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Tu J, Jiang F, Fang J, Xu L, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Ba L, Liu H, Lin F. Anticipation and Verification of Dendrobium-Derived Nanovesicles for Skin Wound Healing Targets, Predicated Upon Immune Infiltration and Senescence. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1629-1644. [PMID: 38406605 PMCID: PMC10893893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s438398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dendrobium, with profound botanical importance, reveals a rich composition of bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and diverse amino acids, holding promise for skin regeneration. However, the precise mechanism remains elusive. Seeking a potent natural remedy for wound healing, exocyst vesicles were successfully isolated from Dendrobium. Aims of the Study This investigation aimed to employ bioinformatics and in vivo experiments to elucidate target genes of Dendrobium-derived nanovesicles in skin wound healing, focusing on immune infiltration and senescence characteristics. Materials and Methods C57 mice experienced facilitated wound healing through Dendrobium-derived nanovesicles (DDNVs). Bioinformatics analysis and GEO database mining identified crucial genes by intersecting immune-related, senescence-related, and PANoptosis-associated genes. The identified genes underwent in vivo validation. Results DDNVs remarkably accelerated skin wound healing in C57 mice. Bioinformatics analysis revealed abnormal expression patterns of immune-related, senescence-related, and pan-apoptosis-related genes, highlighting an overexpressed IL-1β and downregulated IL-18 in the model group, Exploration of signaling pathways included IL-17, NF-kappa B, NOD-like receptor, and Toll-like receptor pathways. In vivo experiments confirmed DDNVs' efficacy in suppressing IL-1β expression, enhancing wound healing. Conclusion Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNV) emerged as a natural, reliable, and productive approach to wound healing. DDNVs uptake by mouse skin tissues, labeled with a fluorescent dye, led to enhanced wound healing in C57 mice. Notably, IL-1β overexpression in immune cells and genes played a key role. DDNVs intervention effectively suppressed IL-1β expression, accelerating skin wound tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Tu
- Department of Nursing, Seventh Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jieni Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luhua Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicong Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuanyue Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Seventh Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ba
- Department of Nursing, Seventh Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanjiao Liu
- Department of Nursing, Seventh Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Nursing, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxia Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518100, People’s Republic of China
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Reiter N, Dimon R, Arifin A, Linde C. Culture age of Tulasnella affects symbiotic germination of the critically endangered Wyong sun orchid Thelymitra adorata (Orchidaceae). MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:409-424. [PMID: 37947881 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Orchids (Orchidaceae) are dependent on mycorrhizal fungi for germination and to a varying extent as adult plants. We isolated fungi from wild plants of the critically endangered terrestrial orchid Thelymitra adorata and identified them using a multi-region barcoding approach as two undescribed Tulasnella species, one in each of phylogenetic group II and III (OTU1) of the Tulasnellaceae. Using symbiotic propagation methods, we investigated the role of Tulasnella identity (species and isolate) and age post isolation, on the fungus's ability and efficacy in germinating T. adorata. The group II isolate did not support germination. Seed germination experiments were conducted using either (i) three different isolates of OTU1, (ii) 4- and 12-week-old fungal cultures (post isolation) of a single isolate of OTU1, and (iii) T. subasymmetrica which is widespread and known to associate with other species of Thelymitra. Culture age and fungal species significantly (P < 0.05) affected the time to germination and percentage of seed germination, with greater and faster germination with 4-week-old cultures. Tulasnella subasymmetrica was able to germinate T. adorata to leaf stage, although at slightly lower germination percentages than OTU1. The ability of T. adorata to germinate with T. subasymmetrica may allow for translocation sites to be considered outside of its native range. Our findings on the age of Tulasnella culture affecting germination may have applications for improving the symbiotic germination success of other orchids. Furthermore, storage of Tulasnella may need to take account of the culture age post-isolation, with storage at - 80 °C as soon as possible recommended, post isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushka Reiter
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, 3977, Australia.
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Richard Dimon
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Science Division, Corner of Ballarto Road and Botanic Drive, Cranbourne, VIC, 3977, Australia
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Queensland Alliance of Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, 306 Cermody Rd, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Arild Arifin
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA
| | - Celeste Linde
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Science, RN Robertson Building, 46 Sullivans Creek Road, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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Sarkar R, Mukherjee S, Pradhan B, Chatterjee G, Goswami R, Ali MN, Ray SS. Molecular characterization of vermicompost-derived IAA-releasing bacterial isolates and assessment of their impact on the root improvement of banana during primary hardening. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:351. [PMID: 37864056 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The hardening step of micropropagation is crucial to make the in vitro raised plants mature and further enhancing their survivability in the external environment. Auxin regulates various root physiological parameters in plant systems. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the impact of three vermicompost-derived IAA-releasing microbial strains, designated S1, S2, and S3, as biofertilizers on in vitro raised banana plantlets during primary hardening. The High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of these strains revealed a higher IAA content for S1 and S2 than that of S3 after 144 h of incubation. In total, seven different treatments were applied to banana plantlets, and significant variations were observed in all plant growth parameters for all treatments except autoclaved cocopeat (100%) mixed with autoclaved vermicompost (100%) at a 1:1 ratio. Among these treatments, the application of S3 biofertilizer: autoclaved cocopeat (1:1), followed by S2 biofertlizer: autoclaved cocopeat (1:1), was found to be better than other treatments for root numbers per plant, root length per plant, root volume, and chlorophyll content. These findings have confirmed the beneficial effects of microbial strains on plant systems and propose a link between root improvement and bacterial auxin. Further, these strains were identified at the molecular level as Bacillus sp. As per our knowledge, this is the first report of Bacillus strains isolated from vermicompost and applied as biofertilizer along with cocopeat for the primary hardening of banana. This unique approach may be adopted to improve the quality of plants during hardening, which increases their survival under abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Sarkar
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Shibasis Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Bhubaneswar Pradhan
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Gautam Chatterjee
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupak Goswami
- Division of Rural Development, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Md Nasim Ali
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Syandan Sinha Ray
- Division of Agricultural Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Dyella sp. Strain GSA-30, a Predominant Endophytic Bacterium of Dendrobium Plants. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0133822. [PMID: 36877056 PMCID: PMC10112144 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01338-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a complete genome sequence of Dyella sp. strain GSA-30, a predominant endophytic bacterium of Dendrobium plants. The genome consists of a circular 5,501,810-bp chromosome with a G+C content of 61.4%. The genome was predicted to harbor 6 rRNA genes, 51 tRNA genes, and 4,713 coding sequences.
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Joshi PR, Pandey S, Maharjan L, Pant B. Micropropagation and assessment of genetic stability of Dendrobium transparens Wall. Ex Lindl. using RAPD and ISSR markers. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1083933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionDendrobium species have been widely used for many health disorders since ancient times. However, due to unrelenting collection to meet the increasing demand for their use in medication and other health products, the natural habitats of medicinal Dendrobium transparens have been devastated and are on the verge of extinction.MethodsAn efficient in-vitro propagation protocol for Dendrobium transparens using seed derived protocorms was established and genetic homogeneity of the in-vitro regenerants and the wild plant was studied. ResultsThe maximum seed germination was observed in Full strength Murashige and Skoog medium (FMS). Induction of protocorms were achieved on basal as well as half-strength MS medium. The highest number of shoot (11.9 shoots/explant) was achieved in half MS medium fortified with 100 mL/L coconut water in addition with Benzyl amino purine (BAP) 1 mg/L and Kinetin 2 mg/L. Further, elongated shoots were transferred to full and half strength MS root initiating medium supplemented with different concentration of auxins. However, a maximum of (8.3 ± 0.6, 4.9 ± 0.1 cm) roots were achieved in full MS medium fortified with 100 mL/L coconut water and Napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 1.5 mg/L. Ten rapid Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) primers were used to analyze genetic stability among in-vitro and mother plant. RAPD primers produced a total of 23 fragments while ISSR primers produced a total of 16 fragments. ConclusionThe amplified bands of all the samples of in-vitro plants were similar to bands of mother plant. The present research reported here is indicating the applicability of tissue culture for true-to-type plant production and conservation of D. transperens.
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Improved Cultivation and Isolation of Diverse Endophytic Bacteria Inhabiting Dendrobium Roots by Using Simply Modified Agar Media. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0223822. [PMID: 36301116 PMCID: PMC9769524 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02238-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium plants are members of the family Orchidaceae, many of which are endangered orchids with ornamental and medicinal values. Dendrobium endophytic microbes have attracted attention for the development of strategies for plant protection and utilization of medicinal principles. However, the role of endophytic bacteria is poorly elucidated due to the lack of their successful cultivation. This study obtained a total of 749 endophytic isolates from Dendrobium roots using solid media prepared by simply modified methods (separate sterilization of phosphate and agar [PS] and use of gellan gum as a gelling reagent [GG]) and by a conventional method of autoclaving the phosphate and agar together (PT method). Notably, based on a comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences between the isolates and the Dendrobium root endophyte community, we successfully retrieved more than 50% (17 out of 30) of the predominant endophytic bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using PS and GG media, which is a much higher recovery rate than that of PT medium (16.7%). We further found that a number of recalcitrant bacteria, including phylogenetically novel isolates and members of even the rarely cultivated phyla Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicrobiota, were obtained only when using PS and/or GG medium. Intriguingly, the majority of these recalcitrant bacteria formed colonies faster on PS or GG medium than on PT medium, which may have contributed to their successful isolation. Taken together, this study succeeded in isolating a wide variety of Dendrobium endophytic bacteria, including predominant ones using PS and GG media, and enables performance of future studies to clarify their unknown roles associated with the growth of Dendrobium plants. IMPORTANCE Dendrobium endophytic bacteria are of great interest since their functions may contribute to the protection of endangered orchids with ornamental and medicinal values. To understand and reveal the "true roles" of the endophytes, obtaining those axenic cultures is necessary even in the metagenomic era. However, no effective methods for isolating a variety of endophytic bacteria have been established. This study first demonstrated that the use of simply modified medium is quite effective and indeed allows the isolation of more than half of the predominant endophytic bacteria inhabiting Dendrobium roots. Besides, even phylogenetically novel and/or recalcitrant endophytic bacteria were successfully obtained by the same strategy. The obtained endophytic bacteria could serve as "living material" for elucidating their unprecedented functions related to the conservation of endangered orchid plants. Furthermore, the culture method used in this study may enable the isolation of various endophytic bacteria dominating not only in orchid plants but also in other useful plants.
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Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharide (DOP) Promotes Hair Regrowth in Testosterone-Induced Bald Mice. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 47:833-841. [PMID: 36470987 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-03144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgenetic alopecia can affect up to 70% of males and 40% of females; however, certain therapeutic medications offer partial and transitory improvement but with major side effects. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) has been reported to improve androgen-related hair loss in mice, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of DOP on androgenetic alopecia. METHODS In this study, testosterone was subcutaneously administered to shave dorsa skin of mice to establish androgenetic alopecia; the effects of DOP in androgenetic alopecia were explored by DOP administration. RESULTS Testosterone treatment extended the time of skin growing dark and hair growing, decreased the mean numbers of follicles in skin tissues, decreased β-catenin and cyclin D1 levels, and elevated testosterone, DHT (dihydrotestosterone), and 5α-reductase levels. In contrast, DOP administration shortened skin growing dark and hair growing times, promoted follicle cell proliferation, increased follicle numbers, increased β-catenin and cyclin D1 levels, and decreased testosterone, DHT, and 5α-reductase levels. CONCLUSION DOP application significantly improved testosterone-induced hair follicle miniaturization and hair loss, possibly through affecting the Wnt signaling and hair follicle stem cell functions. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Zhu M, Chen H, Si J, Wu L. Effect of cultivation mode on bacterial and fungal communities of Dendrobium catenatum. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:221. [PMID: 36127644 PMCID: PMC9490927 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The orchid growth and development often associate with microbes. However, the interaction between plant performance and microbial communities within and surrounding plants is less understood. Dendrobium catenatum, which used to be an endangered orchid species, has become a billion dollar industry in China. Simulated natural cultivation modes, such as living tree epiphytic (LT) and cliff epiphytic (CE) cultivations, improve the production or quality of D. catenatum and contribute to the development of D. catenatum industry. In a previous study, morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, and main bioactive components (polysaccharides and ethanol-soluble extractives) of D. catenatum grown under LT and CE significantly differed from a facility cultivation mode, pot (PO) cultivation, were observed. Whether cultivation mode affects bacterial and fungal communities of D. catenatum, thereby affecting the chemical quality of this plant, need to be explored. Results Both three plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) and cultivating substrates obtained under three cultivation modes: living tree epiphytic (LT), cliff epiphytic (CE), and pot (PO) cultivation were examined by adopting high-throughput sequencing methods. Subsequently, bacterial and fungal correlations with D. catenatum main chemical components, stem polysaccharides and ethanol-soluble extractives and leaf phenols and flavonoids, were elucidated. The results showed that microbial communities of the plants and substrates are both influenced by the cultivation mode. However, the plants and their cultivating substrates exhibited different patterns of bacterial and fungal composition, with clearly distinguished dominant bacterial groups, but shared dominance among fungal groups. Bacteria and fungi differed in abundance, diversity, and community structure, depending on the cultivation environment and plant organ. Both bacterial and fungal communities were affected by cultivation mode and plant organ. In both plants and substrates, PO bacterial and fungal community structure differed significantly from those of LT and CE modes. Bacterial and fungal community structure differed significantly between roots and the other two plant organs examined (stems and leaves). Several bacteria and fungi were positively correlated with main chemical components in D. catenatum. Conclusions The findings indicate that microbial communities of the plants and substrates were both influenced by the cultivation mode and plant organ, and some of them were positively correlated with main chemical components in D. catenatum. The research would enhance our understanding of interactions between Dendrobium and the microbial environment, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of improved D. catenatum cultivation methods. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02635-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, and Dendrobium catenatum Engineering and Technical Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Lin'an, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, and Dendrobium catenatum Engineering and Technical Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Lin'an, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, and Dendrobium catenatum Engineering and Technical Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Lin'an, 311300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingshang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, and Dendrobium catenatum Engineering and Technical Research Center of State Forestry Administration, Lin'an, 311300, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Y, Fan L, Peng Y, Peng C, Li X. Alcohol–soluble polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale flowers as an antidepressant by regulating the gut–brain axis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:836-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tang YJ, Zhou DY, Dai J, Li Y, Xing YM, Guo SX, Chen J. Potential Specificity Between Mycorrhizal Fungi Isolated from Widespread Dendrobium spp. and Rare D. huoshanense Seeds. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:264. [PMID: 35859013 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In nature, orchid seed germination and seedling development depend on compatible mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhizal generalist and specificity affect the orchid distribution and rarity. Here, we investigated the specificity toward fungi in the rare D. huoshanense by mycorrhizal fungal isolation and symbiotic germination in vitro. Twenty mycorrhizal fungal strains were isolated from the roots of adult Dendrobium spp. (six and 12 strains from rare D. huoshanense and widespread D. officinale, respectively, and two strains from D. nobile and D. moniliforme, respectively) and 13 strains belong to Tulasnellaceae and seven strains belong to Serendipitaceae. Germination trials in vitro revealed that all 20 tested fungal strains can stimulate seed germination of D. huoshanense, but only nine strains (~ 50%) can support it up to the seedling stage. This finding indicates that generalistic fungi are important for early germination, but only a few can maintain a symbiosis with host in seedling stage. Thus, a shift of the microbial community from seedling to mature stage probably narrows the D. huoshanense distribution range. In addition, to further understand the relationship between the fungal capability to promote seed germination and fungal enzyme activity, we screened the laccase and pectase activity. The results showed that the two enzymes activities of fungi cannot be directly correlated with their germination-promoting activities. Understanding the host specificity degree toward fungi can help to better interpret the limited geographic distribution of D. huoshanense and provides opportunities for in situ and ex situ conservation and reintroduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jing Tang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Anhui Engineering Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization for Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shun-Xing Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Triana-Vallejos JA, Bailón-Aijón C, Cifuentes-Castellanos JM. Descripción morfológica y caracterización molecular de los hongos asociados a la raíz de Masdevallia coccinea Linden ex Lindl. REVISTA U.D.C.A ACTUALIDAD & DIVULGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA 2022. [DOI: 10.31910/rudca.v25.n1.2022.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Tian J, Jiang W, Si J, Han Z, Li C, Chen D. Developmental Characteristics and Auxin Response of Epiphytic Root in Dendrobium catenatum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:935540. [PMID: 35812932 PMCID: PMC9260429 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.935540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium catenatum, a traditional precious Chinese herbal medicine, belongs to epiphytic orchids. Its special life mode leads to the specialization of roots, but there is a lack of systematic research. The aerial root in D. catenatum displays diverse unique biological characteristics, and it initially originates from the opposite pole of the shoot meristem within the protocorm. The root development of D. catenatum is not only regulated by internal cues but also adjusts accordingly with the change in growth environments. D. catenatum root is highly tolerant to auxin, which may be closely related to its epiphytic life. Exogenous auxin treatment has dual effects on D. catenatum roots: relatively low concentration promotes root elongation, which is related to the induced expression of cell wall synthesis genes; excessive concentration inhibits the differentiation of velamen and exodermis and promotes the overproliferation of cortical cells, which is related to the significant upregulation of WOX11-WOX5 regeneration pathway genes and cell division regulatory genes. Overexpression of D. catenatum WOX12 (DcWOX12) in Arabidopsis inhibits cell and organ differentiation, but induces cell dedifferentiation and callus production. Therefore, DcWOX12 not only retains the characteristics of ancestors as stem cell regulators, but also obtains stronger cell fate transformation ability than homologous genes of other species. These findings suggest that the aerial root of D. catenatum evolves special structure and developmental characteristics to adapt to epiphytic life, providing insight into ideal root structure breeding of simulated natural cultivation in D. catenatum and a novel target gene for improving the efficiency of monocot plant transformation.
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Ma GH, Chen XG, Selosse MA, Gao JY. Compatible and Incompatible Mycorrhizal Fungi With Seeds of Dendrobium Species: The Colonization Process and Effects of Coculture on Germination and Seedling Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:823794. [PMID: 35360307 PMCID: PMC8961024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Orchids highly rely on mycorrhizal fungi for seed germination, and compatible fungi could effectively promote germination up to seedlings, while incompatible fungi may stimulate germination but do not support subsequent seedling development. In this study, we compared the fungal colonization process among two compatible and two incompatible fungi during seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. The two compatible fungi, i.e., Tulasnella SSCDO-5 and Sebacinales LQ, originally from different habitats, could persistently colonize seeds and form a large number of pelotons continuously in the basal cells, and both fungi promoted seed germination up to seedling with relative effectiveness. In contrast, the two incompatible fungi, i.e., Tulasnella FDd1 and Tulasnella AgP-1, could not persistently colonize seeds. No pelotons in the FDd1 treatment and only a few pelotons in the AgP-1 treatment were observed; moreover, no seedlings were developed at 120 days after incubation in either incompatible fungal treatment. The pattern of fungal hyphae colonizing seeds was well-matched with the morphological differentiation of seed germination and seedling development. In the fungal cocultural experiments, for both orchids of D. officinale and Dendrobium devonianum, cocultures had slightly negative effects on seed germination, protocorm formation, and seedling formation compared with the monocultures with compatible fungus. These results provide us with a better understanding of orchid mycorrhizal interactions; therefore, for orchid conservation based on symbiotic seed germination, it is recommended that a single, compatible, and ecological/habitat-specific fungus can be utilized for seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hui Ma
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Gui Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Jiang-Yun Gao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang-Yun Gao,
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14
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Isolating ecological-specific fungi and creating fungus-seed bags for epiphytic orchid conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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15
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In situ seedling baiting to isolate plant growth-promoting fungi from Dendrobium officinale, an over-collected medicinal orchid in China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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16
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Shoba SA, Gracheva TA, Stepanov AL, Fedotov GN, Gorepekin IV. On the Nature of the Influence of Some Mycelial Actinobacteria on the Spring Wheat Seeds Germination in Soils. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2021; 498:85-88. [PMID: 34170450 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496621030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds with suspensions of various actinomycete strains has been studied. It has been found that 4 out of 18 strains studied had a stimulating effect on seed germination in soils and plant development. The stimulation of seeds by these strains was not observed during seed germination in sand. It has been suggested that the mechanism of acceleration of seed development by actinomycetes could be based not only on the release of stimulating biologically active substances, but also on the consumption of allelotoxins by these microorganisms. The test carried out to study the possibility of actinomycete growth on a medium containing one of the most common allelotoxins, coumarin, has shown that actinomycetes promoting seed germination develop on this medium more intensively compared to strains that do not affect or inhibit the germination of spring wheat seeds. This confirms the proposed hypothesis that actinomycetes can stimulate seed germination through consumption of soil allelotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Shoba
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Gracheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A L Stepanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Fedotov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Gorepekin
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Kaur J, Sharma J. Orchid Root Associated Bacteria: Linchpins or Accessories? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661966. [PMID: 34249034 PMCID: PMC8264303 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Besides the plant-fungus symbiosis in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) plants, many endorhizal and rhizosphere bacteria (Root Associated Bacteria, or RAB) also enhance plant fitness, diversity, and coexistence among plants via bi- or tripartite interactions with plant hosts and mycorrhizal fungi. Assuming that bacterial associations are just as important for the obligate mycorrhizal plant family Orchidaceae, surprisingly little is known about the RAB associated with orchids. Herein, we first present the current, underwhelming state of RAB research including their interactions with fungi and the influence of holobionts on plant fitness. We then delineate the need for novel investigations specifically in orchid RAB ecology, and sketch out questions and hypotheses which, when addressed, will advance plant-microbial ecology. We specifically discuss the potential effects of beneficial RAB on orchids as: (1) Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), (2) Mycorrhization Helper Bacteria (MHB), and (3) constituents of an orchid holobiont. We further posit that a hologenomic view should be considered as a framework for addressing co-evolution of the plant host, their obligate Orchid Mycorrhizal Fungi (OMF), and orchid RAB. We conclude by discussing implications of the suggested research for conservation of orchids, their microbial partners, and their collective habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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18
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Favre-Godal Q, Schwob P, Lecoultre N, Hofstetter V, Gourguillon L, Riffault-Valois L, Lordel-Madeleine S, Gindro K, Choisy P. Plant-microbe features of Dendrobium fimbriatum (Orchidaceae) fungal community. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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19
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Qu J, Tan S, Xie X, Wu W, Zhu H, Li H, Liao X, Wang J, Zhou ZA, Huang S, Lu Q. Dendrobium Officinale Polysaccharide Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in Obese Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:659626. [PMID: 34194325 PMCID: PMC8236886 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.659626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) is the main active ingredient in a valuable traditional Chinese medicine, which exerts several pharmacological activities including hepatoprotection and hypoglycemic effects. However, the effects of DOP on obesity-associated insulin resistance (IR) and lipid metabolism remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of DOP in IR and abnormal lipid metabolism in obese mice. Methods: IR models were established using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, C2C12 myocytes, and primary cultured hepatocytes exposed to palmitate acid. After treatment with DOP, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, glucose release, and AKT phosphorylation was detected. Fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, the glucose tolerance test (GTT), and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) were measured to evaluate IR of obese mice. Lipid analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of DOP on lipid metabolism in obese mice. Results:In vitro, DOP treatment ameliorated palmitic acid-induced IR in adipocytes, myocytes, and hepatocytes. DOP regulated cellular insulin sensitivity via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). Furthermore, administration of DOP significantly reduced the IR and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation of diet-induced obese (DIO) and the genetically-induced obesity mice (ob/ob) mouse models. In addition, DOP treatment attenuated the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver lipid accumulation by reducing liver triglycerides (TG), plasma free fatty acid (FFA), serum cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, while increasing HDL-C levels. Conclusion: DOP could improve obesity-associated IR and abnormal lipid metabolism through its activities on PPAR-γ, and may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for obesity-associated insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengyu Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Wu
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Liao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Ang Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Song Huang
- Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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20
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Guo L, Qi J, Du D, Liu Y, Jiang X. Current advances of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides in dermatology: a literature review. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 58:664-673. [PMID: 32657196 PMCID: PMC7470034 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1787470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Context Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (Orchidaceae) is a naturally occurring precious traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) originally used in treating yin-deficiency diseases. The main active substances of Dendrobium officinale are polysaccharides (DOP). Recent findings highlighted the potential of DOP as a promising natural material for medical use with a diversity of pharmaceutical effects. Objective In this review, we provide a systematic discussion of the current development and potential pharmacological effects of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides in dermatology. Methods English and Chinese literature from 1987 to 2019 indexed in databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, ISI, Scopus and CNKI (Chinese) was used. Dendrobium officinale, Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides, phytochemistry, chemical constituents, biological activities, and pharmacological activities were used as the key words. Results Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides have been found to possess hair growth promoting, skin moisturising and antioxidant effects, which are highly valued by doctors and cosmetic engineers. We highlighted advances in moisturising and antioxidant properties from in vivo and in vitro studies. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides exhibited strong antioxidant effects by decreasing free radicals, enhancing antioxidant system, inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B and down-regulating inflammatory response. Conclusions Our review is a foundation to inspire further research to facilitate the application of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides in dermatology and promote active research of the use of TCM in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghong Guo
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinxin Qi
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Basic Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Animal Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Zigong, Zigong, Sichuan, China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, Sichuan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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21
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Kolomeitseva GL, Babosha AV, Ryabchenko AS, Tsavkelova EA. Megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and embryogenesis in Dendrobium nobile (Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:301-317. [PMID: 33070242 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The orchid reproductive strategy, including the formation of numerous tiny seeds, is achieved by the elimination of some stages in the early plant embryogenesis. In this study, we documented in detail the formation of the maternal tissues (the nucellus and integuments), the structures of female gametophyte (megaspores, chalazal nuclei, synergids, polar nuclei), and embryonic structures in Dendrobium nobile. The ovary is unilocular, and the ovule primordia are formed in the placenta before the pollination. The ovule is medionucellate: the two-cell postament and two rows of nucellar cells persist until the death of the inner integument. A monosporic eight-nucleated embryo sac is developed. After the fertilization, the most common central cell nucleus consisted of two joined but not fused polar nuclei. The embryogenesis of D. nobile is similar to the Caryophyllad-type, and it is characterized by the formation of all embryo cells from the apical cell (ca) of a two-celled proembryo. The only exception is that there is no formation of the radicle and/or cotyledons. The basal cell (cb) does not divide during the embryogenesis, gradually transforming into the uninuclear suspensor. Then the suspensor goes through three main stages: it starts with an unbranched cell within the embryo sac, followed by a branched stage growing into the integuments, and it ends with the cell death. The stage-specific development of the female gametophyte and embryo of D. nobile is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina L Kolomeitseva
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Alexander V Babosha
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Andrey S Ryabchenko
- N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, Russia, 127276
| | - Elena A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Lenin's Hills, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
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22
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Ovule Development and in Planta Transformation of Paphiopedilum Maudiae by Agrobacterium-Mediated Ovary-Injection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010084. [PMID: 33374823 PMCID: PMC7795287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the development of the Paphiopedilum Maudiae embryo sac at different developmental stages after pollination was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The mature seeds of P. Maudiae consisted of an exopleura and a spherical embryo, but without an endosperm, while the inner integument cells were absorbed by the developing embryo. The P. Maudiae embryo sac exhibited an Allium type of development. The time taken for the embryo to develop to a mature sac was 45-50 days after pollination (DAP) and most mature embryo sacs had completed fertilization and formed zygotes by about 50–54 DAP. In planta transformation was achieved by injection of the ovaries by Agrobacterium, resulting in 38 protocorms or seedlings after several rounds of hygromycin selection, corresponding to 2, 7, 5, 1, 3, 4, 9, and 7 plantlets from Agrobacterium-mediated ovary-injection at 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, and 53 DAP, respectively. Transformation efficiency was highest at 50 DAP (2.54%), followed by 2.48% at 53 DAP and 2.45% at 48 DAP. Four randomly selected hygromycin-resistant plants were GUS-positive after PCR analysis. Semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed the expression of the hpt gene in the leaves of eight hygromycin-resistant seedlings following Agrobacterium-mediated ovary-injection at 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, and 53 DAP, while hpt expression was not detected in the control. The best time to inject P. Maudiae ovaries in planta with Agrobacterium is 48-53 DAP, which corresponds to the period of fertilization. This protocol represents the first genetic transformation protocol for any Paphiopedilum species and will allow for expanded molecular breeding programs to introduce useful and interesting genes that can expand its ornamental and horticulturally important characteristics.
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Alibrandi P, Schnell S, Perotto S, Cardinale M. Diversity and Structure of the Endophytic Bacterial Communities Associated With Three Terrestrial Orchid Species as Revealed by 16S rRNA Gene Metabarcoding. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:604964. [PMID: 33519751 PMCID: PMC7839077 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The endophytic microbiota can establish mutualistic or commensalistic interactions within the host plant tissues. We investigated the bacterial endophytic microbiota in three species of Mediterranean orchids (Neottia ovata, Serapias vomeracea, and Spiranthes spiralis) by metabarcoding of the 16S rRNA gene. We examined whether the different orchid species and organs, both underground and aboveground, influenced the endophytic bacterial communities. A total of 1,930 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained, mainly Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whose distribution model indicated that the plant organ was the main determinant of the bacterial community structure. The co-occurrence network was not modular, suggesting a relative homogeneity of the microbiota between both plant species and organs. Moreover, the decrease in species richness and diversity in the aerial vegetative organs may indicate a filtering effect by the host plant. We identified four hub OTUs, three of them already reported as plant-associated taxa (Pseudoxanthomonas, Rhizobium, and Mitsuaria), whereas Thermus was an unusual member of the plant microbiota. Core microbiota analysis revealed a selective and systemic ascent of bacterial communities from the vegetative to the reproductive organs. The core microbiota was also maintained in the S. spiralis seeds, suggesting a potential vertical transfer of the microbiota. Surprisingly, some S. spiralis seed samples displayed a very rich endophytic microbiota, with a large number of OTUs shared with the roots, a situation that may lead to a putative restoring process of the root-associated microbiota in the progeny. Our results indicate that the bacterial community has adapted to colonize the orchid organs selectively and systemically, suggesting an active involvement in the orchid holobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Alibrandi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Schnell
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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24
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Mani M, Rasangam L, Selvam P, Shekhawat MS. Micro-morpho-anatomical mechanisms involve in epiphytic adaptation of micropropagated plants of Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:712-722. [PMID: 33089940 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G. Don. (grey orchid, family Orchidaceae) is an epiphytic orchid of horticultural importance and currently under threat due to overharvesting and habitat destruction. Micropropagation protocols were developed for the production of grey orchid but the survival success of in vitro regenerated plantlets is uncertain due to lack of understanding about the adaptation mechanism during hardening. The present study describes the structural adaptation mechanism of V. tessellata when the in vitro regenerated plantlets were acclimatized under the greenhouse conditions. Light microscopy has been implicated to identify the adaptational alterations during in vitro to ex vitro transition of micropropagated plantlets. The in vitro induced morpho-anatomical anomalies were more prominently observed in the density of stomata, veins (architecture) and raphides, leaf, and root structural parameters such as water cells and velamen tissues. The results indicated that remarkable reconciliation occurred in structural developments of mechanical and vascular tissues upon epiphytic adaptations of V. tessellata. The study could help in understanding the adaptation mechanism of in vitro regenerated plantlets (especially velamen tissues of epiphytic roots) when transferred to the greenhouse for acclimatization. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Vanda tessellata is an epiphytic orchid of horticultural importance. Comparative micro-morpho-anatomical analysis at subsequent stages of in vitro regeneration was conducted. Foliar structural and developmental mechanisms towards epiphytic adaptation were studied. In vitro induced structural abnormalities were repaired and epiphytic adaptation was visualized. Stomata, leaf, and root architectures and velamen tissues were well developed in acclimatized plantlets. The report could be useful in the conservation and sustainable utilization of Vanda tessellata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manokari Mani
- Siddha Clinical Research Unit, Central Council for Research in Siddha (M/o AYUSH), Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Latha Rasangam
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Priyadharshini Selvam
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
| | - Mahipal Singh Shekhawat
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, Puducherry, India
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25
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Wu LS, Dong WG, Si JP, Liu JJ, Zhu YQ. Endophytic fungi, host genotype, and their interaction influence the growth and production of key chemical components of Dendrobium catenatum. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:864-876. [PMID: 32948274 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To examine how host plant genotype, endophytic fungal species, and their interaction may affect growth and key chemical content and composition in an important orchid species, we assessed four Dendrobium catenatum cultivars co-cultured with three fungi previously isolated from D. catenatum. Fungal endophytes (Tulasnella sp., Leptosphaeria microscopica, and Guignardia sp.) specifically affected the growth and chemical composition of the four cultivars. Fungal infection significantly increased certain growth traits, especially mid-stem thickness, stem biomass, stem polysaccharide and ethanol-soluble extractive content, and leaf flavonoid and phenol content. Presence or abundance of some key chemical components was also altered by fungal treatment. These increases and alterations were highly dependent on the host genotype. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of Dendrobium and endophytic fungi interactions, and provide vital information for improving the development and use of endophytic fungi in D. catenatum breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Wei-Guo Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Jin-Ping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China.
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
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26
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Shao SC, Wang QX, Beng KC, Zhao DK, Jacquemyn H. Fungi isolated from host protocorms accelerate symbiotic seed germination in an endangered orchid species (Dendrobium chrysotoxum) from southern China. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:529-539. [PMID: 32562087 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To ensure long-term survival of epiphytic orchids through active reintroduction, more research on critical life cycle stages such as seed germination and seedling establishment are needed. In this study, we used in vitro germination experiments to investigate the role of mycorrhizal fungi in determining seed germination and growth in the endangered epiphytic orchid species, Dendrobium chrysotoxum. Symbiotic seed germination experiments were conducted for 90 days under different light conditions with fungal strains isolated from protocorms of D. chrysotoxum and three sister species. Molecular analyses showed that five strains belonged to the typical orchid mycorrhizal family Tulasnellaceae, whereas the other two strains belonged to the Sebacinaceae and the genus Coprinellus. Fungal inoculation, light conditions, and their interaction had a significant effect on protocorm formation and seedling development. Three fungal isolates, including two from D. chrysotoxum and one from D. catenatum, significantly stimulated protocorm formation and seedling development under light conditions. However, fungi isolated from host protocorms (GC-14 and GC-15) produced the highest number of seedlings after 50 days (49.5 ± 8.5%, 51.3 ± 9.0%, respectively), while the fungus isolated from D. catenatum protocorms produced the maximum number of seedlings only after 90 days (48.7 ± 16.1%). To conclude, this study has shown that light conditions and the identity of fungi had a strong effect on in vitro seed germination and seedling formation in an epiphytic orchid, with fungi isolated from host protocorms leading to accelerated germination and seedling formation. Therefore, fungal source should be taken into account when using seeds and compatible fungi for seedling propagation and in situ reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Cheng Shao
- Gardening and Horticulture Dep artment, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla county, Yunnan, 666 303, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Xia Wang
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, People's Republic of China
| | - Kingly C Beng
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, People's Republic of China
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Da-Ke Zhao
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hans Jacquemyn
- Department of Biology, Plant Conservation and Population Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Identification and expression of DoCCaMK during Sebacina sp. symbiosis of Dendrobium officinale. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9733. [PMID: 32546714 PMCID: PMC7298032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a famous precious medicinal plant in China. Seed and seedling were cultivated with the mycorrhizal fungus Sebacina sp. CCaMK was initially cloned from D. officinale based on a SSH cDNA library of symbiotically germinated seeds with Sebacina sp. Phylogenetic analysis was performed among DoCCaMK and other CCaMKs. The particle bombardment technique was used to visualize DoCCaMK-GFP. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis were conducted to determine the tissue expression patterns of DoCCaMK with (SGS) and without (UGS) Sebacina sp. Furthermore, the effect of KN-93 on CCaMK expression was also examined. Using NMT the net Ca2+ fluxes and the CCaMK concentration were measured during D. officinale seed germination. DoCCaMK had the highest homology with Lilium longiflorum CCaMK. The DoCCaMK-GFP protein localized in the nucleus and cell membrane. CCaMK expression was significantly upregulated after symbiosis with Sebacina sp. KN-93 could be used as an inhibitor of CCaMK to inhibit D. officinale seed germination. Ca2+ influx and the concentration of the CCaMK in the SGS group was significantly more than that of the UGS group. The characterization of CCaMK provides certain genetic evidence for the involvement of this gene during seed germination and mycorrhizal cultivation in D. officinale.
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Current Progress on Endophytic Microbial Dynamics on Dendrobium Plants. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Favre-Godal Q, Gourguillon L, Lordel-Madeleine S, Gindro K, Choisy P. Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi: an insufficiently explored relationship. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:5-22. [PMID: 31982950 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model for investigating the biological interactions between plants and fungi due to their high dependency on these symbionts for growth and survival. To capture the complexity of OM interactions, significant genomic, numerous transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have been performed, unraveling partly the role of each partner. On the other hand, several papers studied the bioactive metabolites from each partner but rarely interpreted their significance in this symbiotic relationship. In this review, we focus from a biochemical viewpoint on the OM dynamics and its molecular interactions. The ecological functions of OM in plant development and stress resistance are described first, summarizing recent literature. Secondly, because only few studies have specifically looked on OM molecular interactions, the signaling pathways and compounds allowing the establishment/maintenance of mycorrhizal association involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are discussed in parallel with OM. Based on mechanistic similarities between OM and AM, and recent findings on orchids' endophytes, a putative model representing the different molecular strategies that OM fungi might employ to establish this association is proposed. It is hypothesized here that (i) orchids would excrete plant molecule signals such as strigolactones and flavonoids but also other secondary metabolites; (ii) in response, OM fungi would secrete mycorrhizal factors (Myc factors) or similar compounds to activate the common symbiosis genes (CSGs); (iii) overcome the defense mechanism by evasion of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity and by secretion of effectors such as small inhibitor proteins; and (iv) finally, secrete phytohormones to help the colonization or disrupt the crosstalk of plant defense phytohormones. To challenge this putative model, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies with special attention to each partner's contribution are finally encouraged and some technical approaches are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Favre-Godal
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France.
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Lorène Gourguillon
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
| | - Sonia Lordel-Madeleine
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Chimie analytique des molécules bioactives et pharmacognosie, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Gindro
- Agroscope, Swiss Federal Research Station, Plant Protection, 60 Route de Duiller, PO Box, 1260, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Choisy
- LVMH recherche, Innovation Matériaux Naturels et Développement Durable, 185 avenue de Verdun, 45800, St Jean de Braye, France
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Cheng J, Dang PP, Zhao Z, Yuan LC, Zhou ZH, Wolf D, Luo YB. An assessment of the Chinese medicinal Dendrobium industry: Supply, demand and sustainability. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:81-88. [PMID: 30266420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A high proportion of species native to China from the genus Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) have been used as folk medicine for more than 2300 years. The fresh or dried stem of many Dendrobium species are regarded as "superior grade" tonic in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), for their traditional properties of nourishing the kidney, moisturizing the lung, benefiting the stomach, promoting the production of body fluids and clearing heat. AIM OF THE STUDY This review aims to provide comprehensive and updated information on the diversity of Dendrobium species used in TCM and the development of the Dendrobium industry. The supply and demand of the Chinese medicinal Dendrobium are investigated. Moreover, we discuss the problems the industry faces and the relationship between the cultivation and species conservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information on many Dendrobium species (especially D. officinale) was collected from the electronic databases (using Pubmed, CNKI, Baidu scholar, Google scholar and Web of Science). We also obtained information from communication with specialists with profound knowledge in related research field and industry practitioners. Information was also obtained from website of the Forestry Bureau or relevant government departments, online databases, books, Ph.D. dissertations and M.Sc. theses. RESULTS Approximately 41 species in genus Dendrobium have been recorded in TCM. The development of the Dendrobium industry could be divided into three phases: (a) the wild-collection phase, (b) the massive commercial artificial-sheltered cultivation phase and (c) the diversified ecologically-friendly cultivation phase. The development of seedlings production technology, the improvement of substrates and the integration of cultivation technology support the rapid increase of Dendrobium herbs in the Chinese TCM market. Doubts around the quality and efficacy of product in artificial-sheltered cultivation, the lack of product standards and the low level of product development have limited the utilization for TCM and hampered the development of the Dendrobium industry. Both the artificial-sheltered cultivation and ecologically-friendly cultivation contribute to the conservation of Dendrobium species, through the use seedlings derived from seeds of sexual reproduction rather than meristematic-based clonal propagation. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes the species and cultivation history of medicinal herbs in the Dendrobium. The review can help inform future scientific research towards the TCM in Dendrobium, including mycorrhizal technology and microorganism fertilizer, pharmacological studies, the directed cultivation of varieties and diversified product. It is suggested that Dendrobium cultivation has a great potential to link the commercial TCM industry together with initiatives of biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Pei-Pei Dang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang-Chen Yuan
- Import and Export Management Center of Endangered species, National Forestry and Grasslands Administration, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Zhou
- Department of Wild Fauna and Flora Conservation and Management, National Forestry and Grasslands Administration, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Daniel Wolf
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation Department of Plant Conservation Scientific Authority to CITES, Bonn 53179, Germany
| | - Yi-Bo Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Functional Insights into the Roles of Hormones in the Dendrobium officinale-Tulasnella sp. Germinated Seed Symbiotic Association. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113484. [PMID: 30404159 PMCID: PMC6274778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrobium is one of the largest genera in the Orchidaceae, and D. officinale is used in traditional medicine, particularly in China. D. officinale seeds are minute and contain limited energy reserves, and colonization by a compatible fungus is essential for germination under natural conditions. When the orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) initiates symbiotic interactions with germination-driven orchid seeds, phytohormones from the orchid or the fungus play key roles, but the details of the possible biochemical pathways are still poorly understood. In the present study, we established a symbiotic system between D. officinale and Tulasnella sp. for seed germination. RNA-Seq was used to construct libraries of symbiotic-germinated seeds (DoTc), asymbiotic-germinated seeds (Do), and free-living OMF (Tc) to investigate the expression profiles of biosynthesis and metabolism pathway genes for three classes of endogenous hormones: JA (jasmonic acid), ABA (abscisic acid) and SLs (strigolactones), in D. officinale seeds and OMF under symbiotic and asymbiotic conditions. Low concentrations of endogenous JA, ABA, or SLs were detected in the D. officinale-Tulasnella symbiont compared with the asymbiotic tissues. Gene annotation results suggest that the expression of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) related to JA and ABA biosynthesis from D. officinale were down-regulated, while most of the key DEGs related to SL biosynthesis from D. officinale were up-regulated in the symbiotic germinated seeds compared with the asymbiotic germinated seeds. Moreover, in the OMF, we found a significantly up-regulated differential expression of the JA and ABA biosynthesis-related genes in the symbiotic interaction, with the opposite expression trends to those found in Dendrobium. This indicates that Dendrobium seed symbiotic germination may be stimulated by the apparent involvement of the OMF in the production of hormones, and relatively low concentrations of endogenous JA, ABA, or SLs might be maintained to promote the growth of the D. officinale-Tulasnella symbiotic protocorm-like body. These results will increase our understanding of the possible roles played by endogenous hormones in the regulation of the orchid-fungus symbiosis.
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Zhao M, Han J. Dendrobium Officinale Kimura et Migo Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Rats with Diabetic Nephropathy. Med Sci Monit Basic Res 2018; 24:84-92. [PMID: 29849017 PMCID: PMC6007491 DOI: 10.12659/msmbr.909242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests the potential of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo (DO) in treating the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). We evaluated the therapeutic potential of DO in treating diabetic nephropathy (DN) by preventing insulin resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS A DN model was established. Mean glomerular volume of rats was estimated by the method of Weibel-Gomez. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine the expression of mRNAs and we used Western blot assay to determine the expression of proteins. The levels of fasting insulin (FINS) and glucagon (GLU) were measured and we assessed the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared with the Normal rats, the levels of urinary glucose, albuminuria, Scr, albuminuria/Scr and BUN, and the expression levels of CaN, TLR-2, TLR-4, MyD88, hs-CRP, TNF-a, and IL-6, the level of FINS, GLU, and HOMAIR were increased in DN, DO 1.0, DO 2.0, and DMBG groups. Compared with the DN rats, in DO 1.0, DO 2.0, and DMBG groups the glomerular volume was smaller, the levels of urinary glucose, albuminuria, Scr, albuminuria/Scr, and BUN, the expression levels of CaN, TLR-2, TLR-4, MyD88, hs-CRP, TNF-a, and IL-6, the level of FINS, GLU, and HOMA-IR were decreased. CONCLUSIONS We found that DO prevents insulin resistance in rats with DN. This may be associated with reduction of TLRs and inflammatory response, which should be further verified by loss of DO effects on DN after treatment of inhibitors of TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Research and Development Department, Shanghai Sanxiang Investment Holdings Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
- Research and Development Department, Hunan Yandi Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jungang Han
- Research and Development Department, Shanghai Sanxiang Investment Holdings Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
- Research and Development Department, Hunan Yandi Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou, Hunan, P.R. China
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Parthibhan S, Rao MV, Senthil Kumar T. Culturable fungal endophytes in shoots of Dendrobium aqueum Lindley – An imperiled orchid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egg.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li O, Xiao R, Sun L, Guan C, Kong D, Hu X. Bacterial and diazotrophic diversities of endophytes in Dendrobium catenatum determined through barcoded pyrosequencing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184717. [PMID: 28931073 PMCID: PMC5607135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As an epiphyte orchid, Dendrobium catenatum relies on microorganisms for requisite nutrients. Metagenome pyrosequencing based on 16S rRNA and nifH genes was used to characterize the bacterial and diazotrophic communities associated with D. catenatum collected from 5 districts in China. Based on Meta-16S rRNA sequencing, 22 bacterial phyla and 699 genera were identified, distributed as 125 genera from 8 phyla and 319 genera from 10 phyla shared by all the planting bases and all the tissues, respectively. The predominant Proteobacteria varied from 71.81% (GZ) to 96.08% (YN), and Delftia (10.39-38.42%), Burkholderia (2.71-15.98%), Escherichia/Shigella (4.90-25.12%), Pseudomonas (2.68-30.72%) and Sphingomonas (1.83-2.05%) dominated in four planting bases. Pseudomonas (17.94-22.06%), Escherichia/Shigella (6.59-11.59%), Delftia (9.65-22.14%) and Burkholderia (3.12-11.05%) dominated in all the tissues. According to Meta-nifH sequencing, 4 phyla and 45 genera were identified, while 17 genera and 24 genera from 4 phyla were shared by all the planting bases and all the tissues, respectively. Burkholderia and Bradyrhizobium were the most popular in the planting bases, followed by Methylovirgula and Mesorhizobium. Mesorhizobium was the most popular in different tissues, followed by Beijerinckia, Xanthobacter, and Burkholderia. Among the genera, 39 were completely overlapped with the results based on the 16S rRNA gene. In conclusion, abundant bacteria and diazotrophs were identified in common in different tissues of D. catenatum from five planting bases, which might play a great role in the supply of nutrients such as nitrogen. The exact abundance of phylum and genus on the different tissues from different planting bases need deeper sequencing with more samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou Li
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Rong Xiao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chenglin Guan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Dedong Kong
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang Univesity, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiufang Hu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Xiasha, Hangzhou, PR China
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You YH, Park JM, Seo YG, Lee W, Kang MS, Kim JG. Distribution, Characterization, and Diversity of the Endophytic Fungal Communities on Korean Seacoasts Showing Contrasting Geographic Conditions. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:150-159. [PMID: 29138619 PMCID: PMC5673510 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the distribution of endophytic fungi in 3 coastal environments with different climatic, geographical, and geological characteristics: the volcanic islands of Dokdo, the East Sea, and the West Sea of Korea. The isolated fungal endophytes were characterized and analyzed with respect to the characteristics of their host environments. For this purpose, we selected common native coastal halophyte communities from three regions. Molecular identification of the fungal endophytes showed clear differences among the sampling sites and halophyte host species. Isolates were also characterized by growth at specific salinities or pH gradients, with reference to previous geographical, geological, and climate studies. Unlike the East Sea or West Sea isolates, some Dokdo Islands isolates showed endurable traits with growth in high salinity, and many showed growth under extremely alkaline conditions. A smaller proportion of West Sea coast isolates tolerate compared to the East Sea or Dokdo Islands isolates. These results suggest that these unique fungal biota developed through a close interaction between the host halophyte and their environment, even within the same halophyte species. Therefore, this study proposes the application of specific fungal resources for restoring sand dunes and salt-damaged agricultural lands and industrialization of halophytic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hyun You
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Jong Myong Park
- School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Yeong Gyo Seo
- COREANA Innovation Research Center, Cheonan 27002, Korea
| | - Woong Lee
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Myung-Suk Kang
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Korea
| | - Jong-Guk Kim
- School of Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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Pavlova AS, Leontieva MR, Smirnova TA, Kolomeitseva GL, Netrusov AI, Tsavkelova EA. Colonization strategy of the endophytic plant growth-promoting strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Klebsiella oxytoca on the seeds, seedlings and roots of the epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium nobile Lindl. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:217-232. [PMID: 28457004 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Orchids form strong mycorrhizal associations, but their interactions with bacteria are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the distribution of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) at different stages of orchid development and to study if there is any selective specificity in choosing PGPR partners. METHODS AND RESULTS Colonization patterns of gfp-tagged Pseudomonas fluorescens and Klebsiella oxytoca were studied on roots, seeds, and seedlings of Dendrobium nobile. Endophytic rhizobacteria rapidly colonized velamen and core parenchyma entering through exodermis and the passage cells, whereas at the early stages, they stayed restricted to the surface and the outer layers of the protocorms and rhizoids. The highest amounts of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) were produced by K. oxytoca and P. fluorescens in the nitrogen-limiting and NO3 -containing media respectively. Bacterization of D. nobile seeds resulted in promotion of their in vitro germination. The plant showed no selective specificity to the tested strains. Klebsiella oxytoca demonstrated more intense colonization activity and more efficient growth promoting impact under tryptophan supplementation, while P. fluorescens revealed its growth-promoting capacity without tryptophan. CONCLUSIONS Both strategies are regarded as complementary, improving adaptive potentials of the orchid when different microbial populations colonize the plant. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study enlarges our knowledge on orchid-microbial interactions, and provides new features on application of the nonorchid PGPR in orchid seed germination and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pavlova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - M R Leontieva
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Smirnova
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G L Kolomeitseva
- The Stock Greenhouse, Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Netrusov
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Chen J, Huang Z, Huang H, Wei S, Liu Y, Jiang C, Zhang J, Zhang C. Selection of relatively exact reference genes for gene expression studies in goosegrass (Eleusine indica) under herbicide stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46494. [PMID: 28429727 PMCID: PMC5399354 DOI: 10.1038/srep46494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is one of the most serious annual grassy weeds worldwide, and its evolved herbicide-resistant populations are more difficult to control. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a common technique for investigating the resistance mechanism; however, there is as yet no report on the systematic selection of stable reference genes for goosegrass. This study proposed to test the expression stability of 9 candidate reference genes in goosegrass in different tissues and developmental stages and under stress from three types of herbicide. The results show that for different developmental stages and organs (control), eukaryotic initiation factor 4 A (eIF-4) is the most stable reference gene. Chloroplast acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the most stable reference gene under glyphosate stress. Under glufosinate stress, eIF-4 is the best reference gene. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UCE) is the most stable reference gene under quizalofop-p-ethyl stress. The gene eIF-4 is the recommended reference gene for goosegrass under the stress of all three herbicides. Moreover, pairwise analysis showed that seven reference genes were sufficient to normalize the gene expression data under three herbicides treatment. This study provides a list of reliable reference genes for transcript normalization in goosegrass, which will facilitate resistance mechanism studies in this weed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhaofeng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hongjuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shouhui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou 571737, P. R. China
| | - Cuilan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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The medicinal and pharmaceutical importance of Dendrobium species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2227-2239. [PMID: 28197691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the Dendrobium genus, one of the largest in the Orchidaceae, manifest a diversity of medicinal effects encompassing antiangiogenic, immunomodulating, antidiabetic, cataractogenesis-inhibiting, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation, antifungal, antibacterial, antiherpetic, antimalarial, aquaporin-5 stimulating, and hemagglutininating activities and also exert beneficial actions on colonic health and alleviate symptoms of hyperthyroidism. The active principles include a wide range of proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous molecules. This mini-review discusses the latest advances in what is known about the medicinal and pharmaceutical properties of members of the Dendrobium genus and explores how biotechnology can serve as a conduit to mass propagate valuable germplasm for sustainable exploration for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Hoang NH, Kane ME, Radcliffe EN, Zettler LW, Richardson LW. Comparative seed germination and seedling development of the ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii (Orchidaceae), and molecular identification of its mycorrhizal fungus from South Florida. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:379-393. [PMID: 28025292 PMCID: PMC5314644 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The endangered leafless ghost orchid, Dendrophylax lindenii, one of the most renowned orchids in the world, is difficult to grow under artificial conditions. Published information on asymbiotic and symbiotic (co-culture with a mycobiont) seed germination, seedling anatomy and developmental morphology of this leafless orchid is completely lacking. This information is critical for the development of efficient procedures for ghost orchid production for successful reintroduction. METHODS Ghost orchid seedling early development stages were morphologically and anatomically defined to compare germination, embryo and protocorm maturation and seedling development during asymbiotic and symbiotic culture with one of two mycorrhizal strains (Dlin-379 and Dlin-394) isolated from ghost orchid roots in situ KEY RESULTS: Seeds symbiotically germinated at higher rates when cultured with fungal strain Dlin-394 than with strain Dlin-379 or asymbiotically on P723 medium during a 10-week culture period. Fungal pelotons were observed in protocorm cells co-cultured with strain Dlin-394 but not Dlin-379. Some 2-year-old seedlings produced multinode inflorescences in vitro Production of keikis from inflorescence nodes indicated the capacity for clonal production in the ghost orchid. CONCLUSIONS Ghost orchid embryo and seedling development were characterized into seven stages. Fungal strain Dlin-394 was confirmed as a possible ghost orchid germination mycobiont, which significantly promoted seed germination and seedling development. Internal transcribed spacer sequencing data confirmed that Dlin-394 belongs within the genus Ceratobasidium These results offer the opportunity to examine the benefits of using a mycobiont to enhance in vitro germination and possibly ex vitro acclimatization and sustainability following outplanting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen H Hoang
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Sciences, 227 Nguyen Van Cu, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael E Kane
- Environmental Horticulture Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110675, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ellen N Radcliffe
- Orchid Recovery Program, Biology Department, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL 62650, USA and
| | - Lawrence W Zettler
- Orchid Recovery Program, Biology Department, Illinois College, 1101 West College Avenue, Jacksonville, IL 62650, USA and
| | - Larry W Richardson
- Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 12085 SR 29 South Immokalee, FL 34142, USA
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da Silva JAT, Dobránszki J, Cardoso JC, Chandler SF, Zeng S. Methods for genetic transformation in Dendrobium. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:483-504. [PMID: 26724929 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of Dendrobium orchids will allow for the introduction of novel colours, altered architecture and valuable traits such as abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. The orchid genus Dendrobium contains species that have both ornamental value and medicinal importance. There is thus interest in producing cultivars that have increased resistance to pests, novel horticultural characteristics such as novel flower colours, improved productivity, longer flower spikes, or longer post-harvest shelf-life. Tissue culture is used to establish clonal plants while in vitro flowering allows for the production of flowers or floral parts within a sterile environment, expanding the selection of explants that can be used for tissue culture or genetic transformation. The latter is potentially the most effective, rapid and practical way to introduce new agronomic traits into Dendrobium. Most (69.4 %) Dendrobium genetic transformation studies have used particle bombardment (biolistics) while 64 % have employed some form of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A singe study has explored ovary injection, but no studies exist on floral dip transformation. While most of these studies have involved the use of selector or reporter genes, there are now a handful of studies that have introduced genes for horticulturally important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Teixeira da Silva
- , P. O. Box 7, Miki-cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan.
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, Nyíregyháza, 4400, Hungary.
| | - Jean Carlos Cardoso
- Department of Rural Development, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFSCar, Via Anhanguera, Km 174, CP 153, Araras City, CEP 13.600-970, Brazil.
| | - Stephen F Chandler
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Jin X, Dobránszki J, Lu J, Wang H, Zotz G, Cardoso JC, Zeng S. Advances in Dendrobium molecular research: Applications in genetic variation, identification and breeding. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 95:196-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Teixeira da Silva JA, Tsavkelova EA, Ng TB, Parthibhan S, Dobránszki J, Cardoso JC, Rao MV, Zeng S. Asymbiotic in vitro seed propagation of Dendrobium. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:1685-1706. [PMID: 26183950 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability to germinate orchids from seeds in vitro presents a useful and viable method for the propagation of valuable germplasm, maintaining the genetic heterogeneity inherent in seeds. Given the ornamental and medicinal importance of many species within the genus Dendrobium, this review explores in vitro techniques for their asymbiotic seed germination. The influence of abiotic factors (such as temperature and light), methods of sterilization, composition of basal media, and supplementation with organic additives and plant growth regulators are discussed in context to achieve successful seed germination, protocorm formation, and further seedling growth and development. This review provides both a basis for the selection of optimal conditions, and a platform for the discovery of better ones, that would allow the development of new protocols and the exploration of new hypotheses for germination and conservation of Dendrobium seeds and seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena A Tsavkelova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1-12, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - S Parthibhan
- Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Judit Dobránszki
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, 4400, Nyíregyháza, Hungary.
| | - Jean Carlos Cardoso
- Department of Rural Development, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFSCar, Via Anhanguera, km 174, CP 153, CEP 13.600-970, Araras City, Brazil.
| | - M V Rao
- Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
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