transcriptome Changes Underlying the Flower Color Intensity Variation in Paeonia ostii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 6:1205. [PMID: 26779235 PMCID: PMC4702479 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tree peonies are a group of traditional ornamental plants, especially in East Asia, with Paeonia ostii as one of the most important ancestral species. P. ostii has flowers with varying colors, ranging from nearly white, light pink to deep pink. However, few studies have been done to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the flower color intensity variation in plants. Based on comparative analyses of the pigment composition and transcriptomes of P. ostii with different flower color intensities, we found that the anthocyanin concentration was significantly correlated with the flower color intensity in P. ostii. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-Sequencing revealed 7187 genes that were differentially expressed between flowers with different color intensities. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed multiple pathways possibly responsible for color intensity variation in P. ostii, including flavonoid biosynthesis, fatty acid oxidation, carbohydrate metabolism, and hormone-mediated signaling. Particularly, while anthocyanin biosynthesis genes showing positive correlations between their expression and anthocyanin concentration in flowers, two transcription factors, PoMYB2 and PoSPL1, seem to negatively regulate anthocyanin accumulation by affecting the activation capacity of the MYB-bHLH-WDR complex, exhibiting an inverse relationship between their expression and anthocyanin accumulation. Our results showed that, although anthocyanin biosynthesis had a direct effect on the pigmentation of the P. ostii flower, other metabolic and hormone-mediated signaling pathways were also contributed to the flower color intensity variation in P. ostii, suggesting complex coordinated changes in the transcriptional network. Differential expression of genes encoding anthocyanin repressors seems to be the major factor responsible for the intensity variation in anthocyanin pigmentation in P. ostii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexuan Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Hongxing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
| | - Hongfeng Liu
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Center for Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yonghong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry UniversityBeijing, China
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Genus: Calanthe to Cyrtosia. MEDICINAL ORCHIDS OF ASIA 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123092 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24274-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This large chapter describe the herbal usage and pharmacology of 73 species in 12 genera (Calanthe, Callostylis, Cephalanthera, Cleisostoma, Coelogyne, Conchidium, Corymborkhis, Cremastra, Crepidium, Cymbidium, Cypripedium and Cyrtosia). A good percentage of the orchids are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants and many hybrids have been produced with Calanthe and Cymbidium. TCM makes use of 14 species of Calanthe and Rumphius who authored Hut Amboinesche Kruidboek [the Amboinese Herbal, Volumes 1–6 (1741–1750), published posthumously] described Calanthe triplicata. Calanthe species contain compounds with antitumour and hair-restoring properties. Fourteen species of Coelogyne are medicinal and several have been studied phytochemically by Majumder’s group in Calcutta. Another large group, Cymbidium, with 17 medicinal species, is also much studied. Lectins present in some species suppress replication of coronaviruses, toroviruses and viruses. An interesting compound that suppresses angiogenesis has been discovered in Cremastra appendiculata and it may find a role in preventing blindness and spread of cancers. Cyrtosia is a homomycotrophic genus and should be an interesting subject for phytochemical studies.
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Chartier M, Liagre S, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Kolano B, Bessière JM, Schönenberger J, Gibernau M. Floral traits and pollination ecology of European Arum hybrids. Oecologia 2015; 180:439-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ampomah-Dwamena C, Driedonks N, Lewis D, Shumskaya M, Chen X, Wurtzel ET, Espley RV, Allan AC. The Phytoene synthase gene family of apple (Malus x domestica) and its role in controlling fruit carotenoid content. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:185. [PMID: 26215656 PMCID: PMC4517366 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotenoid compounds play essential roles in plants such as protecting the photosynthetic apparatus and in hormone signalling. Coloured carotenoids provide yellow, orange and red colour to plant tissues, as well as offering nutritional benefit to humans and animals. The enzyme phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyses the first committed step of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and has been associated with control of pathway flux. We characterised four PSY genes found in the apple genome to further understand their involvement in fruit carotenoid accumulation. RESULTS The apple PSY gene family, containing six members, was predicted to have three functional members, PSY1, PSY2, and PSY4, based on translation of the predicted gene sequences and/or corresponding cDNAs. However, only PSY1 and PSY2 showed activity in a complementation assay. Protein localisation experiments revealed differential localization of the PSY proteins in chloroplasts; PSY1 and PSY2 localized to the thylakoid membranes, while PSY4 localized to plastoglobuli. Transcript levels in 'Granny Smith' and 'Royal Gala' apple cultivars showed PSY2 was most highly expressed in fruit and other vegetative tissues. We tested the transient activation of the apple PSY1 and PSY2 promoters and identified potential and differential regulation by AP2/ERF transcription factors, which suggested that the PSY genes are controlled by different transcriptional mechanisms. CONCLUSION The first committed carotenoid pathway step in apple is controlled by MdPSY1 and MdPSY2, while MdPSY4 play little or no role in this respect. This has implications for apple breeding programmes where carotenoid enhancement is a target and would allow co-segregation with phenotypes to be tested during the development of new cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ampomah-Dwamena
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Nicky Driedonks
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
- Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Radboud University, Postbus 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - David Lewis
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Maria Shumskaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Xiuyin Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Eleanore T Wurtzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, New York, NY, 10468, USA.
- The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY, 10016-4309, USA.
| | - Richard V Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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